Heat Transfer Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

1. Which of the following property of air does not increase with rising in temperature
(a) thermal conductivity
(b) thermal diffusivity
(c) density
(d) dynamic viscosity
(e) kinematic viscosity.
Ans: c
2. The unit of Stefan Boltzmann constant is
(a) watt/cm2 °K
(b) watt/cm4 °K
(c) watt2/cm °K4
(d) watt/cm2 °K4
(e) watt/cm2 °K2.
Ans: d
3. In free convection heat transfer, the Nusselt number is a function of
(a) Grashoff no. and Reynold no.
(b) Grashoff no. and Prandtl no.
(c) Prandtl no. and Reynold no.
(d) Grashoff no., Prandtl no. and Reynold no.
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
4. Stefan Boltzmann law is applicable for heat transfer by
(a) conduction
(b) convection
(c) radiation
(d) conduction and radiation combined
(e) convection and radiation combined.
Ans: c
5. The unit of overall coefficient of heat transfer is
(a) kcal/m2
(b) kcal/hr °C
(c) kcal/m2 hr °C
(4) kacl/m hr °C
(e) kcal/m3 hr °C.
Ans: c
6. Joule sec is the unit of
(a) universal gas constant
(b) kinematic viscosity
(c) thermal conductivity
(d) Planck’s constant
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
7. The value of Prandtl number for air is about
(a) 0.1
(b) 0.3
(c) 0.7
(d) 1.7
(e) 10.5.
Ans: c
8. The value of the wavelength for maximum emissive power is given by —
(a) Wien’s law
(b) Planck’s law
(c) Stefan’s law
(d) Fourier’s law
(e) Kirchhoff’s law.
Ans: a
9. Log mean temperature difference in case of counter flow compared to parallel flow will be
(a) same
(b) more
(c) less
(d) depends on other factors
(e) none of the above.
Ans: b
10. The energy distribution of an ideal reflector at higher temperatures is largely in the range of
(a) shorter wavelength
(b) longer wavelength
(c) remains same at all wavelengths
(d) wavelength has nothing to do with it
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
11. Total emissivity of polished silver compared to black body is
(a) same
(b) higher
(c) more or less same
(d) very much lower
(e) very much higher.
Ans: d
12. The thermal diffusivities for gases are generally
(a) more than those for liquids
(b) less than those for liquids
(c) more than those for solids
(d) dependent on the viscosity
(e) same as for the liquids.
Ans: a
13. The thermal diffusivities for solids are generally
(a) less than those for gases
(b) less than those for liquids
(c) more than those for liquids and gases
(d) more or less same as for liquids and gases
(e) Percy.
Ans: c
14. Thermal diffusivity of a substance is
(a) directly proportional to thermal con¬ductivity
(b) inversely proportional to the density of the substance
(c) inversely proportional to specific heat
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
15. The ratio of the energy absorbed by the body to total energy falling on it is called
(a) absorptive power
(b) emissive power
(c) absorptivity
(d) emissivity
(e) none of the above.
Ans: a
16. 40% of incident radiant energy on the surface of a thermally transparent body is reflected back. If the transmissivity
of the body be 0.15, then the emissivity of surface is
(a) 0.45
(b) 0.55
(c) 0.40
(d) 0.75
(e) 0.60.
Ans: a
17. The amount of radiation mainly depends on
(a) nature of a body
(b) the temperature of the body
(c) type of surface of the body
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: d
18. A grey body is one whose absorptivity
(a) varies with temperature
(b) varies with the wavelength of the incident ray
(c) is equal to its emissivity
(d) does not vary with temperature and. the wavelength of the incident ray
(e) none of the above.
Ans: c
19. Two balls of same material and finish have their diameters in the ratio of 2: 1 and both are heated to the same
temperature and allowed to cool by radiation. Rate of cooling by big ball as compared to smaller one will be in the ratio
of
(a) 1: 1
(b) 2: 1
(c) 1: 2
(d) 4: 1
(e) 1: 4.
Ans: c
20. A non-dimensional number generally associated with natural convection heat transfer is
(a) Grashoff number
(b) Nusselt number
(c) Weber number
(d) Prandtl number
(e) Reynold number.
Ans: a
1. The literature of heat transfer generally recognizes distinct modes of heat transfer. How many modes are there?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c
Explanation: There are three modes of heat transfer i.e. radiation, convection and conduction.

2. Consider system A at uniform temperature t and system B at another uniform temperature T (t > T). Let the two systems be
brought into contact and be thermally insulated from their surroundings but not from each other. Energy will flow from system A
to system B because of

a) Temperature difference
b) Energy difference
c) Mass difference
d) Volumetric difference
Answer: a
Explanation: Greater the temperature imbalance the higher would be the rate of energy transfer.

3. An oil cooler in a high performance engine has an outside surface area 0.12 m2 and a surface temperature of 65 degree Celsius.
At any intermediate time air moves over the surface of the cooler at a temperature of 30 degree Celsius and gives rise to a surface
coefficient equal to 45.4 W/ m 2 K. Find out the heat transfer rate?
a) 238.43 W
b) 190.68 W
c) 543.67 W
d) 675.98 W
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = (T2 – T1) A h = 0.12 (65-30) 45.4 = 190.68 W.

4. Unit of the rate of heat transfer is

a) Joule
b) Newton
c) Pascal
d) Watt
Answer: d
Explanation: Unit of heat transfer is Joule but the rate of heat transfer is joule per second i.e. watt.

5. Convective heat transfer coefficient doesn’t depend on

a) Surface area
b) Space
c) Time
d) Orientation of solid surface
Answer: a
Explanation: It is denoted by h and is dependent on space, time, geometry, orientation of solid surface.

6. The rate equation used to describe the mechanism of convection is called Newton’s law of cooling. So rate of heat flow by
convection doesn’t depend on
a) Convective heat transfer coefficient
b) Surface area through which heat flows
c) Time
d) Temperature potential difference
Answer: c
Explanation: It is directly proportional to all of above except time.

7. How many types of convection process are there?

a) One
b) Three
c) Four
d) Two
Answer: b
Explanation: Forced, natural and mixed convection.

8. Thermal conductivity is maximum for which substance

a) Silver
b) Ice
c) Aluminum
d) Diamond
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of diamond is 2300 W/m K.

9. A radiator in a domestic heating system operates at a surface temperature of 60 degree Celsius. Calculate the heat flux at the
surface of the radiator if it behaves as a black body
a) 697.2 W/m2
b) 786.9 W/m2
c) 324.7 W/m2
d) 592.1 W/m2
Answer: a
Explanation: As, q = Q/A = 5.67 * 10-8 (273+60)4 = 697.2.

10. Which of the following is an example of forced convection?

a) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body
b) Flow of water in condenser tubes
c) Cooling of billets in the atmosphere
d) Heat exchange on cold and warm pipes
Answer: b
Explanation: In forced convection, the flow of fluid is caused by a pump, fan or by atmospheric winds.

1. Regarding one dimensional heat transfer, choose the correct statement.

a) Steady – f (x), Unsteady – f (x, t)
b) Steady – f (x, t), Unsteady – f (x)
c) Steady – f (x, y, t), Unsteady – f (x)
d) Steady – f (y, z), Unsteady – f (y)
Answer: a
Explanation: In case of one dimensional heat flow steady state is a function of x coordinate only while unsteady state is a function
of x coordinate and time only.

2. Which statement is true regarding steady state condition?

a) There is a variation in temperature in the course of time
b) Heat exchange is constant
c) It is a function of space and time coordinates
d) Internal energy of the system changes
Answer: b
Explanation: Heat influx is always equal to heat efflux. It is a function of space coordinates only.

3. Which of the following is an example of steady state heat transfer?

a) Boilers and turbines
b) Cooling of I.C engine
c) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body
d) Electric bulb cools down by the surrounding atmosphere
Answer: d
Explanation: System is a perfect black body.

4. Heat transfer in a long, hollow cylinder which is maintained at uniform but different temperatures on its inner and outer
surfaces may be assumed to be taking place in which direction?
a) Axial only
b) Unpredictable
c) Radial only
d) No heat transfer takes place
Answer: c
Explanation: Ambient temperature is uniform on the periphery of cylinder and temperature is uniform. So it takes place in the
radial direction only.

5. Heat transfer takes place according to which law?

a) Newton’s law of cooling
b) Second law of thermodynamics
c) Newton’s second law of motion
d) First law of thermodynamics
Answer: b
Explanation: Second law states about heat transfer between source and sink.

6. Heat transfer takes place in liquids and gases is essentially due to

a) Radiation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Conduction as well as convection
Answer: c
Explanation: Convection is a process by which thermal energy is transferred between solid and fluid flowing through it.

7. The appropriate rate equation for convective heat transfer between a surface and adjacent fluid is prescribed by
a) Newton’s first law
b) Wein’s displacement law
c) Kirchhoff’s law
d) Newton’s law of cooling
Answer: d
Explanation: The rate equation used to describe the mechanism of convection is called Newton’s law of cooling when the solid
surface is cooled by the fluid.

8. Identify the wrong statement

a) The process of heat transfer is an irreversible process
b) For heat exchange, a temperature gradient must exist
c) A material medium is not necessary for heat transmission
d) Heat flow doesn’t depend on temperature
Answer: d
Explanation: Heat flows from higher to lower temperature.

9. During a cold winter season, a person prefers to sit near a fire. Which of the following modes of heat transfer provides him the
maximum heat?
a) Conduction from the fire
b) If it is near the fire, convection sounds good
c) Convection and radiation together
d) Radiation will provide quick warmth
Answer: d
Explanation: Heat transfer by radiation can occur between two bodies even when they are separated by a medium colder than both
of them.

10. Most unsteady heat flow occurs

a) Through the walls of the refrigerator
b) During annealing of castings
c) Through the walls of the furnace
d) Through lagged pipe carrying steam
Answer: b
Explanation: Under steady state condition, with time there is a change in temperature i.e. temperature field is a function of space
and time.

1. The famous Fourier series is named after

a) Diller and Ryan
b) J.B. Joseph Fourier
c) Stefan- Boltzmann
d) Wein’s
Answer: b
Explanation: He gave this theory in 1824.

2. Fourier law of heat conduction is best represented by

a) Q = -k A d t /d x
b) Q = k A d x/d t
c) Q = -k A
d) Q = k d t/d x
Answer: a
Explanation: According to Fourier law of heat conduction, Q = -k A d t /d x.

3. Here are some assumptions that are made for Fourier law. Identify the wrong one
a) No internal heat generation
b) Steady state heat conduction
c) Non- linear temperature profile
d) Isotropic and homogenous material
Answer: c
Explanation: It has constant temperature gradient and a linear temperature profile.

4. Consider the following statements:

The Fourier heat conduction equation
Q = -k A d t /d x
Presumes
i) Steady state conditions
ii) Constant value of thermal conductivity
iii) Uniform temperature at the wall surface
iv) One dimensional heat flow
Which of these statements are correct?
a) i, ii and iii
b) i, ii and iv
c) i, iii and iv
d) i, iii and iv
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal conductivity is different for different materials.

5. The diagram shows heat conduction through a plane wall. The surface temperature is 475 K and it radiates heat to the
surroundings at 335 K. If thermal conductivity of the material is 12.5 W/m degree, find the temperature gradient. Let convective
coefficient be 80 W/m2 degree and radiation factor is 0.9
a) – 1052.4 degree celsius
b) – 2052.4 degree celsius
c) – 3052.4 degree celsius
d) – 4052.4 degree celsius
Answer: a
Explanation: Heat conducted through the plate = convection heat losses + radiation heat losses. So, d t /d x = – 13155/12.5 = –
1052.4 degree Celsius.

6. Negative sign in Fourier heat conduction equation indicates

a) Heat always flow is in the direction of positive temperature gradient
b) Heat always flow in the direction of negative temperature gradient
c) No heat flow is there
d) Data is insufficient
Answer: b
Explanation: The ratio d t/d x represents the change in temperature per unit thickness i.e. the temperature gradient. So it represents
heat flow in the direction of negative temperature gradient.

7. Transmission of heat i.e. molecular is smallest in case of

a) Gases
b) Liquids
c) Alloys
d) Solids
Answer: a
Explanation: In gases, atoms are arranged loosely, there is less molecular transmission of heat as compared to solids, liquids and
alloys.

8. Which one is not the unit of thermal conductivity?

a) kcal/m hr K
b) KJ/m hr K
c) W/m s K
d) Cal/cm s K
Answer: c
Explanation: The unit kcal/m hr K could also be specified as J/m s K or W/m s K and this is actually done while quoting the
numerical values of thermal conductivity.

9. “Thermal conductivity represents the amount of heat conducted across the unit area when a temperature difference of one
kelvin”.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: It is across unit area and through unit distance.
10. Which of the following is the unit of thermal resistance?
a) degree/kcal
b) hour degree
c) s degree/kcal
d) degree/W
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal resistance is expressed in the unit’s hr degree/kcal, degree/W and s degree/J.

1. Thermal conductivity is defined as the heat flow per unit time

a) When the temperature gradient is unity
b) Across the wall with no temperature
c) Through a unit thickness of the wall
d) Across unit area where the temperature gradient is unity
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of a material is because of migration of free electrons and lattice vibrational waves.

3. Which one of the following forms of water have the highest value of thermal conductivity?
a) Boiling water
b) Steam
c) Solid ice
d) Melting ice
Answer: c
Explanation: For ice, it is 2.25 W/m degree i.e. maximum.

4. The average thermal conductivities of water and air conform to the ratio
a) 50:1
b) 25:1
c) 5:1
d) 15:1
Answer: b
Explanation: For water, it is 0.55-0.7 W/m degree and for air it is .024 W/m degree.

5. Identify the very good insulator

a) Saw dust
b) Cork
c) Asbestos sheet
d) Glass wool
Answer: d
Explanation: Glass wool has a lowest thermal conductivity of 0.03 W/m degree amongst given option.

6. Most metals are good conductor of heat because of

a) Transport of energy
b) Free electrons and frequent collision of atoms
c) Lattice defects
d) Capacity to absorb energy
Answer: b
Explanation: For good conductors, there must be electrons that are free to move.

7. Heat conduction in gases is due to

a) Elastic impact of molecules
b) Movement of electrons
c) EM Waves
d) Mixing of gases
Answer: a
Explanation: If there is elastic collision then after sometime molecules regain its natural position.
8. The heat energy propagation due to conduction heat transfer will be minimum for
a) Lead
b) Water
c) Air
d) Copper
Answer: c
Explanation: It is because air has lowest value of thermal conductivity amongst given options.

10. Choose the false statement

a) For pure metal thermal conductivity is more
b) Thermal conductivity decreases with increase in the density of the substance
c) Thermal conductivity of dry material is lower than that of damp material
d) Heat treatment causes variation in thermal conductivity
Answer: b
Explanation: Thermal conductivity increase with increase in the density of a substance.

1. From the concept of kinetic theory, mean travel velocity of the gas molecules is prescribed by the relation
a) V = (3M/GT) 1/2
b) V = (3GT/M) 1/2
c) V = (6T/GM) 1/2
d) V = (3GT/2M) 1/2
Answer: b
Explanation: Heat transfer by conduction in gases occurs through transport of the kinetic energy of molecular motion resulting
from the random movement and collisions of the molecules.
Where, G = Universal gas constant
M = Molecular weight of the gas
T = Absolute temperature.

2. Low temperature insulation are used when the enclosure is at a temperature lower than the ambient temperature. Which one of
the following is not a low temperature insulation?
a) Asbestos
b) Cork
c) Cattle hair
d) Slag wool
Answer: a
Explanation: Asbestos is a high temperature insulation which is used when it is desired to prevent an enclosure at a temperature
higher than the ambient from losing heat to its surroundings.

3. The value of Lorenz number in 10-8 W ohms/K2 is

a) 2.02
b) 2.35
c) 2.56
d) 2.45
Answer: d
Explanation: Lorenz no. = k/α T

4. For liquids, thermal conductivity is governed by the relation

a) k = A c p p7/3/M1/3
b) k = 2A c p p4/3/M2/3
c) k = A c p p4/3/M1/3
d) k = A c p p8/3/M1/3
Answer: c
Explanation: Area doesn’t depends on the nature of liquid but on the quantity (Ac p) is nearly constant for all liquids. Where,
CP = Specific heat at constant pressure
M = Molecular weight of the gas
p = Mass density
A = Area.

5. Consider the following parameters

(i) Composition
(ii) Density
(iii) Porosity
(iv) Structure
Then, thermal conductivity of glass wool varies from sample to sample because of variation is
a) i and ii
b) i, ii, iii and iv
c) i and iii
d) i, ii and iii
Answer: b
Explanation: There is a variation due to all the above options.

6. The thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity of a metal at absolute temperature are related as
a) k/σ T
b) k/σ
c) k σ/T
d) k/T
Answer: a
Explanation: It is defined as the ratio of thermal conductivity to the product of electrical conductivity and temperature.

7. The relation Ϫ2 t =0 is referred to as

a) Poisson’s equation
b) Fourier heat conduction equation
c) Solution for transient conduction
d) Laplace equation
Answer: d
Explanation: In the absence of internal heat generation or release of energy within the body, equation reduces to Laplace equation.

8. The unit of thermal diffusivity is

a) m2/hr-K
b) kcal/m2-hr
c) m2/hr
d) m/hr-K
Answer: c
Explanation: The quantity α = k/pc is called thermal diffusivity.

9. To effect a bond between two metal plates, 2.5 cm and 15 cm thick, heat is uniformly applied through the thinner plate by a
radiant heat source. The bonding must be held at 320 K for a short time. When the heat source is adjusted to have a steady value
of 43.5 k W/m2, a thermocouple installed on the side of the thinner plate next to source indicates a temperature of 345 K.
Calculate the temperature gradient for heat conduction through thinner plate. In the diagram, the upper plate is 2.5 cm thick while
the lower is 15 cm thick.

a) – 1000 degree Celsius/m

b) – 2000 degree Celsius/m
c) – 3000 degree Celsius/m
d) – 4000 degree Celsius/m
Answer: a
Explanation: Temperature gradient = d t/d x = – 1000 degree Celsius/m. Also, q/A = – k (t2– t 1)/δ.

10. The diffusion equations

Ɏ2t + q g = (1/α) (d t/d r)
Governs the temperature distribution under unsteady heat flow through a homogeneous and isotropic material. The Fourier
equation follows from this expression when
a) Temperature doesn’t depends on time
b) There is no internal heat generation
c) Steady state conditions prevail
d) There is no internal heat generation but unsteady state condition prevails
Answer: d
Explanation: In unsteady state condition, there is no internal heat generation.

1. What is the thermal conductivity of asphalt in W/m K?

a) 0.064
b) 0.063
c) 0.062
d) 0.061
Answer: c
Explanation: Asphalt concrete has three main structural elements i.e. aggregates, binder and the contact layer between them. It is
soft at high temperatures but brittle at low temperatures.

2. Which one is having the highest thermal conductivity?

a) Silver
b) Copper
c) Glass
d) Earth
Answer: a
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of silver is 410 W/m degree while that of copper, glass and earth are 385 W/m degree, 0.75
W/m degree and 0.138 respectively.

3. What is the thermal conductivity of magnetite in W/m K?

a) 3.7
b) 3.8
c) 3.9
d) 4.0
Answer: b
Explanation: This is having low thermal conductivity because of high intramolecular interactions between their outer edge
molecules.

4. Which one is having the lowest thermal conductivity?

a) Furnace
b) Wool
c) Saw dust
d) Glass wool
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of glass wool is 0.03 W/m degree while that of a furnace, wool and saw dust are 0.30 W/m
degree, 0.052 W/m degree and 0.07 respectively.

5. What is the thermal conductivity of coal in W/m K?

a) 0.25
b) 0.26
c) 0.27
d) 0.28
Answer: b
Explanation: Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements such as hydrogen, sulfur,
oxygen and nitrogen.

6. What is the thermal conductivity of cotton in W/m K?

a) 0.03
b) 0.04
c) 0.05
d) 0.06
Answer: d
Explanation: It is a soft material that grows in a protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants.

7. Which one is having the highest thermal conductivity?

a) Brass
b) Aluminum
c) Cast iron
d) Steel
Answer: b
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of aluminum is 225 W/m degree while that of brass, cast iron and steel are 107 W/m degree,
55 W/m degree and 20 respectively.

8. What is the thermal conductivity of apple in W/m K?

a) 0.513
b) 0.613
c) 0.713
d) 0.813
Answer: a
Explanation: It is a sweet fruit that has very low thermal conductivity in order to prevent it from damage.

9. What is the thermal conductivity of ice in W/m K?

a) 1.55
b) 1.66
c) 1.77
d) 1.88
Answer: d
Explanation: Frozen water in the form of an ordinary household ice cube. The white zone in the center is the result of tiny air
bubbles.

10. Which one is having the lowest thermal conductivity?

a) Ash
b) Ice
c) Freon
d) Water
Answer: c
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of freon is 0.0083 W/m degree while that of ash, ice and water are 0.12 W/m degree, 2.25
W/m degree and 0.55 respectively.

1. In Cartesian coordinates the heat conduction equation is given by

a) d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + q g = (1/α) (d t/d T)
b) 2d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + 34q g = (d t/d T)
c) d2t/dx2 + 3d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 = (1/α) (d t/d T)
d) 4d2t/dx2 + d2t/dy2 + d2t/dz2 + 1/2q g = (1/α) (d t/d T)
Answer: a
Explanation: This is one dimensional heat conduction through a homogenous, isotropic wall with constant thermal conductivity.
2. The temperature distribution in a large thin plate with uniform surface temperature will be
(Assume steady state condition)
a) Logarithmic
b) Hyperbolic
c) Parabolic
d) Linear
Answer: d
Explanation: The temperature increases with increasing value of x. Temperature gradient will be positive i.e. linear.

3. Let us assume two walls of same thickness and cross-sectional area having thermal conductivities in the ratio 1/2. Let us say
there is same temperature difference across the wall faces, the ratio of heat flow will be
a) 1
b) 1/2
c) 2
d) 4
Answer: b
Explanation: Q1 = k1 A1 d t1/δ1 and Q2 = k2A2 d t2/δ 2
Now, δ1 = δ2 and A1 = A2 and d t1 = d t2
So, Q1/Q2 = ½.

4. The interior of an oven is maintained at a temperature of 850 degree Celsius by means of a suitable control apparatus. The oven
walls are 500 mm thick and are fabricated from a material of thermal conductivity 0.3 W/m degree. For an outside wall
temperature of 250 degree Celsius, workout the resistance to heat flow
a) 0.667 degree/W
b) 1.667 degree/W
c) 2.667 degree/W
d) 3.667 degree/W
Answer: b
Explanation: R t = 0.5/0.3 = 1.667 degree/W.

5. A plane slab of thickness 60 cm is made of a material of thermal conductivity k = 17.45 W/m K. Let us assume that one side of
the slab absorbs a net amount of radiant energy at the rate q = 530.5 watt/m2. If the other face of the slab is at a constant
temperature t2 = 38 degree Celsius. Comment on the temperature with respect to the slab?
a) 87.5 degree Celsius
b) 32 degree Celsius
c) 47.08 degree Celsius
d) 32.87 degree Celsius
Answer: c
Explanation: Heat flux, q = k (t s – t f) / Thickness. So, t s = 56.17 degree Celsius. Now, t = t s + (t f – t s) x/Thickness.

6. The rate of heat transfer for a plane wall of homogenous material with constant thermal conductivity is given by
a) Q = kA (t1-t2)/δ
b) Q = 2kAx/ δ
c) Q = 2kAδx
d) Q = 2k/δ x
Answer: a
Explanation: Computations for heat flow can be made by substituting the value of temperature gradient into the general equation.
The heat flow somehow doesn’t depend on x.

7. In case of homogeneous plane wall, there is a linear temperature distribution given by

a) t = t1 + (t2-t1) δ/x
b) t = t2 – (t2-t1) x/ δ
c) t = t1 + (t2-t1) x
d) t = t1 + (t2-t1) x/ δ
Answer: d
Explanation: The expression for steady state temperature distribution can be set up by integrating the Fourier rate equation.

8. The rate of convective heat transfer between a solid boundary and adjacent fluid is given by
a) Q = h A (t s – t f)
b) Q = h A
c) Q = (t s – t f)
d) Q = h (t s – t f)
Answer: a
Explanation: Here, h is heat transfer coefficient i.e. convective.

9. A homogeneous wall of area A and thickness δ has left and right hand surface temperatures of 0 degree Celsius and 40 degree
Celsius. Determine the temperature at the center of the wall
a) 10 degree Celsius
b) 20 degree Celsius
c) 30 degree Celsius
d) 40 degree Celsius
Answer: b
Explanation: At the midpoint x = δ/2. So, temperature = 40 + (0 – 40)/2 = 20 degree Celsius.

10. A rod of 3 cm diameter and 20 cm length is maintained at 100 degree Celsius at one end and 10 degree Celsius at the other
end. These temperature conditions are attained when there is heat flow rate of 6 W. If cylindrical surface of the rod is completely
insulated, determine the thermal conductivity of the rod material
a) 21.87 W/m degree
b) 20.87 W/m degree
c) 19.87 W/m degree
d) 18.87 W/m degree
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = k A C (t 1 – t 2)/δ = 0.318 k.

3. A composite wall is made of two layers of thickness δ1 and δ2 having thermal conductivities k and 2k and equal surface area
normal to the direction of heat flow. The outer surface of composite wall are at 100 degree Celsius and 200 degree Celsius. The
minimum surface temperature at the junction is 150 degree Celsius. What will be the ratio of wall thickness?
a) 1:1
b) 2:1
c) 1:2
d) 2:3
Answer: c
Explanation: Q = k 1 A 1 d t 1 / δ1 = k 2 A 2 d t 2 / δ2 Also areas are same.

4. Let us say thermal conductivity of a wall is governed by the relation k = k0 (1

+ α t). In that case the temperature at the mid-plane of the heat conducting wall would be
a) Av. of the temperature at the wall faces
b) More than average of the temperature at the wall faces
c) Less than average of the temperature at the wall faces
d) Depends upon the temperature difference between the wall faces
Answer: b
Explanation: k0 is thermal conductivity at 0 degree Celsius. Here β is positive so it is more than average of the temperature at the
wall faces.

5. Heat is transferred from a hot fluid to a cold one through a plane wall of thickness (δ), surface area (A) and thermal
conductivity (k). The thermal resistance is
a) 1/A (1/h1 + δ/k + 1/h2)
b) A (1/h1 + δ/k + 1/h2)
c) 1/A (h1 + δ/k + h2)
d) A (h1 + δ/k + 1/h2)
Answer: a
Explanation: Net thermal resistance will be summation of resistance through plane wall and from left side and right side of the
wall.

6. Find the heat flow rate through the composite wall as shown in figure. Assume one dimensional flow and take

k 1 = 150 W/m degree

k 2 = 30 W/m degree
k 3 = 65 W/m degree
k 4 = 50 W/m degree
AB = 3 cm, BC = 8 cm and CD = 5 cm. The distance between middle horizontal line from the top is 3 cm and from the bottom is 7
cm
a) 1173.88 W
b) 1273.88 W
c) 1373.88 W
d) 1473.88 W
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = d t/ R T. R T = R 1 + R e q + R 2 = 0.02 + 0.01469 + 0.1 = 0.2669 degree/W.

7. A pipe carrying steam at 215.75 degree Celsius enters a room and some heat is gained by surrounding at 27.95 degree Celsius.
The major effect of heat loss to surroundings will be due to
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Both conduction and convection
Answer: c
Explanation: As there is temperature difference so radiation suits well.

8. “Radiation cannot be affected through vacuum or space devoid of any matter”. True or false
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: It can be affected only by air between molecules and vacuum of any matter.

9. A composite slab has two layers having thermal conductivities in the ratio of 1:2. If the thickness is the same for each layer then
the equivalent thermal conductivity of the slab would be
a) 1/3
b) 2/3
c) 2
d) 4/3
Answer: d
Explanation: 2(1) (2)/1+2 = 4/3.

10. A composite wall of a furnace has two layers of equal thickness having thermal conductivities in the ratio 2:3. What is the
ratio of the temperature drop across the two layers?
a) 2:3
b) 3:2
c) 1:2
d) log e 2 : log e 3
Answer: b
Explanation: We know that temperature is inversely proportional to thermal conductivity, so the ratio is 2:3.

1. Which one of the following materials are quickly heated by applying high frequency?
a) Textiles
b) Engines
c) Rubber
d) Coal
Answer: a
Explanation: They can be heated at high voltage alternating current to the plated of the condenser.

2. Generally heat generated depends on some parameters. It is directly proportional to

a) Time
b) Conductivity
c) Voltage
d) Distance between plates
Answer: c
Explanation: It generally depends on the voltage as directly proportional.

3. Consider a 1.2 m thick slab of poured concrete (k = 1.148 W/m degree) with both of side surfaces maintained at a temperature
of 20 degree Celsius. During its curing, chemical energy is released at the rate of 80 W/m3. Workout the maximum temperature of
concrete
a) 30.73 degree celsius
b) 29.73 degree celsius
c) 28.73 degree celsius
d) 27.73 degree celsius
Answer: b
Explanation: t = q g (δ – x) x/2 k + t w = 29.73 degree celsius.

5. A composite slab consists of 5 cm thick layer of steel (k = 146 kJ/m hr degree) on the left side and a 6 cm thick layer of brass (k
= 276 kJ/m hr degree) on the right hand side. The outer surfaces of the steel and brass are maintained at 100 degree Celsius and 50
degree Celsius. The contact between the two slabs is perfect and heat is generated at the rate of 4.2 * 10 5 k J/m2 hr at the plane of
contact. The heat thus generated is dissipated from both sides of composite slab for steady state conditions. Calculate the

temperature at the interface

a) 115.26 degree celsius
b) 125.26 degree celsius
c) 135.26 degree celsius
d) 145.26 degree celsius
Answer: b
Explanation: Q 1 + Q 2 = Q g. Q 1 = k 1 A 1 t i – t 1)/δ 1 and Q 2 = k 2 A 2 t i – t 2)/δ 2.

6. Unit of specific resistance is

a) Ohm mm2/m
b) Ohm mm
c) Ohm/m
d) Ohm mm/m
Answer: a
Explanation: Specific resistance is resistance per unit length.

7. What maximum thickness of concrete can be poured without causing the temperature gradient to exceed 98.5 degree Celsius per
meter anywhere in the slab? Consider a 1.2 m thick slab of poured concrete (k = 1.148 W/m degree) with both of side surfaces
maintained at a temperature of 20 degree Celsius. During its curing, chemical energy is released at the rate of 80 W/m3. Workout
the maximum temperature of concrete
a) 2.64 m
b) 3.64 m
c) 4.64 m
d) 5.64 m
Answer: b
Explanation: d t/d x = q g (δ – 2 x)/2 k. The temperature is largest at x = 0.

8. Dielectric heating apparatus consists of

a) 4 electrodes
b) Elemental strip
c) No Insulating material
d) 4 plates
Answer: b
Explanation: It consists of an elemental strip in the middle of the system.

9. The given expression can be used to solve the electrode temperature t w1 and t w2
qgδ=h1α1+h2α2
Where, α 1 = A (t w 2 – t a) and α 2 = (t w1 – t a).
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: α 1 = A (t w 1 – t a) and α 2 = (t w2 – t a).

10. A slab of insulating material of thickness 6 cm and thermal conductivity 1.4kJ/m hr deg is placed between and is in contact
with two parallel electrodes, and is then subjected to high frequency dielectric heating at a uniform rate of 140,000kJ/m3 hr. At
steady state coefficients of combined radiation and convection are 42 and 48 kJ/m2 hr deg. If atmospheric temperature is 25
degree Celsius, find surface temperatures?
a) 144.10 degree Celsius and 134.47 degree Celsius
b) 123.50 degree Celsius and 154.34 degree Celsius
c) 121.60 degree Celsius and 115.45 degree Celsius
d) 165.40 degree Celsius and 165.45 degree Celsius
Answer: c
Explanation: α = -q g x2 /2k + h 1 α 1/k + α 1. At x =0.06 m and α = α 2, α 2 = -180 + 2.8 α 1. Also q g A δ = h 1 α 1 + h 2 α 2.

1. Typical examples of heat conduction through cylindrical tubes are not found in
a) Power plants
b) Oil refineries
c) Most process industries
d) Aircrafts
Answer: d
Explanation: Boilers have tubes in them, the condenser consist of a bank of tubes.

2. The rate of heat conduction through a cylindrical tube is usually expressed as

a) Per unit length
b) Per unit area
c) Only length
d) Only area
Answer: a
Explanation: It is expressed as per unit length rather than per unit area as done for plane walls.

3. A steel pipe of 20 mm inner diameter and 2 mm thickness is covered with 20 mm thick of fiber glass insulation (k = 0.05 W/m
degree). If the inside and outside convective coefficients are 10 W/m2 degree and 5 W/m2 degree, calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient based on inside diameter of pipe. In the diagram, the diameter of small circle is 20 mm

a) 1.789 W/m2 degree

b) 2.789 W/m2 degree
c) 3.789 W/m2 degree
d) 4.789 W/m2 degree
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = 2 π l (t i – t 0)/ [(1/h i r i) + log e (r 3/r 2) (1/k 2) + (1/h 0 r 3)].

4. Logarithmic mean area of the cylindrical tube is given as

a) 2πr m
b) πr ml
c) 2πr ml
d) 2r ml
Answer: c
Explanation: It is known as equivalent area and r m = r2-r1/log e (r2/r1).

5. A hot fluid is being conveyed through a long pipe of 4 cm outer diameter and covered with 2 cm thick insulation. It is proposed
to reduce the conduction heat loss to the surroundings to one-third of the present rate by further covering with same insulation.
Calculate the additional thickness of insulation
a) 11 cm
b) 12 cm
c) 13 cm
d) 14 cm
Answer: b
Explanation: Heat loss with existing insulation = 2 π k l (t 1 – t 2)/log e (r 2/r 1) and heat loss with additional insulation = 2 π k l
(t 1 – t 2)/log e (r 2 + x/r 1).

6. The heat flow equation through a cylinder of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 is desired to be written in the same form as that
for heat flow through a plane wall. For wall thickness (r 2-r 1) the area will be
a) A1 + A2/2
b) A1 + A2
c) A2 – A1/ log e (A2/A1)
d) A1 + A2/2 log e (A2/A1)
Answer: a
Explanation: Here A 1 and A 2 are the inner and outer surface areas of tubes. The net area is A M.

7. A cylinder of radius r and made of material of thermal conductivity k 1 is surrounded by a cylindrical shell of inner radius r and
outer radius 2r. This outer shell is made of a material of thermal conductivity k 2. Net conductivity would be
a) k 1 + 3 k 2/4
b) k 1 + k 2/4
c) k 1 + 3k 2
d) k 1 + k 2
Answer: a
Explanation: Heat flowing per second is given by = k1 (πr2) (t1-t2) δ. Shell heat is k2 π [(2r)2 – r2 ] (t1 – t2)/ δ.

8. For steady state and a constant value of thermal conductivity, the temperature distribution associated with radial convection
through a cylinder is
a) Linear
b) Parabolic
c) Logarithmic
d) Exponential
Answer: c
Explanation: As thermal conductivity is constant so we get a profile that is logarithmic in nature.

9. A cylindrical cement tube of radii 0.05 cm and 1.0 cm has a wire embedded into it along its axis. To maintain a steady
temperature difference of 120 degree Celsius between the inner and outer surfaces, a current of 5 ampere is made to flow in the
wire. Find the amount of heat generated per meter length. Take resistance of wire equal to 0.1 ohm per cm of length
a) 150 W/m length
b) 250 W/m length
c) 350 W/m length
d) 450 W/m length
Answer: b
Explanation: Resistance of wire = 10 ohm per m length. Heat generated = (5) 2 10 = 250 W/m length.

10. A stainless steel tube with inner diameter 12 mm, thickness 0.2 mm and length 50n cm is heated electrically. The entire 15 k
W of heat energy generated in the tube is transferred through its outer surface. Find the intensity of the current flow
a) 52 amps
b) 62 amps
c) 72 amps
d) 82 amps
Answer: a
Explanation: Power generated = 15 k W = 15000 W. Therefore, intensity of current flow = (15000/5.548) ½ = 52 amps.

1. The temperature distribution associated with radial conduction through a sphere is represented by
a) Parabola
b) Hyperbola
c) Linear
d) Ellipse
Answer: b
Explanation: As conduction is radial i.e. in outward direction, so it follows the hyperbola equation..

2. The thermal resistance for heat conduction through a spherical wall is

a) (r2-r1)/2πkr1r2
b) (r2-r1)/3πkr1r2
c) (r2-r1)/πkr1r2
d) (r2-r1)/4πkr1r2
Answer: d
Explanation: We get this on integrating the equation Q = -k A d t/ d r from limits r1 to r2 and T1 to T2.

3. The rate of conduction heat flow in case of a composite sphere is given by

a) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3
b) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3
c) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3
d) Q = t1 – t2/ (r2 – r1)/4πk1r1r2 + (r3 – r2 )/4πk2r2r3
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, convective film coefficient at the inner and outer surfaces are also considered.

4. The thermal resistance for heat conduction through a hollow sphere of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2 is
a) r 2 – r 1/4πk r 1r 2
b) r 2 /4πk r 1r 2
c) r 1/4πk r 1r 2
d) 4πk r 1r 2
Answer: a
Explanation: As Q = d t/ R T. Here R T is thermal resistance.

5. A spherical vessel of 0.5 m outside diameter is insulated with 0.2 m thickness of insulation of thermal conductivity 0.04 W/m
degree. The surface temperature of the vessel is – 195 degree Celsius and outside air is at 10 degree Celsius. Determine heat flow
per m2 based on inside area
a) – 63.79 W/m2
b) – 73.79 W/m2
c) – 83.79 W/m2
d) – 93.79 W/m2
Answer: b
Explanation: Heat flow based on inside area = Q/4 π r 2 = – 73.79 W/m2.

6. The quantity d t/Q for conduction of heat through a body i.e. spherical in shape is
a) ln (r2/r1)/2πLk
b) ln (r2/r1)/πLk
c) ln (r2/r1)/2Lk
d) ln (r2/r1)/2πk
Answer: a
Explanation: We get this on integrating the equation Q = -k A d t/ d r from limits r1 to r2 and T1 to T2.

7. A spherical vessel of 0.5 m outside diameter is insulated with 0.2 m thickness of insulation of thermal conductivity 0.04 W/m
degree. The surface temperature of the vessel is – 195 degree Celsius and outside air is at 10 degree Celsius. Determine heat flow
a) – 47.93 W
b) – 57.93 W
c) – 67.93 W
d) – 77.93 W
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = 4 π k r 1 r 2 (t 1 – t 2)/r 2 – r 1 = -57.93 W.
8. If we increase the thickness of insulation of a circular rod, heat loss to surrounding due to
a) Convection and conduction increases
b) Convection and conduction decreases
c) Convection decreases while that due to conduction increases
d) Convection increases while that due to conduction decreases
Answer: d
Explanation: In convection energy is transferred between solid and fluid but in conduction from T 1 to T 2.

9. The following data pertains to a hollow cylinder and a hollow sphere made of same material and having the same temperature
drop over the wall thickness
Inside radius = 0.1 m and outside surface area = 1 square meter
If the outside radius for both the geometrics is same, calculate the ratio of heat flow in the cylinder to that of sphere?
a) 0.056
b) 2.345
c) 1.756
d) 3.543
Answer: c
Explanation: For sphere r 2 = (1/4 π) 1/2 = 0.282 m, for cylinder, l = A 2/2 r 2 π = 0.565 m.

10. The oven of an electric store, of total outside surface area 2.9 m2 dissipates electric energy at the rate of 600 W. The
surrounding room air is at 20 degree Celsius and the surface coefficient of heat transfer between the room air and the surface of
the oven is estimated to be 11.35 W/m 2 degree. Determine the average steady state temperature of the outside surface of the store

a) 38.22 degree Celsius

b) 48.22 degree Celsius
c) 58.22 degree Celsius
d) 68.22 degree Celsius
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = h A (t 0 – t a).

1. With variable thermal conductivity, Fourier law of heat conduction through a plane wall can be expressed as
a) Q = -k0 (1 + β t) A d t/d x
b) Q = k0 (1 + β t) A d t/d x
c) Q = – (1 + β t) A d t/d x
d) Q = (1 + β t) A d t/d x
Answer: a
Explanation: Here k0 is thermal conductivity at zero degree Celsius.

2. The inner and outer surfaces of a furnace wall, 25 cm thick, are at 300 degree Celsius and 30 degree Celsius. Here thermal
conductivity is given by the relation
K = (1.45 + 0.5 * 10-5 t2) KJ/m hr deg
Where, t is the temperature in degree centigrade. Calculate the heat loss per square meter of the wall surface area?
a) 1355.3 kJ/m2 hr
b) 2345.8 kJ/m2 hr
c) 1745.8 kJ/m2 hr
d) 7895.9 kJ/m2 hr
Answer: c
Explanation: Q = -k A d t/d x, Q d x = – k A d t = – (1.45 + 0.5 * 10-5 t2) A d t. Integrating over the wall thickness δ, we get Q =
436.45/0.25 = 1745.8 kJ/m2 hr.

3. A plane wall of thickness δ has its surfaces maintained at temperatures T1 and T2. The wall is made of a material whose
thermal conductivity varies with temperature according to the relation k = k0 T2. Find the expression to work out the steady state
heat conduction through the wall?
a) Q = 2A k0 (T 1 3 – T 2 3)/3 δ
b) Q = A k0 (T 1 3 – T 2 3)/3 δ
c) Q = A k0 (T 1 2 – T 2 2)/3 δ
d) Q = A k0 (T 1 – T 2)/3 δ
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = -k A d t/d x = k0 T2 A d t/d x. Separating the variables and integrating within the prescribed boundary
conditions, we get Q = A k0 (T 1 3 – T 2 3)/3 δ.

4. The mean thermal conductivity evaluated at the arithmetic mean temperature is represented by
a) km = k0 [1 + β (t1 – t2)/2].
b) km = k0 [1 + (t1 + t2)/2].
c) km = k0 [1 + β (t1 + t2)/3].
d) km = k0 [1 + β (t1 + t2)/2].
Answer: d
Explanation: At arithmetic mean temperatures i.e. (t1 + t2)/2.

5. With respect to the equation k = k0 (1 +β t) which is true if we put β = 0?

a) Slope of temperature curve is constant
b) Slope of temperature curve does not change
c) Slope of temperature curve increases
d) Slope of temperature curve is decreases
Answer: a
Explanation: As temperature profile is linear so it is constant.

6. The accompanying sketch shows the schematic arrangement for measuring the thermal conductivity by the guarded hot plate
method. Two similar 1 cm thick specimens receive heat from a 6.5 cm by 6.5 cm guard heater. When the power dissipation by the
wattmeter was 15 W, the thermocouples inserted at the hot and cold surfaces indicated temperatures as 325 K and 300 K. What is
the thermal conductivity of the test specimen material?
a) 0.81 W/m K
b) 0.71 W/m k
c) 0.61 W/m K
d) 0.51 W/m K
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = k A (t 1 – t 2)/δ. So, k = 0.71 W/m K.

7. If β is greater than zero, then choose the correct statement with respect to given relation
k = k0 (1 +β t)
a) k doesn’t depend on temperature
b) k depends on temperature
c) k is directly proportional to t
d) Data is insufficient
Answer: c
Explanation: k increases with increases temperature.

8. The unit of thermal conductivity doesn’t contain which parameter?

a) Watt
b) Pascal
c) Meter
d) Kelvin
Answer: b
Explanation: Its unit is W/m K.

9. The temperatures on the two sides of a plane wall are t1 and t2 and thermal conductivity of the wall material is prescribed by
the relation
K = k0 e (-x/δ)
Where, k0 is constant and δ is the wall thickness. Find the relation for temperature distribution in the wall?
a) t 1 – t x / t 1 – t 2 = x
b) t 1 – t x / t 1 – t 2 = δ
c) t 1 – t x / t 1 – t 2 = δ/x
d) t 1 – t x / t 1 – t 2 = x/δ
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = -k A d t/d x = -k0 e (-x/δ) d t/d x. Separating the variables and upon integration, we get Q/k0 A = (t 1 – t 2)/ δ (e
– 1). Therefore heat transfer through the wall, Q = k0 A (t 1 – t 2)/ δ (e – 1). At x = x and t = t x we get the answer.

10. “If β is less than zero, then with respect to the relation k = k0 (1 + β t), conductivity depends on surface area”.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: k decreases with increasing temperature.

1. A cable of 10 mm outside is to be laid in an atmosphere of 25 degree Celsius (h = 12.5 W/m2 degree) and its surface
temperature is likely to be 75 degree Celsius due to heat generated within it. How would the heat flow from the cable be affected
if it is insulated with rubber having thermal conductivity k = 0.15 W/m degree?
a) 43.80 W per meter length
b) 53.80 W per meter length
c) 63.80 W per meter length
d) 73.80 W per meter length
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = 2 π d t/ (1/k) log e(r c/r 0) = 53.80 W per meter length.

2. Chose the correct one with respect to the critical radius of insulation
a) There is more heat loss i.e. conductive
b) There occurs a decrease in heat flux
c) Heat loss increases with addition of insulation
d) Heat loss decreases with addition of insulation
Answer: c
Explanation: For a pipe heat loss is more at the critical radius.

3. A heat exchanger shell of outside radius 15 cm is to be insulated with glass wool of thermal conductivity 0.0825 W/m degree.
The temperature at the surface is 280 degree Celsius and it can be assumed to remain constant after the layer of insulation has
been applied to the shell. The convective film coefficient between the outside surface of glass wool and the surrounding air is
estimated to be 8 W/m2 degree. What is the value of a critical radius?
a) 9.31 mm
b) 10.31 mm
c) 11.31 mm
d) 12.31 mm
Answer: b
Explanation: Critical radius of insulation = k/h = 0.0825/8 = 0.01031 m = 10.31 mm.

4. For an object i.e. spherical the value of critical radius would be

a) 2k/3h
b) 3k/h
c) 2k/h
d) k/h
Answer: c
Explanation: It depends on the variation of angle with layers of insulation.

5. Maximum value of critical radius is

a) 0.01 m
b) 0.04 m
c) 0.06 m
d) 0.0001 m
Answer: a
Explanation: K for common insulating material is 0.05 W/ m degree.

6. An electric cable of aluminum (k = 240 W/ m degree) is to be insulated with rubber (k = 6 W/ square meter degree). If the cable
is in air (h = 6 W/square meter degree). Find the critical radius?
a) 80 mm
b) 160 mm
c) 40 mm
d) 25 mm
Answer: d
Explanation: Critical radius = 0.15/6 = 0.025 m = 25 mm.

7. The value of critical radius in case of a cylindrical hollow object is

a) 2k/h
b) 2h/k
c) k/h
d) h/k
8. A wire of radius 3 mm and 1.25 m length is to be maintained at 60 degree Celsius by insulating it by a material of thermal
conductivity 0.175 W/m K. The temperature of surrounding is 20 degree Celsius with heat transfer coefficient 8.5 W/ m2 K. Find
percentage increase in heat loss due to insulation?
a) 134.46 %
b) 124.23 %
c) 100.00 %
d) 12.55 %
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = 8.5 (2 π 0.003 1.25) (60 – 20) = 8.01 W. % increase = (18.78 – 8.01/8.01) (100) = 134.46 %.

9. A pipe of outside diameter 20 mm is to be insulated with asbestos which has a mean thermal conductivity of 0.1 W/m degree.
The local coefficient of convective heat to the surroundings is 5 W/square meter degree. Find the critical radius of insulation for
optimum heat transfer from a pipe?
a) 10 mm
b) 20 mm
c) 30 mm
d) 40 mm
Answer: b
Explanation: Critical radius of insulation = k/h0 = 0.1/5 = 0.02 m = 20 mm.

10. For insulation to be properly effective in restricting heat transmission, the pipe radius r0 will be
a) Greater than critical radius
b) Less than critical radius
c) Equal to critical radius
d) Greater than or equal to critical radius
Answer: d
Explanation: Addition of insulating material doesn’t always decrease in the heat transfer rate.

1. In case of heat conduction through the plane wall, which one of the following is not a correct assumption?
a) Steady state
b) Three dimensional heat flow
c) Volumetric heat generation must be constant
d) K must be constant
Answer: b
Explanation: There should be two dimensional heat flow. The differential equation describing the temperature distribution can be
set up by making an energy balance.

2. If Q X is heat generated in at distance ‘x’, then heat conducted out at a distance (x + d x) will be
a) Q X + 3d (Q X) d x /d x
b) 2Q X + d (Q X) d x /d x
c) d (Q X) d x /d x
d) Q X + d (Q X) d x /d x
Answer: d
Explanation: Q X + Q g = Q X + d X.

3. Notable example of uniform generation of heat within the conducting medium are
(i) Energy of a nuclear reactor
(ii) Liberation of energy due to some exothermic chemical reactions
(iii) Resistance heating in electrical appliances
Which of the statements made above are correct?
a) i, ii and iii
b) i and ii
c) i and iii
d) Only ii
Answer: a
Explanation: All the statements are correct with respect to plane wall heat conduction.

4. For a plane wall of thickness l with uniformly distributed heat generation q g per unit volume, the temperature t 0 at mid plane
is given by
a) t 0 = q g l 2/2k +t w
b) t 0 = q g l 2/4k +t w
c) t 0 = q g l 2/8k +t w
d) t 0 = q g l 2/16k +t w
Answer: c
Explanation: t = q g /2k (l – x) x + t w. At mid plane i.e. x = l/2 we get t 0 = q g l 2/8k +t w.

5. The temperature drop in a plane wall with uniformly distributed heat generation can be decreased by reducing
a) Wall thickness
b) Heat generation rate
c) Thermal conductivity
d) Surface area
Answer: a
Explanation: On decreasing wall thickness, generally temperature drop decreases.

6. Consider a slab of thickness δ with one side (x = 0) insulated and other side (x = δ) maintained at constant temperature. The rate
of uniform heat generation within the slab is q g W/m3. Presuming that the heat conduction is in steady state and one dimensional
along x direction, the maximum temperature in the slab would occur at x equal
a) δ/2
b) Zero
c) δ/4
d) δ
Answer: b
Explanation: Maximum temperature occurs at the insulated face of the wall where x = 0.

7. There occurs heat conduction and internal heat generation at uniform rate within the conduction medium itself in the following
cases
(i) Drying of concrete
(ii) Chemical processes
(iii) Fuel elements in a nuclear reaction
Choose the correct option
a) i only
b) ii only
c) i and iii
d) i, ii and iii
Answer: d
Explanation: All are correct as there is heat conduction in all above cases. The rate of heat generation has to be controlled one,
otherwise the resulting temperature growth might result in the failure of the medium.

8. The rear window of an automobile is made of thick glass i.e. AB = 5 mm and thermal conductivity is 0.8 W/m degree. To
defrost this window, a thin transparent film type heating element has been fixed to its inner surface. For the conditions given
below, determine the electric power that must be provided per unit area of window if a temperature 5 degree Celsius is maintained
at its outer surface. Interior air temperature and the corresponding surface coefficient are 20 degree Celsius and 12 W/m2 degree.
Surrounding air temperature and the corresponding surface coefficient are – 15 degree Celsius and 70 W/m2 degree. Electric
heater provides uniform heat flux

a) 232.5 /m2
b) 1232.5 /m2
c) 2232.5 /m2
d) 3232.5 /m2
Answer: b
Explanation: (t I – t f)/(1/h i + δ/k) + q g = h 0 (t s – t 0).

9. Suppose heat is conducted due to electrons

Where, i = I/A and p is the resistivity, then
a) q g = 2i2 p
b) q g = 3i2 p
c) q g = i2 p
d) q g = 4i2 p
Answer: c
Explanation: It should be i2 p. Here i is current density.

10. In case when both the surfaces of plane wall are at different temperature, we get an expression i.e.
T MAX – T W2 /T W1 – TW2 = (B + 1)2/4B
What is the value of B?
a) (q g) (δ)2/2k (T W1 – TW2)
b) (q g) (δ)3/3k (T W1 – TW2)
c) (q g) (δ)4/4k (T W1 – TW2)
d) (q g) (δ)5/5k (T W1 – TW2)
Answer: a
Explanation: T – T W2 /T W1 – TW2 = [1 – x/ δ] [B x/ δ +1].

1. A very long copper rod 20 mm in diameter extends horizontally from a plane heated wall maintained at 100 degree Celsius. The
surface of the rod is exposed to an air environment at 20 degree Celsius with convective heat transfer coefficient of 8.5
W/m2 degree. Workout the heat loss if the thermal conductivity of copper is 400 W/m degree
a) 10.71 W
b) 20.71 W
c) 30.71 W
d) 40.71 W
Answer: b
Explanation: P/A = 4/d and m = (h P/k A) ½ = (4 h/k d) ½ = 2.061.per meter.

2. Common applications of finned surfaces are with

(i) Electrical motors
(ii) Economizers for steam power plant
(iii) Convectors for steam and cold water heating systems
(iv) Cooling coils
Identify the correct option
a) i, ii and iv
b) i, ii and iii
c) i, ii, iii and iv
d) i and ii
Answer: a
Explanation: It should be for hot water heating systems.

3. The extended surface used for the enhancement of heat dissipation is

a) Convective coefficient
b) Fourier number
c) Fin
d) No finned surface
Answer: c
Explanation: The surface area exposed to the surroundings is frequently increased by the attachment of protrusions to the surfaces,
and the arrangement provides a means by which heat transfer rate can be improved.

4. It is said that fins can take a variety of forms

(i) Longitudinal fins of rectangular cross section attached to a wall
(ii) Cylindrical tubes with radial fins
(iii) Conical rod protruding from a wall
Identify the correct statement
a) i only
b) i and ii
c) ii and iii
d) i, ii and iii
Answer: d
Explanation: Option b is also known as annular fins.

5. A steel rod (k = 30 W/m degree) 1 cm in diameter and 5 cm long protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 10 degree
Celsius. The rod is insulated at its tip and is exposed to an environment with h = 50 W/m2 degree and t a = 30 degree Celsius.
Calculate the fin efficiency
a) 56.57%
b) 66.57%
c) 76.57%
d) 86.57%
Answer: b
Explanation: Fin efficiency = tan h ml/ml, where m = (h P/k A) ½ = 25.82 per meter.

6. If the fin is sufficiently thin, so heat flows pertain to

a) One dimensional heat conduction
b) Two dimensional heat conduction
c) Three dimensional heat conduction
d) No heat flow is there
Answer: a
Explanation: As, δ is less than b, so one dimensional heat conduction is there.
7. If heat dissipation for one fin is given by 377.45 k J/hour, then what is the heat dissipation for 12 fins?
a) 7529.4 k J/hour
b) 6529.4 k J/hour
c) 5529.4 k J/hour
d) 4529.4 k J/hour
Answer: d
Explanation: For 12 fins, the heat dissipation will be equal to 12 (377.45) = 4529.4 k J/hour.

8. In order to achieve maximum heat dissipation, the fin should be designed in such a way that has a
a) Maximum lateral surface towards the tip side of fin
b) Minimum lateral surface near the center line
c) Maximum lateral surface at the root side of fin
d) Maximum lateral surface near the center of fin
Answer: c
Explanation: Fins are so designed that lateral surface at the root side of the fin is maximum. This aspect results into higher heat
dissipation.

9. A steel rod (k = 30 W/m degree) 1 cm in diameter and 5 cm long protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 10 degree
Celsius. The rod is insulated at its tip and is exposed to an environment with h = 50 W/m2 degree and t a = 30 degree Celsius.
Calculate the rate of heat dissipation
a) 2.658 W
b) 3.658 W
c) 4.658 W
d) 5.658 W
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = k A m tan h ml (t 0 – t a) = 3.658 W.

1. Which one is true regarding rectangular fin?

a) A C = b δ and P = 2(b + δ)
b) A C = 2 b δ and P = 2(b + δ)
c) A C = 3 b δ and P = 2(b + δ)
d) A C = 4 b δ and P = 2(b + δ)
Answer: a
Explanation: For rectangle, A = (length) (breadth). Where, b = width and δ = thickness.

2. Analysis of heat flow from the finned surface is made with the following assumptions
(i) Uniform heat transfer coefficient, h over the entire fin surface
(ii) No heat generation within the fin generation
(iii) Homogenous material
Identify the correct option
a) i only
b) i and ii only
c) i, ii and iii
d) ii only
Answer: c
Explanation: The knowledge of temperature distribution is necessary for their optimum design with regard to size and weight.

3. If heat conducted into the element at plane x is Q X = – k A C (d t/d x) X. Then heat conducted out of the element at plane (x +
d x) is
a) – 2k A C d/d x (t + d t/d x (d x))
b) – k A C d/d x (t + d t/d x (d x))
c) – 3k A C d/d x (t + d t/d x (d x))
d) – 4k A C d/d x (t + d t/d x (d x))
Answer: b
Explanation: Heat conducted out of the element is – [k A C (d t/d x) X + d x].
4. A heating unit is made in the form of a vertical tube of 50 mm outside diameter and 1.2 m height. The tube is fitted with 20
steel fins of rectangular section with height 40 mm and thickness 2.5 mm. The temperature at the base of fin is 75 degree Celsius,
the surrounding air temperature is 20 degree Celsius and the heat transfer coefficient between the fin as well as the tube surface
and the surrounding air is 9.5 W/m2 K. If thermal conductivity of the fin material is 55 W/m K, find the amount of heat
transferred from the tube without fin
a) 98.44 W
b) 88.44 W
c) 78.44 W
d) 68.44 W
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = h A d t = h (π d 0 H) (t 0 – t INFINITY).

5. The general solution of linear and homogenous differential equation (second form) is of the form
a) γ = C 1 e 2 m x + C 2 e – m x
b) γ = C 1 e 3m x + C 2 e – m x
c) γ = C 1 e 4 m x + C 2 e – m x
d) γ = C 1 e m x + C 2 e – m x
Answer: d
Explanation: It should contain m x and – m x term.

6. For steady flow of heat along a rod, the general equation is

d2α/dx 2 – m 2 α = 0
The value of constant m is
a) (h P/k A C)
b) (h P/k A C) 3/2
c) (h P/k A C) 1/2
d) (h P/k A C) 2
Answer: c
Explanation: This provides a general form of the energy equation for one dimensional heat flow.

7. In convection from the tip, we introduced a factor known as

a) Fin length
b) Correction length
c) No fin length
d) Radial length
Answer: b
Explanation: Just for simplicity we replace fin length by correction length.

8. Find the value of corrected length for rectangular fin?

Where, b is width and t is length of the fin
a) L C = L + b t/2 (b + t)
b) L C = L + b t/ (b + t)
c) L C = L + 2 (b + t)
d) L C = L + b t
Answer: a
Explanation: For rectangle, area = t b.

9. Which one is true for the spine?

a) A C = π d 2/4 and P = 4 π d
b) A C = π d 2/4 and P = 3 π d
c) A C = π d 2/4 and P = π d
d) A C = π d 2/4 and P = 2 π d
Answer: c
Explanation: A spine is a pin fin.
10. In convection from the tip what is the value of correction length?
a) L C = A C/P
b) L C = L + A C
c) L C = L + P
d) L C = L + A C/P
Answer: d
Explanation: It should contain all the three terms i.e. L, A and P.

1. In heat dissipation from an infinitely long fin, the boundary conditions are
a) t = t0 at x = infinity and t = ta at x = 0
b) t = t0 at x = 0 and t = ta at x = infinity
c) t = t0 at x = 0 and t = ta at x = 0
d) t = t0 at x = infinity and t = ta at x = infinity
Answer: b
Explanation: These conditions must be approached when ml is greater than 5.

2. The temperature distribution in case of infinitely long fin is

a) t – t a/t 0 – t a = mx
b) t – t a/t 0 – t a = -mx
c) t – t a/t 0 – t a = e-m x
d) t – t a/t 0 – t a = log (m x)
Answer: c
Explanation: Exponential curve should be here.

3. The rate of heat transfer in case of infinitely long fin is given by

a) (h P k A) 1/2 (t 0 – t a)
b) (h P A) 1/2 (t 0 – t a)
c) (P k A) 1/2 (t 0 – t a)
d) (h k A) 1/2 (t 0 – t a)
Answer: a
Explanation: It should contain all the terms i.e. h, p, k and A.

4. Let us say there are two rods having same dimensions, one made of brass (k = 85W/m K) and the other of copper (k = 375W/m
K), having one of their ends inserted into a furnace. At a section 10.5 cm away from the furnace, the temperature of brass rod is
120 degree Celsius. Find the distance at which the same temperature would be reached in the copper rod? Both ends are exposed
to the same environment
a) 12.54 cm
b) 45.87 cm
c) 12.34 cm
d) 22.05 cm
Answer: d
Explanation: For brass rod, 120 = t a + (t 0 – t a) e –m l and for copper rod, 120 = t a + (t 0 – t a) e –M L So L = L 0 (k 2/k 1) =
22.05 cm.

5. Three rods, one made of silver (l = 420W/m K), second made of aluminum (k = 210W/m K) and the third made of iron (k =
70W/m K) are coated with a uniform layer of wax all around. The rods are placed vertically in a boiling water bath with 250 mm
length of each rod projecting outside. If all the rods are having following dimensions i.e. diameter = 15 mm and length = 300 mm
and have identical surface coefficient 12.5W/ m2 K, work out the ratio of lengths up to which wax will melt on each rod
a) 2.45:1:1.732
b) 1.732:1:2.45
c) 2.45:1.732:1
d) 1.732:1:2.45
Answer: c
Explanation: k 1/l 12 = k 2/l 22 = k 3/l 32.
6. Let us assume there are two pieces of copper wire 0.1625 cm in diameter with a device that melts it at 195 degree Celsius. The
wires are positioned vertically in air at 24 degree Celsius and the heat transfer coefficient of the wire is 17 W/ square m K. Let us
say k = 335W/m K i.e. of wire. Find out the energy input?

a) 1.234W
b) 2.652W
c) 4.562W
d) 9.435W
Answer: b
Explanation: A C = π D 2/4 = 2.073 * 10 –6square meter. P = π D = 0.0051 m. Q FIN = k A C m (t2 – t 1) = 1.326W.

7. A rod of 10 mm square section and 160 mm length with thermal conductivity of 50W/m K protrudes from a furnace wall at 200
degree Celsius with convective coefficient 20 W/ square m K. Make calculations for the heat convective up to 80 mm length
a) 6.84W
b) 7.34W
c) 4.54W
d) 5.47W
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = k A C m (t 2 – t 1), m = (P h/k AC) 1/2 = 12.649 /m, so Q = 10.75W. At x = 80 mm, (m x) = 1.01192, so T –
30/200 – 30 = 0.3635. Therefore net heat is 10.75 – k A C m (t 0.08 – t a) = 6.84W.

8. A fin protrudes from a surface which is held at a temperature higher than that of its environment. The heat transferred away
from the fin is
a) Heat escaping from the tip of the fin
b) Heat conducted along the fin length
c) Convective heat transfer from the fin surface
d) Sum of heat conducted along the fin length and that convected from the surface
Answer: c
Explanation: As the temperature is higher, so it’s convective.

9. The value of correction length for equilateral fin is

a) L C = 2 L + a/4(3)1/2
b) L C = L + a/4(3)1/2
c) L C = 3 L + a/4(3)1/2
d) L C = 6 L + a/4(3)1/2
Answer: b
Explanation: Area of triangle i.e. equilateral is (3)1/2/4.

10. The parameter m = (h P/k A C) 1/2 has been stated to increase in a long fin. If all other parameters are constant, then
a) Profile of temperature will remain the same
b) Along the length temperature drop will be less
c) The parameter influences the heat flow only
d) The temperature drop along the length will be steeper
Answer: d
Explanation: For an infinitely long fin t – t a/t 0 – t a = e – m x. Dimensionless temperature falls more with increase in factor m.

1. The relevant boundary conditions in case of heat dissipation from a fin insulated at the tip are
a) t = t 0 at x = 0 and d t/d x = 0 at x = 0
b) t = t 0 at x = 0 and d t/d x = 0 at x = 1
c) t = t 0 at x = 1 and d t/d x = 0 at x = 1
d) t = t 0 at x = infinity and d t/d x = 0 at x = infinity
Answer: b
Explanation: It should be at x = 0 and x = 1 respectively.

2. The temperature distribution in case of fin insulated at the tip is given by

a) t – t0/t0 – t a = cos h m (3 – x)/cos ml
b) t – t0/t0 – t a = cos h m (2 – x)/sin h ml
c) t – t0/t0 – t a = cos h m (l – x)/cos h ml
d) t – t0/t0 – t a = cos m (l – x)/sin ml
Answer: c
Explanation: It should contain cos h term and (1 – x) term.

3. The rate of heat transfer from the fin in case of fin insulated at the tip is
a) (h P k A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml
b) (h k A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml
c) (h P A)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml
d) (h P k)1/2 (t 0 – t a) tan h ml
Answer: a
Explanation: It should contains all the terms i.e. h, A, P, k.

4. “Fin is insulated at the tip”. What does that mean?

a) Less heat is transferred from the tip
b) Heat will transferred from tip only
c) More heat is transferred from the tip
d) No heat is transferred from the tip
Answer: d
Explanation: The fin is of finite length with the tip insulated and so no heat is transferred from the tip.

5. Find the heat transfer rate from a hot surface for 6 fins of 10 cm length? The base temperature of the fin is maintained at 200
degree Celsius and the film is exposed to a convection environment at 15 degree Celsius with convective coefficient 25W/square
m K. Each fin has cross-sectional area 2.5 square centimeter and is made of a material having thermal conductivity 250W/m K
a) 120.34W
b) 130.18W
c) 145.46W
d) 165.43W
Answer: b
Explanation: n = 6 and l = 10 cm = 0.1 m, ml = 0.4472, Q = 6[(250) (2.5 * 10– 4) (4.472) (200 – 15) tan h (0.4472) = 130.18W.

6. An array of 10 fins of anodized aluminum (k = 180W/m K) is used to cool a transistor operating at a location where the ambient
conditions correspond to temperature 35 degree Celsius and convective coefficient 12W/square m K. The distance AB is 3 mm,
EF is 0.4 mm. The length of the fin is 5 mm and has its base at 60 degree Celsius. Find the power dissipated by the fin array?
a) 8.673W
b) 1.432W
c) 0.786W
d) 0.128W
Answer: c
Explanation: P = 2(3 + 0.4) = 6.8 mm, A = (3) (0.4) = 1.2 square meter, m = 19.44 per meter. So, Q = k A m (t 0 –ta) tan h ml =
0.0786, therefore heat loss from the array of 10 fins = (0.0786) (10) = 0.786W.

7. An electronic semiconductor device generates 0.16 k J/hr of heat. To keep the surface temperature at the upper safe limit of 75
degree Celsius, it is desired that the heat generated should be dissipated to the surrounding environment which is at 30 degree
Celsius. The task is accomplished by attaching aluminum fins, 0.5 square mm and 10 mm to the surface. Work out the number of
fins if thermal conductivity of fin material is 690W/m K and the heat transfer coefficient is 45k J/square m hr K. Neglect the heat
loss from the tip of the fin
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 1
Answer: a
Explanation: P = 2(0.5 + 0.5) = 2 mm, A = (0.5) (0.5) = 0.25 square meter. m = 22.85 per meter, so Q = k A m (t 0 –ta) tan h ml =
39.77 * 10-3 k J/hr per fin. So number of fins = 0.16/39.77 * 10 -3 = 4.02.

8. A rod of 10 mm diameter and 80 mm length with thermal conductivity 16W/ m K protrudes from a surface at 160 degree
Celsius. The rod is exposed to air at 30 degree Celsius with a convective coefficient of 25W/square m K. How does the heat flow
from this rod get affected if the same material volume is used for two fins of the same length? Assume short fin with insulated end
a) 12.25 %
b) 25.6 %
c) 23.4 %
d) 21.2 %
Answer: d
Explanation: Case 1 – m1 = 25 per meter, m1 l = 25 * 0.08 = 2. Therefore, Q1 = 3.935W
Case 2 – d =0.00707 m, m2 = 29.73 per meter, m2 l = 2.378. Therefore, Q2 = 2.385W
% increase in heat flow = 4.77 – 3.935/3.935 = 0.21.

9. Two rods A and B of the same length and diameter protrude from a surface at 120 degree Celsius and are exposed at air at 25
degree Celsius. The temperatures measured at the end of the rods are 50 degree Celsius and 75 degree Celsius. If thermal
conductivity of material A is 20W/ m K, calculate it for B
a) 31.13W/m K
b) 41.13W/m K
c) 51.13W/m K
d) 61.13W/m K
Answer: c
Explanation: α/ α0 = t – t a/t 0– ta = 1/cos h ml. For rod A, cos h m1 l =3.8. Similarly for rod 2, cos h m2 l = 1.9, m1/m2 = 1.599.
So k2 = k1 (1.599)2 = 51.13W/m K.

10. A centrifugal pump which circulates a hot liquid metal at 500 degree Celsius is driven by a 3600 rpm electric motor. The
motor is coupled to the pump impeller by a horizontal steel shaft of dia 25 mm. Let us assume the motor temperature as 60 degree
Celsius with the ambient air at 25 degree Celsius, what length of shaft should be specified between the motor and the pump? It
may be presumed that the thermal conductivity of the shaft material is 35W/m K and that the convective film coefficient between
the steel shaft and the ambient air is 15.7W/square m K
a) 38.96 cm
b) 54.76 cm
c) 23.76 cm
d) 87.43 cm
Answer: a
Explanation: 60 – 25/500 – 25 = cos h m (l – l)/cos h ml = 1/cos h ml, so ml = 3.3. For a circular shaft of diameter d, P/A = 4/d, m
= 8.47 per meter. So, l = 3.3/8.47 = 38.96 cm.

1. The utility of fin in dissipating a given quantity of heat is generally assessed on the basic of how many parameters?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: b
Explanation: It depends on two parameters i.e. efficiency of fin and effectiveness of fin.

2. A copper steel rod (k = 55 W/m degree) has been attached to a plane wall which is maintained at a temperature of 350 degree
Celsius. The rod is 8 cm long and has the cross-section of an equilateral triangle with each side 5 mm. Determine the heat
dissipation from the rod if it is exposed to a convection environment at 25 degree Celsius with unit surface conductance 100
W/m2 degree. Consider end surface loss to be negligible
a) 10.26 W
b) 9.26 W
c) 8.26 W
d) 7.26 W
Answer: b
Explanation: For a fin of triangular cross-section, P = 3a and m = (h P/k A) ½ = 50.19 per meter.

3. For an infinitely long fin, the efficiency of fin is given by

a) 1/ml
b) 2/ml
c) 3/ml
d) 4/ml
Answer: a
Explanation: On simplify (p h k A C) 1/2 (t 0 – ta) tan h (ml)/h (p l) (t 0 – ta), we get it as tan h (ml)/ml. And here for very long fin
numerator should be equal to 1.

4. For a fin of finite length with an insulated end, the fin efficiency is given as
a) tan h (ml)
b) tan (ml)/ml
c) tan h (m)/ml
d) tan h (ml)/ml
Answer: d
Explanation: On simplify (h p k A C) 1/2 (t 1 – t 2) tan h (ml)/h (p l) (t 1 – t2), we get it as tan h (ml)/ml.
5. For an infinitely long fin, the effectiveness of fin is given as
a) (P k/h AC)
b) (P k/h AC)3/2
c) (P k/h AC)1/2
d) (P k/h AC)2
Answer: c
Explanation: Q FIN = (h k P AC) 1/2 (t2– t 1), so effectiveness is (h P k A C)1/2 (t 2 – t 1)/h A(t 0 – t a).

6. For a straight rectangular fin of thickness δ and width b, choose the correct option
a) P/AC = 1/ δ
b) P/AC = 2/ δ
c) P/AC = 3/ δ
d) P/AC = 4/ δ
Answer: b
Explanation: As fin effectiveness in case of straight rectangular fin is (2k/h δ)1/2. So, P/A = 2(b + δ)/b δ.

7. “Effectiveness of fin is the ratio of the fin heat dissipation with fin to that of no fin”.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Fins are used to enhance heat transfer rate and the use of fin on a surface can’t be recommended unless the
enhancement in heat transfer justifies the extra cost and complexity associated with the fins.

8. Three fins of equal length and diameter but made of aluminum, brass and cast iron is heated to 200 degree Celsius at one end. If
the fins dissipate heat to the surrounding air at 25 degree Celsius, the temperature at the free end will be least in
a) Brass fin
b) Cast iron fin
c) Aluminum fin
d) Each fin will have the same temperature
Answer: c
Explanation: Thermal conductivity of aluminum is higher than that of others.

9. Two long rods A and B of the same diameter have thermal conductivities k and 4k and have one of their end inserted into a
furnace at 400 K. At 9.5 m away section from the furnace, the temperature of rod B is120 degree Celsius. So find out at what end
from the furnace end, the same temperature would be reached in the rod A?
a) 0.25 m
b) 0.75 m
c) 0.15 m
d) 0.50 m
Answer: a
Explanation: k A /l A2 = k B /l B2, so it is 0.25 m.

10. The figure shows a 5 cm diameter rod, 90 cm long, which is having its lower face grinded smooth. The remainder of the rod is
exposed to 32 degree Celsius room air and a surface coefficient heat transfer equal to 6.8 W/m2 degree exists between the rod
surface and the room air. The grinder dissipates mechanical energy at the rate of 35 W. If thermal conductivity of rod material is
41.5 W/m degree, find the temperature of the rod at the point where the grinding is taking place
a) 161.45 degree celsius
b) 151.45 degree celsius
c) 141.45 degree celsius
d) 131.45 degree celsius
Answer: b
Explanation: For a circular rod of diameter d, P/A = π/d and m = (h P/k A)1⁄2 = 3.62 per meter.

1. Which fin yields the maximum heat flow per unit weight?
a) Straight triangular fin
b) Curved triangular fin
c) Parabolic fin
d) Hyperbolic fin
Answer: a
Explanation: In straight triangular fin, there is maximum heat flow.

2. Heat dissipation by every segment of the fin is

a) Sometimes same
b) Same
c) Not same
d) Sometimes same or sometimes not same
Answer: c
Explanation: It is always different as fins are not uniform with respect to cross-sectional area.

3. “If a fin of a constant cross section is used, there would be wastage of material”. Chose the correct option
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: Cross section must vary to utilize the material.

4. Which one is true regarding parabolic fin?

a) It dissipates the minimum amount of heat at a minimum material cost
b) It dissipates the minimum amount of heat at a maximum material cost
c) It dissipates the maximum amount of heat at a maximum material cost
d) It dissipates the maximum amount of heat at a minimum material cost
Answer: d
Explanation: In this case, a parabolic fin is of great practical importance.

5. For parabolic fin, the curve follows which law?

a) y = C/x2
b) y = C x4
c) y = C x2
d) y = C x1/2
Answer: c
Explanation: Equation of parabola is y = 4 x2 or x = 4 y2.

6. The correction length for cylindrical fin is

a) L C = L + d/4
b) L C = 2 L + d/4
c) L C = 3 L + d/4
d) L C = 4 L + d/4
Answer: a
Explanation: Area = π d2/4. Where, d is the diameter.

7. Provision of fins on a given heat transfer surface will be more effective if there is
a) Fewer but thick fins
b) Large number of thick fins
c) Fewer but thin fins
d) Large number of thin fins
Answer: d
Explanation: Increase in ratio of perimeter P to be cross sectional area A C brings about improvement in the effectiveness of fins.

8. The heat dissipation at any section of parabolic fin is given by

a) (t2 – t1) (b) (δ)
b) k (t2 – t1) (b) (δ)
c) k (t2 – t1) (δ)
d) k (t2 – t1) (b)
Answer: b
Explanation: Q = qx (A X) = k (t2 – t1) (b) (δ).

9. An air cooled cylindrical wall is to be fitted with triangular fins of 3 cm thickness at base and 12 cm in height. The fins are
made from stainless steel with density 8000 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity 17.5 W/m K. The wall temperature is 600 degree
Celsius and the fin is exposed to an environment with t a = 30 degree Celsius and h = 20 W/m2 K. What is the temperature
distribution along the fin?
a) t = 10 + 250 I 0 [6.056 (x) 1/2].
b) t = 20 + 250 I 0 [6.056 (x) 1/2].
c) t = 30 + 250 I 0 [6.056 (x) 1/2].
d) t = 40 + 250 I 0 [6.056 (x) 1/2].
Answer: c
Explanation: α/α 0 = t – t 0/t 0 – t a = I 0 [2 B (x) ½]/ I 0 [2 B (l) ½]. Here B = (2 h l/k δ) ½ = 3.028.

10. Consider the above problem, make calculations for the rate of heat flow per unit mass of fin material used
a) 126.53 W/kg
b) 154.76 W/kg
c) 134.87 W/kg
d) 165.46 W/kg
Answer: a
Explanation: Q = b (2 h k δ) ½ α 0 I 1 [2 B (L) ½/ I 0 [2 B (L) ½ = 1822 W. Mass of fin per meter width = 14.4 kg. Therefore rate
of heat flow per unit mass = 1822/14.4 = 126.53 W/kg.
1. The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to
a) Minimum time taken to record a temperature reading
b) Attain 50% of initial temperature difference
c) Attain the final value to be measured
d) Attain 63.2% of the value of the initial temperature difference
Answer: d
Explanation: The time constant of a thermocouple represents the time required to attain 63.2% value.

2. A thermocouple junction of spherical form is to be used to measure the temperature of the gas stream. The junction is at 20
degree Celsius and is placed in a gas stream which is at 200 degree Celsius. Make calculations for junction diameter needed for
the thermocouple to have thermal time constant of one second. Assume the thermos-physical properties as given below
k = 20 W/ m K
h = 350 W/m2 K
c = 0.4 k J/kg K
p = 8000 kg/m3
a) 0.556 mm
b) 0.656 mm
c) 0.756 mm
d) 0.856 mm
Answer: b
Explanation: T = p V c/h A = p r c/3h. So, r = 3 h T/p c = 0.000328 m = 0.328 m.

3. A low value of time constant can be achieved for a thermocouple by

(i) Increasing the wire diameter
(ii) Increasing the value heat transfer coefficient
(iii) Use light metals of low density and low specific heat
a) ii and iii
b) i and iii
c) i and ii
d) i, ii and iii
Answer: a
Explanation: Diameter of wire should be less.

4. Which of the following has units of time constant? (Where, P is density, A is area, c is specific heat and V is volume)
a) p V/h A
b) p c/h A
c) p V c/h A
d) V c/h A
Answer: c
Explanation: It has the unit of time and is time constant of the system.

5. “Thermal radiation suffers no attenuation in a vacuum”.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: It is gradual loss of intensity of any kind of flux.

6. How does the body temperature falls or rises with time?

a) Logarithmic
b) Parabolic
c) Linear
d) Exponentially
Answer: d
Explanation: The rate depends on the parameter h A/p V c.
7. The lumped parameter solution for transient conduction can be conveniently stated as
a) t – t a/t I – t a = 2 exponential (- B I F 0)
b) t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- B I F 0)
c) t – t a/t I – t a = 3 exponential (- B I F 0)
d) t – t a/t I – t a = 6 exponential (- B I F 0)
Answer: b
Explanation: This is the general solution for lumped system parameter.

8. An iron billet (k = 65 W/m K) measuring 20 * 15 * 80 cm is exposed to a convective flow resulting in convection coefficient of
11.5 W/m2 K. Determine the Biot number
a) 0.02376
b) 0.008974
c) 0.004563
d) 0.006846
Answer: d
Explanation: B = h L C/k = 0.006846.

9. A mercury thermometer with bulb idealized as a sphere of 1 mm radius is used for measuring the temperature of fluid whose
temperature is varying at a fast rate. For mercury

k = 10 W/m K

α = 0.00005 m2/s

h = 10 W/m2 K

If the time for the temperature change of the fluid is 3 second, what should be the radius of thermocouple to read the temperature
of the fluid?
For the thermocouple material
k = 100 W/m K
α = 0.0012 m2/s
h = 18 W/m2 K
a) .864 mm
b) .764 mm
c) .664 mm
d) .564 mm
Answer: a
Explanation: T = k l/h α. So, radius is 0.864 mm.

10. A thermocouple junction of spherical form is to be used to measure the temperature of the gas stream. The junction is at 20
degree Celsius and is placed in a gas stream which is at 200 degree Celsius. Make calculations for junction diameter needed for
the thermocouple to have thermal time constant of one second. Assume the thermos-physical properties as given below
k = 20 W/ m K
h = 350 W/m2 K
c = 0.4 k J/kg K
p = 8000 kg/m3
a) 0.456 mm
b) 0.556 mm
c) 0.656 mm
d) 0.756 mm
Answer: c
Explanation: T = p V c/h A = p r c/3 h.

1. “The response of a thermocouple is defined as the time required for the thermocouple to reach the surrounding temperature
when it is exposed to it”.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
Explanation: It is the source temperature.

2. The sensitivity of thermocouple is defined as the time required by thermocouple to reach how much percentage of its steady
state values?
a) 43.3
b) 53.2
c) 63.3
d) 73.3
Answer: c
Explanation: The time constant of a thermocouple represents the time required to attain 63.2% value.

3. The response time for different sizes and materials of thermocouple wires usually lie between
a) 0.04 to 2.5 seconds
b) 0.06 to 1.2 seconds
c) 0.02 to 0.04 seconds
d) 2.4 to 9.4 seconds
Answer: a
Explanation: Depending upon the type of fluid used, the response time for different sizes and materials of thermocouple wires
usually lie between o.o4 to 2.5 seconds.

4. A thermocouple junction of spherical form is to be used to measure the temperature of the gas stream. The junction is at 20
degree Celsius and is placed in a gas stream which is at 200 degree Celsius. Make calculations for time required by the
thermocouple to reach 197 degree Celsius temperature. Assume the thermos-physical properties as given below
k = 20 W/ m K
h = 350 W/m2 K
c = 0.4 k J/kg K
p = 8000 kg/m3
a) 1.094 seconds
b) 2.094 seconds
c) 3.094 seconds
d) 4.094 seconds
Answer: d
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- p V c T/h A).

5. An egg with mean diameter of 4 cm and initially at 25 degree Celsius is placed in an open boiling water container for 4 minutes
and found to be boiled at a particular level. For how long should a similar egg boil at the same level, when refrigerator
temperature is 5 degree Celsius? Use lumped parameter theory and assume following properties of egg
k = 12 W/m K
h = 125 W/m2 K
c = 2 k J/kg K
p = 1250 kg/m3
a) 251.49 seconds
b) 261.49 seconds
c) 271.49 seconds
d) 281.49 seconds
Answer: c
Explanation: T t – T INFINITY/T i – T INFINITY = e – b T.

6. A person is found dead at 5 pm in a room whose temperature is 20 degree Celsius. The temperature of body is measured to be
25 degree Celsius, when found and heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 8 W/m2 K. Modeling the body as a 30 cm diameter,
1.7 cm long cylinder. Estimate the time of death of person.
a) 13.55 seconds
b) 12.55 seconds
c) 11.55 seconds
d) 10.55 seconds
Answer: d
Explanation: T t – T INFINITY/T i – T INFINITY = e – b T.

7. The following data pertains to the junction of a thermocouple wire used to measure the temperature of the gas stream.
Density = 8500 kg/m3, specific heat = 325 J/kg K, thermal conductivity = 40 W/m K and the heat transfer coefficient between the
junction and gas = 215 W/m2 K.
If thermocouple junction can be approximated as 1 mm diameter sphere, determine how long it will take for the thermocouple to
read 99% of the initial temperature difference
a) 9.86 seconds
b) 8.86 seconds
c) 7.86 seconds
d) 6.86 seconds
Answer: a
Explanation: t – t a/t i – t a = exponential (- h A T/p V c).

8. A thermocouple junction in the form of 4 mm radius sphere is to be used to measure the temperature of a gas stream. The
junction is initially at 35 degree Celsius and is placed in a gas stream which is at 300 degree Celsius. The thermocouple is
removed from the hot gas stream after 10 seconds and kept in still air at 25 degree Celsius with convective coefficient 10 W/m2 K.
Find out the time constant of the thermocouple. Assume the thermos-physical properties as given below
h = 37.5 W/m2 K
p = 7500 kg/m3
c = 400 J/kg K
a) 6.67 seconds
b) 106.67 seconds
c) 206.67 seconds
d) 306.67 seconds
Answer: b
Explanation: T = p V c/h A = p r c/3 h = 106.67 seconds.

9. What percentage of water an average human body can have?

a) 52%
b) 62%
c) 72%
d) 82%
Answer: c
Explanation: Average human body is 72% water by mass.

10. Heisler charts are valid if

a) Fourier number is equal to 0.2
b) Fourier number is less than 0.2
c) Fourier number is greater than 0.2
d) Fourier number is equal to 0.4
Answer: c
Explanation: The solution to the transient heat flow in infinite flat plates are available in the form of these charts.

1. According to lumped system analysis, solid possesses thermal conductivity that is

a) Infinitely large
b) Infinitely small
c) Moderate
d) 50% small
Answer: a
Explanation: Solutions to the many of the transient heat flow problems are obtained by the lumped system parameter analysis.
2. The temperature and rate of heat conduction are undoubtedly dependent on
a) Time coordinates
b) Space coordinates
c) Mass coordinates
d) Both time and space coordinates
Answer: d
Explanation: It should depend on both time coordinates and space coordinates.

3. Glass spheres of 2 mm radius and at 500 degree Celsius are to be cooled by exposing them to an air stream at 25 degree Celsius.
Find the minimum time required for cooling to a temperature of 60 degree Celsius. Assume the following property values
Density = 2250 kg/m3
Specific heat = 850 J/kg K
Conductivity = 1.5 W/m K
a) 13.78 seconds
b) 14.78 seconds
c) 15.78 seconds
d) 16.78 seconds
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- h A T/p V c).

4. Which is true regarding lumped system analysis?

(i) Conductive resistance = 0
(ii) Convective resistance = 0
(iii) Thermal conductivity = 0
(iv) Thermal conductivity = infinity
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii
b) i, ii and iv
c) i and iv
d) ii and iv
Answer: c
Explanation: Solids have infinite thermal conductivities. It implies that internal conductance resistance is very low.

5. Which of the following is an example of lump system analysis?

a) Heating or cooling of fine thermocouple wire due to change in ambient temperature
b) Heating of an ingot in an furnace
c) Cooling of bars
d) Cooling of metal billets in steel works
Answer: a
Explanation: Others are the examples of non-periodic variation.

6. What is the criterion for the applicability of lump system analysis?

a) Mean length
b) Normal length
c) Characteristics length
d) Mass no
Answer: c
Explanation: The first set in establishing criteria for the applicability of lump system analysis is to define a characteristics length.

7. What is the value of characteristics length for cylinder?

a) R/5
b) R/4
c) R/3
d) R/2
Answer: d
Explanation: π R2 L/2 π R L = R/2.

8. During heat treatment, cylindrical pieces of 25 mm diameter, 30 mm height and at 30 degree Celsius are placed in a furnace at
750 degree Celsius with convective coefficient 80 W/m2 degree. Find the value of biot number if thermal conductivity is 40 W/m
degree
a) 0.0082
b) 0.0072
c) 0.0062
d) 0.0052
Answer: a
Explanation: For a cylindrical piece, the characteristic linear dimension is, l = volume/surface area = .00441 m. So, biot number =
hl/k = -.00882.

9. What is the value of characteristics length for sphere?

a) R/2
b) R/3
c) R/4
d) R/5
Answer: b
Explanation: 4/3 π R3/4 π R2 = R/3.

10. What is the value of characteristics length for cube?

a) L/3
b) L/4
c) L/5
d) L/6
Answer: d
Explanation: L3/6 L2 = L/6.

1. A gold ring (k = 65 W/m K) measuring 15 * 10 * 60 cm is exposed to a surface where h = 11.5 W/m2 K. Find the value of biot
number
a) 0.68
b) 0.58
c) 0.48
d) 0.38
Answer: c
Explanation: Biot number = h l/k = 0.48.

2. In the lumped system parameter model, the variation of temperature with time is
a) Linear
b) Exponential
c) Sinusoidal
d) Cube
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential [-h A T/p V c].

3. Which of the following dimensionless number gives an indication of the ratio of internal (conduction) resistance to the surface
(convective) resistance?
a) Biot number
b) Fourier number
c) Stanton number
d) Nusselt number
Answer: a
Explanation: It is the ratio of conduction resistance to that of convective resistance.
4. Lumped parameter analysis for transient heat conduction is essentially valid for
a) B I < 0.1
b) 1 < B I < 10
c) 0.1 < B I < 0.5
d) It tends to infinity
Answer: a
Explanation: It is generally accepted that lump system analysis is applicable if Biot number is less than 0.1.

5. In the non-dimensional Biot number, the characteristics length is the ratio of

a) Perimeter to surface area of solid
b) Surface area to perimeter of solid
c) Surface area to volume of solid
d) Volume of solid to its surface area
Answer: d
Explanation: We introduced characteristics length for lump system analysis.

6. During heat treatment, cylindrical pieces of 25 mm diameter, 30 mm height and at 30 degree Celsius are placed in a furnace at
750 degree Celsius with convective coefficient 80 W/m2 degree. Calculate the time required to heat the pieces to 600 degree
Celsius. Assume the following property values
Density = 7850 kg /m3
Specific heat = 480 J/kg K
Conductivity = 40 W/m degree
a) 226 sec
b) 326 sec
c) 426 sec
d) 526 sec
Answer: b
Explanation: t – t a/t I – t a = exponential (- h A T/p V c).

7. The quantity h L C/k is known as

a) Biot number
b) Fourier number
c) Stanton number
d) Nusselt number
Answer: a
Explanation: Biot number = conduction resistance/convection resistance.

8. For a plat plate (thickness δ, breadth b and height h) the heat exchange occurs from both the sides. The characteristics length is
equal to
a) δ/4
b) δ/3
c) δ/2
d) δ
Answer: c
Explanation: l = δ b h/2 b h = δ/2.

9. Fourier number is given by

a) α T/LC2
b) 2 α T/LC2
c) 3 α T/LC2
d) 4 α T/LC2
Answer: a
Explanation: It signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect through a solid. Where, α is thermal diffusivity, T is
time constant and L C is characteristics length
10. Identify the correct relation between Biot number and Fourier number
a) 4 b T = B I F 0
b) 2 b T = B I F 0
c) 3 b T = B I F 0
d) b T = B I F 0
Answer: d
Explanation: B I = h L C/k and F 0 = α T/LC2.

1. Boiling refers to a change from the

a) Solid to a liquid phase
b) Vapor to a liquid phase
c) Liquid to a solid phase
d) Liquid to a vapor phase
Answer: d
Explanation: Boiling is a convective heat transfer process that is associated with a change in the phase of a fluid.

2. The boiling process has wide-spread applications in

(i) Production of steam in nuclear and steam power plants for generation and for industrial processes and space heating
(ii) Absorption of heat in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems
(iii) Concentration, dehydration and drying of foods and materials
Identify the correct statements
a) i and ii
b) ii and iii
c) i, ii and iii
d) i and iii
Answer: c
Explanation: Boiling constitutes the convective heat transfer process that involves a phase change from liquid to vapor state.

3. Maximum heat transfer rate in a modern boiler is about

a) 2 * 10 5 W/m2
b) 3 * 10 5 W/m2
c) 4 * 10 5 W/m2
d) 5 * 10 5 W/m2
Answer: a
Explanation: Greater importance has recently been given to the boiling heat transfer.

4. Which type of boiling occurs in steam boilers employing natural convection?

a) Forced convection
b) Pool
c) Local
d) Saturated
Answer: b
Explanation: The liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant and the only motion near the surface is because of free
convection.

5. In which type of boiling the fluid motion is induced by external means?

a) Pool
b) Local
c) Forced convection
d) Subcooled
Answer: c
Explanation: The liquid is pumped and forced across the surface in a controlled manner.

6. The temperature of the liquid is below the saturation temperature and boiling takes place only in vicinity of the heated surface.
This type of boiling is known as
a) Subcooled
b) Forces
c) Saturated
d) Pool
Answer: a
Explanation: The vapor bubbles travel a short path and then vanish, apparently they condense in the bulk of the liquid which is at
a temperature less than the boiling point.

7. In which type of boiling the temperature of the liquid exceeds the saturation temperature?
a) Forced
b) Saturated
c) Pool
d) Saturated
Answer: d
Explanation: The vapor bubbles generated at the solid surface are transported through the liquid by buoyancy effects and
eventually escape from the surface.

8. The phenomenon of stable film boiling is referred to as

a) Nucleate effect
b) Boiling regimes
c) Leiden frost effect
d) Von karma effect
Answer: c
Explanation: This is the region of stable film boiling.

9. For water evaporating at atmospheric pressure, the burnout occurs at temperature excess slightly above
a) 25 K
b) 55 K
c) 75 K
d) 105 K
Answer: b
Explanation: The burnout point on the boiling curve represents the point of maximum heat flux at which transition occurs from
nucleate to film boiling.

10. The boiling phenomenon is known to occur in how many forms?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: d
Explanation: Pool, forced convection, sub-cooled and saturated boiling

1. The bubble diameter at the time of detachment from the surface can be worked out from the relation proposed by
a) Stanton
b) Fritz
c) Fourier
d) Nusselt
Answer: b
Explanation: It is given by Fritz, an American scientist.

2. The nucleate pool boiling is influenced by the following factors

(1) Pressure
(2) Liquid properties
(3) Material
Identify the correct statements
a) i, ii and iii
b) ii only
c) i and ii
d) ii and iii
Answer: a
Explanation: It depends on pressure, material and liquid properties.

3. Consider the following phenomena

(i) Boiling
(ii) Free convection in air
(iii) Forced convection in air
(iv) Conduction in air
Identify the correct sequence (heat transfer coefficient)
a) iii – iv – i – ii
b) iv – i – iii – ii
c) iv – iii – ii – i
d) iv – ii – iii – i
Answer: d
Explanation: Heat transfer coefficient is maximum for conduction in air and is least for boiling.

4. The bubble diameter at the time of detachment from the surface can be worked out from the relation proposed by Fritz and is
given by
a) C d β [2 σ/g (p t – p v)].
b) C d β [2 σ/g (p t – p v)] 3/2
c) C d β [2 σ/g (p t – p v)] 1/2
d) C d β [2 σ/g (p t – p v)] 5/2
Answer: c
Explanation: The constant C d has the value 0.0148 for water bubbles.

6. With increase in excess temperature, the heat flux in boiling

a) Increases continuously
b) Decreases and then increases
c) Decreases, then increases and again decreases
d) Increases, then decreases and again increases
Answer: d
Explanation: It first increases to 50% then decreases not to zero and again increases to its maximum value.

7. The excess temperature range 50 degree Celsius < d t < 200 degree Celsius is indicative of the region of
a) Interface evaporation
b) Nuclear boiling
c) Partial film boiling
d) Stable film boiling
Answer: c
Explanation: The physical phenomenon of pool boiling is generally divided into four different regions based on the excess
temperature.

8. Heat flux increases with temperature excess beyond the Leiden-frost point due to
a) Radiation effect becomes predominant
b) Occurrence of subcooled boiling
c) Vapor space become large
d) Promotion of nucleate boiling
Answer: a
Explanation: Heat flux increases with temperature excess beyond the Leiden-frost point due to radiation effect becomes
predominant.
9. Leiden-frost expansion is related to
a) Condensation of vapor on a cold surface
b) Exchange of heat between two solids
c) Evaporation of a solution
d) Boiling of liquid on a hot surface
Answer: d
Explanation: It is related to boiling of liquid on a hot surface.

10. Consider the following statements regarding nucleate boiling

(i) The temperature of the surface is greater than the saturation temperature of the liquid
(ii) Bubbles are created by the expansion of entrapped gas oil vapor at small cavities in the surface
(iii) The temperature is greater than that in film boiling
(iv) The heat transfer from the surface to the liquid is greater than that in the film boiling
Which of these statements are correct?
a) i and iii
b) i, ii and iv
c) ii, iii and iv
d) i, ii and iii
Answer: b
Explanation: The temperature must be less than that in film boiling.

1. Reynolds number is replaced by a modulus significant of the agitation of the fluid particles in nucleate boiling. Such a
dimensionless modulus is defined by the relation
a) Re b = 2 D b G b/δ f
b) Re b = D b G b/δ f
c) Re b = ½ D b G b/δ f
d) Re b = 3 D b G b/δ f
Answer: b
Explanation: This nucleate boiling regime is of great importance because of the very high heat fluxes possible with moderate
temperature differences. Where, D b is the average bubble diameter, G b is the mass velocity of the bubble per unit area and δ f is
the fluid viscosity.

2. The bubble diameter has been expressed by Fritz as

a) D b = C d β [2 σ/g (p f – p g)] 1/2
b) D b = C d β [2 σ/g (p f – p g)] 3/2
c) D b = C d β [2 σ/g (p f – p g)] 5/2
d) D b = C d β [2 σ/g (p f – p g)] 7/2
Answer: a
Explanation: C d is a constant which has been evaluated as 0.0148 for hydrogen and water bubbles. Where, C d is a constant, σ is
surface tension of the liquid and β is the bubble contact angle measured through liquid in degrees.

3. What is the value of surface fluid constant for water-copper combination?

a) 0.010
b) 0.011
c) 0.012
d) 0.013
Answer: d
Explanation: The surface fluid regime is of great importance because of the very high heat fluxex possible with moderate
temperature differences.

4. What is the value of surface fluid constant for water-brass combination?

a) 0.004
b) 0.005
c) 0.006
d) 0.007
Answer: c
Explanation: For H 2 O and Brass combination, this value must lie between 0.0056 to 0.00062.

5. Spherical bubbles of 3 mm diameter are observed in the bulk fluid boiling of water at standard atmospheric pressure. Assuming
pure water vapor in the bubble and vapor pressure equal to 101.325 k N/m2, calculate the temperature of the vapor
a) 100.217 degree Celsius
b) 200.217 degree Celsius
c) 300.217 degree Celsius
d) 400.217 degree Celsius
Answer: a
Explanation: T v – T sat = (2 σ/r – p g) R v T V2/p v h f g.

6. An electric wire of 1.25 mm diameter and 250 mm long is laid horizontally and submerged in water at 7 bar. The wire has an
applied voltage of 2.2 V and carries a current of 130 amperes. If the surface of the wire is maintained at 200 degree Celsius, make
calculations for the heat flux
a) 0.0915 * 10 6 W/m2
b) 0.1915 * 10 6 W/m2
c) 0.2915 * 10 6 W/m2
d) 0.3915 * 10 6 W/m2
Answer: c
Explanation: Q= V I = 286 W and A = 9.81 * 10 -4 m2. Therefore heat flux = Q/A.

7. Consider the above problem, find the boiling heat transfer coefficient
a) 5330 W/m2 K
b) 6330 W/m2 K
c) 7330 W/m2 K
d) 8330 W/m2 K
Answer: d
Explanation: Q = h A d t. So, h = 8330 W/m2 K.

8. Which of the following parameters affect burnout heat flux in the nucleate boiling region
(i) Heat of evaporation
(ii) Temperature difference
(iii) Density of vapor
(iv) Density of liquid
(v) Surface tension at the vapor-liquid interface
Mark the correct answer from the codes indicated below
a) i, ii, iii and v
b) i, iii, iv and v
c) i, ii, iii and iv
d) i, iii and v
Answer: b
Explanation: Acc to Zuber relation, burn out (Q/A) = 0.18 p g h f g [p (p f – p g)/p g 2] 0.25 [p f/p g + p f] 0.5.

9. All the following statements are correct, except

a) Nucleate boiling gets promoted on a smooth surface
b) In sub-cooled heating, the temperature of the heating surface is more than the boiling point of the liquid
c) Film boiling region is usually avoided in commercial equipment
d) There occurs transition from nucleate to film boiling burn-out point on the boiling curve
Answer: a
Explanation: A rough surface gives a better heat transmission than when the surface is either smooth or has been coated to weak
its tendency to get wetted.

10. Milk spills over when it is boiled in an open vessel. The boiling of milk at this instant is referred to as
a) Interface evaporation
b) Sub-cooled boiling
c) Film boiling
d) Saturated nucleate boiling
Answer: b
Explanation: This is an application of sub-cooled boiling.

1. When evaporation takes place at the liquid-vapor interface, the heat transfer is solely due to free convection and the film
coefficient follows the relation
a) Nu = f 1 (G r) f 2 (P r)
b) Nu = 2 f 1 (G r) f 2 (P r)
c) Nu = 3 f 1 (G r) f 2 (P r)
d) Nu = 4 f 1 (G r) f 2 (P r)
Answer: a
Explanation: The functions f 1 and f 2 depend upon the geometry of the heating surface.

2. Fritz criterion is given by

a) h = 1.973 (Q/A) 0.45
b) h = 1.973 (Q/A) 0.55
c) h = 1.973 (Q/A) 0.65
d) h = 1.973 (Q/A) 0.75
Answer: d
Explanation: Fritz formulated the following formula for water boiling at atmospheric pressure in free convection in a vertical tube
headed from outside.

3. A 0.10 cm diameter and 15 cm long wire has been laid horizontally and submerged in water at atmospheric pressure. The wire
has a steady state voltage drop of 14.5 V and a current of 42.5 A. Determine the heat flux of the wire.
The following equation applies for water boiling on a horizontal submerged surface
H = 1.54 (Q/A) 0.75 = 5.58 (d t) 3 W/m2 K where Q/A is the heat flux rate in W/m2 and d t is the temperature difference between
surface and saturation
a) 1.308 * 10 8 W/m2
b) 1.308 * 10 7 W/m2
c) 1.308 * 10 6 W/m2
d) 1.308 * 10 5 W/m2
Answer: c
Explanation: Q = E I = 616.25 W and A = 4.71 * 10 -4 m2.

4. Consider the above problem, find the excess temperature of the wire
a) 18.01 degree Celsius
b) 19.01 degree Celsius
c) 20.01 degree Celsius
d) 21.01 degree Celsius
Answer: b
Explanation: 1.54 (1.308 * 10 6) 2 = 5.58 (d t) 3.

5. Natural convection heat transfer coefficients over surface of a vertical pipe and a vertical flat plate for same height. What is/are
the possible reasons for this?
(i) Same height
(ii) Both vertical
(iii) Same fluid
(iv) Same fluid flow pattern
Select the correct answer
a) iv
b) i and ii
c) i
d) iii and iv
Answer: d
Explanation: The fluids must be same so their flow pattern.

6. The heat flux in nucleate boiling varies in accordance with

a) h f g
b) (h f g) 0.5
c) 1/(h f g) 2
d) (h f g) 3
Answer: c
Explanation: Q/A = δ f h f g [(p f – p g) g/σ] 0.5 [C f d t/h f g p C s f] 3.

7. In nucleate pool boiling, the heat flux depends on

a) Liquid properties, material and condition of the surface
b) Material of the surface only
c) Material and roughness of the surface
d) Liquid properties and material of the surface
Answer: a
Explanation: The heat flux must depends on liquid properties material and condition of the surface.

8. Identify the wrong statement with respect to boiling heat transfer?

a) The steam boilers employing natural convection have steam raised through pool boiling
b) Boiling occurs when a heated surface is exposed to a liquid and maintained at a temperature lower than the saturation
temperature of the liquid
c) Leiden-frost effect refers to the phenomenon of stable film boiling
d) The nucleation boiling is characterized by the formation of bubbles at the nucleation sites and the resulting liquid agitation
Answer: b
Explanation: For boiling to occur, the heated surface must be exposed to a liquid and maintained at a temperature higher than the
saturation temperature of the liquid.

9. Estimate the peak heat flux for water boiling at normal atmospheric pressure. The relevant thermo-physical properties are
p f (liquid) = 958.45 kg/m3
p g (vapor) = 0.61 kg/m3
h f g = 2.25 * 10 6 J/kg
σ = 0.0585 N/m
a) 1.53 * 10 8 W/m2
b) 1.53 * 10 7 W/m2
c) 1.53 * 10 6 W/m2
d) 1.53 * 10 5 W/m2
Answer: c
Explanation: (Q/A) = 0.18 p g h f g [σ (p f – p g)/p g 2] 0.25.

10. A 1.0 mm diameter and 300 mm long nickel wire is submerged horizontal in water at atmospheric pressure. At burnout, the
wire has a current of 195 A. Calculate the voltage at burnout. The relevant thermos-physical properties are
p f (fluid) = 959.52 kg/m3
p g (vapor) = 0.597 kg/m3
h f g = 2257000 J/kg
σ = 0.0533 N/m
a) 6.15 V
b) 7.15 V
c) 8.15 V
d) 9.15 V
Answer: b
Explanation: (Q/A) MAX = 1480000 W/m2. Let E b be the voltage at burnout. Then electric energy input to wire is E b I = 195
E b W.