BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
ANPH 111 (Anatomy and Physiology)
COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT WEEK
2 6 8
The Nervous System
ü Read course and unit objectives
ü Read study guide prior to class attendance
ü Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies for jargons
ü Proactively participate in classroom discussions
ü Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas)
ü Answer and submit course unit tasks.
VanPutte, Cinnamon. Regan, Jennifer. Russo, Andrew (2016). Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy &
Physiology Penn Plaza, New York, New York, McGraw-Hill Education, 10th Edition
Computer device or smartphone with internet access (at least 54 kbps; average data
subscription will suffice)
At the end of the course unit (CM), learners will be able to:
Cognitive
• Describe the different functions of the Nervous System
• List the divisions of the nervous system, and describe the characteristics of each.
• Describe the structure of neurons and the function of their components. Describe the
location, structure, and general function of glial cells.
• Define and describe the structure of a nucleus, a ganglion, a nerve tract, and a nerve.
• Describe a resting membrane potential, and explain how an action potential is
generated and propagated. Compare the roles of leak and gated ion channels.
• Describe the structure and function o fa synapse.
• List the parts of a reflex arc, and describe its function.
• Describe a converging and a diverging circuit
• Describe the relationship between the spinal cord and the spinal nerves.
• Describe a cross section of the spinal cord.
• Explain the importance of the relationship between structure and function of the brain
• Relate how different areas of the Nervous system conducts Sensory and Motor functions
• Compare and contrast the features of working, short-term, and the two types of long-
term memory.
• List the various types of cranial nerves, and briefly describe their functions.
• Contrast the structure of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous
system.
• Compare and contrast the general functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic
nervous systems.
Affective
• Listen attentively during class discussions
• Demonstrate tact and respect of other students’ opinions and ideas
• Accept comments and reactions of classmates openly
Psychomotor
• Participate actively during class discussions
• Follow class rules and observe compliance to Netiquette
• Use critical thinking to identify areas of care that could benefit from additional research or
application of evidence-based practices
• Integrate knowledge of trends in Anatomy and Physiology
Action potential - Nerve impulse
Adrenergic fibers - Nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine
Afferent neuron - Sensory nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system
Alpha-adrenergic receptors - Receptors to norepinephrine that generally produce an
excitatory response
Autonomic nervous system - Subdivision of the nervous system responsible for
regulating activities that maintain homeostasis; also called visceral motor system
Axon - Fiber extending from a neuron’s cell body that conducts impulses
Beta-adrenergic receptors: - Receptors to norepinephrine that generally produce an
inhibitory response
Brainstem - Stem-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres to the
spinal cord; consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Central nervous system - Portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal
cord
Cerebellum - Portion of the brain responsible for coordination of voluntary movement and
balance
Cerebral cortex - The surface of the cerebrum consisting of a thin layer of gray matter
Cerebrospinal fluid - Clear, colorless fluid that fills the brain’s ventricles and central canal
and also bathes the outside of the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrum - Largest portion of the brain
Cholinergic fibers - Nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine
Cranial nerves - Nerves of the peripheral nervous system that arise directly from the brain
(instead of from the spinal cord)
Dermatome - A specific area of the skin innervated by a spinal nerve
Efferent neuron - Motor nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system
Epidural space - Small space between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae
Frontal lobe - Portion of the cerebrum responsible for decision making, reasoning,
memory, and voluntary movements
Gray matter - Nervous tissue containing mostly cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons
Hypothalamus - The bottom half of the diencephalon of the brain, which is responsible for
many vital body functions
Limbic system - Complex set of structures in the brain responsible for emotion and learning
Medulla oblongata - Attaches brain to spinal cord; contains centers that govern heart rate,
blood pressure, and breathing
Meninges - Layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord
Mixed nerve - Nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers
Muscarinic receptors - Receptors to acetylcholine on target cells that exhibit a variable
response
Myelin - Fatty sheath encasing the axons of many neurons; formed by Schwann cells in
the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system
Nerve - A bundle of neurons that transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord and
the rest of the body
Neuroglia - Cells in the nervous system that support neurons but do not conduct impulses
Neurons - Nervous system cells that conduct impulses
Nicotinic receptors - Receptors to acetylcholine on target cells that produce an excitatory
response
Occipital lobe - Portion of the cerebrum responsible for analyzing and interpreting visual
information
Parasympathetic division - Division of the autonomic nervous system that primarily has a
calming effect; also called craniosacral division
Parietal lobe - Portion of the cerebrum concerned with bodily sensations and
proprioception
Peripheral nervous system - Portion of the nervous system consisting of the network of
nerves throughout the body
Plexus - A network of nerves
Polarization - The electrical state of a cell membrane that has an excess of positive ions
on one side of the membrane and an excess of negative ions on the other
Reflex arc - A neural circuit that bypasses regions of the brain where conscious decisions
are made
Somatic reflex - Reflex involving contraction of a skeletal muscle after being stimulated by
a somatic motor neuron
Sympathetic division - Division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for “fight or
flight” response; also called thoracolumbar division
Synapse - Space between the junction of two neurons in a neural pathway
Temporal lobe - Portion of the brain responsible for hearing, smell, and visual recognition
Tracts - Bundles of axons in the spinal cord that serve as routes of communication to and
from the brain
Visceral reflexes - Reflex of the autonomic nervous system affecting organs
White matter - Nervous tissue containing bundles of axons that carry impulses from one
part of the nervous system to another
8.1 NERVOUS SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW
Figure 6.1 Nervous System
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.1.1 Functions
1. Sensory input: sensory receptors respond to stimuli
2. Integration: brain and spinal cord process stimuli
3. Control of muscles and glands
4. Mental activity: brain
5. Homeostasis
MAIN DIVISIONS
Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all neurons outside CNS
8.2 CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
8.2.1 Neuron
8.2.1.1 Neuron Characteristics
• Nerve cells
• Require oxygen and
glucose
• Receive input, process
input, produce a
response
8.2.1.2 Neuron Structures
§ Dendrite: receives
stimulus from other
neurons or sensory
receptors
§ Cell body: processes
stimulus; contains a
nucleus
§ Axon: transmits
stimulus to a gland,
muscle, organ, or
other neuron
Figure 6.2 Typical Neuron
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.2.1.3 Types of Neurons
8.2.1.3.1 Multipolar
§ many dendrites and a single axon
§ Ex. CNS and most motor neurons
8.2.1.3.2 Bipolar
§ many dendrites and a single axon
§ Ex. CNS and most motor neurons
8.2.1.3.3 Pseudo-Unipolar
§ one axon and no dendrites
§ Ex. Sensory neurons
Figure 6.3 Types of Neuron
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.2.2 Glial Cells
§ Supporting cells for neurons
§ More numerous than neurons
§ Can divide to produce more cells
§ 5 types
8.2.2.1 Types of Neuroglia
8.2.2.1.1 Astrocytes
§ star-shaped
§ most abundant
§ form blood-brain barrier (BBB)
8.2.2.1.2 Ependymal Cells
§ produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
8.2.2.1.3 Microglia
§ help remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS
8.2.2.1.4 Oligodendrocytes
§ produce myelin sheath in CNS
8.2.2.1.5 Schwann cells
§ produce myelin sheath in PNS
Figure 6.4 Types of Neuroglia
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.2.3 Myelin Sheaths
§ What is it?
§ fatty, protective wrapping around axons
§ excellent insulator
§ Nodes of Ranvier:
§ gaps in myelin sheath where action potentials develop
§ Saltatory conduction:
§ jumping of action potentials
§ Myelinated axons conduct action potentials more quickly (3-15 meters/sec)
than unmyelinated due to Nodes of Ranvier.
§ Clinical Correlation:
§ Multiple sclerosis: disease of myelin sheath that causes loss of
muscle function
8.2.4 Organization of Nervous Tissue
§ Gray matter: collection of dendrites and cell bodies
§ White matter: collection of axons and their myelin sheath
Figure 6.5 Gray and White Matter
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
CNS PNS ______
Oligodendrocytes Produce myelin sheath Schwann cells
Nerve tracts Collection of axons Nerves
Nuclei Collection of cell bodies Ganglion
8.3 ELECTRICAL SIGNALS AND NEURAL PATHWAYS
8.3.1 Resting Membrane Potential
§ Outside of cell is more + (Na+)
§ Inside of cell is more – (K+)
§ Leak ion channels:
§ always open
§ K+ channels
§ Gated ion channels:
§ closed until opened by specific signal
§ Na+ channels
Figure 6.6 Generation of Resting Membrane Potential
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
Figure 6.7 Voltage-Gated Ion Channels and the Action Potential
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.3.2 Action Potential
§ “Electricity” that cause
depolarization and repolarization
§ Change resting membrane potential
by activating gated ion channels
§ Local Current: movement of Na+
which causes inside of cell to be
more positive (depolarize)
§ If enough Na+ enters then threshold
is reached and more Na+ channels
open
§ Once threshold is reached all or
none law applies
§ Action potentials continue until Na+
Figure 6.8 Action Potential
channels close, K+ channels open,
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of
and repolarization occurs Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo
(2016)
§ Sodium/potassium pump restores
8.3.3 The Synapse
§ What is it?
§ where an axon attaches
to a muscle, gland,
organ, or other neuron
involved with release of
neurotransmitters
§ Ex. Neuromuscular
junction
Figure 6.9 Synapse
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and
Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
Figure 6.10 Neurotransmitters
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.3.4 Reflexes
§ What are they?
involuntary response to a stimulus
§ Reflex arc:
path reflex travels
8.3.4.1 Components of Reflex Ars
1. Sensory receptors:
§ pick up stimulus
§ in skin
2. Sensory (afferent) neurons:
§ send stimulus to interneurons in spinal cord
3. Interneurons (Association) neuron:
§ located in CNS and connect to motor neurons
§ process stimulus
4. Efferent (motor) neurons: send response to effector
5. Effector: muscle, gland, or organ
Figure 6.11 Reflex Arc
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.3.5 Neuronal Pathways
8.3.5.1 Converging
§ two or more neurons synapse same neuron
§ allows info. to be transmitted in more than one
§ neuronal pathway to converge into a single pathway
Figure 6.12 Converging and Diverging Pathways in the Nervous System
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.3.5.2 Diverging
§ axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one
neuron
§ allows info. to be transmitted in one neuronal pathway to diverge
into 2 or more pathways
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
8.4 SPINAL CORD
§ Extends from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar vertebra
§ Protected by vertebral column
§ Spinal nerves allow movement
§ If damaged paralysis can occur
Figure 6.13 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.4.1 Gray Matter
§ center of spinal cord
§ looks like letter H or a butterfly
§ Posterior horns: contain axons which synapse with interneurons
§ Anterior horns: contain somatic neurons
§ Lateral horns: contain autonomic neurons
§ Central canal: fluid filled space in center of cord
8.4.2 White Matter
§ outside of spinal cord
§ contains myelinated fibers
§ Contains 3 columns dorsal, ventral, lateral columns
§ Ascending tracts: axons that conduct action potentials toward brain
§ Descending tracts: axons that conduct action potentials away from brain
Figure 6.14 Cross-Section of the Spinal Cord
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.4.3 Spinal Nerves
§ Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots and ventral roots
§ Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons
§ Located between vertebra
§ Categorized by region of vertebral column from which it emerges
§ 31 pairs: Organized in 3 plexuses
8.4.3.1 Cervical Plexus
§ Spinal nerves C1-4
§ Innervates muscles attached to hyoid bone and neck
§ Contains phrenic nerve which innervates diaphragm
8.4.3.2 Brachial Plexus
§ Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1
§ Supply nerves to upper limb, shoulder, hand
8.4.3.3 Lumbosacral Plexus
§ Originates from spinal nerves L1 to S4
§ Supply nerves lower limbs
Figure 6.15 Plexuses
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.5 BRAIN
8.5.1 Protective Layers of the Brain
8.5.1.1 Meninges
§ What are they?
protective wrapping around brain and spinal cord
8.5.1.1.1 Dura Mater
§ superficial
§ thickest layer
8.5.1.1.2 Arachnoid Mater
§ 2nd layer
8.5.1.1.3 Pia Mater
§ 3rd layer
§ surface of brain
CLINICAL CORRELATION:
§ Meningitis: infection of meninges (bacterial or viral)
§ Epidural space:
§ in vertebral column between dura and vertebra
§ injection site for epidural anesthesia
§ Spinal block and spinal tap:
§ in subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid can be
removed or anesthetic inject: numbs spinal nerves
Figure 6.16 Meninges
(a) Anterior superior view of the head to show the meninges. (b) Meningeal membranes surrounding the spinal cord. (c) Cross
section of. A vertebra and the Spinal cord
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.5.1.2 Ventricles
§ What are they?
cavities in CNS that contain fluid
§ Fourth ventricle:
§ base of cerebellum
§ continuous with central canal of spinal cord
Figure 6.17 Ventricles of the Brain Viewed form the Left
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.5.1.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid
§ Fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord
§ Provides a protective cushion around the CNS
§ Produced in choroid plexus of brain
• Subarachnoid space: where cerebrospinal fluid sits
8.5.2 Major Parts of the Brain
8.5.2.1 Brainstem
§ Reticular Formation
§ Location: scattered throughout brainstem
§ Function: regulates cyclical motor function, respiration,
walking, chewing, arousing and maintaining consciousness,
regulates sleep-wake cycle
8.5.2.1.1 Medulla Oblangata
§ Location: continuous with spinal cord
§ Function: regulates heart rate, blood vessel
diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting,
hiccupping, coughing, sneezing, balance
§ Other: pyramids: involved in conscious control of
skeletal muscle
8.5.2.1.2 Pons
§ Location: above medulla, bridge between cerebrum
and cerebellum
§ Function: breathing, chewing, salivation, swallowing
8.5.2.1.3 Midbrain
§ Location: above pons
§ Function: coordinated eye movement, pupil
diameter, turning head toward noise
8.5.2.2 Cerebellum
§ Location: below cerebrum
§ Characteristics:
§ means little brain
§ cortex is composed of gyri, sulci, gray matter
§ Functions: controls balance, muscle tone, coordination of fine
motor movement
8.5.2.3 Diencephalon
§ Located between the brainstem and cerebrum
§ Components:
§ Thalamus
§ Hypothalamus
8.5.2.3.1 Diencephalon Components
§ Thalamus
§ Characteristics: largest portion of diencephalon
§ Function: influences moods and detects pain
§ Epithalamus:
§ Location: above thalamus
§ Function: emotional and visceral response to odors
§ Hypothalamus
§ Location: below thalamus
§ Characteristics: controls pituitary gland and is
connected to it by infundibulum
§ Function: controls homeostasis, body temp,
thirst, hunger, fear, rage, sexual emotions
Figure 6.18 Diencephalon and Brainstem
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.5.2.4 Cerebrum
8.5.2.4.1 Cerebrum Characteristics
§ largest portion of brain
§ Divisions:
§ Right Hemisphere
§ Left Hemisphere
§ separated by longitudinal fissure
§ Lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Figure 6.19 Cerebrum
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.5.2.4.2 Cerebrum Components
§ Cerebral Cortex
§ Location: surface of cerebrum, composed of
gray matter
§ Function: controls thinking, communicating,
remembering, understanding, and initiates
involuntary movements
§ Gyri: folds on cerebral cortex that increase
surface area
§ Sulci: shallow indentations
§ Fissure: deep indentations
§ Left hemisphere:
§ controls right side of body
§ responsible for math, analytic, and speech
§ Right hemisphere:
§ controls left side of body
§ responsible for music, art, abstract ideas
§ Corpus callosum:
§ connection between 2 hemispheres
8.5.3 Lobes of the Brain
8.5.3.1 Frontal Lobe
§ Location: front
§ Function: controls voluntary motor functions, aggression, moods,
smell
8.5.3.2 Parietal Lobe
§ Location: top
§ Function: evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure,
temperature, taste
8.5.3.3 Temporal Lobe
§ Location: sides
§ Function: hearing, smell, memory
8.5.3.4 Occipital Lobe
§ Location: back
§ Function: vision
Figure 6.20 Lobes of the Brain
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.6 SENSORY FUNCTION
§ CNS constantly receives sensory input
§ We are unaware of most sensory input
§ Sensory input is vital of our survival and normal functions
8.6.1 Ascending Tracts
§ What are they?
pathways in brain and spinal cord
§ transmit information via action
potentials from periphery to brain
§ each tract has limited type of sensory
input (temp, touch, pain, etc.)
§ tracts are named that indicated origin
and termination
§ made of 2-3 neurons in sequence
Figure 6.21 Ascending Tracts of the Spinal Cord Figure 6.22 Dorsal Column
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by *Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by
VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016) VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.6.2 Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
§ Primary sensory areas:
§ where ascending tracts project
§ where sensations are perceived
§ Primary somatic sensory cortex:
§ general sensory area in parietal lobe
§ sensory input such as pain, pressure, temperature
8.7 MOTOR FUNCTIONS
8.7.1 Descending Tracts
§ Project from upper motor
neurons in cerebral
cortex
§ lower motor neurons in
spinal cord and brainstem
§ Control different types of
movements
Figure 6.23 Descending Tracts of the Spinal Cord Figure 6.24 Example of a Direct Tract
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by *Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by
VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016) VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.7.2 Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
§ Primary motor cortex:
§ frontal lobe
§ control voluntary motor movement
§ Premotor area:
§ frontal lobe
§ where motor functions are organized before initiation
§ Prefrontal area:
§ motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement
Figure 6.25 Sensory and Motor Areas of the Lateral Side of the Left Cerebral Cortex
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.7.3 Basal Nuclei
§ Group of functionally related nuclei
§ Plan, organize, coordinate motor movements and posture
§ Corpus striatum: deep in cerebrum
§ Substantia nigra: in midbrain
Figure 6.26 Basal Nuclei
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.7.4 Cerebellum
§ Location: below cerebrum
§ Characteristics: means little brain
§ cortex is composed of gyri, sulci, gray matter
§ Functions: controls balance, muscle tone, coordination of fine motor
movement
8.8 OTHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS
8.8.1 Speech
§ Mainly in left hemisphere
§ Sensory speech (Wernicke’s area):
§ parietal lobe
§ where words are heard and comprehended
§ Motor speech (Broca’s area):
§ frontal lobe
§ where words are formulated
CLINICAL CORRELATION
§ Receptive Aphasia
§ Expressive Aphasia
§ Global Aphasia
8.8.2 Brain Waves and Consciousness
§ used to diagnose and determine treatment for
brain disorders
§ Electroencephalogram (EEG): electrodes plated
on scalp to record brain’s electrical activity
§ Alpha waves: person is awake in quiet state
§ Beta waves: intense mental activity
§ Delta waves: deep sleep
§ Theta waves: in children
Figure 6.27 Electroencephalogram
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.8.3 Memory
§ Encoding: brief retention of sensory input received by brain while
something is scanned, evaluated, and acted up also called sensory memory
in temporal lobe lasts less than a second
§ Consolidated:
§ data that has been encoded
§ temporal lobe
§ short term memory
§ Storage:
§ long term memory
§ few minutes or permanently (depends on retrieval)
§ Retrieval: how often information is used
8.8.3.1 Types of Memory
§ Short-term memory: information is retained for a few seconds or
minutes; bits of information (usually 7)
§ Long-term memory: can last for a few minutes or permanently
§ Episodic memory: places or events
§ Learning: utilizing past memories
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
§ Consists of all neurons outside brain and spinal cord
§ Collects input from different sources, relays input to
CNS, and performs action
§ Cranial nerves (12) and Spinal nerves (31)
§ Divisions:
§ Afferent (Sensory): collects input from periphery and sends it to CNS
§ Efferent (Motor): carries processed input from CNS to effector
1. Autonomic:
§ response is automatic (involuntary)
§ controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
2. Somatic:
§ response is voluntary
§ controls skeletal muscles
8.9 CRANIAL NERVES
§ 12 pair of cranial nerves; Named by roman numerals
§ 2 categories of functions: sensory and motor
Figure 6.28 Inferior Surface of the Brain Showing the Origin of the Cranial Nerves
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
Figure 6.29 Cranial Nerves and Their Functions
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
8.10 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYTEM
8.10.1 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
§ activated during times of stress
§ part of fight or flight response
§ prepares you for physical activity by:
§ ↑ HR
§ ↑ BP
§ ↑ BR
§ sending more blood to skeletal muscles
§ inhibiting digestive tract
8.10.2 PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
§ “housekeeper”
§ activated under normal conditions
§ involved in digestion, urine production, and dilation/constriction of
pupils, etc.
Figure 6.30 Innervation of Organs by the ANS
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
Figure 6.31 Organization of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System Neurons
*Photo and content taken from Seeley’s Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
Rizzo, D. C. (2016). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (Fourth ed.). Boston,
Massachussetts: Cengage Learning.
Thompson, G. S. (2015). Understanding Anatomy & Physiology: A Visual, Auditory, Interactive
Approach,2nd Edition. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.
Tortora, G. J., & Freudenrich, C. C. (2011). Visualizing Anatomy & Physiology. John Wiley &
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VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016). Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology. New
York, New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
To set the tone right, we will help each other in the appreciation of the initial phase of
Anatomy and Physiology by accomplishing the Course Task/s in Canvas
