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Scarlet MonDevan1gar2 Alphabet
Vowels
A Aa # $ % ^ \
\& ¤ ¥ @ @e Aae AaE
Consonants
k o g " '
c D j H |
q Q f F [
t w d x n
p ) b - m
y r l v
z ; s
h m! :
Sansk4t
Sanskrit is one of the oldest Indo-European languages dating back to 1500BC. Its meaning is ‘polished’
or ‘refined ‘and is the name of the classical language of India. The sacred scriptures of Hinduism and also
of Mahay1na and Vajray1na Buddhism were composed in Sanskrit, while the Tipi5aka of Therav1da
Buddhism was composed in P1li. The two languages, Sansk4t and P1li have much in common; however,
they both are derived from different origin.
Sanskrit has a more complex grammar and a larger vocabulary than Pāḷi. Further, Sanskrit evolved its
own script called Devanāgarī, while Pāḷi has no specific script.
Even at the time of the Buddha, Sanskrit was spoken only in the royal court and by priests and
intellectuals, and for this reason the Buddha refused to have his sermons rendered into Sanskrit ([Link],
139). He wanted his teachings to be accessible to all, not just to small elite.
The Buddha advised the monks to teach in the different languages of the people. The oral teaching
continued in India in forms of oral Sanskrit. At the Fourth Council in India in the 1st century C.E., the
teaching was written down in Sanskrit and was known as the Sanskrit Canon. There were different
versions of the Sanskrit Canon, all similar in form and content. Both the Pali and the Sanskrit Canons can
be traced to the common original teaching of the Buddha.
The Sanskrit Tripitaka, or Canon, displayed the same three divisions as the Pali Canon, namely:
Vinaya Vaibasha – monastic rules
Sutra vaibasha – the Dharma, the five Agamas corresponded to the five Nikayas
Of the Pali Canon, and
Abhidharma Vaibasha –the scholarly philosophical analysis which differed from the
corresponding section of the Pali Canon.
The Sanskrit Canon does not exist in a complete form in India, but does exist in translations in Chinese,
Japanese and Tibetan.
The oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar is Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī (Eight-Chapter Grammar) dating to
circa the 4th century BCE. It is essentially a prescriptive grammar, i.e., an authority that defines (rather
than describes) correct Sanskrit.
Approximately between 500 B.C.-1000 A.D, there came up Classical Sanskrit, based on the old Vedic
speech, the period after which Pan2ni composed his grammar of Sanskrit. R1maya7a and Mahabh1rata
were the two great epics of this period. Classical Sanskrit also includes works of philosophy, astronomy,
science, medicine and law.
The Devan1gar2 Script used for writing Sanskrit and a few other Indian languages has evolved from
the Brahmi script which dates back to about 300 B.C. The Devan1gar2 as we see it today, came into use
around 1700 A.D. Printing in Devan1gar2 became possible around 1850 after printing presses were
established in India. The script studied here corresponds to modern Devanag1r2 seen in books printed
during the past seventy to hundred years. Books printed in Devan1gar2 prior to 1900 A.D. may show
some variations in representing some Aksharas.
Devan1gar2 Alphabet
Vowels
A(a) Aa(1) #(i) $(2) %(u) ^(3) \(4) \&(`) ¤( 8) ¥()
@(e) @e(ai) Aae(o) AaE(au) A<(a9) A> (a#)
Consonants
Gutturals: a speech sound produced at the back of the throat
k! (k) o! (kh) g! (g) "!(gh) '! (})
k(ka) o(kha) g(ga) "(gha) ' (}a)
Palatals: a speech sound made by placing the tongue against the hard palate of the mouth.
c(ca) D(cha) j(ja) H(jha) |(ña)
Linguals: to produce this sound with the tongue curled further backward in the mouth
q(5a) Q(5a) f(6a) F(6ha) [(7a)
Dentals: a speech sound procuced with the tongue against the upper front teeth
t(ta) w(tha) d(da) x(dha) n(na)
Libials: a speech sound produced by lips with bursting breath
p (pa) ) (pha) b(ba) -(bha) m(ma)
Semi-vowels y(ya, Palatal), r (ra, Ligual), l(la, Dental), v(va, Dental and Labial)
Sibilanta z (0a, Palatal), ; (=a, Ligual), s(sa, Dental )
Aspirate h (ha), Anusvara m! (9 ), Visarga : (#)
In San9skrit the alphabets are divided into three groups. They are svaras(vowels), vyañjanas(consonants) and
svar10ritas(Anusvara, Visarga: these letters cannot produced a sound without help of a vowel.
The five points of articulation
Pronunciation: (pronounced similar to the example in English)
4 as in rig ḷ as in able
K as in kite, skin, sky, cook, candle Kh as in kit, backhand, kick-hard
g as in go, goat gh as in dig-hard, dog-house
} as in song, sing, finger, ink, going C as in church, choose, chin, discharge
Ch as in staunch-heart, ranch-house, eschew j as in jiffy, jam, jug, gem, judge
jh as in hedge-hog, ñ as in canyon, Spanish señor
5 as in hot, stop 5h as in hot-house, boathouse
6h as in road, madhouse
6 as in red-hot 7 as in nut, land
t as in hot th as in hot-house or thick, light-house, ant-hill
d as in road, dog, dirt, door dh as in red-hot or though
n as in nut, name, no p as in popcorn, space, spend, span
ph as in up-hill,
b as in baby, bag, born, bed bh as in tub-hot, lab-host, rub-hard, abhor
m as in mother, map, man y as in yes, year, you
r as in right, ram, ring, roam, rather l as in light, lamp, lion
v as in victory,we, If v is the second half of a combined letter,then it will be pronounced like a w
The next three letters are known as sibilants, or sounds based on a special hissing.
ś as in shut, shall, = as in shine,
s as in seven, sit, story, smoke, lesson h as in heaven, him
The signs of vowels with consonants( Consonant- vowel combination)
Consonant vowel signs form usage
k! + A = k kr: hand
k! + Aa a = ka kal: time
k! + # i = ik ikm! What, how
k! + $ I = kI kIq: warm
k! + % u = ku kulm! family
k! + ^ U = kU kUp: a well
k! + \ & = k« k«p[: a miser
k! + \& © = k© ipt¨[am! Of fathers
k! + ¤ - = „ „p! to be able, „Ý put in order
k! + ¥ - = ¬¨
k! + @ e = ke ketn desire, intention
k! + @e E = kE kElas a name of a mountain
k! + Aae ae = kae kaep: anger, irritation
k! + AaE aE = kaE kaEmudI moonlight
k! + Am! < = k< ka<iz coup, goblet
k !+ A: := k: kaeqk: carpenter
](k=a)=k! + ;, v&]:tree, ]eÇ field, ]maforbearance, úmaxr mountain,
ú[aeÇ whet-stone, úma earth, úveil k=veli(play, sport), sUúmm! s3k=ma9(minute),
}(jña)= j!+ |, }an jñ1na à}aprajñ1
Conjunct consonants
Kk kka = k!+ k, AKka mother Kt kta= k!+ t, -Kt:devotee
Km kma = k!+ m, éKmm! Gold Ky kya = k!+ y, vaKym! sentence
³ kra = k!+ r, v³m! crooked ¬ kla = k!+ l, zu¬m! white
Kv kva = k!+ v, Kva[ sound, pKvm! ripe Oy khya= o!+ y, sOym! frendship
Gx gdha= g!+ x, muGx: a fool Gm earth= g!+ m, jiGm going , stirring
¶ gna = g!+ n, m¶ mGn sunk ¢ gra = g!+ r, %¢m! cruel, ¢Nw text
Gl gla= g!+ l, Glhn playing at dice ¹ghna= "!+ n, iv¹: obatacle
º gra= "!+ r, izº 0ighra(quickly) » }ka= '!+ k, A»: a}ka#(number)
Cc or ½ cca= c!+ c, %½: high CD cch = c!+ D , guCD: bunch
Cycya = c!+ y , vaCym! meaning êr3 = r! + ^, êp< r3pa9(form)
rE rai= r! + @e, rEvTy raivatya(wealth) wR rtha= r! + w, AwR artha(aim)
Ly lya= l! + y, kLya[ kalya}a(beautiful) ò =5a = ;! + q, ;ò =a=5a(sixth)
ô stra= s!+t!+r, zaôm! Science ï 0ra = z! + r, Aïm hermitage
ñ 0va = z! + v, Añ> a horse ö sra = s! + r, Aöm! tear
û hna = h! + n, icûm! symbol ù h4 = h! + \, ùdy heart
ü hma= h! + m, äün! Creator, äaü[ a Brahman ÿ or h+ hra= h! + r, ÿSv or h+Sv a short
’ hla = h! + l, à’ad or Aa’ad m. refreshment
y is used as ((it is not allowed to touch the top horizontal stroke)when it is preceded by a consonant
q! + y = q( 5ya Q! + y = Q( 5hya f! + y = f( 6ya
F! + y = F( 6hya d! + y = d(=* dya h! + y = h(= ý hya
a vowel + r + a consonant: If it is preceded by a vowel and follows by a consonant, it is written as the sign ‘c’ and
putting on the top horizontal bar of the right letter
z + r! + k = zkR suger, s + r! + p = spR serpent, m + r! + t! + y =mTyR mortal
consonant + r + a vowel: If it is pronounced after another consonant, it is written with a straight stroke slanting to the left
of a perpendicular line as in ¢, ¿, º, Ç, Ø, Ü ,à, æ, è
A consonant + r + a consonant, that is it is preceded by a consonsnt and follows by a consonant straight stroke slanting
to the left: Õ drya
consonant + r! + a vowel: the sign is ‘ + ’ q+, Q+, f+, F+,+ D+ , h+ or ÿ hra
Exercise 1
1. Write the Sanskrit vowels.
2. Write the Sanskrit consonants.
3. Write the hard consonants.
4. Write the soft consonants.
5. Write the nasals.
6. Join the following letters: e.g. k! + A =k
n!+A k!+\ w!+@E z!+v!+r!+ k!+t! +r s!+t!+r s!+n!+@+h
t!+Aa k! +; d! +y z!+r!+y k!+r!+y H+m!+p F!+@+'!+k
j!+# )!+^ r!+\ j!+|!+y '!+k!+; ;!+q!+v m+t! +s!+y
d+$ d!+x z!+c k!+n!+y [!+f!+r h!+\+d! z!+r!+@+;!+Q
7. Disjoin the following letters: e.g. ± ktra = k!+t! +r
Ko kkha ‛ 55a Ï ddh ‹R rkca :³ =kra GÖ( gdvya
±( ktrya {f+( 76rya Õ drya ú[R rk=7a :q( =5ya LGVy lgvya
‚ }kta Èy trya Ù ntra XvR rdva :q+ =5ra V‛( v55ya
D( chya Èy trya NÅv nttva í 0ca ô stra íe:q+ 0ce=5ra
 ñca TSy tsya Ö( dvya ï 0ra Sà spra kaTSNyR k1rtsnya
à ñja Í dgra PSy pusya ð 0la ö sra sMyk! smyak
[Link] the following roman script to Devanag1r2
1) Buddha# 7) 0r1vast2 13) 10carya9 19) pu7yakarm1
2) dharma9 8) up1saka# 14) bodhisattva# 20) pra7amya
3) sa}gha9 9) mok=a# 15) sa9bahul1# 21) pañcaskhandh1#
4) pi76ap1ta 10) br1hma7a# 16) vajracchedik1 22) jar1mara7a9
5) bhik=u# 11)k1ya# 17) t4=71 23) du#khainrodha#
6) 0ar2ra# 12) r3pa9 18) prajñ1p1ramit1 24) vibhakti
[Link] the following Devanag1r2 into roman script
1 manu:y>, 7 \i;>, 13 mnaexatu>, 19 #CDw>,
2 nra>, 8 kuÇ, 14 muin>, 20 sMyKs<buÏa>,
3 jnen, 9 Tyjam>, 15 AinTy, 21 Ai-s<buÏa>,
4 siNx>, 10 r]av>, 16 ùdysUÇ<, 22 pars¼te,
5 ivram>, 11 Aaiv*a, 17 kulpuÇa>, 13 invaR[,
6 c]u>, 12 yzaexra, 18 zairpuÇ>, 24 twagt>,
Lesson 2
Group I ivkr[ Group II ivkr[
àwm: g[: A(zp!) iÖtIy: g[: -
ctuwR: g[: y (Zyn!) t&&tIy: g[: -
;ó: g[: A (Za) pÂm: g[: nu
dzm: g[: Ay(i[+A) sÝm: g[: n
nvm: g[: na
Tenses (kala:)
1. Present tense (vtRmankala:) -- lq!
2. Past tense : a) Imperfect(An*tn-Ut: kala:) - l'!
b) Perfect (prae]-Ut: kala:) - ilq!
c) Aorist (samaNy-Ut: kala:) - lu'!
3. Future tense: a) First Future(An*tn-iv:yn! kala:)- lq!
b) Second Future (-iv:yn! kala:) - ¤q!
Moods: Imperative(Aa}awR:)- laeq! Potential(ivix)- ivixil'!
Conditional(s<ket)- l&'! Benedictive(AazI:)- AazIilR'!
vtRman(Present tense)
prSmEpd Personal Termination AaTmnepd Personal Termination
@kvcn iÖvcn bhu vcn @kvcn iÖvcn bhu vcn
(Singular) (Dual) ( Plural) (Singular) (Dual) ( Plural)
1st Person im v: m: # vhe mhe
2nd Person is w: w se #we Xve
3rd Person it t: AiNt te #te Ante
pd (verbal voice) : prSmEpd- the result of action for others or expression for another,
AaTmanepd - the result of action for oneself or expression for oneself,
%-ypd- expression for both.
There are two sets of personal terminations according to padas, the one is called prSmEpd, and the other is
called AaTmanepd. Some roots take exclusively the Parasmaipada terminations and some the !tmanepada
ones; while there are others which take either.
yjman: Jyaeitòaemen yjte,The sacrificer worships through Jyoti=5homa( worship with soma);
!tmanepada denotes the fruit of action goes to the one who dose that action.
Jyaeitòaemen yjte SvgRkam:, The person who desires heaven, worships by Jyoti=5homa.
\iTvj: Jyaeitòaemen yjit, The priest worships by Jyoti=5homa( the fruit of action for others)
First Conjugation(_vaid g[)
The Formation of Conjugation= xatu + ivkr[ + àTyy
g[ =class of verb, a group of words belonging to the same rule
ivkr[ = conjugational sign A¼ =verbal base(root+ conjugational sign)
xatu = verbal root àTyy= personal termination or a suffix
1. Verbal roots without any vowel except ‘a’ :
1) The Sanskrit verb conjugated in a finite tense has three persons and three numbers.
Three persons are: first person, second person and third person.
Three numbers are: singular(@kvcn), dual(iÖvcn ) and plural(bhuvcn)
2) The verbal root(xatu) is the original form of the verb. In xatukaez there is the list of verbal roots with
conjugated form
in tenses and moods and participle forms among 1950 roots more or less.
Present Tense
Conjugation of pc! P. !. to cook, to bake ; pc! +A+it=pcit, He cooks.
prSmEpd sg du pl AaTmnepd sg du pl
1st P. pcaim pcav> pcam> pce pcvhe pcmhe
2nd P. pcis pcw> pcw pcse pcewe pcXve
3rd P. pcit pct> pciNt pcte pcete pcNte
Imperfect Tense
praSmEpd Sg Du Pl AaTmanepd Sg Du Pl
1st P Am! v m # vih mih
2nd P s! tm! t was! #wam! Xvm!
3rd P t! tam! An! t #tm! ANt
Formation : A + pc + t! = Apct!, He cooked
1st P Apcm! Apcav Apcam Apce Apcavih Apcamih
2nd P Apc> Apctm! Apct Apcwa> Apcewam! ApcXvm
3rd P Apct Apctam! Apcn! Apct Apcetm! ApcNt
Aq! to wander, Aqit æm! to roam, walk, æmit
od! to be steady, odit yj! to worship, yjit
oad! to eat, oadit r]! to protect, r]it
on! to dig, onit vp! to sow, vpit
ol! to move, to gather, olit vd! to speak, vdit
cl! to move, to walk, clit vs! to dwell, vsit
cr! to go, to move, crit lp! to speak, talk, lpit
tp! to heat, tpit l;! U. to desire, long for, l;it- te
Tyj! to abandon, Tyjit laef! to be foolish, laefit
dh! To burn, dhit v[! U. to sound, to noise, v[it
nm! to bow to, to salute, nmit vm! to vomit, vmit
pQ! to read, study, pQit ìj! U. to go, proceed, ìjit-te
pt! to fall, ptit z<z! to cling, z<zit
)l! to bear fruit, to result, )lit hq! to shine, to be bright, hqit
II. Vowels of Roots in Conjugation:
1) The formation of the verbal base depends on the strengthening of the vowel of the root.
Simple vowels of roots undergo twofold strengthening. The first degree of strengthening
is called gu7a, the second degree of strengthening is called v4ddhi.
Simple vowels A, Aa #, $ %, ^ \, \& l&
Gu7a A @ Aae Ar! Al!
V4ddhi Aa @e AaE Aar! Aal!
2) The final vowel, short or long and the penultimate short vowel of a root takes Gu7a.
nI 1.p. to carry, to lead; nI+A, ne+A
3) @ and Aae are followed by any vowel changed to Ay! and Av! respectively.
ne+A, ny!+A +it=nyit, He leads
ij to conquer; ij+A, je + A, jy! + A + it = jyit, He conquers.
-U to be; -U +A, -ae + A, -v! +A + it = -vit, He becomes or he is.
s& to move; s& + A, sr! +A + it = srit, He moves.
Sm& to remember; Sm& + A, Smr !+ A+ it = Smrit, He remembers.
bux! U. to know; bux! + A, baex! + A +I t = baexit-te, He knows or understands
Conjugation of nI Conjugation of -U to be
sg du pl sg du pl
1st person nyaim* nyav> nyam> -vaim -vav> -vam>
2nd person nyis nyw> nyw -vis -vw> -vw
3rd person nyit nyt> nyiNt ** -vit -vt> -viNt
* Before termination beginning with m! and v! the preceding vowel A is lengthened.
**Before termination beginning with A, the preceding vowel A is dropped.
Conjugation of Sm& to remember Conjugation of bux! to know
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p Smraim Smrav> Smam> baexaim baexav> baexam>
2nd p Smris Smrw> Smrw baexis baexw> baexw
3rd p Smrit Smrt> SmiNt baexit baext> baexiNt
i] to decay, ruin, destroy, ]yit pu;! to nourish , pae;it
³uz! to cry, call out, ³aezit )el! to go, to move, )elit,
k«;! to plough, k;Rit im;! to sprinkle, to make wet, me;it
"u;! to declare, make sound, "ae;it mux! to be glad, maexit
j¨¨ to become old, jrit rE to sound, rayit
t¨ to cross, trit yuj! U. to bind, to restrain, yaejit-te
Ôu to run, to rush, Ôvit ir;! to kill, injure, destroy, re;it
XyE to think, ponder over, meditate, Xyait éQ! to strike down, to fell, raeQit
ù to take away, hrit-te éh! to grow, raehit / éhit
Aaù to eat, Aahrit luq! to roll, to wallow, laeqit
tuf! to tear, to kill, taefit luQ! 1.p. to strike, knock down, laeQit
3) The vowels of the following roots are unchanged because they are not penultimate
short vowel.
³If! to play, ³Ifit ibNd! [Link] split, to divide, ibdit
"&{[! 1.!. to take, "&{[te buŠ! 1.p. to bark, to sound, buŠit
jIv! 1.p. to live, jIvit v&]! 1.!. to cover, keep off, v&]te
inNd! 1.p. to blame, inNdit b&<h! 1.p. to grow, to increase, b&<hit
zUl! 1.p. to be ill, collect, zUlit veh! 1.!. to strive, make effort, vehit
iz]! 1.!. to learn, practice, iz]te ih<s! 1.p. to kill, injure, ih<sit
III. Irregular verbs: some roots take substitution and vowel of roots changes irregularly.
1 pa(ipb!)1 to drink, ipbit 12d<z! (dz!) 2 to bite, dzit
2 º(ijº) to smell, ijºit 13SvÃ!(Svj!) !. to embrace, Svjit
3 Xma(xm!) to blow(shell), xmit 14rÃ!(rj!) [Link] dye, to colour, rjit-te
4 Swa( itó! ) to stand, itóit 15gm! (gCD!)3 to go, gCDit
5 ça(mn!) to study, mnit 16ym! (yCD!) to stop, yCDit
6 da(yCD!) 1.p. to give, yCDit 17m&j! (mar!j!) 4to be adorn, wipe off, majRit
7 d&z! (pZy!) 1.p. to see, pZyit 18k«p! (kLp!) 5 !. to be able, kLpte
1
1-11 The roots, p1, ghr1, dhm1,sth1, mn1, d1, d40, 4, s4, 0ad and sad take substitute pib, jighra,
dhm, ti=5h, man, yacch, pa0y, 4cch, dhau(dh1v), 02y and s2d respectively in the special tenses.
12-14 These roots drop their penultimate nasal in the special tenses.
2
3
15-16 There will be ‘D! ’ in the place of the final consonant of #;!(6.p.), gm! and ym!,
when an affix, having an indicatory z! follows: gm! + A(zp!); gD! +A(zp!); by #;ugimyma< D>,
‘t! ’ is inserted before ‘D! ’ by Dec ( t is added to a short vowel when followed by ch
in the junction of letters) thus #t!D! , gt!D! ,yt!D! ; ‘t! ’ is substituted by ‘c!’ (by Stae> íuna,
z! or a consonant of the palatal class is substitute for s! or a consonant of the dental class
when they two are combined): #t!D=
! #CD!, gt!D! = gCD! , yt!D! = yCD!!
4
\ of m&j! takes v4ddhi(Aar!) instead of gu7a(Ar!).
8 \(\CD!) [Link] go, get \CDit 19³m! (³am!)6 to walk, to step, ³amit
9 s&&(xav!) to run, xavit 20„m! (¬am!) to be tired, ¬amit
10zd!(zIy!) p. to perish gradually, zIyte 21guh!(gUh!)7 U. to cover, gUhit-te
11sd!(sId!) to wither, to be weary, sIdit 22sSj!(sJj!)8 to be read, sJjit
AaTmanepd Present Tence Imperfact Tense
sg du pl sg du pl
1st P. # vhe mhe # vih mih
2nd P. se #we Xve was! #wam! Xvm!
3rd P. te #te ANte t #tam! ANt
Conjugation of fI 1.!. to fly $h! 1. !. to wish
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p. fye fyavhe fyamhe $he $havhe $hamhe
2nd p. fyse fyewe fyXve $hse $hewe $hXve
3rd p. fyte fyete fyNte $hte $hete $hNte
Imperfact Tense -a;! 1.!. to speak
1st .p Afye Afyavih Afyamih A-a;e A-a;avih A-a;amih
2nd p. Afywa> Afyewam! AfyXvm! A-a;wa> A-a;ewam! A-a;Xvm!
3rd p. Afyt Afyetam! AfyNt A-a;t A-a;etam! A-a;Nt
@x! 1.!. to grow, @xte l-! 1.!. to get, l-te
Tvr! 1.!. to make haste, Tvrte luQ! 1.!. to oppose, strike, laeQte
\ of k«p! takes l! instead of gu7a Ar! ; in the place of r! of k«p! there is l! ;
5
k4p+a, karp+a, kalp +a+te=kalpate.
A of ³m! and „m! is lengthened in parasmaipa; k8m+a, kl1ma: verbal base
6
7
% of guh! is lengthened before an affix beginning with a vowel; an affix indicates the conjugational sign, A(zp!);
guh+a(0ap), goh+a, g3h+a+ti= g3hati
sSj! (sJj!): There will be z! or c! group letter in the place of s! or t! group letter ;
8
z! is changed to j! i.e.‘any consonant except a nasal or a semivowel is changed to the third
of its class when followed by third or fourth letter.’; sasj+a, sa0j+a, sajj+a+ti=sajjati,
bax! 1.!. to trouble, baxte vcR! 1. ! to shine, to be bright, vcRte
-a;! 1.!. to speak, -a;te éc! 1.!. to please, shine, like, raecte
i-]! to beg for, ask for, i-]te iz]! (0ik=)1.!.to learn, iz]te
-as! to shine, -aste zu-! 1. ! to be splendid, zae-te
pU 1.!. to purify, pvte sev! 1. ! to serve, to worship, sevte
Exercise 2
1. Conjugate the following verbal roots in the present tense, parasmaipada
g&h! [Link] take hold of, ghRit-te MlE 1.p. to fade, grow weary, Mlayit
gE 1.p. to sing, gayit rm! 1.p. to sport, to amuse oneself,
ioq! 1.p. to be terrified, fear, oeqit lu-! 1.p. to covet, to long for,
j¨ 1.p. to become old, jrit vep! 1.!. to shake, to tremble
kc! 1.!. to bind, to fasten, kcte v&t! 1. !. to be, to happen, vtRte
nNd! [Link] be delighted, v&;! 1.p. to rain, to give rain, v;Rit
ind! 1.U. to ridicule, nedit iz;! 1.p. to kill, injure, ze;it
inNd! [Link], to censure Sm& 1.p. to remember, Smrit
bux! 1.p. to know, s&p! 1.p. to go, to creep, spRit
-[! 1.p. to say, speak, call, zuc! 1.p. to grieve for, zaecit
mUl! 1.p. to take root, to be firm iSm 1.!. to smile, bloom, expand, Smyit
[Link] the following into English
vdaim, r]it, ptit, baexis, sris, nyit, vsiNt, r]t>,
gCDit, vpit, k;RiNt, cram>, pcaim, vht>, Tyjis, vham>,
-vit, pQav>, srw>, zae-te, i-]t>, v;Rit, pZyam>, lae-w,
nNdit, Smyis, zaect>, spRiNt, -[w , nNdis, nedit , jrit,
III. Translate the following into Sanskrit
You speak. He knows. You two move. He leads. They sow.
He abandons We worship. They dwell. He runs. We live.
You conquer. He protects. You two eat. We salute. He falls.
He ridicules They read. They become. They see. You grieve.
She cooks We two walk. You remember. You covet. We learn.
Lesson 3
Sanddhi(siNx): The system of euphonic changes that arises when sounds are uttered in
proximity; it is the tendency to ease of pronunciation.
siNx m. putting together, junction, union, connection
sm! +xa 3 U. to put together, to connect, to unite, sNdxit-sNdxte
1 SvrsiNx
2 VyÃnsiNx
3 ivsgRsiNx
14 àTyahar sUÇ( group of letters for grammatical applications as Ac! etc.)
A # % [! 1 \ \& k! 2 @ Aae '! 3 @e AaE c! 4 h y v r q! 5
l [! 6 | m ' [ n m! 7 H - |! 8 " F x ;! 9 j b g f d z! 10
o ) D Q w c q t v! 11 k p y! 12 z ; s r! 13 h l! 14
Ak! =simple vowels, Ac! =all vowels, Aq! =all vowels, h! and semivowels exept l
hl! =all consonants, or! = hard consonants hz! =soft consonants, y[!=semi-vowels,
jz! = third soft consonants, Hl! =soft consonants except nasal and semi-vowel,
jy! = first and second hard consonants and third soft consonants,
yy!=all consonants except z!, ;!, s! ,r! and h!
1 SvrsiNx( vowel sandhi )
1) sv[RdI"RsiNx When A, #, %,\, l&, short or long followed by similar vowel both of them are
substituted by a long vowel of their class.
(1) A+A=Aa mm+A_yask]a= mma_yask]a, My study room
A+Aa=Aa tv+Aasnm!=tvasanm! , Your seat
Aa+A=Aa bala+AgCDt! = balagCDt!, A girl went.
Aa+Aa=Aa bala + Aagta = balagta , A girl has come.
(2) # + # = $ gCDit +#danIm!= gCDtIdanIm! , He goes now.
# +$ =$ àsIdit+$z>=àsIdtIz>, @0a is gladden, pleased, appeased.
$ + # =$ devI +#CDit=devICDit, The goddess wishes.
$ + $ =$ devI+$]te=devI]te, The goddess considers.$]! 1.! to perceive, to look
(3) % + % = ^ ngre;u+%*anain=ngre;U*anain, Gardens in the cities.
% +^ =^ tfage;u+^mRy>=tfage;UmRy>,Waves in lake. ^imR [Link]
Classification of Vowels
Basic vowel A Aa #$ %^ \ \& l& @ Aae @e AaE
gu[(+ ) - @ Aae Ar! Al!
v&iÏ(+) Aa @e AaE Aar! Aal!
2) gu[siNÏ(A, Aa + simple vowels): When A or Aa is followed by #, %, \ or l&, short or long
both of them are substituted by @, Aae, Ar! and Al! respectively.
(1) A + # = @ n + #CDit = neCDit,
Aa + # = @ bala + #CDit = baleCDit, A girl wishes.
Aa + $ = @ bala + $]te = bale]te ,A girl sees. $]! 1.!. to see
(2) A + % = Aae n + %deit = naedeit, %d! +# 1.p. to go up, rise, increase, come forth
Aa + % =Aae lta + %ÌCDit = ltaeÌCDit, Creeper comes out
A + ^ =Aae jl + ^mRy> = jlaemRy>, waves of water
(3) A + \= Ar! dev + \i;> = devi;R> , The sage among gods
3) v&iÏsiNÏ( + any dissimilar vowel): When A or Aa is followed by @, @e, Aae or AaE both the vowels
are substituted by @e and AaE respectively.
(1) A + @ = @e c +@tt! = cEtt!,
Aa + @ =@e va +@tt! = vEtt! ,
(2) Aa + @e = @e tSy +@eñyRm! = tSyEñyRm! , His power, his richness
(3) A + Aae=AaE idVy +Aae;ix> = idVyaE;ix> , Divine herb(or plant)
(4) A + AaE=AaE idVy +AaE;ixm! = idVyaE;ixm!, Divine herb medicine
4) y[!-siNx ( + any dissimilar vowel): #, %, \ or l&, short or long when followed by any dissimilar
vowel are substituted by y! v! r! and l! respectively.
(1)# + A = y!+A -]yit+AÚ<=-]yTyÚ<, -]! 1 P.!.to eat, -]it-te;10.U. -]yit-te
$ + A = y!+A dasI + @;a =daSye;a,
(2) % + # = v!+# -vtu+ #CDa =-viTvCDa, Let there be wish.
(3) ^ + Aa=v!+# cmU+Aagmnm! = cMvagmnm!, Arrival of army
(4) \ + Aa=r!+Aa ipt&+Aa}a=ipTra}a, father’s order
5) Ayvayav siNx ( + any vowel): When @, Aae, @e, or AaE is followed by any vowel they are
substituted by Ay! ,Av! ,Aay! and Aav! respectively.
(1) @+ any vowel= Ay! + any vowel
Ex. vtRt+
e @;; vtRty!+ @; = vtRtye; or vtRt @;,
vne +#v = vny! +#v = vniyv or vn #v , as if in the forest
tiSmn! vne #danI< sill< zae-n< -vit , There is now nice water in that forest.
vne #danI<= vny! #danI<= vniydanI< or vn #danI<,
hre+ @ih = hryeih or hr @ih, Hari, come!
guraE + %Tk>= guravuTk> or gura %Tk>, longing for the preceptors
%Tk adj. desirous, longing for
* y! or v! coming at the end of a word preceded by A or Aa optionally is dropped when followed by a
vowel
or a soft consonant.
(2) Aae + any vowel= Av! + any vowel
Ex. à-u +@ih=à-ae+@ih = à-v! +@ih= à-veih or à- @ih,Lord, come near!
trae+%Öh )lain=trvuÖh )lain or tr %Öh )lain, Tree, bear fruits!
té(m. ending in ‘u’; trae voc. sg. %Öh, [Link]. of %d! vh! 1.p. to bear
-vtu Aaïme \i;> =-vtae Aaïme \i;> = -vtv! Aaïme \i;> = -vtvaïme \i;>,
Let there be the sage in the hermitage. Aaïme+\i;=Aaïmy&i;>,
(3) @e + any vowel= Aay! + any vowel
Ex. l-avhE+Aavam!=l-avhay!+Aavam!= l-avhayavam! or l-avha Aavam! ,
deVyE+AyCDt!= deVyayyCDt! or deVya AyCDt!, He offered to the goddess.
(4) AaE + any vowel= Aav!+ any vowel
Ex. v&]aE + AaStam!= v&]avaStam! or v&]a AaStam!, There were two trees.
nraE + AgCDtm!= nravgCDtm!= or nra+ AgCDtm!, Two men came.
zBdaE +Aak[Ryit=zBdavak[Ryit zBdavak[Ryit, He hears two words.
5 pUvRêp siNx
When @ or Aae coming at the end of a pada is followed by A that A is merged into the preceding vowel
and avagraha(=) is written in its place.
Ex. vne+Aip= vne=ip , sae+Aip=sae=ip ,
ngre Ah< pZyaim=ngre=h< pZyaim, I see in the city. ngre loc. sg.
ngre Ah< pZyaim=ngre Ah< pZyaim, I see the two cities.
ngre nt. acc. dual. → this rule is applied by àk«it-av
6 àk«it-av(position of original form)
The dual forms ending in $, ^ and @ whether of nouns or verbs are called àg&ý which forms followed
by
any vowels are not changed.
Ex. kvI+#CDt> = kvI #CDt> , Two poets wish.
kvI +AagCDt> = kvI AagCDt>, Two poets come.
xen+
U AagCDtam!= xenU AagCDtam!, Two cows came.
)le+AÇ = )le AÇ, Two fruits are here.
vteRt+
e @taE = vteRte @taE, These two exist. vteRt=
e v&t!+A+#te
ngre Ah< pZyaim=ngre Ah< pZyaim, I see the two cities
lte + @te = lte @te, these two creepers.
he AjuRn=he AjuRn, O Arjuna!; he voc. a certain particle unaffected by sandhi.
Exercise 3
I. Join the following sandhi:
1 #it+ @k, Thus one 2 vd + #it, Say thus.
3 s+ tÇ n+AiSt, He is not there. 4 vdaim + Ah< , I speak
5 s> + AÇ +%pivzit, He sits here 6 vne ik< +AiSt ? What is in the forest?
7 n tÇ pZyaim+Ahm!, I do not see there. 8 oadit + Aaèm!, He eats a mango
9 ptit+AMbrat!, He falls from the sky. 10 mnu+ANtrm!, period of manu
11 gCDit+Aayu>,A living being(man) goes 12 gCDit +A*, Today he goes
13 AagCDaim+Ah<+AÇ,I come here. 14tÇ puStk< n+@v+AiSt,There is certainly no book.
15 #danI<+Ah<+AÇ+@v AiSm, I am just here now.
II. Dissolve the following sandhi
1 xaTvwR, meaning of root. 2 guvRadez, instruction of teacher.
3 nagCDaMyh, I do not come. 4 pKvaÚ, cooked rice.
5 nEk , not one. 6 AiSTvÇ, Let it be here.
7 AÇEvaepivz, Sit here only. 8 suNdrae*an , beautiful garden
9 nvaeTpl, fresh blue lotus. 10 mhaEjs! , great strength
11 suNdreCDa, good wish. 12 saXvÚ, excellent food
13 ipÇiGn, father’s fire. 14 mhi;R, great sage
15 vne=ñ>, a horse in the wood. 16 týR* kae gim:yit?, Who then will go today?
III. State and explain the rules of sandhi of the following with instances-
(1) sv[RdI"RsiNx (4) y[! siNx
(2) gu[siNx (5) pUvRêp siNx
(3) v&iÏsiNx (6) àk«it-av(position of original form)
Lesson 4
The Fourth and the Sixth Conjugations
I. Root + y(Zyn!) + Personal termination
prSmEpd
nz! to perish , nz! + y+ it= nZyit,
kup! to be angry, kup! + y+ it= kuPyit ,
Conjugation of kup! to be angry nz! to perish
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p kuPyaim kuPyav> kuPyam> nZyaim nZyav> nZyam>
2nd p kuPyis kuPyw> kuPyw nZyis nZyw> nZyw
3rd p kuPyit kuPyt> kuPyiNt nZyit nZyt> nZyiNt
As! to throw, ASyit n&t! to dance, n&Tyit
³ux! to be angry, ³uXyit pu;! to nourish, pu:yit
i¬d! to become wet, i¬*it ms! to change form, mSyit
kup! to be angry, kuPyit mu;! to steal, mu:yit
kus! to embrace, kuSyit mus! to cut, muSyit
gup! to be disturbed, confused, guPyit muh! to be silly, to lose, muýit
js! to liberate, jSyit yup! to perplex, confuse, yuPyit
ifp! to throw, ifPyit lup! tobe confused, disturbed, luPyit
ts! to perish, tSyit ép! to violate, confound, éPyit
tu;! to be pleased, tu:yit é;! to kill, é:yit
t&;! To be thirsty, t&:yit lu-! to covet, lu_yit
du;! to spoil, become impure, du:yit Vyx! to strike, ivXyit
d&p! to be proud, d&Pyit zux! to become pure, zuXyit
Ôuh! to hurt, Ôuýit zu;! to become dry, zu:yit
pu:p! to blossom, pu:Pyit isx! to be fulfiled, isXyit
]u-! to shake, ]u_yit ù;! to be glad, ù:yit
AaTmnepd
i¬z! to be afflicted i¬Zyte bux! to know, buXyte, 1st. [Link]
iod! to be distressed, io*te mn! to think, mNyte,
idp! to shine, idPyte yuj! to concentrate, to meditate, yuJyte
dU to suffer, dUyte yux! to fight, yuXyte
pUr! to be full, pUyRte ivd! to be, iv*te
àI to be satisfied àIyte sU to bring forth, sUyte, 2, 6, !.( sUt,e suvte)
Conjugation of pUr! to be full mn! to think
sg du pl sg du pl
1st .p. pUyeR pUyRavhe pUyRamhe mNye mNyavhe mNyamhe
2nd.p pUyRse pUyeRwe pUyRXve mNyse mNyewe mNyXve
3rd.p pUyRte pUyRete pUyRNte mNyte mNyete mNyNte
II. Irregular verbs of the 4th Conjugation
Before the 4th conjugational sign y(Zyn!), the penultimate vowel A of roots, zm! etc. becomes
lengthened.
¬m! P. to be tired, fatigued, ¬aMyit md! to be glad, intoxicate, ma*it
]m! [Link] forgive, endure, ]aMyit imd! to be unctuous, to be fat, me*it
jn!(ja), to be born, jayte ys! to strive, ySyit or ysit 9
j¨ (jIr!) to grow old, jIyRit rÃ! (rj!) U. to be dyed rJyit- te
tm! to be anxious, uneasy, taMyit Vyx! to strike, ivXyit
Çs! to fear, ÇSyit or Çsit zm! [Link] be pacified, calm, zaMyit
dm! to restrain, control, daMyit i:Qv! to spit, :QIVyit
idv! to play dIVyit, zae to make thin , Zyit
æm! to wander, to roam, æaMyit ïm! [Link] be weary, ïaMyit
æ<z! to fall, æZyit isv! to sew, sIVyit
prSmEpd
Conjugation of dm! (dam! )to control zm! [Link] be pacified
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p. daMyaim daMyav> daMyam> zaMyaim zaMyav> zaMyam>
2nd p. daMyis daMyw> daMyw zaMyis zaMyw> zaMyw
3rd p. daMyit daMyt> daMyiNt zaMyit zaMyt> zaMyiNt
Imperfect Tense
1st p. AdaMym! AdaMyav AdaMyam AzaMym! AzaMyav AzaMyam
2nd p. AdaMy> AdaMytm! AdaMyt AzaMy> AzaMytm! AzaMyt
3rd p. AdaMyt! AdaMytim! AdaMyn! AzaMyit AzaMytam! AzaMyn!
AaTmnepd yux! to fight, rÃ! (rj!) U. to be dyed
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p. yuXye yuXyavhe yuXyamhe rJye rJyavhe rJyamhe
2nd p. yuXyse yuXyewe yuXyXve rJyse rJyewe rJyXve
3rd p. yuXyte yuXyete yuXyNte rJyte rJyete rJyNte
Imperfect Tens
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p. AyuXye AyuXyavih AyuXyamih ArJye ArJyavih ArJyamih
2nd p. AyuXywa> AyuXyewam! AyuXyXm! ArJywa> ArJyewam! ArJyXve
9
The affix zyn!( y, conjugational sign) is optionally added after the verb ys!, when it is
employed by, without preposition: ysae=nupsgRat!, But no option is allowed with any other
preposition except with sm! ,(s<ySyit or s<ysit ): s<ysí,
3rd p. AyuXyt AyuXyetam! AyuXyNt ArJyt ArJyetam! ArJyNt
Sentences
1) inyamk> dasan! ]aMyit, The ruler forgives servants. inyamk> m. leader
2) mUoR> kuPyit, A fool gets angry.
3) caeraE prkIy< xn< lu_yt>, Thieves covet wealth belonging to another.
4) gja> vne æaMyiNt, Elephants wander in the forest
5) ivna kar[at! yuXyewe, You(two) fight without reason.
6) icÄe du>o< suo jayete, Suffering and happiness are born in the mind
7) ¬eza> papat! jayiNt, Afflictions are born from sin.
8) yaexa> yuÏe yuXyNte, Warriors fight in the battle.
10
9) smuÔ> c<fvatat! zaMyit, The ocean becomes calmed down from the storm.
10) caer> knk< gUhit, A thief hides the gold.
11) jIvn< xn< c nZyt>,The life and wealth perish.
12) Xvja> pvnen n&TyiNt, Banners dance by wind.
13) jnk< puÇ> pu:yit, The son pleases (his) father
14) Agd<kar>11 raeg< buXyit, The physician knows the sickness.
Excise 4
I. Conjugate the following roots:
1)³ux! 2) lu-! 3) bux! 4) i¬z! 5) ]m! 6)j¨ 7) jn!
II. Translate the following verbs and write the root of them:
1)ASyit, 2) kuPyw, 3) nZyt>, 4) n&TyiNt, 5) tu:yam>, 6) muýis,
7)pu:yam>, 8) du:yiNt, 9) Ôuýw>, 10) dUyte, 11) mNyete, 12) pUyRXve,
13) yuXyewe, 14) daMyt>, 15)àIyNte , 16) ïaMyaim, 17) me*it 18) Zyt>,
19) ma*w, 20)ma*it, 21)yuJyaim, 22)]aMyw, 23)jayav>, 24)ïaMyiNt,
III. Translate the following verbs into Sanskrit:
1) He is tired. 2) They shine. 3) We (two) are distressed. 4) He meditates
5) I suffer. 6) You fight. 7) They bring forth. 8) You (two) wander.
10
Storm: vaTyveg> m.; vaTya f.
Doctor, physician: m. vE*k>, icikTsk>, Agd<kar> (Agd m. not -disease, health; adj. free from disease)
11
Disease, sickness: m. Vyaix, raeg>, gd>
9) She dances. 10) We (two) cut. 11) You are satisfied 12) we are silly.
13) You steal. 14) I am confused. 15) You (two) are coveting. 16) They become pure
17) It perishes. 18) It becomes dry. 18) I am fulfilled. 19) You are glad.
20) He thinks. 21) They shake. 22) They (two) know. 23) He kills.
Sixth Conjugation (tudaid)
1 Root + A(z) + Personal Termination
k«;! 6.U. to plough k«;! + A +it = k«;it, k«;! 1.p. k;Rit
i]p! U. to throw, i]pit m&z! to touch, m&zit
tud! U. to inflict pain, tudit éj! to break, éjit
idz! U. to grant, idzit-te ivj! !. to fear, ivjte
ivz! to enter, ivzit-te ju;! !. to be pleased, ju;te
Sp&z! to touch, Sp&zit tud! U. to pain, strike, tudit-te
s&j! to abandon, to create, s&jit %ÁD!, P. to glean, %ÁDit
iml! to meet together, imlit nud! U. to push, nudit-te
S)uq! to blossom, S)uqit S)ur! to throb, S)urit
t&Mp! to kill, t&Mpit t&M)! to be satisfied, t&M)it
prSmEpd
Conjugation of k«;! U. to plough iml! P. to meet together
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p k«;aim k«;av> k«;am> imlaim imlav> imlam>
2nd p k«;is k«;w> k«;w imlis imlw> imlw
3rd p k«;it k«;t> k«;iNt imlit imlt> imliNt
Imperfact Tense
AaTmnepd tud! U. to pain, strike
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p. Ak«;e Ak«;avih Ak«;amih Atude Atudavih Atudamih
2nd p. Ak«;wa> Ak«;ewam! Ak«;Xvm! Atudwa> Atudewam! AtudXvm!
3rd p. Ak«;t Ak«;etam! Ak«;Nt Atudt Atudetam! AtudNt
2 Some roots take a nasal n! in special tenses: mucaidna< numagm> SyaCDe pre,
muc! 6. [Link] release muc!+A mu n! c! +A mu |! c! + A +it = muÂit-te
isc! 6. U. to sprinkle, isÂit-te iod! 6.U. to pain, ioNdit-te
lup! 6.U. to cut, luMpit-te ivd! 6.U. to get, obtain, ivNdit-te
k«t! 6.U. to cut k«Ntit-te ilp! 6.U. to paint, ilMpit-te
1) Before 6th conjugational sign A(z), n! augment is placed after the last vowel of the root.
ipz! 6.U. to form, to prepare, to arrange, to light, ip m! z! + A= ip<zit-te,
2) n! and m! in a word are changed to the nasal of the class to which the following consonant belongs,
and if followed by z!, ;!, s! and h! which have no nasal class, n! and m! are changed to an anusv1ra
compulsorily.
3. Irregular verbs
#;! to wish, #;! + A, #CD! + A +it =#CDit
àCD! to ask, àCD! + A, p&CD! +A + it = p&CDit
k¨(ikr!) to scatter, spread, ikrit æSj! U. to fry, -&Jjit-te
g¨¨(igr!) to swallow, igrit mSj! P. to purify by bathing, mJjit
mMj! (muJj!) to bath, muJjit luSj! !. to feel shame, luJjte
m&(ièy!) !. to die, ièyte Vyc! P. to cheat, ivcit
sd! (sId!) to sink, sIdit ìí! P. to cut, v&íit
zd! (zIy!) P.12 to perish gradually, zIyte nU(nuv)! to praise, nuvit
ix (ixy! )to hold, ixyit xU(xuv)! to shake, xuvit
ip (ipy! )to go, ipyit sU(suv)! to direct, send, suvit
ir(iry! )to go, iryit ivCD! P. to go, ivCDayit
i] (i]y! )to dwell, to go, i]yit Çuq! P. to cut, Çuq(it or Çuqit
4 Sentences
1) gué> DaÇ< p&CDit, The teacher asks a student.
2) pvn> v&]an! Sp&zit, The wind touches trees.
3) nr> g&h< idzit, The man shows (his) house.
4) Vyax> zran! i]pit, The hunter throws arrows.
12
zd! takes !tmanepada termination in the conjugational tenses.
5) pué;a> suoÂawRÂ #CDiNt, Men wish happiness and wealth.
6) jlen pu:pai[ isÂiNt, They sprinkle the flowers with water.
7) k;Rka> ]Çe k«;iNt, Farmers plough in the field.
8) nr> v&]< k«Ntit , The man cuts a tree.
9) caer> du>o< s&jit, The thief creates unhappiness.
10) jna> ièyNte , Men die.
11) AÃnen dah< ilMpit, He anoints the burn13 with ointment.
12) das< tudit, He strikes a servant.
13) iv;< s®vain t&Mpit, The poison kills living beings.
14) Ainl> v&]an! luuMpit,The wind breaks trees.
15) pÃat! ivgh< muÂam>, We release a bird from a cage.
16) pa<su_y> jlen magR< isÂiNt,They sprinkle the road with water for dusts.
Excise 4
I. Conjugate the following roots:
1) k«;! 2) Sp&z! 3) ivz! 4) muc! 5) àCD! 6) mSj! 7) m&
II. Translate the following verbs and write the root of them:
1) k«;it, 2) ivzw>, 3) ivct>, 4) i]yiNt, 5) nuvt>, 6) ikris,
7)muíamhe, 8) iryiNt, 9) ilMpete, 10) luMpte, 11) lJjXve, 12) izyte ,
13)ipyt>, 14) ioNdw, 15)xuvis , 16) ivNdaim, 17) imliNt, 18) Sp&zw>,
19) S)urw>, 20) S)uqiNt 11) mJjt>, 22) v&íiNt, 23) muJjw, 24) muJjav>,
III. Translate the following verbs into Sanskrit
1) You wish. 2) They feel shame. 3) You (two) praise. 4) I direct. 5) You shake.
5) He sprinkles. 6) You (two) hold. 7) They swallow. 8) You ask. 9) They wish.
10) They cut. 11) We touch. 12) You (two) cheat. 13) We die. 14) He goes.
15) We (two) fry. 16) He releases. 17) They blossom 18) I fear. 19) You break
20) They (two) are satisfied. 21) They (two) perish gradually. 22) You (two) push
23) They purify by bathing. 24) They (two) meet together. 25) They inflict pain.
Lesson 5
Tenth Conjugation (This class takes 2 sets of padas: !tmanepada and Ubhayapada)
1 xatu +Ay + P.T : kw! +Ay + it = kwyit, He talks.
13
Ointment: m. A<jn<, A_y<jn<, %pdeh> ; burn: m. dah>; nt. dahn<; dust: [Link]<su ; [Link]!
praSmEpd kw! U. to talk AaTmanepd
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p kwyaim kwyav> kwyam> kwye kwyavhe kwyamhe
2nd p kwyis kwyw> kwyw kwyse kwyewe kwyXve
3rd p kwyit kwyt> kwyiNt kwyte kwyete kwyNte
Imperfect Tense
praSmEpd AaTmanepd
Sg Du Pl Sg Du Pl
1st P Akwym! Akwyav Akwyam Akwye Akwyavih Akwyamih
2nd P Akwy> Akwtm! Akwyt Akwywa> Akwyewam! AkwyXvm!
3rd P Akwyt! Akwtam! Akwyn! Akwyt Akwyetam! AkwyNt
A'!k! to mark, A'!kyit-te pIf! to afflict, to give pain,pIfyit-te
Aa}a to command, Aa}ayit-te pUj! to worship, pUjyit-te
AhR! to worship, AhRyit-te àw! to publish, àwyit, 1st . ! àwte
kw! to tell, kwyit-te -U;! to adorn, -U;yit-te
kl! to count, klyit-te rc! to arrange, rcyit-te
k{Q! to grieve, k{Qyit-te rh! to abandon, rhyit-te
]p! to throw, to cast, ]pyit-te êp! to form, êpyit-te
g[! to count, g[yit-te l]! to see, look at, l]yit-te, 1st .!. l]te
ghR! to blame, ghRyit-te,1st . ! ghRte laek! to shine, laekyit-te
gve;! to seek, gve;yit-te laec! to see, perceive, laecyit-te
gUr! to strive, gUryit-te l<"! to transgress, l<"yit-te
icÇ! to paint icÇyit-te lÃ! to shine, lÃyit-te
icNt! to think, icNtyit-te v{q! to divide, v{qyit-te
d{f! to punish, d{fyit-te vs! to dwell, vsyit-te
par! to accomplish, paryit-te zIl! to exercise, zIlyit, 1st .P. zIlit
pal! to protect, palyit-te ih<s! to injure, ih<syit-te
2 The final vowel and penultimate short vowel of roots take gu7a.
gup! to conceal , gaepyit-te d&p! to light, to kindle, dpRyit-te
"u;! to proclaim, "ae;yit-te d&-! to fear, d-Ryit-te
ic to collect, cyyit-te x&;! to overcome, x;Ryit-te
icq! to send out, ceqyit-te pu[! to collect, to heap, pae[yit-te
ict! !. to think, cetyit-tee muc! to set free, maecyit-te
cur! to steal, caeryit-te mud! to mix, maedyit-te
cud! to push on, caedyit-te m&;! to forgive, m;Ryit-te
cul! to raise, to elevate, caelyit-te yuj! to bind, yaejyit-te, 1st.p. yaejit
ju;! to think, to examine, jae;yit-te irc! to separate, to join, recyit-te
ifp! to throw, to send fepyit-te é;! to be angry, rae;yit-te
itl! to oil, to greasy, telyit-te v&j! to avoid, vjRyit-te
tul! to weigh , taelyit-te ið;! to embrace, ðe;yit-te
t&p! to please, tpRyit-te iz;! to leave a residue, ze;yit-te
tu;! to maintain, tae;yit-te S)uq! to burst, S)aeqyit-te
prSmEpd cur! to steal !tmanepada
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p caeryaim caeryav> caeryam> caerye caeryavhe caeryamhe
2nd p caeryis caeryw> caeryw caeryse caeryewe caeryXve
3rd p caeryit caeryt> caeryiNt caeryte caeryete caeryNte
Imperfect Tense
praSmEpd AaTmnepd
sg du Pl sg du Pl
1st P Acaerym! Acaeryav Acaeryam Acaerye Acaeryavih Acaerymih
2nd P Acaery> Acaerytm! Acaeryt Acaerywa> Acaeryewam! AcaeryXvm!
3rd P Acaeryt! Acaerytam! Acaeryn! Acaeryt Acaerytm! AcaeryNt
Exception
gu[! to invite, to multiply , gu[yit-te kuh! !. to surprise, kuhyte
g&h! !. to take hold, to seize g&hyte m&g! !. to seek, to hunt, m&gyte
k«p! to weak, k«pyit-te suo! to make happy, suoyit-te
k«p[! k«p]U to be able, kLpyit-te, 1st. P. kLpit Sp&h! to wish, Sp&hyit-te
3 The penultimate A of some roots becomes lengthened
]l! to wash, ]alyit-te nq! to dance, to speak, naqyit-te
gl! !. to flow, galyte -l! !. to describe, explain, -alyte
cn! to believe, canyit-te md! !. to please, to gratify, madyte
cl! to cherish, calyit-te ll! !. to desire, to seek, lalyte
ch! to cheat, to be wicked, cahyit-te vc! to speak, vacyit-te
}p! to know , }apyit-te vd! to inform, vadyit-te
Dd! to cover, Dadyit-te vj! to prepare the way, vajyit-te
fp! !. to accumulate, fapyte ìj! to clear the way, ìajyit-te
tf! to beat, tafyit-te zQ! !. to praise, zaQyte
tp! to heat, burn, tapyit-te sd!! to approach, sadyit-te
tl! to be full, complete, talyit-te sh! to endure, to be able, sahyit-te
4 The final vowel and penultimate short vowel of roots take v&iÏ
g& !. to know, garyte Cyu to endure, to laugh, Cyavyit-te
j¨14 !. to grow old jaryt/e, m&j! to wipe off, adorn, majRyit-te
x& to hold, xaryit-te mI to go, to move, mayyit-te
p¨ to fill, paryit-te yu to censure, yavyit-te
-U to be purified, -avyit-te lI 15
to melt, layyit-te
-U !. to obtain, -avyte v& to cover, varyit-te
P ]l! to wash ! j¨ to grow old
sg du pl sg du pl
1st p ]alyaim ]alyav> ]alyam> jarye jaryavhe jaryamhe
2nd p ]alyis ]alyw> ]alyw jaryse jaryewe jaryXve
3rd p ]alyit ]alyt> ]alyiNt jaryte jaryete jaryNte
14
j¨ 1.p. jrit/; 4.p. jIjRit ; 9. p j&[ait
15
lI1.p. lyit/; 4. p. to stick lIyit ; 9. p. lInait
5 Irregular verbs
k©t!(kIt!R) to celebrate, kItRyit-te
*àI to please; àI+n! +Ay, àI+[!+Ay+it=àI[yit,
xU to shake, to cause to tremble; xU+n!+Ay+it= xUnyit
* The roots xU and àI insert n! before the conjugational sign.
6 Sentences in tenthConjugation
1) jna> buÏan! pUjyiNt, People honor the Enlightened Ones.
2) n&p> caeran! d{fyit, The king punishes thieves.
3) nra> xnay Sp&hyiNt, People desire wealth.
4) bala> kwyiNt, Boys talk.
5) bux> xnat! yzs> maecyit,
The wise man sets free from fame.( yzs> abl. sg. of yzs! n. fame)
6) das> ]alyit, Servants washes.
7)du>oain pIfyiNt, Misery gives pain.
8) mnu:ya> jaryNt/e, Men grow old.
9) }an< suoyit, Wisdom makes happy.
10)AacayR> icNtyit, The teacher thinks.
11)Ah< mm puStk< m&gye, I seek my book.
12)mUoR> bux< yavyit, The fool censures the wise man.
13) duracar> sdacar< ghRyit, The wicked blames the righteousness.
14) AaraeGyay dI"RjIivtay c Sp&hyiNt, People long for health and longjivity.
15) pi{ft> puStkain rcyit, The learned arranges books.
16) kmlain pLvr< -U;yiNt, Lotuses adorn the pond.
17) pu{yjn> -Utain n pIfyit, Virtuous man does not oppress creatures.
18) gja> t&[ain -]yiNt, Elephants eat grasses.
19) yack> zaek< saNTvyit, The mendicant pacifies sorrow.
20)imÇe kwyt>, Two friends talk.
Excise 5
I. Conjugate the following roots:
1)cur! 2) tu;! 3) j¨ 4) suo! 5) yu 6) m&j! 7) tf! 8) àI
II. Translate the following verbs into English and write the root of them:
1)kwyt>, 2) ]alyXve, 3) rae;ye, 4) "ae;yse, 5) yavyt>, 6) zaQyte ,
7)jaryamhe, 8) yaejyav>, 9) lalyte, 10) layyit, 11) tae;yXve, 12) ðe;yt>,
13)pIfyw>, 14) rcyit, 15)varyewe, 16) majRyaim, 17) taelyiNt, 18) Sp&hw> ,
19)S)aeqav>, 20)Dadyam>, 11) }apyt>, 22) xaryNte, 23) garyw, 24) sadyam>,
25)caeryav:, 26)àwyav:, 27) g[yam:, 28 )àI[yit, 29) icNtyt:, 30) x;Ryw>,
31)talyXve, 32)tafyw, 33)xUnyaim, 34) caedyXve, 35) calyNte, 36) vjRyam>,
III. Translate the following verbs into Sanskrit
1) We wish. 2) They wipe off. 3) We (two) praise. 4) You proclaim.
5) You collect. 6) They surprise. 7) You (two) hold. 8) They accumulate.
9) He describes. 10) We (two) forgive. 11) They conceal. 12) You (two) cheat.
13) You collect. 14) We grow old. 15) He moves. 16) He makes happy.
17) We cover. 18) They set free. 19) They (two) beat. 20) We (two) seek.
21) They dance. 22) You (two) weigh. 23) You (two) seize. 24) You complete.
Lesson 6
ivsgRsiNx
According to a preceding and following letter, there is an effect of the visarga (-#)
(1) The preceding letter of the visarga is always a vowel
(2) The following letter of the visarga is either a vowel or a consonant
1) Dropping of Visarga
(1) The visarga, when preceded by ‘-a’ and followed by any vowel except ‘a-’, is
dropped: -a# +any vowel accept a-, drops -#
Ex. bal> #CDit= bal #CDit, A boy wishes.
nr> AagCDit= nr AagCDit, A man comes.
(2)The visarga preceded by ‘-1’ and followed by a vowel or a soft consonant, is
dropped: 1#+soft consonants and vowels drops #
Ex. nra> AqiNt=nra AqiNt, Men roam. nra> #CDiNt= nra #CDiNt,Men wish.
jna> gCDiNt=jna gCDiNt, People go. bala> xaviNt = bala xaviNt, Boys run.
(3) The visarga of ‘sa#’ and ‘esa#’ is dropped when followed by any letter except
‘a-’: sa# and esa# + any letter drop their #
Ex. s> kraeit = s kraeit, He does. @;> pZyit = @; pZyit, He sees.
s> Ah< = sae=hm!, @;> Anu-vit = @;ae=nu-vit, He experiences.
2) Changing of visarga
(1) When visarga is preceded by ‘-a’ and followed by a- or soft consonant, it is changed to ‘u’,
then ‘u’ with the preceding ‘-a’ becomes‘-o’
Ex. dev> r]it= devae r]it, The God protects.
n&p> jyit =n&pae jyit, A king conquers.
nr> gC/Dit=nrae gC/Dit, A man goes
(2) When a visarga preceded by ‘-a’ and followed by ‘a-’, or a soft consonant, it is changed to ‘-u’ ,
which, with the preceding ‘-a’ becomes ‘-o’ ; when ‘-e’ or ‘-o’ at the end of a word and followed
by ‘a-’, that a merges into the former, then avagraha(=) is put its place: a# + a- = -a u+a-=o+a- =o’-
Ex. xavt> AñaE = xavtae=ñaE, Two horses run.
gC/Dt> Aña E= gC/Dtae=ñaE, Two horses go
v&]> AiSt = v&]ae=iSt, There is a tree.
(3) Visarga preceded by any vowel except ‘-a’ or ‘-1,’ followed by a vowel or a soft consonant except
r is changed to ‘r’: i#, u#+ any soft consonant except r or any vowe =ir, ur + a soft consonant or a
vowel.
Ex. n&pit> jyit =n&pitr! jyit= n&pitjRyit, A king wins.
-anu> %dyit =-anur! %dyit = -anuédyit, The sun arises.
i-]u> i-]it =i-]ur! i-]it= i-]ui-R]it, A monk begs.
(4) Visarga preceded by ‘-1 followed by any vowel is changed to‘ y’ which is optionally dropped:
1#+any vowel = 1y+ any vowel
Ex. Aña> %TpiNt = AñayuTpiNt or Aña %TpiNt, Horses jumps or gallops.
(5) Visarga followed by c! , D!, q! , Q! ,t! or w! changes to z! , ;! or s! respectively:
Ex. jn> crit= jnírit, A man walks.
zÇu> crit= zÇuírit, An enemy goes.
k> DÇ>= kZDÇ>, Who is the pupil? (1.8 marks: 12 X 0.15)
manva> qIkNte=manva:qIkNte, Young men trip.
mUoR> qlit=mUoR:qlit, A fool is confused.
pQt> qIkm!=pQ:qIkm!, They(two) read a commentary.
puÇ> trit →puÇStrit , A son crosses.
Vyaº> taejit or VyaºStaejit, A tiger kills.
(6) Visarga followed by z! , ;! or s! is optionally changed to z! , ;! and s! respectively:
Ex. kiv> z<sit muinm! or kivZz<sit muinm!, A poet praises the sage.
k«:[a> ;f!pada> or k«:[a:;f!pada> , Bees are black.
ram> Smrit or ramSSmrit, R1ma remembers.
Aih> srit or AihSsrit , A snake moves.
3). Unchanging of visarga
(1) Visarga followed by k!, o! , p! , )! , is unchanged.
Ex. bala> ³IfiNt, Boys play. jn> onit, A man digs.
bal> ptit, A boy falls. muin> pZyit, A sage sees.
nr> p&CDit, A man asks. oadt> )lain, They(two) eat fruits
Exercise 6
1. Join the following sandhi
1 bal>+trit,The boy crosses. 2 k«:[> #CDit, K4=7a wishes.
3 nr>+gCDit, The man goes. 4 gaeivNd>+pQit, Govinda reads.
5 Añ>+%Tptit,The horse gallops. 6 mUF>+AiSm, I am a fool
7 n&p>+ r]it, The king protects. 8 ram>+AiSt AÇ, Here is R1ma.
9 xenu>+gCDit,The cow goes. 10 xenae>+duGxm! , cow milk.
11 zala+ANt>, inner hall 12 à-u>+#CDit, à-u>+[Link], [Link] Brahman.
13 hre>+Aa}a,The authority of Hari 14 me":+ isÂit,The cloud sprinkles.
15 %dix: ]u_yit,The ocean is agitated. 16 n&pit>+ yjit,The king worships.
II. Dissolve the following sandhi
1 kipéTptit, A monkey jumps. 2 gaeplírit, Gopala walks.
3 hirSSmrit, Hari remembers. 4 Ai¶dRhit, The fire burns.
5 Air: pIfyit,The enemy gives pain. 6 mUoR:qlit, The fool is confused.
7 kivZz<sit, The poet praises. 8 n&pitnRyit Kings lead.
9 xenuiStóit, A cow stands. 10 Ais> ptit, The sword falls.
11 munyZzaMyiNt, Sages are tranquil. 12 n&paeyjit, The king worships.
13 hirnRk…Pyit, Hari does not get angry. 14 Steníaeryit,A thief steals the corn.
15 caeraSSp&hyiNt, Thieves desire. 16 ramae=ñmaraehit,R1ma mounts the horse.
III. State and explain the rules of Visargasandhi of the following, with instances-
Under what circumstances is Visarga changed to Aae, r! , or z! , ;! , and s! and when it is dropped, and
when it is unchanged.
Declention
Personal Pronoun ‘ASmd! ’
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma(Non) Ah< Aava< vy<
iÖtIya(Acc) ma<,ma Aava<,naE ASman!,n:
t&&tIya(Ins) mya Aava_ya< ASmai-:
ctuwIR(Dat) mý<,me Aava_ya<,naE ASm_y<,n:
pÂmI(Abl) mt! Aava_ya< ASmt!
;òI(Gen) mm, me Aavyae:,naE ASmak<,n:
sÝmI(Loc) miy Aavyae: ASmasu
Personal Pronoun‘td! (that)’Masculine(s: he )
Case Sg Du Pl
Non s: taE te
Acc t< taE tan!
Ins ten ta_ya< tE>
Dat tSmE ta_ya< te_y>
Abl tSmat! ta_ya< te_y>
Gen tSy tyae> te;am!
Loc tiSmn! tyae> te;u
Personal Pronoun‘ td! (that)’Neuter(tt!= it )
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (Noninative) tt! te tain
iÖtIya (Accusativ) tt!te tain
Rest are like masculine
Personal Pronoun ‘ td! (that)’ Feminine(sa = she)
Case Sg Du Pl
Non sa te ta>
Acc tam! te ta>
Ins tya ta_ya< tai->
Dat tSyE ta_ya< ta-y>
Abl tSya> ta_ya< ta-y>
Gen tSya> tyae> tasam!
Loc tSya< tyae> tasu
Interrogative Pronoun‘ikm!(which,what?)’
Masculine(k: =who )
Case Sg Du Pl
Non k: kaE ke
Acc k< kaE kan!
Ins ken ka_ya< kE>
Dat kSmE ka_ya< ke_y>
Abl kSmat! ka_ya< ke_y>
Gen kSy kyae> ke;am!
Loc kiSmn! kyae> ke;u
Interrogative Pronoun‘ikm! (which, what?)’Nueter
Case Sg Du Pl
Non ik< ke kain
Acc ik< ke kain
Rest are like masculine
Interrogative Feminine(ka=who )
Case Sg Du Pl
Non ka ke ka>
Acc ka< ke ka>
Ins kya ka_ya< kai->
Dat kSyE ka_ya< ka_y>
Abl kSya> ka_ya< ka_y>
Gen kSya> kyae> kasa<
Loc kSya< kyae> kasu
Sanskrit Self Teacher:
Part I
Lesson 1
sg du pl
1st P Ah< vdaim Aava< vdav> vy< vdma>
2nd P Tv< vdis yuva< vdw> yUy< vdw
3rd P s> taE te
sa vdit te vdt> ta> vdiNt
tt! te tain
Translate the following sentences into English
Ah< pQaim= I read. Ah< pZyaim= I see. Ah< oadaim= I eat.
Tv< pQis = You read. Tv< pZyis= You see. Tv< oadis= You eat.
s> pQit= He reads. s> pZyit= He sees. s> oadit= He eats.
Ah< nmaim= I bow or salute. Ah< ipbaim= I drink Ah< traim= I cross.
Tv< nmis= You bow Tv< ipbis= You drink Tv< tris=You cross.
s> nmit=He bows s> ipbit=He drinks s> trit=He crosses.
Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit
I speak = Ah< vdaim, I carry = Ah< vhaim, I walk = Ah< craim,
You speak= Tv< vdis, You carry= Tv< vhis, You walk = Tv< cris,
He speaks= s> vdit, He carries= s> vhit , He walks = s> crit ,
I fall = Ah< ptaim, I remember= Ah< Smraim, I stand = Ah< it:Qaim,
You fall = Tv< ptis, You remember=Tv< Smris, You stand = Tv< it:Qis,
He falls = s> ptit , He remembers=s> Smrit , He stands = s> it:Qit ,
p.5 Lesson 2
Use the following words in sentences
tÇ =there kuÇ =where
AÇ =here svRÇ =everywhere
ikm! =what? why? kwm! =how?
yÇ =where, wherever
Tv< kuÇ pQis ? Where do you read?
s> AÇ pQit He reads here
s> yÇ pQit, tÇ Ah< pQaim Where he reads I read there.
Learn the following words by heart-
n= not, no nih = not, no ikm! =what? k>=Why? who?
Now you can form these sentences by the use of these words-
kae vdit? Who speaks?
s ik< vdit ? What does he speak?
s tÇ n vdit ik<? Does he not speak there? or why does he not speak there?
ik< Tv< tÇ oadis? Do you eat there? or What do you eat there?
nih,Ah< tÇ n oadaim, No, I do not eat there.
P. 5
Comprehend the following sentences:
Ah< tÇ n pZyaim, I do not see there.
Tv< tÇ ik< pZyis? Do you see there? or What do you see there?
s tÇ n gCDit, He dose not go there.
Tv< kuÇ gCDis ? Where do you go?
yÇ s gCDit tÇ Tv< ik< n gCDis?
Where he goes, why do you not go there?
Do you not go where he goes? Or why do you not go where he goes?)
yÇ yÇ s pZyit tÇ tÇ s gCDit,
Wherever he sees(knows), there he goes.(or He goes wherever he sees.)
p.6 Indeclinables
nEv= no, never sda =always
tda =then, at that time
c=and Aip = so, also
#danI<=now, at this time
kda =when, at what time, how
Comprehend the following sentences
s> sda pQit,
yda s pQit tda Tv< ik< n pQis?
#danI< Ah< tÇ n pZyaim,
kda s tÇ gCDit ?
Tv< tÇ pZyis vdis c,
Tv< Aip vdis
yda Tv< tÇ oadis,
tda Ah< AÇ nEv oadaim,
Lesson 3
P. 7
Translate English into Sanskrit
1. I read.
[Link] does not read.
[Link] does he read?
[Link] he reads, then do you read?
[Link] I go then you go.
1 ram> gCDit,
2 k«:[> vdit,
3 hiríNÔ> pQit,
4 saem> n oadit,
5 vayu> ik< n vhit ?
6 sUyR> #danI< n tpit,
P.7. Comprehend the following sentences
1 k«:[> n gCDit, k4=7a does not go.
2 vayu> sda vhit, The wind always blows.
vayuSsda vhit
3 hiríNÔ> ik< n pZyit, Why(or what) does Hari0candra not see?
4 yda saem> tÇ pQit, tda sUyR> n tpit, When Soma reads there, then the sun does not hot.
yda saemStÇ pQit, tda sUyaeR n tpit,
P.8
1 s ikmip n vdit,
2 Axuna Ah< pQaim,
3 A* k«:[> tÇ pQit,
4 kw< s ikmip n pQit?
P.8.
Comprehend the following sentences
1 ram #danI< tÇ gCDit, R1ma goes there now.
2 ïIk«:[> Axuna AÇ pQit, /r2k4=7a reads here now.
ïIk«:[ae=xuna
3 gaeiv<d> #danI< nEv gCDit, Govinda does not go now.
4 Tv< ikmip ik< n pQis? Why do you not read anything? Or why do you read nothing?
1 s kda pQit? When does he read?
7 Tv< ikmip ik< n oadis? Why do you not eat anything? Or why do you eat nothing?
8 ivñaimÇ> A* tÇ pQit,
Vi0vamitra reads there today.
9 yda s pQit tda Tv< kuÇ gCDis?
When he reads, then where do you go?
10 kw< s sda oadit?
How is it that, he eats always? Or how does he eat always?
11 yda s tÇ ikmip oadit, tda Tv< ikmip ik< n vdis/,
When he eats something there, then why do you not eat anything
(or why do you eat nothing?)
The ivsrgR of s> is dropped when it is followed by any letter except A
p.8
s vdit, s gCDit,
s tÇ gCDit, s AagCDit,
s %iÄóit,
p.9 Exercise 1
I. Use pronoun as subject-
I. Tv< (pQis ), You read.
2 She eats. sa oadit,
3. I see. Ah< pZyaim
II. Use of question pronouns-
Where does he read? kuÇ s pQit?
Who speaks? kae vdit? or ka vdit?
Who is she? ka sa ? or sa ka AiSt ?
III. Use of adverb-
Where he sees, there I go. yÇ s pZyit, tÇ Ah< gCDaim,
[1] I do not go (then) when you eat. yda Tv< oadis, tda Ah< n gCDaim,
[2] I do not see now. Ah< n pZyaim #danI<,
[3] No, I do not read now. nih, Ah< n pQaim Axuna,
P.10
Lesson 4
dev> = God
1 Nom. dev> = God 4 Dat. devay = For god
8 Voc. he dev = O god! 5 Abl. devat! = From god
2 Acc. dev< = To or towards God 6 Gen. devSy = Of god
3 Ins. deven = By god 7 Loc. deve = In god
‘A’ending masculine words= dev, k&:[, ram, xn<jy
Words ending in ‘A’- dev, sUyR , saem
Words ending in ‘Aa’- ivñpa, z<oXma
Words ending in ‘#’- hir, riv, kiv
Words ending in ‘$’- dasI, ïI
Words ending in ‘%’- iv:[u, -anu, gué
p.11
Masculine words ending in ‘A’
-Up> = a king v[R> = colour hSt>= a hand Aae:Q>= alip
nr> = a man k&:[> = black kr> = a hand g‘>= a cheek
pué;> = a man mnu:y>= a man pad>= a foot kez>= a hair
jn>= a person r-> = red SkNx>= a shoulder k[R>= an ear
zBd> = a word kNduk>= a ball dNt> = a tooth maedk>= sweet meat
You can use these words like dev
he pué;, Tv< tÇ gCDis ik<?
O man! do you go there? or why do you go there?
-Up> vdit-Upae vdit,
jn> pQit,
nr> gCDit nrae gCDit,
p.11. Translate sanskrit into English
1 he nr, Tv< AaeóSy v[<R pZyis ik<?
O man, do you see the colour of the lip?
2 -UpSy hSt>, A hand of the king
3 s zBd< vdit, He speaks a word.
4 mnu:ySy SkNxe kez>, The hair on the shoulder of the man
5 k«:[Sy v[R> k«:[>,The complexion of k4=7a is black.
6 nrSy pad< pZyaim,I see a foot of the man
7 ramSy g‘> r−>,The cheek of R1ma is red.
8 Ah< tSy nrSy pad< pZyaim,
I see a foot of that man.
9 tSy kre kNduk> r−> ,
The ball in his hand is red.
10 ramSy dNt>, The toot of R1ma
11 saemSy k[R>, An ear of Soma
12 -Up> maedk< oadit, The king eats a sweet meat.
Translate English into Sanskrit
1.A king’s hand.
2.A man’s word.
[Link]’s colour.
[Link] man does not go there
[Link] does Soma not go there?
[Link]=7a always goes there.
7. R1macandra’s foot.
8. A king’s tooth.
9. The king eats there.
10. A king sees a man.
11. I see the king.
p.12
Now use the verb, As! , -U , Aagm! , pt! in sentences:
s> tÇ n AiSt, He is not there
Ah< AÇ AiSm, I am here.
mnu:y> -Up> -vit, A man becomes a king.
Tv< -Up> -vis ik< ? Do you become a king
Ah< Aip -Up> -vaim, I also become a king
Tv< tÇ Ais ikm! ? Are you there?
Ah< n AagCDaim, I do not come.
ik< s tÇ n AagCDit ?
Why does he not come there?
Does he not come there?
yda s> ram> tÇ gCDit, tda Tv< tÇ AagCDis ikm! ?
When that R1ma goes there, then do you come there?
#danI< hiríNÔSy hStat! kNduk> ptit,
Now the ball falls from the hand of Ha0candra.
Tv< tÇ ptis ikm! ? Do you fall there?
Ah< tÇ ptaim,I fall there.
p.13.
Sanskrit Reading
1 Ah< #danI< pQaim,
2 s sda tÇ pZyit,
3 Tv< #danI< ik< oadis?
4 Ah< n ikmip oadaim,
5 ram> yÇ gCDit tÇ saem> sda AagCDit,
6 k> pué;> -Up< pZyit ?
7 kda Tv< tÇ gCDis ?
8 yda s nr> tÇ gCDit tda Tv< AÇ AagCDis,
9 ram> -Up> AiSt,
10 k«:[> #danI< ram< vdit,
11 saem> #danI< kuÇ AiSt?
12 yÇ ram> pZyit tÇ s pué;> naiSt,
13 yda Tv< AagCDis tda Ah< gCDaim,
14 Tv< ikmip ik< n vdis?
15 s ikmip #danI< n pQit,
16 ywa k«:[> pQit twa ram> Aip pQit,
p.13
Lesson 5
[Link]< gCDaim,
[Link]< A* tÇ n gCDaim,
[Link]< tÇ A* gCDis ikm! ?
[Link] Tv< AÇ AagCDis ikm! ?
[Link], Ah< A* tÇ n AagCDaim,
[Link]> kuÇ AiSt?
7.-Up> tÇ naiSt,
[Link] k> v[R>?
[Link] k«:[> v[R>,
[Link] k> v[R>?
[Link]óSy k> v[R>?
[Link] k> v[R>?
13.AÇ s pué;> AiSt ikm! ?
14. s> AÇ AiSt,
15. -Up> nr< pZyit ikm! ?
Neuter in gender A ending nouns
nyn< an eye neÇ< an eye
%dr< the belly no< the nail
llaq< the forehead paÇ< a vessel
sill< stream, water A<br< the sky
kml< a lotus vô< a piece of cloth
-U;[< an ornament ngr< a city
pÇ< a leaf, page vn< a forest
pu:p< a flower )l< a fruit
ùdy< a heart Öar< a door
g&h< a house
Nuter noun ending in ‘A’, ‘vn’ forest
Sg. Du. Pl.
àwma vn< vne vnain
iÖtIya vn< vne vnain
t&&tIya vnen vna_ya< vnE>
ctuwIR vnay vna_ya< vne_y>
pÂmI vnat! vna_ya< vne_y>
;òI vnSy vnyae> vnanam!
sÝmI vne vnyae> vne;u
s<baexn he vn< he vne he vnain
Neuter noun ending in ‘A’, ‘neÇ’ eye
Sg. Du Pl
àwma neÇ< neÇe neÇai[
iÖtIya neÇ< neÇe neÇai[
t&&tIya neÇe[ neÇa_ya< neÇE>
ctuwIR neÇay neÇa_ya< neÇe_y>
pÂmI neÇat! neÇa_ya< neÇe_y>
;òI neÇSy neÇyae> neÇa[am!
sÝmI neÇe neÇyae> neÇe;u
s<baexn he neÇ he neÇe he neÇai[
Feminine Noun ending in ‘Aa’, ‘rma’a god
Sigular Dual Plural
àwma rma rme rma>
iÖtIya rmam! rme rma>
t&&tIya rmaya rma_ya< rmai->
ctuwIR rmayE rma_ya< rma_y:
pÂmI rmaya> rma_ya< rma_y:
;òI rmaya> rmyae: rma[am!
sÝmI rmaya< rmyae: rmasu
s<baexn he rme he rme he rma>
In the same declention of rma - lata, sIta, AMba, Aka
p.15
Translate Sanskrit into English
1 s> ramSy nyn< pZyit,
2 ram> k«:[Sy vô< n pZyit,
3 devdÄ> -UpSy ngr< n gCDit,
4 saem> )l< oadit,
5 hiríÔSy -U;[< kuÇ AiSt ?
6 yÇ s pQit, tÇ ramcNÔSy puStk< AiSt ik<?
7 A<bre vayu> vhit,
8 s vne kmlSy pu:p< n pZyit,
9 vne ik< AiSt?
10 vne sill< AiSt
11 k«:[Sy paÇe jl< n AiSt,
12 paÇ< kuÇ AiSt?
13 paÇ< AÇ AiSt,
14 s ngrat! ngr< gCDit,
15 jle kml< AiSt,
16 AÇ sille kml< naiSt,
17 Öar< kuÇ AiSt?
18 g&hSy Öar< AÇ AiSt,
19 vne sill< naiSt,
Translate English into Sanskrit
[Link] is the door of the house.
[Link] is R1macandra’s cloth ?
[Link] is there not a lotus flower in water?
[Link] ornament of K4=7a is here.
[Link]’s book is not here.
[Link] is the city of the king?
[Link] comes from the city.
[Link] eats a fruit.
[Link] do you not eat a fruit?
Lesson 6
p.16. Adjectives
ñet white vacal talkative
pIt yellow vIr bold
hirt green xIr fearless, grave, firm
nIl blue biló strong
zuæ white ÿSv short
ANx blind nvIn new
bixr deaf pur[ old
zae-n good, nice xnaF( rich
dI"R long iv} learned
ivzal big, large kaeml soft, delicate
k«p[ miserable vdaNy liberal
%dar noble mUF foolish
p.16
Adjectives are put in the same forms as their nouns. Adjectives and nouns
should be agreed each other in gender, number and case.
ñet> Añ> a white horse
ñet< kml< a white lotus
ñeta JyaeTSna white moon-shine
Adjectives are used with neuter nouns
zae-n< vn<, a beautiful forest
ivzal< %dr<, a big belly
nvIn< kml<, a fresh lotus
pura[< vô<, an old cloth
zuæ< pu:p<, a white flower
nIl< A<br<, blue sky
r-< vô<, a red cloth
hirt< vn<, the green forest
pIt< pu:p<, a yellow flower
p.17
Adjectives are used with masculine nouns
zae-n> pué;> , a good man
ivzal> k[R> , a big ear
nvIn> balk>, a young boy
pura[> pué;>, an old man
zuæ> v[R> , a white colour
r-> v[R>, the red colour
hirt> v&]>, a green tree
biló> pué;>, a strong man
xIr> vIr>, a fearless hero
Adjectives are used with feminine nouns
zae-na mata, a good mother
nvIna puÇI, a young daughter
vacala ôI, a talkative woman
p.17
Reading the following sentences-
Zaae-nSy ngrSy ivzal< Öar<,
Big door of the beautiful city
iv}Sy pué;Sy %dar< ùdy< ,
Noble heart of the learned man
zae-ne jle ñet< kml<,
White lotus in nice water
ramcNÔSy nvIn< g&h< zae-n< AiSt,
The new house of R1macandra is beautiful.
Tv< #danI< ivzal< vn< gCDis ik< ?
Are you going to the big forest now?
Or Do you go to the big forest now?
nih, #danI< Ah< -UpSy zae-n< ngr< gCDaim,
No, now I am going to the beautiful city of the king.
Imperfect tense
P sg du pl ! sg du pl
1st P. Am! v m # vih mih
2nd P. s! tm! t was! #wam! Xvm!
3rd P. t! tam! An! t #tam! ANt
nI 1.P to lead Anyt!
Sm& 1.P to remember ASmrt!
jIv! 1.P to live AjIvt!
éc! 1. !. to please, to be liked Araect
vh! 1. U. to carry Avht!- t
sev! 1. !. to serve Asevht
Imperfect tense
Parasmaipada
A + Verbal Base(root+ con.s)+ Imperfect tense termination
bux! 1st P. !. to know
1st.p. sg. A + bux! + A +Am! , Abaex! + A +Am! , Abaex+ Am! = Abaexm!
1st p. du. Abaex+ v= Abaexav
2nd p. sg. Abaex+ s! = Abaexs! , Abaexr! Abaex>
3rd p. sg. Abaex+ t! = Abaext!
3rd p. pl. Abaex+ An! = Abaexn!
P sg du pl ! sg du pl
1st P. Abaexm! Abaexav Abaexam Abaexe Abaexavih Abaexamih
2nd P. Abaex> Abaextm! Abaext Abaexwa> Abaexewam! AbaexXvm!
3rd P. Abaext! Abaextam! Abaexn! Abaext Abaexetam! AbaexNt
As! [Link] be
1 Aasm! AaSv AaSm
2 AasI> AaStm! AaSt
3 AasIt! AaStam! Aasn!
ATmanepd
1 Aais AaSvih AaSmih
2 AaSwa> Aasawam! AaXvm!
3 AaSt Aasatam Aast
da 3.U to give
Sg. Du. Pl Sg. Du. Pl
1 Addam! AdÖ AdÒ Adid AdÖih AdÒih
2 Adda> AdÄm! AdÄ AdTwa> Addawam! Add!Xvm!
3 Addat! AdÄam! Addu> AdÄ AddaÄam! Addt
Add! + %s! ,
A reduplicated verb 3rdp. [Link] is %s!
vd! 1.U. to speak
1st P. Avdm! Avdav Avdam
2nd P. Avd> Avdtm! Avdt
3rd P. Avdt! Avdtam! Avdn!
!tmanepada
A+vh+t= Avht
He/she carried, brought near, traveled
1st P. Avhe Avhavih Avhamih
2nd P. Avhwa> Avhewatm! AvhXvm!
3rd P. Avht Avhetam! AvhNt
ivz! 1.U to enter
1st P. Aivzm! Aivzav Aivzam
2nd P. Aivz> Aivztm! Aivzt
3rd P. Aivzt! Aivztam! Aivzn!
Sentences of Imperfect tense
balk> ApQt! , The boy read
vys> pÇm! Ailot! ,
The friend wrote a letter.
Tv< An&Ty>, You danced.
Ah< guém! Anmm! , I saluted the teacher.
vy< imÇm! ASmram,We remembered the friend.
¢am< gCD, Go to the village
DaÇ>àî< p&CDtu , Let the student ask a question.
balk> liotu, Let the boy write.
Ah< gCDain, Let me go.
vy< gayam , Let us sing.
te vsNtu , Let them reside
àvezy,Aagtmitiwtm!, Let the guest who has come enter or
Lead the guest who has come.
Ah< pu:p< l-E, Let me get flower
Group ll
iÖtIy: g[: --
t&&tIy: g[: --
pÂm: g[: nu
sÝm: g[: n
Aòm: g[: %
nvm: g[: na
The bases of the root are divided into two sets in the second group of conjugational classes.
The base taking the strong termination is called ‘The strong base,’ and that taking the weak is
called ‘The weak one.’The singular numbers of all persons in the present tense Parasmaipada are
the strong terminations and the rest are weak.
Present tense
Parasmaipada Termination
P. sg du pl ! sg du pl
1st P im v: m: @ vhe mhe
2nd P is w: w se Aawe Xve
3rd P it t: AiNt te Aate Ate
Second Conjugation
äU 2.P. ! to speak
äU + P.T, äU+ $ + it
$ is added to äU before a strong termination beginning with a consonant.
äae+ $it, ä! Av!+$it, äv!+$it=ävIit
3rdP. pl äU+AiNt, äuv+
! AiNt=äuviNt
P Sg Du. Pl ! Sg Du. Pl
1st P ävIim äUv> äUm> äuve äUvhe äUmhe
2nd P ävIi;-AaTw äUw>-Aahwu> äUw äU;e äuvawe äUXve
3rd P ävIit-Aah äUt>-Aahtu> äuviNt-Aahu> äUte äuvate äuvte
Impefact Parasmaipada Impefact !tmanepada
Sg. Du. Pl Sg. Du. Pl
1st P Aävm! AäUv AäUm Aäuiv AäUvih AäUmih
2nd P AävI> AäUtm! AäUt Aäuiv AäUvih AäUmih
3rd P AävIt! AäUtam! Aäuvn! AäUt Aäuvatam! Aäuvt
Imperative parasmaipada Imperative !tmanepada
Sg. Du. Pl Sg. Du Pl
1st P ävai[ ävav ävam ävE ävavhE ävamhE
2nd P äUih äUtm! äUt äU:v äuvawam! äUXvm!
3rd P ävItu äUtam! äuvNtu äUtam! äuvatam! äuvtam!
As! 2. p. to be
Pressent Tense Parasmaipada Pressent Tense !tmanepada
Sg du pl Sg. Du. Pl
1st P AiSm Sv: Sm: he Svhe Smhe
2nd P Ais Sw: Sw se sawe Xve
3rd P AiSt St: siNt Ste sate ste
Imperfect Parasmaipada Imperfect !tmanepada
Sg du pl Sg. Du. Pl
1st P Aasm! AaSv AaSm Aais AaSvih AaSmih
2nd P AasI> AaStm! AaSt AaSwa> Aasawam! AaXvm!
3rd P AasIt! AaStam! Aasn! AaSt Aasatam! Aast
Imperative Parasmaipada Imperative !tmanepada
Sg du pl Sg. Du. Pl
1st P Asain Aasv Aasm @e / AsE AavhE / AsavhE AamhE /AsamhE
2nd P @ix Stm! St Sv Aawam! /sawam! Xvm!
3rd P AStu Stam! ANtu tam! / Stam! Aatam! / satam! Atam! / stam!
2nd P sg. As! + ih , s! + ih , @+ ih, @+ ix= @ix
A of As! is dropped and s! is changed to @ .
hu and roots ending in any consonant except a nasal or a semivowel substitute ix for
ih in the Imperative 2nd sg.
!. 2nd P pl. s! + Xvm! = Xvm!
s! is dropped before a termination beginning with x!
s! preceded by any vowel except A or Aa, h! or k! group letter is changed to ;!
hn! 2nd to kill
Sg Du Pl ! Sg Du Pl
1st P hiNm hNv: hNm: ¹e hNvhe hNmhe
2nd P h<is hw: hw hse ¹awe hXve
3rd P hiNt ht: ¹iNt hte ¹ate ¹te
prSmEpd As! 2.P. ! to be AaTmnepd
sg du pl sg du pl
1st P AiSm Sv: Sm: he * Svhe Smhe
2nd P Ais Sw: Sw se sawe Xve
3rd P AiSt St: siNt Ste sate ste
1st p. sg. As! + im= AiSm,
2nd P. sg As! + is=Ais, tasTyaelaepR>, taserSteí laep> SyaTsadaEàTyyepre,
s! of As! is dropped before termination with initial s!,
1st p. du. As! + v>= s! + v>=Sv>, The A of As! and of n! , the sign of the seventh class is dropped
before the weak terminations of the conjugational tenses. îsaer‘aep>.îSyaSteíakarSy laepSyat!
savRxatukie»it,
As! of AaTmnepd
1st p. sg. As! + @= s! + @= h! * + @=he, The A of As! is dropped, all termination being weak.
* s! of As! is changed to h! in the first person singular.
2nd P. sg. s! + se= s! + se= se, s! is dropped before termination with initial s! ,
2nd P. pl. s! +Xve = s!+ Xve =Xve , s! is dropped before termination beginning with x!,
3rd P. pl. s! +Ate =ste,
Ad! 2. p. to eat ivd! 2. p. to know
sg du pl sg du pl
1st P AiÒ AÖ: AÒ: veiÒ–ved * ivÖ:- ivÖ ivÒ:-ivÒ
2nd P AiTs ATw: ATw veiTs-veTw ivTw>- ivdwu> ivTw-ivd
3rd P AiÄ AÄ: AdiNt veiÄ - ved ivÄ>-ivdtu> ivdiNt-ivdu>
1st p. sg. Ad! + im= AiÒ
2nd P. sg Ad! + is= At!16 + is= AiTs,
A soft consonant followed by a hard consonant is changed to the first letter of its class.
ivd! to know
1st p. sg. ivd! + im= ved! + im= veiÒ ,
The # of ivd! takes gu[ substitution in all termination being strong.
* The present forms of ivd! are optionally made up by adding to it the terminations of perfect.
# 2nd p. to go nu 2nd p. to praise
sg du pl sg du pl
16
oirc, And when or! follows, there will be cr! in the place of Hl!,
1st P @im #v: #m: naEim nuv> num>
2nd P @is #w: #w naiE; nuw: nuw
3rd P @it #t: yiNt naEit nut> nuviNt
1st P. sg. # +im= @+ im=@im,
# takes gu[ substitute in strong base, i.e., all persons of singular number.
3rd P. pl. # +AiNt= y!+ AiNt= yiNt,
# is changed to y! before a weak termination with an initial vowel.
nu 2nd p. to praise
1st P. sg. nu + im= naE+ im=naEim,
% takes v&i˜ substitution in strong base, i.e., all persons of singular number.
3rd P. pl. nu +AiNt= nuv+
! AiNt=nuviNt,
% is changed to %v! before a weak termination with an initial vowel.
prSmEpd hn! 2. P. !. to kill AaTmnepd
sg du pl sg du pl
1st P hiNm hNv: hNm: ¹e hNvhe hNmhe
2nd P h<is hw: hw hse ¹awe hXve
3rd P hiNt ht: ¹iNt17 hte ¹ate ¹te
1st P. sg. hn! +im=hiNm,
2nd P. du. hn! +is=h<is,
The n! of hn! is changed to an AnuSvar when followed by z! , ;! , s! and h! which have no their nasal class.
2nd P. du. hn!+ w>= h+w>= hw>,
The n! of hn! is dropped when followed by weak termination beginning with a consonant.
1st P. du. hn! + v> = hv>,
The n! of hn! retains before a weak termination beginning with v! and m!,
3rd P. pl. hn! + AiNth! n! +AiNt
17
gmhnjnon"sa<laep>ik'!Tyni'. The penultimate A of gm! , hn,! jn! , on! and "s! is elided
before a weak termination beginning with a vowel; but not before Aorist affix A
The A of hn! is dropped a weak termination beginning with a vowel.
"!n! +AiNt=¹iNt, h! immediately followed by n! is changed to "! . "!+n! = ¹! ghn
hn! of AaTmnepd
1st P. sg. hn! +@ h! n! +@"! n! +@=¹e,
2nd P. sg. hn! + se h+se= hse,
The n! of hn! is dropped when followed by weak termination beginning with a consonant.
Imperative
P Sg. Du. Pl ! Sg. Du. Pl
1st P hnain hnav hnam hnE hnavhE hnamhE
2nd P * jih htm! ht hSv ¹awam! hXvm!
3rd P hNtu htam! ¹Ntu htam! ¹atam! ¹tam!
*j is substituted for hn! before ih in the 2nd.p. sg. of the Imperative
Imperfect
P Sg. Du. Pl ! Sg. Du. Pl
1st P Ahnm! AhNv AhNm Ai¹ hnavhE hnamhE
2nd P * Ahn! Ahtm! Aht Ahwa> A¹awam! AhXvm!
3rd P Ahn! Ahtam! A¹n! Aht A¹atam! A¹t
* When there are more consonants than one at the end of a word, the first is retained and
the others are dropped; as Ahn! +s! =AhNs! =Ahn!
Ad! 2nd P. to eat
Present P. Imperfact P.
sg du pl sg du pl
1st P AiÒ AÖ: AÒ: Aadm! AaÖ AaÒ
2nd P AiTs ATw: ATw Aad>* AaÄm! AaÄ
3rd P AiÄ AÄ: AdiNt Aadt! AaÄam! Aadn!
*The augment A is added to Ad! before conjugational termination consisting of a
single consonant; as Aad!+A=Aad, Aad>, Aadt!
Imperative
1st P Adain Adav Adam
2nd P *AiÏ AÄm! AÄ
3rd P AÄu AÄam! AdNtu
* There will be ix in the place of ih in Imperative 2nd sg when hu and roots ending
in any consonant except a nasal or a semivowel(jhal) are preceded.
vc! 2nd P. to speak Imperfect
Present sg du pl sg du pl
1st P viCm vCv: vCm: Avcm! AvCv AvCm
2nd P * vi] vKw: vKw Avk!-g! Av-m! Av-
3rd P vi- vKt: -- *** Avk!-g! Av-am! Avcn!
* k! group( letter) is substitude for c! group before Hl! or at the end of a word;
as vc! +is=vk!+is
vk!+is=vk!+i; = vi] **
** s! is preceded by any vowel except A or Aa or any semivowel, h or guttural is changed
to ;!
***A consonant except a nasal at the end of a word is changed to the first or third of its
class.
Imperative
1st P vcain vcav vcam
2nd P viGx v-m! v-
3rd P v-u v-am! vcNtu
vs! 2nd ! to dress, clothe, cover
1st P vse vSvhe vSmhe
2nd P vSse vsawe vXve
3rd P vSte vsate vste
t&&tIy: g[:(juhaeTyid)
Reduplication of the root + Personal Termination
da 3.P.!.
P Sg. Du. Pl
1st P ddaim dÖ> dÒ>
2nd P ddais dTw> dTw
3rd P ddait dÄ> ddit
3rd P sg. da da + P. T, d da + it = ddait
The first member of the reduplicated root is called A_yas and the second one is
called the reduplicated syllable. The long vowel of the A_yas becomes shortended.
1st P. du. d da + v> , d d! Aa + v>= dÖ>
Aa of the reduplicated syllable is dropped before a weak termination.
3rd P. pl. d d! + AiNt, d d! + Ait
n! of AiNt and ANte is dropped.
! Sg. Du. Pl
1 dde dÖhe dÒhe
2 dTse ddawe dd!Xve
3 dÄe ddate ddte
Imperfect Prasmaipada Imperfect
Sg. Du. Pl Sg. Du. Pl
1 Addam! AdÖ AdÒ Adid AdÖih AdÒih
2 Adda> AdÄm! AdÄ AdTwa> Addawam! Add!Xvm!
3 Addat! AdÄam! Addu> AdÄ AddaÄam! Addt
xa 3. U. to put, set, do, hold, keep
xa xax xad xa
P Sg. Du. Pl
1 dxaim dXv> dXm>
2 dxais dxIw>/dixw> dxIw/dixw>
3 dxait dxIt>/dixt> dxit
! Sg. Du. Pl
1 dxe dXvhe dXmhe
2 dxse dxawe dd!Xve
3 dxte dxate dxte
ha 3.P. to abandon
Sg. Du. Pl
1 jhaim jhIv>/ jihv> jhIm>/ jihm>
2 jhais jhIw>/ jihw> jhIw/ jihw
3 jhait jhIt>/ jiht> jhit
ha ha + P. T
h ha + P. T
H ha + P. T
There will be c group letter in the place of k group and h of A_yas
j ha + it= jhait
The 4th letter of the abhy1sa is changed to its 3rd and the 2nd letter of the abhy1sa is
changed into its first.
j ha + v>
j hI + v> = jhIv> or jihv>
# or #R is optionally substituted for Aa before a weak termination beginning with
a consonant.
hu 3.P. to sacrifice, to eat, to satisfy
Sg. Du. Pl
1 juhaeim juhuv> juhum>
2 juhaei; juhuw> juhuw
3 juhaeit juhut> juþit
huu hu + P. T
Hu hu + P. T
ju hu + P. T
ju hae + it= juhaeit
Before strong terminations the penultimate short vowel and the final vowel of roots, short
or long take their gu7a substitute.
ju hae + is
ju hae + i;= juhaei;
s! Preceded by any vowel except A and k! group is changed into ;!
ju hu + AiNt
ju h!v! + Ait= juþit
The vowels #, %, \ and l& short or long followed by dissimilar vowel are changed
to y! , v! , r! and l! respectively
-I 3. P. to fear, to scare, to be afraid of
-I -I +P.T
i- -I +P.T
ib -I +P.T
ib -e + it= ib-eit
3rd. pl. ib -I +Ait
ib -! y! + Ait =ib_yit
Sg. Du. Pl
1 ib-eim ib-Iv>/ibi-v> ib-Im>/ ibi-m>
2 ib-ei; ib-Iw>/ibi-w> ib-Iw/ ibi-w/
3 ib-eit ib-It>/ ibi-t> ib_yit
5th conjugation: Conjugational sign is ‘nu’
ic 5.P.!. to collect
3rdp. Sg. ic+nu +it, icnu + it, (a) icnae+ it= icnaeit
% of nu becomes Aae before the strong base termination(im,is,and it).
2nd p. Sg. icnae+ is= icnaeis icnaei;
1st p. Sg. icnae+ im= icnaeim
1stp. Du. icnu + v> = icnuv>/ icNv>/
% of nu is optionally dropped before v! and m! , it is not preceded by a conjunct consonant.
1st p. Pl. icnu + m> = icnum>/ icNm>/
2ndp. Du. icnu + w> = icnuw>
3rd p. Pl. icnu + AiNt, icn!v!+ AiNt= icNviNt
% of root ‘hu’ and the conjugational sign ‘nu’, not preceded by a conjunct consonant, is changed to v! ,
when followed by a weak termination beginning with a vowel.
Parasmaipada Present Tense
sg du pl ! sg du pl
1st P. icnaeim icnuv:/icNv: icnum:/icNm: icNve icnuvhe/icNvhe icnumhe /icNmhe
2nd P. icnaei; icnuw: icnuw icnu;e icNvawe icnuXve
3rd P. icnaeit icnut: icNviNt icnute icNvate icNvte
Aap! 5. P. to obtain, to achieve
3rd p.
Sg. Aap! +nu +it, AaPnu + it, AaPnae+ it= AaPnaeit/ or Aaßaeit
1stp. Du. Aaßu + v> =Aaßuuv>/
3rd p. Pl. Aaßu + AiNt = * Aaßuv+
! AiNt= AaßuviNt
* % of nu preceded by a conjunct consonant, and followed by a weak termination beginning with a vowel
is changed to %v!
sg du pl
1st P. Aaßaeim Aaßuv: Aaßum:
2nd P. Aaßaei; Aaßuw: Aaßuw
3rd P. Aaßaeit Aaßut: AaßuviNt
7th conjugation: Conjugational sign is ‘ n ’
yuj! 7.P. !. to join
yuj! + n +P.T, yunj! + P.T
In the seventh conjugation ivkr[ ‘n’ is inserted between the radical vowel and the final consonant.
3rdp. Sg. yunj!+ it , yuung! + it
cvgR followed by Hl!(non semivowel,non nasal) or coming at the end of a pada is changed to kvgR
yuunk! +it=yuuni-
A soft consonant followed by a hard consonant is changed to the first letter of its class.
2nd p. Sg. yuunk! + is, yuunk! + i; =yuuni]
s! preceded by any vowel except A or Aa, h! or k! group letter is Changed to ;!
1st p. Sg. yunj! + im=yuniJm
[Link]. yunj! + v>/ =yuÁJv>/, yun!j! + v>/
A of As! and A of n in seventh conjugational sign is dropped before weak termination of conjugational
tenses.
yuÁj! + v>/=yuÁJv>
An anusv1ra or n! is changed to the nasal group to which the following consonant belongs.
1st p. Pl. yuÁj! + m> = yuÁJm>
2nd p. Du. yun!j! + w>, yuNg! + w>, yuNk!+ w>, yu'!k+
! w> = yu'!Kw>
3rd p. Pl. yuÁj! + AiNt = yuÁjiNt
Parasmaipada Present Tense !tmanepada
sg du pl sg du pl
1st P. yuniJm yuÁJv> yuÁJm> yuÁje yuÁJvhe yuÁJmhe
2nd P. yuuni] yu'!Kw> yu'!Kw yu'!]e yuÁjawe yu¼!Xve
3rd P. yuni- yu'!Kt>// /yu'!-> yuÁjiNt yu'!te yuÁjate/ yuÁjte
éx! 7.P. !. to obstruct
éx! + n + P.T, énx! + P.T
3rd p.
sg. énx! + it, é[x! + it, é[x! + ix
The initial t! and w! of termination preceded by the fourth letter of its class are changed to x!
é[d! + ix = é[iÏ
Any consonant except a nasal or a semivowel is changed to the third of its class when followed by the
third or the fourth letter.
1st p. du. én!x! + v>/ = éNXv>/
Parasmaipada Present Tense !tmanepada
sg du pl sg du pl
1st P. é[iXm éNXv>/ éNXm>/ éNxe éNXvhe éNXmhe
2nd P. é[iTs éNÏ> éNÏ éNTse éNxawe éNd!Xve
3rd P. é[iÏ éNÏ> éNxiNt éNÏe éNxate éNxte
Eighth Conjugation
Formation : Root + % + P.T
k« 8. P. ! to do
3rd. p. sg k« + %, kr!+ %, kr!+ Aae + it= kraeit
k« is chainged into kr! before the strong base terminations.
kr!+ %+it= kraeit, ké + it, krae + it= kraeit
Before strong terminations the penultimate short vowel takes gu7a substitute.
2nd.p. sg. krae + is, krae + i; = kraei;
s! preceded by any vowel except A or Aa, h! or k! group letter, is Changed to ;!
Ist.p. sg. krae + im = kraeim
Ist.p. du k« + % + v>, kr! + % + v>, kur! + (%) + v> = kuvR>
The conjugational sign ‘%’ is necessarily dropped before v! and m!
3rd p. pl. kur! + %+AiNt, kué+ AiNt, kur! v! + AiNt = kuvRiNt
When #, %, \ , and l&, short or long are followed by a dissimilar vowel, they are changed to
y! , v! , r! , and l! respectively
Parasmaipada Present Tense !tmanepada
sg du pl sg du pl
1st P kraeim kuvR> kumR> kuveR kuvRhe kumRhe
2nd P kraei; kuéw: kuéw kué;e kuvaRwe kuvRXve
3rd P kraeit kuét: kuvRiNt kuéte kuvaRte kuvRte
If r! is preceded by a vowel and follows by a consonant, it is written as the sign ‘ R ’ and put on the top
horizontal bar of the right letter
!tmanepada
Ist p. sg. k« + % + @ , kur! + % + @ ,
Before the weak terminations the A of kr! is changed to ‘%’; in other word k« is chainged into kur!
before the conjugational weak terminations.
kué+ @ , kur! v! + @ = kuveR
When #, %, \ , and l&, short or long are followed by a dissimilar vowel, they are changed to
y! , v! , r! , and l! respectively
tn! 8. P. ! to spread, extend
P. sg du pl !. sg du pl
1st P. tnaeim tnuv>/tNv> tnum>/ tNm> tNve tnuvhe/ tNvhe tnumhe/tNmhe
2nd P. tnaei; tnuw: tnuw tnu;e tNvawe tnuXve
3rd P. tnaeit tnut: tNviNt tnute tNvate tNvte
9th Conjugation
Root + na + P.T
³I 9.P.! to buy
1st P. sg. ³I + na + im, ³I + [a + im =³I[aim
1st P. du. ³I + [a + v>, ³I + [I + v> =³I[Iv>
Present tense !tmanepada
Sg Du Pl Sg Du Pl
1st P. ³I[aim ³I[Iv: ³I[Im: ³I[e ³I[Ivhe ³I[Imhe
2nd P. ³I[ais ³I[Iw: ³I[Iw ³I[I;e ³I[awe ³I[IXve
3rd P. ³I[ait ³I[It: ³I[iNt ³I[Ite ³I[ate ³I[te
Neuter noun ‘Ahn!’ ending in ‘n!’, day
Sigular Dual Plural
àwma Ah> AûI-AhnI Ahain
iÖtIya Ah> AûI-AhnI Ahain
t&&tIya Aûa Ahae_ya< Ahaei->
ctuwIR Aûe Ahae_ya< Ahae_y>
pÂmI Aû> Ahae_ya< Ahae_y>
;òI Aû> Aûae> Aûan<
sÝmI Aiû-Ahin Aûae> AhSsu
s<baexn he Ah> he AûI-he Ahin he Ahain
Lesson 7
p.18
@v, @va adv, and, also, so, even so, just, exactly
sh with oaidt eaten
sak< with k«t done
àit towards gt gone
dÄ given sTvr< quickly
%- spoken ten by him
skazat! from the presence(of, gen)
Now the use of these words
Ah< mm g&h< #danI< @v gCDaim, I just now go to my house.
Tv< AagCDis ik<? Do you come?
s pué;> ma< vdit, That man speaks to me.
mya sh s pué;> AagCDit, That man comes with me.
s mm skazat! sTvr< gt>,
He went away from presence of me( or from my presence) quickly
mya ramay )l< dÄ<, A fruit has been given to R1ma by me.
mya %-<, It has been spoken by me.
mya #danI< @v k«tm!, It has been done by me just now.
mya sak< s n gCDit, He dose not go with me.
mt! tt! paÇ< ptit, That vessel falls from me,
miy ten ivñas> k«t>, He believed in me or confidence in me has been made by
him.
ten paQ> piQt>, He studied the lesson.
The lesson has been studied by him
ik< Tv< mm g&h< àit #danI< @v sTvr< n AagCDis??
Why do you not come to my house now quickly?
ten maedk> oaidt>, He ate sweet meat.
(The sweet meat has been eaten by him)
Ah< (puStk<)pQaim,
Ah< ( maedk<) oadaim,
s ( sUyR< ) pZyit,
( k«:[> ) pQit,
( k«:[en ) piQt<,
( ->) oaidt>,
Aaxuna (sevken) sh gCDit,
p.20
Give forms of different cases
k«:[ay, jle, smuÔat! , saem, v&], manv, hSt, k[R
Use of some Indeclinable (AVyy) or adverbs
sak< and sh-with, it used with Instrumental case of the noun or pronoun.
Gaeiv<den or GaeivNden sh with govinda
Tvya sak< or Tvya sh with you
mya sak< or mya sh with me
àit-towards, it is used with accusative case of the noun or pronoun.
g&h< àit towards the house
#Rz< àit towards izv
iv*aly< àit towards the school
àxaniv*aly< àit towards the college
ivñiv*aly< àit towards the university
@v-only, it is used any case of the noun or pronoun.
ipta @v only father
mata @v only mother
@k @vaepayae=iSt, there is only one means
ivñaimÇe[ sh or ivñaimÇe[ sak< , with vi0vamitra
mya sak< or mya sh with me
vn< àit towards the forest
mm zkzat! From my presence
p.21
Lesson 8
Translate English into Sanskrit
1. I do not go now. Axuna Ah< n gCDaim,
2. You come with me.
Tv< mya sh AagCDis,
3. Why does he not come with me?
s mya n AagCDit ik< ?
4. Where is my book?
kuÇ mm puStk< AiSt ?
5. Where my house is, there you go now.
yÇ mm g&h< AiSt, tÇ Tv< gCDis Axuna,
6. I go to my house.
Ah< mm g&h< gCDaim,
[Link] do you not come with him?
Tv< ten n AagCDis ik< ?
8. He comes. s AagCDit,
9. I go quickly. Ah< gCDaim zIº<,
p.21 Translate Sanskrit into English
1.s mya sh tÇ n gCDit, pr<tu Tvya sh pQit,
He dose not go there with me, but reads with you.
2. Tviy #Rñr> AiSt, The god is(or exists) in you.
3. s> Tva< vdit, He speaks to you.
4. tv g&h< zae-n< AiSt, Your house is beautiful.
[Link] tu_y< xn< dÄ<, The wealth has been given to you by me
[Link]! mm pÇ< sille ptit, My letter falls in water from you.
[Link]< vIr> pué;> Ais, You are a brave man.
p.22
Remember the following words
yid [Link] @v< [Link], in the same way,
naecet! ind. if not, otherwise
tihR ind. in this way, in this manner, so, then
yu-, joined,united,yoked;fited out, arranged:
[Link] yuni-, yu»e(yuj+
! na); yu-< [Link],
justly,well; yu->, yu-a proper, right
sTy< [Link]. true; sTymev truth itself,
Svy< or Svymev, the mind itsef:
yid Tv< tÇ n AagCDis,
tihR Ah< AÇ @v AagCDaim,
If you do not come there, then I come here itself.
Tv< pQis naecet! Ah< pQaim,
You read if not, I read; if you do not read I read.
Ah< sTy< vdaim, I tell the truth.
Tv< yu-< vdis, You tell the proper(thing).
s n sTy< vdit, He does not tell the truth.
kw< Tv< @v< vdis? How do you speak so?
yid Tv< tÇ n gCDis, tihR Ah< gCDaim,
If you do not go there, then I go.
Tvya yu-< n %-<, It has not been spoken by you properly.
s #danI< sTy< n vdit,
He does not speak truth now.
s svRda @v sTy< vdit,
He always speaks only truth.
p.22
Translate English into Sanskrit
1. Where are you going?
Tv< kuÇ gCDis ?
2. Where is he now?
s kuÇ AiSt #danI<?
3. The king is in the city.
-Utae ngre AiSt,
4. You are at your house.
Tv< tv g&he Ais,
5. I am in your house.
Ah< tv g&he AiSm,
6. You are not in my house.
Tv< mm g&he n Ais,
[Link] you are reading in my house.
Tv< #danI< mm g&he pQis,
[Link] speak good words.
Tv< zae-nain vcnain vdis,
[Link] is not telling the truth now.
s #danI< sTy< n vdit,
[Link] are not telling the truth now.
Tv< #danI< sTy< n vdis,
[Link] do you not speak the proper (thing) always?
Tv< svRda yu-< n vdis ik<?
[Link] does not come where you go.
yÇ Tv< gCDis tÇ s n AagCDit,
13. I go now quickly.
Ah< #danI< sTvr< gCDaim
14. He is not at home.
s g&he naiSt,
15. He is not at home itself.
s g&he @v naiSt,
p.23. Lesson 9
Use the Interrogative ‘ k> ’
k> s pué;> AiSt ?
What man is he? Who is that man?
Tv< k< pué;< pZyis?
Which man do you see?
tu_y< ken nre[ xn< dÄ<?
To what man did you give wealth?
By what man wealth has been given to you?
kSmE jnay Tvya vô< dÄ<?
To what man did you give the clothes?
To what man the clothes has been given by you?
kSmat! ngrat! Tv< #danI< Aagt>?
From what city have you come now?
kSy g&he s #danI< AiSt?
In whose house is he now?
kiSmn! ngre jl< naiSt?
In what city is there no water?
p.24.
yda Tv< ilois tda s tÇ xavit,
When you write, then he runs there.
yda s g&he itóit tda Ah< puStk< n pQaim,
When he stands in the house,
then I do not read the book.
yda s xavit, tda s )l< n oadit,
When he runs, then he dose not eat a fruit.
yda Tv< pcis tda Ah< iloaim,
When you cook, then I write.
Tv< ikmip ik< n ilois,
Why do you not write anything?
Or why do you write nothing?
Translate English into Sanskrit?
When you speak, then why does he cook?
yda Tv< vdis, tda s pcit ik<?
Why does that man run today?
s pué;> A* xavit ik<?
When you eat a fruit, then he writes a letter.
yda Tv< )l< oadis tda s pÇ< iloit,
Why are you standing here?
Tv< AÇ itóis ik<?
Why do you not write a letter to him?
Tv< tSmE pÇ< n ilois ik<?
p.24.
Now you can understand the following sentences-
Tv< #danI< ik< pZyis?
What do you see now?
s Axuna kuÇ gt>?
Where has he gone now?
ram> #danI< tÇ naiSt ik<?
Is R1ma not there now?
Ah< ngrat! #danI< @v Aagt>,
I have come from the city just now.
Ah< zIº< puStk< pQaim,
I read a book quickly.
Tv< #danI< mm puStk< pZyis,
You see my book now.
P.25.
yda Tv< tÇ gCDis tda s kuÇ -vit?
When you go there, then where is he?
yid Tv< )l< n oadis tihR Ah< n oadaim,
If you do not eat the fruit, then I do not eat.
Axuna s pÇ< iloit,
Now he writes a letter.
s puStken sh AÇ AagCDit,
He comes here with a book.
Tv< rame[ sh AÇ AagCDis ik<?
Do you come here with R1ma?
kw< s tÇ n gCDit?
How does he not go there?
tv g&h< AÇ AiSt Here is your house.
mm g&h< tv g&hSy smIpe @v AiSt,
My house is just in the presence of your house.
Tv< #danI< sUyR< pZyis
You see the sun now
sUyR> kuÇ AiSt? sUyR> Aakase AiSt,
Where is the sun?
The sun is in the sky.
Axuna ram> kuÇ gt>?
Now where has R1ma gone?
ram> #danI< Svg&he gt>,
R1ma now has gone (entered) in his own house.
yÇ s gt> tÇ Tv< ik< n gCDis?
Where he has gone, why do you not go there?
Ah< tÇ gCDaim, pr<tu s n gCDit,
I go there, but he does not go.
The end of Lesson 9. P. 25**
p.25
Lesson 10
#Rñr> svR-Utana< ùÎeze=juRn itóit,
æamyNsvR-Utain yNÇaêFain mayya.61.
O Ajuna, @0vara resides in the heart of all
beings,he caused to revolve all beings by
(his) m1y1 (as if) mounted on machine.
tmev zr[< gCD svR-aven -art,
tTàsadaTpra< zaiNt< Swan< àaPSyis zañtm!/.62.
Take refuge in him with all your heart, by his grace you shall attain the supreme peace and
the eternal abode.
æm! causal æamyit-te, to cause to move, roll
P.26.
ùÎeze $ñr> itóit,
God($ñr) exists in the heart.
ùdye $z> AiSt,
Lord ($z or izv) exists in the heart.
t< zr[< gCD,
Take refuge in him(Go to him as a shelter).
$z< zr[< gCD, Take refuge in the lord.
svR-aven t< zr[< gCD,
Take refuge in him with all your heart.
$ñr< zr[< gCD , Take refuge in $ñr
pra< zaiNt< àaPSyis,You shall obtain supreme peace.
zañt< Swan< àaPSyis,
You shall obtain the eternal abode.
yid zr[< gCDis tihR zaiNt< àaPSyis,
If you take refuge, then you shall obtain peace.
yuÏdeze AjuRn> itóit,
Arjuna stands in a battle field.
rwe ïIk«;[> itóit,/rik4=7a stands in a chariot.
ngre -Up> itóit, A king stands in a city
Öardeze nr> itóit, A man stands at a door.
-Up< zr[< gCD, Take refuge in king.
nr< zr[< n gCD , Don’t take refuge in man.
zae-n< puStk< àaPSyis,
You shall obtain a good book.
ivpul< xn< àaPSyis,
You shall obtain much wealth.
g&he xn< -vit, Wealth is in the house.
p.27
s<Sk«t-vaKyain
$ñr> kuÇ AiSt? Where is God($ñr)?
$ñr> ùÎeze itóit, $ñr resides in the heart.
mnu:ySy ùdyàdeze $;>AiSt ,
$; is in the heart of humanbeing.
mm ùdydeze $ñr> AiSt ik<?
Is $ñr in my heart?
tv ùdye $ñrae=iSt @v,
$ñr is in your heart only.
Ah< t< $ñr< svR-aven zr[< gCDaim,
I take refuge in that I0vara with all my heart.
Tv< t< $ñr< svR-aven zr[< gCD,
Take refuge in that I0vara with all your heart.
tTàsaden Tv< pra< zaiNt< àaPSyis,
twa zañt< Swan< àaPSyis
You will obtain the supream peace by that favour as well as you will get the eternal abode.
yda Tv< ilois tda s tÇ xavit,
When you write, then he runs there.
yda s g&he itóit tda Ah< puStk< n pQaim,
When he stands in the house,
then I do not read the book.
yda s xavit tda )l< oadit,
When he runs, then he eats a fruit.
yda Tv< pcis tda Ah< iloaim,
When you cook, then I write.
s pué;> #danI< xavit,
That man runs now.
s vIr> pué;> kda AÇ Aagt>?
When has that brave man come here?
Tv< ikmip ik< n ilois?
Why do you write nothing?
s ik< AÇ itóit?
Does he stand here? Or why does he stand here?
k> mnu:y> #danI< gCDit?
What man goes now?
s mnu:y> #danI< ik< pQit?
Does that man read now?
yda s AÇ oadit tda Tv< ik< kraei;?
When he eats here, then what do you do?
ywa balk> xavit twa Tv< Aip xavis ik<?
As the boy runs, do you run too?
kda Tv< A* mm g&h< Aagim:yis?
Today, when will you come to my house?
tÇ @v Tv< gCD yÇ s pué;> AiSt,
Just go there where that man is.
tSy kUpSy @v jl< AÇ Aany,
Bring only the water of that well here.
yda Tv< gCDis tda s> AagCDit,
When you go, then he comes.
**The end of Lesson 10 p. 27**
p.28
Exercise 3
(1) Use of adjectives with nouns of different genders-
r-> v[R>= r-ae v[R> red colour
zae-n< jl<, good water, clean water
mxura zkRra, sweet brown sugar
Nouns-
g<ga or g¼a the ganges(rive), v&]> a tree,
pu:p< a flower,gaepal> or gaepalk> [Link];
gaep> m. cowherd, guardian
kml< nt. a lotus,
sIta [Link] of a person, the wife of R1ma
Adjectives
zuæ, beautiful, shining, white, pure,
dI"R, long pivÇ, purifying, sinless
kaeml, soft, hirt, green
Past Passive Participles-
oaidt, dÄ, Aagt,
dI"aR g¼a hirt> v&]>
zuæ< pu:p< kaeml< pu:p<;
gaepal> Aagt> )l< oaidt<
kaeml< kml< , zuæ< kml<
pivÇa sIta, pu:p< dÄ<
(2) Fill in the blanks
Example-
(…))l< ptit=(v&]at!) )l< ptit,
a fruit falls from a tree
1 ndI vhit (pvRt)=ndI (pvRt<) vhit,
The river bears the mountain
2 Ah< pQaim (paQ)= Ah< (paQ<) pQaim
I study a lesson, I read a text
3(ramSy) g&h< kuÇ AiSt?
Where is R1ma’s house?
Write proper forms of the words given in the brackets
(3) Answer in Sanskrit
Ex) ikmwR< Tv< pQis ?
For what purpose do you read?
}anawR< Ah< pQaim, I read for knowledge.
kSmat! )l< ptit? From what does a fruit fall?
)l< v&]at! ptit, A fruit falls from a tree.
kI†zI zkRra -vit?
What sort of a thing is brown sugar?
What is brown suger like ?
mxura zkRra -vit Brown suger is sweet.
kasare ik< AiSt?(jl or kml<)
What is in the lake?(water or lotus)
kasare jl< or kml< AiSt,
There is water or lotus is in the lake.
Translate into English
1. ram> ma< vdit, R1ma speaks to me.
2 mm hSte puStk< AiSt,
The book is in my hand.
3 k«:[> vsudevSy puÇ>,
k4=7a is a son of Vasudeva.
4 nmaim Ah< prmeñray,
I salute to supreme @0vara.
5 AÇ AiSt tv mata,
Your mother is here.
6 Añ> rw< vhit ,
A horse draws the chariot.
7 gaeivNden yu-< kiwtm!,
The proper(thing) has been talked by Govinda.
8 kda Tv< pQis kuÇ c?
When and where do you study?
The end of Exercise P.28
Out of Text
Future Tense
Root(in gu7ated form) + Sy or #:y + P.T
Parasmaipada Future Tense
sg du pl
1st P. Syaim Syav> Syam>
2nd P. Syis Syw> Syw
3rd P. Syit Syt> SyiNt
!tmnepada
1st P. Sye Syavhe Syamhe
2nd P. Syse Syewe SyXve
3rd P. Syte Syete SyNte
ij+ Sy + it, je + Sy+ it,
je+:y+it=je:yit, He will conquer
1st P. je:yaim je:yav> je:yam>
2nd P. je:yis je:yw> je:yw
3rd P. je:yit je:yt> je:yiNt
àAp! p.5th to obtain
à+Ap! + Sy, àap! + Sy= àaPSyit,
He shall obtain
1st P. àaPSyaim àaPSyav> àaPSyam>
2nd P. àaPSyis àaPSyw> àaPSyw
3rd P. àaPSyit àaPSyt> àaPSyiNt
pc! p.1st. to cook
pc!+ Sy, pk!+ Sy,pk!+:y+it=púyit
sg du pl
1st P. púyaim púyav> púyam>
2nd P. púyis púyw> púyw
3rd P. púyit púyt> púyiNt
Tyj!+ Sy, Tyg! +Sy+it =Tyúyit
Tyk!+Sy, Tyk!+:y+it =Tyúyit,
He will abandon
-U p.1st. to be
-U+ #:y, -ae+ #:y, -v!+#:y+it =-iv:yit,
1st P. -iv:yaim -iv:yav> -iv:yam>
2nd P. -ivSyis -iv:yw> -iv:yw
3rd P. -iv:yit -iv:yt> -iv:yiNt
!tmnepada Future Tense
l-! !.1st. to obtain
l-!+ #:y=li-:yit
1st P. li-:ye li-:yavhe li-:yamhe
2nd P. li-:yse li-:yewe li-:yXve
3rd P. li-:yte li-:yete li-:yNte
gm! p.1st. to go
gm! + #:y=gim:yit
1st P. gim:yaim gim:yav> gim:yam>
2nd P. gim:yis gim:yw> gim:yw
3rd P. gim:yit gim:yt> gim:yiNt
Imperative mood
Formation: Present tense verbal base+ Imperative termination
Parasmaipada
sg du pl
1st P. Aain Aav Aam
2nd P. - tm! t
3rd P. tu tam! ANtu
!tmnepada
sg du pl
1st P. @e AavhE AamhE
2nd P. Sv #wam! Xvm!
3rd P. tam! #tam! ANtam!
Formation of Imperative : Verbal base in present tense + Imp.T.
gm! 1. p to go
3rd P. sg. gCD+ tu = gCDtu Let him go, let her go, let it go
2nd P. sg. gCD+ - = gCD You Go
1st P. sg. gCD+Aain =gCDain, Let me go
sg du pl
1st P. gCDain gCDav gCDam
2nd P. - gCDtm! gCDt
3rdP. gCDtu gCDtam! gCDNtu
l-! 1st !. to obtain
1st P. sg. l- + @e =l-E *A + @e =@e
du. l- + AavhE =l-avhE
2nd P. sg. l- + Sv =l-Sv
3rd P. sg. l- + tam! =l-tam!
! sg du pl
1st P. l-E l-avhE l-amhE
2nd P. l-Sv l-ewam! l-Xvm!
3rd P. l-tam! l-etam! l-Ntam!
The Imperative mood is used:
1) to express a command or an advice in the second person.
2) to express a wish or prayer
3) with the ma to express prohibition
P. sg du pl
1st P. gCDain gCDav gCDam
2nd P. - gCDtm! gCDt
3rd P. gCDtu gCDtam! gCDNtu
1) to express a command or an advice
Ah< gCDain, Let me go
Aava< gCDav, Let the both of us go
vy< gCDam, Let us go
Tv< gCD, You go
yuva< gCDtm! , Both of you go
yUy< gCDt, You (many of you) go
balk> pQtu, Let the boy read.
balkaE pQtam!, Let the two boys read.
balka> pQNtu, Let the boys read.
bailka pQtu, Let the girl read.
bailke pQtam!, Let the both of girls
read.
AacayR> n> mNÇytam!,
May the teacher advice us
2) to express a wish or prayer
sveR -vNtu suion>, May all be happy.
sveR sNtu inramya>, May all be without disease. Aamy> m. disease.
tejiSv naE AxItm! AStu ma iviÖ;avhE,
May the both of us become brilliant in study and not quarrel.
AxIt adj. studied, learned; n. study, learning
tejiSv n. nom. acc. sg. of tejiSvn! Adj. shining, bright, energetic,
AxItm! ppp. n. nom. sg. Aix# to study, learn, perceive, notice, repeat
dev> sh nae=vtu (r]tu), May the god protect all of us together.
Av! 1.P.(= r]!) to protect, please, satisfy
dI"Rayu-Rv, May you live long
3) with the ma to express prohibition
ma kiíd! du>o< -vetu,
None be in any misery or let there not be any kind of misery.
he puÇa mataiptraE ma TyjNtu,
O sons, do not abandon parents.
ma tÇ it:Qtu, Do not stand there.
ma pap< puStk< pQtu, Don’t read the bad book.
ma inr]re[ jIvtu, Don’t live without learning.
**The end of Imperative being out of Text**
Infinitive(tumNt)
Root(gu7ated form)+ tum! or #tum!
da+ tum! = datu< to give, in order to give
Swa+ tum! =Swatu< to stand, in order to stand
nI+ tum!
ne + tum! = netum! or niytum! to carry, to lead
cur! + #tum! , caer!+ #tum! ,to steal
caery+ #tum! = caeriytum!
ù + tum!
hr! + tum! = htRum! to carry, in order to carry
k« + tum!
kr! + tum! =ktRum! to do, in order to do
gm! + tum!
gn!+ tum! =gNtu< to go
Aagm! + tum! =AagNtu< to come
hn! + tum! =hNtu< to kill
Root(gunated form)+ #tum!
kw! + #tum! = kwiytum! to tell
oad! + #tum! = oaidtu< to eat
cl! + #tum! = ciltu< to walk, to move
xav! + #tum! = xaivtu< to run
jIv! + #tum! = jIivtum! to live
pt! + #tum! = pittu< to fall
-U + #tum!, -v! + #tum! = -ivtu< to become
ilo! + #tum! = iliotu< or leiotu< to write
vd! + #tum! = vidtu< to speak
àapy + #tum! = àapiytu< to take, to attain
æm!+ #tum! , æam!+ #tum! = æamiytu< to revolve, to wander
pc!+ tum,! pk!+ tum! = pKtu< / p/-u< to cook
Tyj!+ tum! , Tyg!+ tum! , Tyk! + tum!= TyKtu< / Ty/-u< to abandon
* cvgR followed by Hl!(non semivowel,non nasal) or coming at the end of a pada is changed to kvgR
d&z! + tum!
*Ôz!+ tum!
Ô;!+ tum!
Ô;!+ qum! = Ô:qum! to see, in order to see
*The root s&j! and d&z! insert A after \, two vowels then combine into r, when followed by any strong
termination beginning with any consonant except a nasal and semi vowel.
%pivz!+ tum!
1) %piv;! + tum!
2) %piv;! + qum!= %pivòum! to sit
1) roots ending in D! and z!, ;! is substituted before ‘t’.
2) s! and the letters of ‘t’group( dentals) in contact with ;! and the letters of ‘q’group( linguals) are
changed into ;! and the letters of linguals respectively.
Indeclinable Past Participle(ending in Tva(KTva/ or ®va), or Gerunds. Absolutives.
and y(Lyp! ANt)
The formation of IPP(or Gerund)
[Link]+ Tva/ or #Tva 2. %psgR+ xatu + /y
Root+ Tva/
Roots ending in vowel
IPP PPP IFN
}a [Link] know }aTva having known }at }atum!
da [Link] give dTva dÄ datum!
da[!1.P. yCDit; dap! 2. P. to cut dait daTva dat datum!
ha [Link] go haTva han hatum!
pa [Link] protect(pait) paTva pat patum!
ij [Link] conquer ijTva ijt jetum!
nI [Link] lead nITva nIt netum! /niytum!
-U 1.P. -UTva -Ut -ivtu<
pU 1.!(pvit)to purify pUTva/pivTva pUt/pivt pivtum!
pU 9.u.(punait-te) pUTva pUt pivtum!
k« 8.u k«Tva k«t ktRum!
p¨ [Link] fill pUTvaR pU[R tirtum! /trItum
t¨[Link] cross tITvaR tI[R tirtum! /trItum
2)Root ending in consonant +Tva
gm! gTva gt gNtu<
muc! 6.u. to release muKTva mu- maeKtum!
d&z! [Link] see d&ò!va d&ò Ôòum!
bux! [Link] know buiÏTva buiÏt baeÏum!
The following roots ending in consonants are changed to‘;!’ before t(ppp)
æSj! 6.U. to parch, fry, -&Jjit-te; -&ò!va -&ò æòum! /-òRum!
s&j! 6.p. to abandon, to create s&ò!va s&ò öòum!
m&j! 10.U.1. p. to wipe off, to adorn majRyit-te majRit majRyit
majRiyTva, maijRTva m&ò!va maijRt m&ò majRiytum! maijRtum! m&òum!
Root + #Tva
Swa iSwTva iSwt Swatum!
zI 2.! to sleep, to lie down (zet,e [Link])
ziyTva ziyt ziytum!
to sleep, to lie down; r! is prefixed to to the 3rd. pl. termination beginning with an initial A;
zI+Ate, ze+Ate, ze+ r! Ate= zerte
ma [Link] measure imTva imt matum!
2.P. mait; ma'!3.!. immIte [Link]; ma'! 4.!. mayte
ha [Link] abandone hITva ivhay iht hIn hatum!
pa [Link] drink pITva pIt patum!
vs! [Link] dwell %i;Tva %i;t vStum!
vd! [Link] speak %idTva %idt vidtum!
gup![Link] protect gup! + Aay! +A=gaepay,
Aay! is added on to this root before conjugationalsign
gaepaiyTva/gaeipTva/guipTva/guPTva gaepaiyt/ guPt gaepaiytum! / gaeiptum! / gaePtum!
nm! [Link] salute nTva ivnMy ivnTy nt nNtum!
v&t!1.!.to be, happen vtRte
vitRTva/v&Åva vitRt/v&Ä vitRtum!
on! [Link] dig oinTva/oaTva oat oatum!
oad! [Link] eat oaidTva oaidt oaidtum!
tn! [Link] tinTva/tTva tt tintum!
rm! 1.!.to sport, amuse oneself, to play rmte
rNTva rimTva rt rNtuum!
%psgR+ xatu + /y
%pk« to bring near %pk«Ty
* Roots ending in a short vowel insert t! before y
in k« to bring down, humiliate ink«Ty
sm! k« to put together, join,arrange s<Sk«Ty
àit# to go towards or against,encounter, come near or back
àit#+y=àtITy following upon, on account of, dependent on
àtITysmuTpad, m. chain of causation, dependent origination
*vc! [Link] speak %KTva %- v-um!
* Some roots take s<àsar[ which means a semi-vowel changes to a vowel respectively.
The following roots takes s<àsar[ before #t! and ikt! termination i.e. perfact, tenses, Benedictive,
Passive, Participle, Gerund and Frequentative. The last three do not take s<àsar[ in perfect
¢h! Jya vy! Vyx! vz! Vyc ìí! àí! æSj!
There following roots take s<àsar[ before ikt! termination i.e. perfact, tenses, Benedictive, Passive,
Participle, Gerund and Frequentative. The last three do not take s<àsar[ in perfect
vc! Svp! [Link] sleep, to go bed,lie down
yj! [Link] worship, sacrifice vp! [Link] sow, propagate
vh! [Link] carry
vs! [Link] dwell
[Link] weave
Vye [Link] cover, to vail, to encircle
þe [Link] call, to challange
vd! [Link] speak
iZv [Link] go, to grow, increase ñyit
ñiyTva zUn %CDUy ñiytum!
vh![Link] carry ^F!va ^F vaeFum!
vh!+Tva,*vF!+Tva,**^F!+Tva, ^F!+*x!va, ^F!+**F!va,
^*+F!va =^F!va
*The ending in ‘h!’ of a root is changed to F! when followed bya termination beginning with an initial Hl!
Or by nothing **Sampr17a roots of y! v! r! l! are changed to # % \ andl& repectively
*t! or w! of a termination preceded by the fourth letter of its class are changed to x!
** When s! or a consonant of the dental class is combined with ;! or q! the former is replaced by the latter
* F! followed by F! is dropped
yj! [Link] sacrifice #ò #ò!va
raj! , [Link] shine rajit- te raijTva raijt raijtum!
æaj! 1.!(to shine, glitter, æajte æaijTva æaijt æaijtum!
ìí! (6.p. to cut, to tear),v&íit ìiíTva v&K[ ìòum! / ìiítum!
The roots ìí! …æaj! and ending in D! and z!, their finals to ;! when followed by any consonant except
a nasal or a semi vowel or by nothing.
The natural sequence of events must be observed in the use of these gerunds; as pKTva -uTva Svpit-te
or Svipit 'having cooked and taken his food he sleeps'; but not -uTva pKTva Svpit-te
Svp! [Link] roots éd! Svp! … are augmented with # when followed by termination beginning
with any consonant except y, Svp!+# +it
äaü[> kUp< gTva jl< ipbit, The Br1hma7a, having gone to the well, drinks water.
puÇ> iptr< TyKTva g&hat! ingRTva(in:³imTva),piræim:yit,
The having abandoned the father, the son will wander.
]eÇpalae v&]e )lain d&ò!va AaéF!va tain Aicnaet! ,
The farmer, having seen fruits on the tree, having climed takes them.
kNya matr< Sm&Tva kwiyTva Ôòu< @eCDt!,
The daughter, having remembered her mother, spoke.
z&gal> ndItIre %dk< pITva vn< Aivzt!,
The Jakal having drunk water on the shore of the river, entered to the forest.
raja -ivTva zÇUn! Ajyt!,
Present Participle Active(Parasmaipada)
The present active participle is formed by removing the final ‘#’of the [Link] present form
of the verb, i.e. ANt
In another base, verbal base in dropping of final ‘a’ + At!,
Participle of Present have two bases, the A¼ base in ANt! The pada and bha base in At!(zt&)
-U 1.p. -v!+AiNt= -viNt -v!+ANt! = -vNt! being
Swa 1.p. itó! +AiNt= itóiNt itó! + ANt! = itóNt! Standing
Aix# to learn
Ad! 2. p. to eat AdNt! Eating
As! 2. p. to be -
ya 2.U. to go yait- yate yaiNt yaNt! Going
iÖ;! 2.U. to hate Öeiò iÖòe iÖ;t! hating, disliking
The term, At! is obtionally changed to vs! when added to the root ivd! to know, ivÖs!
ivd! 2.p. veiÄ ivdiNt ivdNt! knowing;10.!. vedyNte vedyman
da 3.P.!. ddait dÄ> ddit ddt! giving
huu 3.p. to sacrifice juhaeit [Link]. juþit 3rd. pl. juþt! sacrificing
su 5.U. to press out juice, to extract sunaeit [Link] suNviNt [Link]. suNvNt! extracting
ic 5.U. to collect icnaeit icNviNt icNvNt! collecting
ïU 5. [Link] hear z&[aeit z&[ut: z&{viNt z&{vt! hearing
tud! 6. U. to give pain, strike tudiNt tudNt! giving pain
#;! 6. U. to wish #CDiNt #CDNt! Wishing
éx! [Link] obstruct é[iÏ éNÏ> éNxiNt éNxNt! obstructing
yuj! [Link] join yuni- yu'!Kt>// /yu'-> yuÁjiNt yuÁjNt! joining
tn! 8.P.! to spread, extend tnaeit tNviNt tNvNt! straching
k« 8. U. to do kraeit kuét: kuvRiNt kuvRNt! doing
³I 9.u. to buy ³I[ait ³I[It: ³I[iNt ³I[Nt! m. ³I[tI f. buying
cur! 10.U. to steal caeryiNt caeryNt! m. caerytI f. stealing
Declesion of Present Participle Active.
Masculine
-U 1.p. -v!+AiNt= -viNt, -vNt!, -v!+ANt! = -vt! being
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (Non) -vn! -vNtaE -vNt:
s<baexn(Voc) -vn! -vNtaE -vNt:
iÖtIya (Acc) -vNtm! -vNtaE -vt:
t&&tIya (Ins) -vta -vÑ(am! -viÑ:
ctuwIR (Dat) -vte -vÑ(am! -vÑ(:
pÂmI (Abl) -vt> -vÑ(am! -vÑ(:
;òI (Gen) -vt> -vtae> -vtam!
sÝmI (Loc) -vit -vtae> -vTsu
Neuter
Case Sigular Dual Plural
àwma (Noninative) -vt! -vNtI -viNt
iÖtIya (Accusativ) -vt! -vNtI -viNt
ib-i- àTyy(case ending)
Sg Du Pl
àwma s! AaE As!
s<baexn - AaE As!
iÖtIya Am! AaE As!
t&&tIya Aa _yam! i-s!
ctuwIR @ _yam! _ys!
pÂmI As! _yam! _ys!
;òI As! Aaes! Aam!
sÝmI # Aaes! su
A¼ or svRnamaSwan: gCD!+ ANt!
pd - The case ending beginning with a consonant gCD!+ At!
- - The case ending beginning with a vowel gCD!+ At!
gm! 1.P. gCDiNt gCDNt! gCDt! going
Masculine Sg Du Pl
àwma (Non ) gCDn! gCDNtaE gCDNt>
s<baexn(Voc ) gCDn! gCDNtaE gCDNt>
iÖtIya (Acc) gCDNtm! gCDNtaE gCDt>
t&&tIya (Inst) gCDta gCDÑ(am! gCDiÑ:
ctuwIR (Dat ) gCDte gCDÑ(am! gCDÑ(:
pÂmI (Abl.) gCDt> gCDÑ(am! gCDÑ(:
;òI (Gen.) gCDt> gCDtae> gCDtam!
sÝmI (Loc) gCDit gCDtae> gCDTsu
-vNt! + s! s! preceded by a consonant is dropped
-vNt! In general, there is no Sanskrit word ending in more than one consonant. A final conjunct
consonant is reduced to its first member.
Neuter
àwma (Noninative) gCDt! gCDNtI gCDiNt
iÖtIya (Accusativ gCDt! gCDNtI gCDiNt
ndI feminine ending in $
Sg Du Pl
àwma ndI n*aE n*>
s<baexn nid n*aE n*>
iÖtIya ndIm! n*aE ndI>
t&&tIya n*a ndI_yam! ndIi->
ctuwIR n*E ndI_yam! ndI_y>
pÂmI n*a> ndI_yam! ndI_y>
;òI n*a> n*ae> ndInam!
sÝmI n*aym! n*ae> ndI;u
Feminine of present active participles: Classes1,4, 6 and 10, add $ to the strong stem of the participle ANt!
Feminine Sg Du Pl
àwma (Non ) gCDNtI gCDNTyaE gCDNTy>
s<baexn(Voc ) gCDiNt gCDNTyaE gCDNTy>
iÖtIya (Acc ) gCDNtIm! gCDNTyaE gCDtI>
t&&tIya (Inst l) gCDTya gCDtI_yam! gCDtIi-:
ctuwIR (Dat e) gCDTyE gCDtI_yam! gCDtI_y:
pÂmI (Abl e) gCDTya> gCDtI_yam! gCDtI_y:
;òI (Gen) gCDTya> gCDTyae> gCDtInam!
sÝmI (Loc) gCDTyam! gCDTyae> gCDtI;u
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (Non ) -vNtI -vNTyaE -vNTy:
s<baexn(Voc ) -viNt -vNTyaE -vNTy:
iÖtIya (Acc ) -vNtIm! -vNTyaE -vtI:
t&&tIya (Ins ) -vTya -vtI_yam! -vtIi-:
ctuwIR (Dat ) -vTyE -vtI_yam! -vtI_y>
pÂmI (Abl) -vTya> -vtI_yam! -vtI_y>
;òI (Gen) -vTya> -vTyae> -vtInam!
sÝmI (Loc) -vTyam! -vTyae> -vtI;u
!tmanepada
Mas.
Sg Du Pl
àwma l-man> l-manaE l-mana>
s<baexn l-man l-manaE l-mana>
iÖtIya l-manm! l-manaE l-manan!
t&&tIya l-manen l-mana_yam! l-manE>
ctuwIR l-manay l-mana_yam! l-mane_y>
pÂmI l-manat! l-mana_yam! l-mane_y>
;òI l-manSy l-manyae> l-mananam!
sÝmI l-mane l-manyae> l-mane;u
p.21
Lesson 8
Translate English into Sanskrit
1. I do not go know.
Axuna Ah< n gCDaim,
4. Where is my book?
kuÇ mm puStk< AiSt ?
5. Where my house is, there you go now.
yÇ mm g&h< AiSt, tÇ Tv< gCD Axuna,
6. I go to my house
Ah< mm g&h< gCDaim,
7. Why do you not come with him?
Tv< mya n AagCDis ik< ?
8. He comes.
s AagCDit
9. I go quickly
Ah< gCDaim zIº<,
p.21
Translate Sanskrit into English
1.s mya sh tÇ n gCDit, pr<tu Tvya sh pQit,
He dose not go there with me, but read with you.
2. Tvya #Rñr> AiSt,
The god is(or exists) in you.
3. s> Tva< vdit,
He speaks to you.
4. tv g&h< zae-n< AiSt,
Your house is beautiful.
[Link] tu_y< xn< dÄ<,
The wealth has been given to you by me.
6. Tvt! mm pÇ< sille ptit,
My letter falls in water from you.
[Link]< vIr> pué;> Ais,
You are a brave man.
p.22
Remember the following words
yid ind. if
@v< adv. then
tihR ind. in this way, in this manner, so
naecet! ind. if not, otherwise
yuKt< [Link] yuniKt, yu»e(yuj! +na), proper(thing), well; yu>, yu proper, right
sTy< [Link]. true, truth
itself, Svy< or Svymev, the mind itsef: cet @v
yid Tv< tÇ n AagCDis, tihR Ah< AÇ @v AagCDaim,
If you do not come there, then I come here it-self.
Tv< pQis naecet! Ah< pQaim,
You read otherwise I read; if you do not read I read.
Ah< sTy< vdaim,
I tell the truth.
Tv< yu< vdis,
You tell the proper(thing).
s n sTy< vdit,
He does not tell the truth.
kw< Tv< @v< vdis?
How do you speak so?
yid Tv< tÇ n gCDis, tihR Ah< gCDaim,
If you do not go there, then I go.
Tvya yuKt< n %Kt<,
The proper(thing) has not been spoken by you.
7. Now you are reading in my house.
Tv< #danI< mm g&he pQis,
8. You speak good words.
Tv< zae-nain vcnain vdis,
9. He is not telling the truth now.
s #danI< sTy< n vdit,
10. You are not telling the truth now.
Tv< #danI< sTy< n vdis,
11. Why do you not speak the proper (thing) always?
Tv< svRda yu< n vdis ik<?
12. He does not come where you go.
yÇ Tv< gCDis s n AagCDit
13. I go now quickly.
Ah< #danI< sTvr< gCDaim
14. He is not at home.
s g&he naiSt,
15. He is at home itself.
s g&he @v naiSt,
p.23
Lesson 9
Interrogative Pronoun ‘ikm! (who, what?)’Masculine
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (Noninative) k> kaE ke
iÖtIya (Accusativ) k< kaE kan!
t&&tIya (Instrument) ken ka_ya< kE>
ctuwIR (Dative) kSmE ka_ya< ke_y>
pÂmI (Ablative) kSmat! ka_ya< ke_y>
;òI (Genitive) kSy kyae> ke;am!
sÝmI (Locative) kiSmn! kyae> ke;u
‘ikm! (which, what?)’ Nueter
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (Noninative) ik< ke kain
iÖtIya (Accusativ) ik< ke kain
’Feminine(ka= who )
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (who?) ka ke ka>
iÖtIya (to whom?) ka< ke ka>
t&&tIya (by whom?) kya ka_ya< kai->
ctuwIR (to whom?) kSyE ka_ya< ka_y>
pÂmI (from whom?) kSya> ka_ya< ka_y>
;òI (whose ) kSya> kyae> kasa<
sÝmI ( in whom?) kSya< kyae> kasu
p.24.
ilo! 1.p. to write
pc! 1.p. to cook
Swa 1.p. to stand itó! + A
xav! 1.p. to run
yda Tv< ilois tda s tÇ xavit,
When you write then he runs there.
yda s g&he itóit tda Ah< puStk< n pQaim,
When he stands in the house, then I do not read the book.
yda s xavait, tda s )l< n oadit,
When he runs, then he dose not eat a fruit.
yda Tv< pcis tda Ah< iloaim,
When you cook, then I write.
Tv< ikmip ik< n ilois,
Why do you not write? Or why do you write nothing?
p.24.
Now you can understand the following sentences-
Tv< #danI< ik< pZyis?
What do you see now?
s Axuna kuÇ gt>?
Where has he gone?
ram> #danI< tÇ naiSt ik<?
Is not there R1ma now?
Ah< ngrat! #danI< @v Aagt>,
I have come from the city just now.
Ah< zIº< puStk< pQaim,
I read a book quickly.
Tv< #danI< mm puStk< pZyis,
You see my book now.
P.25.
yda Tv< tÇ gCDis tda s kuÇ -vit?
When you go there, then where is he?
yid Tv< )l< n oadis tihR Ah< n oadaim,
If you do not eat the fruit, then I do not eat.
Axuna s pÇ< iloit,
Now he writes a letter.
s puStken sh AÇ AagCDit,
He comes here with a book.
Tv< rame[ sh AÇ AagCDis ik<?
Do you come here with R1ma?
Tv< #danI< sUyR< pZyis
You see the sun now
Axuna ram> kuÇ gt>?
Now where has R1ma gone?
ram> #danI< Svg&he gt>,
R1ma now has gone (entered) in his own house.
yÇ s gt> tÇ Tv< ik< n gCDis?
Where he has gone, why do you not go there?
Ah< tÇ gCDaim, pr<tu s n gCDit,
I go there, but he does not go.
p.25
Lesson 10
#Rñr> svR-Utana< ùÎeze=juRn itóit,
æamyNsvR-UtanI yNÇaêFain mayya.61.
O Ajuna, @0vara resides in the heart of all beings, he caused to revolve all beings by(his)
m1y1 (as if) mounted on marchine.
tmev zr[< gCD svR-aven -art,
tTàsadaTpra< zaiNt< Swan< àaPSyis zañtm!/.62.
Take refuge in him with all your heart,
By his grace you shall attain the supreme peace and the eternal
Abode.
P.26.
ùÎeze $ñr> itóit, God($ñr) exists in the heart.
ùdye $z> AiSt, Lord ($z or izv) exists in the heart.
t< zr[< gCD ,Take refuge in him (Go to him as a shelter).
$z< zr[< gCD, Take refuge in the lord.
svR-aven t< zr[< gCD, Take refuge in him with all your heart.
$ñr< zr[< gCD , Take refuge in $ñr
pra< zaiNt< àaPSyis,You shall obtain supreme peace.
zañt< Swan< àaPSyis, You shall obtain the eternal abode.
yid zr[< gCDis tihR zaiNt< àaPSyis,
If you take refuge, then you shall obtain peace.
yuÏdeze AjuRn> itóit,Arjuna stands in a battle field.
rwe ïIk«;[> itóit, /rik4=7a stands in a chariot.
ngre -Up> itóit,A king stands in a city
Öardeze nr> itóit, A man stands at a door.
-Up< zr[< gCD, Take refuge in king.
nr< zr[< n gCD , Don’t take refuge in man.
zae-n< puStk< àaPSyis, you shall obtain a good book.
ivpul< xn< àaPSyis, You shall obtain much wealth.
g&he xn< -vit, Wealth is in the house.
p.27
s<Sk«t-vaKyain
$ñr> kuÇ AiSt? Where is God($ñr)?
$ñr> ùÎeze itóit, $ñr resides in the heart.
mnu:ySy ùdyàdeze $;> AiSt ,
$; is in the heart of humanbeing.
mm ùdydeze $ñr> AiSt ik<?
Is $ñr in my heart?
tv ùdye $ñr> AiSt @v,
$ñr is in your heart only.
Ah< t< $ñr< svR-aven zr[< gCDaim,
I take refuge in that I0vara with all my heart.
Tv< t< $ñr< svR-aven zr[< gCD,
Take refuge in that I0vara with all your heart.
tTàsaden Tv< par< zait< àaPSyis, twa zañt< Swan< àaPSyis
You will obtain the supream peace by that favour as well as you will get the eternal abode.
yda Tv< ilois tda s tÇ xavit,
When you write, then he runs there.
yda s g&he itóit tda Ah< puStk< n pQaim,
When he stands in the house, then I do not read the book.
yda s xavit tda )l< oadit,
When he runs, then I eat a fruit.
yda Tv< pcis tda Ah< iloaim,
When you cook, then I write.
tÇ @v Tv< gCD yÇ s pué;> AiSt,
Just go where that man is.
tSy kUpSy @v jl< AÇ Aany,
Bring only the water of that well here.
yda Tv< gCDis tda s> AagCDit,
When you go, then he comes.
**The end of Page 27**
p.28
Exercise 3
(1) Use of adjectives with nouns of different gengers--
r-> v[R>= rae v[R> red colour
zae-n< jl< good water, clean water
mxura zkRra sweet brown sugar
Nouns-
g<ga or g¼a the ganges(rive), v&]> a tree, pu:p< a flower,
gaepal> or gaepalk> [Link],
gaepa [Link], gudian,
kml< nt. a lotus,
sIta f. name of a person, a wife of R1ma
Adjectives
zuæ, beautiful, shining, white, pure, clear
dI"R, long
pivÇ, purifying, pure
kaeml, soft,
hirt, green
Past Passive Participles-
oaidt, dÄ, Aagt,
Write proper forms of the words given in the brackets
(3) Answer in Sanskrit
Example- ikmwR< Tv< pQis ?
}anawR< Ah< pQaim,
kI†zI zkRra -vit? How brown suger is ?
mxura zkRra -vit Brown suger is sweet.
Translate into English
1. ram> ma< vdit, R1ma speaks to me.
2 mm hSte puStk< AiSt,The book is in my hand.
3 k«:[> vsudevSy puÇ>, k4=7a is a son of Vasudeva.
4 nmaim Ah< prmeñray, I salute to Paramesvara.
5 AÇ AiSt tv mata, Your mother is here.
6 Añ> rw< vhit , A horse draws the chariot.
7 gaeivNden yu< kiwtm!, Talk by Govinda is proper.
8 kda Tv< pQis kuÇ c? When and where do you study?
***The end of Exercise 3. P. 28***
p.29
Lesson 11
Demonstrative Pronoun ‘td! ( he)’Masculine
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (he) s> taE te
iÖtIya(to him ) t< taE tan!
t&&tIya(with, by him) ten ta_ya< tE>
ctuwIR (for, to him) tSmE ta_ya< te_y>
pÂmI (from him) tSmat! ta_ya< te_y>
;òI (his ) tSy tyae> te;am!
sÝmI(in him) tiSmn! tyae> te;u
Relative Pronoun‘yd! ( who)’Masculine
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (who ) y> yaE ye
iÖtIya(to him ) ym! yaE yan!
t&&tIya(with, by him) yen ya_ya< yE>
ctuwIR (for, to him) ySmE ya_ya< ye_y>
pÂmI (from him) ySmat! ya_ya< ye_y>
;òI (his ) ySy yyae> ye;am!
sÝmI( in him) yiSmn! yyae> ye;u
The Relative Pronoun and the Relative clause
p.29
Use of ‘ td! ’pronoun Masculine in sentenses
1 tSmE mya -U;[< dÄ<,
An ornament has been given to him by me,Or I gave an ornament to him
2 s #danI< kuÇ AiSt?
Where is he now?
3 ten tu_y< ik< dÄ<,
What has been given to you by him?
Or what did he give to you?
4 tSmat! ngrat! AÇ AagCD, Come here from that city.
5 tSy $ñrSy vack> à[v> AiSt,
The sign of that $ñr is à[v(Aaem)!
6 tiSmn! g&he ïIramcNÔ> AiSt,
ïIramcNÔ is in that house.
7 t< $ñr< svR-aven Ah< zr[< gCDaim,
I submit myself to God with all my sinciarity
or I take refuge in that $ñr with all my heart.
p.29
Translate Sanskrit into English
1 tv puStk< Ah< nEv pQaim,
I do not read your book.
2 mm puStk< @v pQaim,
I read just my book( only).
3 Tv< $danI< mm puStk< pZyis,
You see my book now.
4 yda Tv< tÇ gCDis, tda s kuÇ -vit ?
When you go there, then where is he?
5 yid Tv< )l< n oadis, tihR Ah< n oadaim,
If you do not eat a fruit, then I do not eat.
p.30
6 Axuna s pÇ< iloit,
He writes a letter now.
7 s puStken sh AÇ AagCDit,
He comes here with a book.
8 Tv< rame[ sh AÇ AagCDis ik< ?
Do you come here with R1ma?
9 kw< s tÇ n AagCDit?
How dose he not come there?
10 puStkSy pÇ< kuÇ AiSt?
Where is the page of the book?
11 tv g&h< kuÇ AiSt?
Where is your house?
12 mm g&h< tv g&hSy smIpe AiSt,
My house is in the vicinity of your house.
11 ten sh Ah< æm[ay gCDaim,
I go for a walk with him.
14 Tv< ken sh æm[ay gCDis?
With whom do you go for a walrk?
15 tiSmn! ngre tv g&h< kiSmn! Swane AiSt?
Where is your house in that city?
In which place in that city is there your house?
16 ramcNÔSy g&hSy smIpe mm g&h< AiSt,
My house is close to R1macandra’s house. My house is in the vicinity of
R1macandra’s house.
17 sUyRSy àkaze s> itóit,
He stands under the sun light.
18 Tv< sUyRSy ikr[e puStk< ik< pQis?
Do you read the book in the ray of the sun?
19 ten mý< #danI< puStk< dÄ<, tt! Ah< c<ÔSy(cNÔSy) àkaze pQaim,
Now the book has been given to me by him, I read it under the moonlight.
He gave the book to me now, I read it under the moonlight.
20 Tv< dIpSy àkaze puStk< pQis ik<?
Do you read the book at the light of a lamp?
21 nih nih, Ah< dIpSy àkaze puStk< n pQaim,
No no, I do not read a book at the light of a lamp.
13 Ah< ý> ramcNÔSy g&h< gt>,
Yesterday I have gone to R1macandra’s house.
17 tÇ ïIk«:[> ik< pZyit ? What does /r2k4=7a see there?
18 naray[en dÄ< )l< s oadit,He eats the fruit given by N1r1ya7a.
19 ramcNÔSy zae-n< puStk< kuÇ AiSt ?
Where is R1macandra’s good book?
p.31
he ram! Tv< )l< oad,O R1ma, eat the fruit.
he mnu:y! puStk< pQ, O man, read the book.
Tv< tÇ gCD,Go there.
sTy< vd,Speak the truth.
)l< tÇ ny,Take(Carry) the fruit there.
p.31
Understand the following sentences-
1 äUih, s #danI< kuÇ gt> ? Speak, where has he gone now?
2 #danI< c³< æamy, Rotate the wheel now.
3 Axuna xav, Run now.
4 AÇ AagCD, Come here.
5 t< tSy g&h< àapy, Get that is his house
6 tSmE @k< pÇ< deih, Give one letter to him.
7 Axuna Tv< AÚ< pc, Cook food(boiled rice) now.
8 pZy, ram kw< xavit, See how dose R1ma run.
9 Tv< -Up> -v,(May you) Be a king.
10 Tv< -U;[< kué, Do adornment, or Adorn the ornament.
11 Tv< itó, Ah< #danI< @v AagCDaim, Stand, I come just now.
12 AÇ @v %pivz, Sit dowm just here.
13 Ah< #danI< AÇ @v itóaim, I stand only here now.
14 Tv< zIº< puStk< pQ, Read the book quickly.
15 #danI< @v puStk< pQaim, I read the book just now.
16 tSmat! mm puStk< Aany, Bring my book from him.
17 tSmE #danI< naray[en ik< dÄm! ?
What has been given to him by N1r1ya7a now?
What did N1r1ya7a give him now?
18 tiSmn! g&he k> pué;> -vit ? What man is in that house?
19 s #danI< ik< kraeit? What does he do now?
20 Tv< ten mageR[ tSy g&h< cl, Walk to his house by that road.
21 sda prmeñr< Smr, Remember always the supreme god.
***The end of Lesson 11. P. 31***
Demonstrative Pronoun ‘td! ( he)’Masculine
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (he) s> taE te
iÖtIya(to him ) t< taE tan!
t&&tIya(with, by him) ten ta_ya< tE>
ctuwIR (for, to him) tSmE ta_ya< te_y>
pÂmI (from him) tSmat! ta_ya< te_y>
;òI (his ) tSy tyae> te;am!
sÝmI(in him) tiSmn! tyae> te;u
Lesson 12
Relative Pronoun‘yd! ( who)’Masculine
Case Sg Du Pl
àwma (who ) y> yaE ye
iÖtIya(to him ) ym! yaE yan!
t&&tIya(with, by him) yen ya_ya< yE>
ctuwIR (for, to him) ySmE ya_ya< ye_y>
pÂmI (from him) ySmat! ya_ya< ye_y>
;òI (his ) ySy yyae> ye;am!
sÝmI( in him) yiSmn!yyae> ye;u
*** Out of Text***
Practice the Relative Pronouns with Relative clauses
y< pué;< ýae=pZy< t< @v iloaim,
I write to that man whom I saw yesterday.
ya> kwa> purane;u ïUyNte ta @v nra naqyiNt,
Men represent those stories which are heard in pur1nas.
buiÏyRSy bl< tSy, buiÏyR> s blmiSt,
knowledge is power.
yae nrae gCDit t< pZyis,
The man goes; you see him. (You see the man who goes.)
yae nrae=ñaE jtit ten gCDit,
The man goes; you see him. (You see the man who goes.)
yae nrae xmR< pZyit s buÏ< pZyit,
The man who sees the dharma sees the Buddha
@k< sa<Oy< c yaeg< c y> pZyit s pZyit,
He who sees knowledge and performance of actions (truly) sees.(Gita 5.5)
yae àgCDit s àitgCDit,
He who goes forth (pra-gam) will return.
ya< suNdrI< kNya< pZyis sa ¢ame vsit ,
The beautiful girl that you see lives in the village.
yen nre[ hta s ht>,
The man by whom she was killed has been killed.
yen nre[ ndI< trit s ¢amay gayit,
The man with whom you cross the river sings for the village.
ySy gj< pZyis ten nre[ sh gCDis,
You go with the man whose elephant you see.
yen sh it:Qit vIrSten p&CDis,
You ask with the man with whom the hero stands up.
yae neCDit ten papen ilPyte,
It is stained by evil, which you do not want.
yae n nrE> k«tSten capen vIrae yuXyit,
The heor fights with a bow that was not made by men
y< pué;< ýae=pZy< t< @v iloaim,
I write to that man whom I saw yesterday.
ya> kwa> purane;u ïUyNte ta(>) @v nra naqyiNt,
Men represent those stories which are heard in pur1nas.
y< pué;< ýae=pZy< t< @v iloaim,
I write to that man whom I saw yesterday.
ya> kwa> purane;u ïUyNte ta(>) @v nra naqyiNt,
Men represent those stories which are heard in pur1nas.
y> bal> AagCDit s äaü[>,
or y> AagCDit s bal> äaü[>,
The boy who comes is a Br1hma7a.
y> AagCDit s mm ipta,
He who comes is my father.
y> nr> gCDit t< pZyit,
He sees the man who goes.
y> bal> AñaE jyit ten gCDit,
He goes with him who conquers two horses.
yÇ caeryis tÇ gCDaim,
Where you steal, there I go.
(I go where you steal.)
yiSm<iStóaim t< igir< n&p> pZyit// or
yiSmiNgraE itóaim t< n&p> pZyit,
The king sees the mountain on which I stand.
y> jyit t< rajan< pZyaim, or
y> raja jyit t< pZyaim,
I see the king who conquers.
ySmE kvye rwmyCD< s AagCDt! Or
ySmE rwmyCD< s kivragCDt!,
The poet to whom I gave a chariot came.
ySmad! ¢amdagCD< tmZvmanyt! or
ySmadagCD< t< ¢ammZvmanyt!,
He led the horse to the village
from which I came. *** Out of Text
Lesson 12
P.32
Using the word ‘yd!’ in sentences-
1 y> zUr> pué;(>) #danI< mm ngre AiSt s @v tÇ A* gCDit,
The brave man, who is now in my city, goes there today.
2 y< Tv< #danI< tÇ pZyis s @v s -Up>,
He is the king whom you see there now.
3 yen tu_y< xn< dÄ< s @v vIr> AiSt,
He himself is brave who gave you wealth Or
the wealth has been given to you by him, he himself is brave.
4 ySmat! ngrat! #danI< s mnu:y> Aagt>, s @v y}eñrzmaR
#NÔàSwngrSy AiSt,
He himself is Yajñadatta of the city of Indraprastha who came
from that city.
5 ySy pué;Sy puStk< Tv< pQis s @v mm g&he #danI< AiSt,
That man is now in my house, whose book you read.
6 yiSmn! g&he s nr> AiSt tt! g&h< kuÇ AiSt ?
Where is that house in which that man is
7 ySmE ten xn< dÄ< s k«:[> AiSt,
He is k4=7a whom he gave money, or
He is k4=7a to whom money has been given by him.
P. 33
Learn the following words by heart-
ý> Yesterday
ñ> Tomorrow
prñ> The day after tomorrow
inr<tr< or inrNtrm! Always
vid:yit He shall speak
Ôúyit He shall see
oaid:yit He shall eat
gim:yit He shall go
púyit He shall cook
kir:yit He shall do
p.33
Now you can frame sentences by using these-
1 yda Tv< tÇ gim:yit tda Ah< Tva< Ôúyaim,
When you will go there, then I will see you.
2 yda Tv< )l< oaid:yis, tda Ah< Aip )l< oaid:yaim,
When you will eat a fruit, then I too will eat it.
3 yda ram> AÚ< púyit, tda Tv< Aip AÚ< oaid:yit,
When R1ma will cook food, then you (too) will eat it.
4 yid Tv< tÇ -U;[< kir:yis tihR s> oaid:yit,
If you will make an ornament there, then he will eat.
7 k> #danI< tÇ gim:yit?
Who will go there now?
8 A* Ah< AÚ< nEv púyit,
Today I will not cook food.
yiSmn! g&he s nr> AiSt tt! g&h< kuÇ AiSt ?
Where is that house in which that man is?
9 s kda Tvya sh AÇ vid:yit ?
When will he speak here with you?
P.34
Exercise 4
1. Give the Imperative fomrs of the following verbs
ilo, xav, %pivz, pQ
Put Imperative fomrs of the following verbs-
oad! , vd! , Swa, pa, pt! , nI, äU , Aagm! , àap! , -U
p.35
17 tiSmn! vne #danI< sill< zae-n< -iv:yit,
Now there will be nice water in that forest.
18 tiSmn! g&he ñet< vô< naiSt,
There is not a white shirt in that house.
17 kiSmn! g&he r−< vômiSt, vd,
Say, in which house a red clothes is.
P.35
III. Translate into Sanskrit
1. Where is he now? s #danI< kuÇ AiSt?
2. What food do you eat? Tv< ik< AÚ< oadis?
3. He always reads there. s sda tÇ pQit,
[Link] here from that city. tSmat! ngrat! AÇ AagCD,
[Link] will get much wealth. Tv< ivpul< xn< li-:yis,
[Link] shall not sit here not at all.
suimÇ> AÇ n @v %pivúyit,
7. What colourbis of a tooth?
[Link] Ganges is very holy. g¼a supu{ya AiSt,
[Link] you wish learn Sanskrit, study this book well.
yid Tv< s<Sk«tSy AXyyn< #CDis, tt! puStk< AxI:v saxu,
[Link] is a beautiful lake.
tt! zae-n< h+d< AiSt,
**The end of Lesson 12. P.35
p.36 Lesson 13
You can frame several sentences by using these—
1 Ah< #danI< xaiv:yaim, I will run now.
2 ik< Tv< n xaiv:yis ?
Will you not run now?or Why will you not run now?
3 ik< s mm pÇ< t< nr< àapiy:yit?
Will he send my letter to that man?
4 t< kw< -iv:yit? How shall it be?
5 s #danI< tiSmn! kUpe nEv pit:yit,
He will not fall at all just now in that well.
6 Tv< t< ¢am< cil:yis tihR Ah< Aip cil:yaim,
You will walk to that village, then I also will walk.
p.36
Now learn the following words-
mXyaû m. at noon, midday
Ahn! , Ahr! [Link] Ah! .[Link]. day
idva adv.(inst.) by day, idv nt. heaven, day, idve idve day by day
idvs m. heaven or day
idn nt. day,
idnnaw [Link] sun(lord of the day), idnkr [Link] sun(day-maker)
raÇaE at night([Link]. of raÇ/I / raiÇ)
àat> (àatr! )adv. early in the morning
saym! adv. in the evening
ywa adv. as twa adv. so, in that way, in the same manner
Ôut< adv quickly
P.36
Now form sentences with the use of those words-
1 s mXyaiû kuÇ gCDit?
Where does he go at noon?
2 yÇ ram> gCDit tÇ @v s gCDit,
Where R1ma goes, he just go there. or
He goes to that very place where R1ma goes.
3 Tv< raÇaE kuÇ gim:yis?
Where will you go at night?
4 Ah< tv g&h< gim:yaim,
I will go to your house.
5 s say< nEv gim:yit,
He will not go in the evening.
6 Ah< prmeñr< àat> Smraim,
I pray God in the morning. I call to mind God in the morning.
7 Tv< mm g&h< say< sTvr< AagCD,
Come quickly to my house in the evening.
8 Tv< tÇ idva ik< n gim:yis?
Why will you not go there by day.
9 ramcNÔ> raÇaE dIpSy àksze puStk< piQ:yit,
R1macandra will read book by the lamp-light at night.
10 ywa s vid:yit twa Ah< Aip vid:yaim,
As he will speak so I will also speak.
11 pZy, kw< s Ôut< xavait,
See, how dose he run quickly.
**The end of Lesson 13. P.37**
p.37
Lesson 14
daSyit He will give
ne:yit He will carry
See the following sentences by use of by these
1 s mý< )l< daSyit,
He will give me the fruit.
2 Tv< mý puStk< nEEv daSyit ik< ? / /Tv< mý puStk< nEEv daSyit ik< ?
Will you not give the book to me? / Will you not give me the book?
3 Tv< mm pÇ< kda ne:yis ?
When will you carry my letter?
4 Ah< tv pÇ< Axuna @v ne:yaim,
I will carry your letter just now.
5 yda Ah< AÚ< púyaim, tda s tt! Svg&he @v ne:yit,
When I shall cook food, he will carry it to his house.
Infinitive(tumNt)
Root(gu7ated form)+ tum! or #tum!
da+ tum! = datu< to give, in order to give
Swa+ tum! =Swatu< to stand, in order to stand
nI+ tum! , ne + tum! = netu< to carry, to lead
cur! + #tum! , caer!+ tum! = caetRu< to steal
ù + tum! , hr! + tum! = htRu< to carry
k« + tum! , kr! + tum! =ktu<R to do
gm! + tum! , gn!+ tum! =gNtu< to go
Aagm! + tum! =AagNtu< to come
hn! + tum! =hNtu< to kill
oad! + #tum! = oaidtu< to eat
cl! + #tum! = ciltu< to walk, to move
xav! + #tum! = xaivtu< to run
pt! + #tum! = pittum! to fall
-U + #tum! , -v! + #tum! = -ivtu< to become
ilo! + #tum! = iliotu< to write
vd! + #tum! = vidtu< to speak
àapy + #tum! = àapiytu< to take, to attain
æm!+ #tum! , æam!+ #tum! = æamiytu< to revolve
pc!+ tum! pk!+ tum! = pKtum! / p-um! to cook
Tyj!+ tum! , Tyg!+ tum! , Tyk! + tum=
! TyKtu< / Ty-um! to abandon
* cvgR followed by Hl!(non semivowel,non nasal) or coming at the end of a pada is
changed to kvgR
d&z! + tum! , Ôz!+ tum! , Ô;!+ tum! , Ô;!+ qum! = Ô:qum! to see; ppp d&:q
%pivz!+ tum! , %piv;! + tum! , %piv;! + qum=
! %pivòum! to sit
1) roots ending in D! and z!, ;! is substituted before ‘t’.
2) s! and the letters of ‘t’group(dentals) in contact with ;! and the letters
of ‘q’group( linguals) are changed into ;! and the letters of linguals respectively.
Now you can form sentences by using these words as follows-
1 k«:[> mm g&h< ciltu< n #CDit,
k4=7a does not wish to come to my house.
2 jle pittu< n k> Aip #CDit,
No body wishes to fall in water.
3 AÚ< netu< Ah< gCDaim,
I go to carry food.
4 s #Rñr< Ôòum! #CDit,
He wishes to see God.
5 s xnaF(> -ivtum! #CDit,
He wishes to become rich.
6 s g&hSy Öar< kt<uR #CDit,
He wishes to make a door of the house.
7 Ah< vKtu< gCDaim,
I go to speak.
8 Tv< piQtu< AagCDis ik< ?
Do you come to read?
9 Tv< g&he Swatu< gCD,
Go to stand in the house.
10 Ah< )l< oaidtu< ramSy g&h< gCDaim,
I go to R1ma’s house to eat fruit.
11 s tv ngr< AagNtu< #CDit,
He wishes to come your city.
12 Ah< #danI< ten sh vidtu< #CDaim,
I wish to speak with him now.
13 ram> tÇ gNtu< #CDit,
R1ma wishes to go there.
14 Tv< xn< datu< n #CDis ik< ?
Do you not wish to give dhana?
15 s #danI< pÇ< iliotu< tÇ gt>,
He has gone there now to write a letter.
16 Tv< tÇ )l< àapiytu< ik< n #CDis?
Do you not wish to take fruit there?
17 Ah< c³< æamiytu< gt>,
I have gone to revolve the wheel.
18 Ah< #danI< AÇ %pveòu< #CDaim,
I wish to sit here now.
19 s A* pKtu< tÇ gim:yit,
Today he will go there to cook.
20 Ah< A* say< xaivtu< #CDaim,
I wish to run today in the evening.
p.38- P.39
sTySy vcn< ïy> sTyadip iht< vdet!,
yd! -UtihtmTy<tmetTsTy< mt< mm
-Utiht< ATy<t<= ATyNt< @tt! sTy< mt< mm. (mha-rt za<it 329123)
Speaking the truth is beneficial. It should be true but also beneficial. That speech,
which brings the greatest benefit to a being is, in my opnion, the real truth.
sTySy @v -a;[< ïey>, ïeys! Comp, excellent, dear, beloved; ïeó supertive
Speaking of the truth only is beneficial. -a;[< nt. speaking, talking
AsTySy vcn< kdaip ïey> n -vit,
Speaking of untruth never becomes beneficial
kdaip,sometimes, now and then,n kda cn never at any time;
n kda, n kdaip, n kda ict!, never
sTySyat! Aip iht< @v vVy< #it s> vdit,
He says thus:‘It should be spoken dependent on truth also beneficial.’
sTySyat! iht< @v vVy< mm mtm! ,
It should be spoken dependent on truth also beneficial’it is my opinion.
kSy vcn< ïey> -vit ? sTySy @v,
What speaking is beneficial? Speaking of the truth only is beneficial.
ik< sTy<? yt! ATyNt< -Utihtkark< tt! @v sTy<,
What is truth? Whatever truth is absolute and greatest benefite.
ATyNt mfn. Byond proper end, endless, absolute, perfect;
ATyNt< ind. Absolutely, completely,
AaTyNt< [Link]; -Ut been, gone, the past, great, real;
ihtkark=ihtkr,benefactor
-Utihtkark a real benefactor
svRda sTy< @v vVym!,
Inded the truth should be spoken always.
The end of Lesson 14 p.40
Lesson 15
P. 42
Now see the following sentences with sandhi formed-
1 tÇah< n pZyaim, n tÇ pZyaMyh<, I do not see there.
2 s tÇ n gCDit, He dose not go there
3 Tv< ik< pZyStÇ ? What did you see there?
4 Ah< tÇ gCDaim, tÇa=h< gCDaim, gCDaMyh< tÇ, I go there.
5 yÇ s gCDit tÇah< gCDaim, Where he goes there I go.
6 yÇ s gCDTyh< tÇ gCDaim,
7 yÇ s gCDit gCDaMyh< tÇ,
8 yÇ s gCDit gCDaim tÇahm! ,
9 yÇah< pZyaim tÇ Tv< ik< n pZyis ?
10 yÇ pZyaMyh< tÇ Tv< ik< n pZyis ?
Where I see do you not see there?
11 yÇ s pZyit tÇah< pZyaim, Where he sees there I see.
12 yÇ s pZyit tÇ pZyaMyhm!,
13 yÇ s pZyTyh< tÇ pZyaim,
14 nih, nah< tÇ gCDaim, No, I do not go there.
15 nih, n tÇah< gCDaim,
16 nih, n tÇ gCDaMyhm!,
17 nýh< tÇ n gCDaim,
18 Ah< tv g&h< saymagim:yaim,I will go your house in the evening.
19 Tv< mm g&h< say< sTvrmagCD,
Come to my house in the evening quickly
10 sae=* tSy ngre gim:yit, )l< -]iy:yit,
Today he will go in his city, and he will eat a fruit.
21 ywa s puStk< pZyit twa pQit,
As he sees the book so he reads it.
12 s #danI< puStk< pZyit prNtu ik< n pQit?
He sees the book now, but why does he not read it?
13 nih,nih, s puStk< pZyit prNtu nEv pQit,
No, he sees the book but he does not read it.
14 Tv< tÇ idva ik< n gim:yis ?
Why will you not go there by day?
15 ramcNÔae raÇaE dIpsy àkze puStk< piQ:yit,
R1macandra will read the book by the light of a lamp at
night.
16 Tv< y*Ú< pZyis týRh< oaid:yaim,
yid+AÚ y*Ú< tihR+Ah<=týRh<
If you see food then I will eat it.
Exercise 5
Let us test our knowledge of the preceding lessons-
1. Make Sandhi of the following words-
Example (1) gaepl>+ tÇ = gaeplStÇ
(2) tÇ + #danI< = tÇedanI< ,
(3) gCDit +A*= gCDTy* ,
Form these siNx-
1 gaeivNd> + tiSmn! = gaeivNdStiSmn! ,
2 vd + #it = vdeit ,
3 #it+ @k = #Tyek,
2. Dissove the following sandhi
Example
gaeplae gCDit = gaepl> gCDit, nE = n+ @v
k«:[ #CDit= k«:[> #CDit,
oadaMyhm!= oadaim + Ahm!
nagCDaMyh<= n+ AagCDaim + Ahm!
kSmaÚgrat! = kSmat! + ngrat!*
ramae=iSt= ram> + AiSt
Now dissolve the following sandhi-
1 n&pae r]it= n&p> + r]it,
2 tdEk= td + @k ,
3 Añ %Tptit= Añ> + %Tptit,
4 AagCDaMyh<= Aa + gCDaim + Ahm!,
5 g&haÚItm! = g&hat! + nItm!,
6 mUFae=iSm= mUF> + AiSm,
7 tdaÇagCDit= tda + AÇ + Aa+ gCDit,
[Link] the folloing questions-
gCDTyayu> = gCDit + Aayu> ,
oadTyaèm! = oadit + Aaèm!,
ptTy<brat! = ptit + AMbrat!
xaTvwR> = xatu AwR>,
mNv<trm! = mnu + ANtrm!, mNv<trm! Or mNvNtrm!(period of manu)
guvRadez>=gué + Aadez>
AiSTvit=AStu + Ait
raja}a= raja+ Aa}a
pKvaÚ<= pKv + AÚ<
xmaRwRm! =xmR+AwRm!, xmaRwR [Link] and wealth, xmaRwRm! Adv, for a pious purpose
zalaNt>=zala + ANt> inner hall, one side of the hall
sJjnaxara=sJjna+xara, sJjnaxara, sJjtaxara, holding equipage
xenugRCDit= xenu> + gCDit
à-uirCDit= à-u>+ #CDit, à-u>+[Link],ruler,[Link] Brahman
hrera}a= hre> + Aa}a, authority, ulimited power of Hari
xenaeduRGxm! =xenae> + duGxm! , cow milk
p.44 Lesson 16
1 tSmaÚgradÇagCD, Come here from that city.
tSmat!* ngrat!** AÇ AagCD,
*A consonant at the end of a word or grammatical form, followed by a nasal is changed to
its nasal optionally.
ex) ict!+my=icNmy
** The consonant (exept a nasal) followed by a soft consonant or the initial vowel of a
word takes the third letter of its class
2 tSyeñrSy vack> à[vae=iSt,The sign of that God is Om(à[v)
tSy $ñrSy vack> à[v> AiSt,
3 Tv< dIpSy àkaze puStk< pQis ik< ?
Do you read the book by the light of lamp?
4 nih nih, dIpSy àkaze puStk< n pQaim,
No, I do not read the book by the light of lamp.
5 Ah< ýae ramcNÔSy g&h< gt>,
Yesterday I went to R1macandra’s house
6 tÇeNÔdÄ> ik< pZyit ? What does Indradatta see there?
7 saemen dÄ< )l< s n oadit,
He does not eat the fruit given by Soma.
8 ramSy zae-n< puStk< kuÇ=iSt? Where is R1ma’s good book?
9 tÚgr< gCD, tt! ngr< gCD , Go that city.
10 s Tva< pZyit, He sees you.
11 AhmÇ Tva< pZyaim, I see you here.
12 kw< s tÇ gCDit ? How does he go there?
13 s tÇ naiSt, He is not there.
14 he ramcNÔ! Tv< )l< oad ,O R1macandra, eat the fruit.
15 he mnu:y! puStk< pQ, O man, read book.
16 Tv< tÇ gCD, Go there.
17 #danI< sTvr< xav, Now run quickly.
18 sTy< vd, Speak the truth.
19 pÇ< ilo, Write a letter.
20 )l< tÇ ny, Carry the fruit there.
20 äUih, s #danI< kuÇ gt> ? Tell, where has he gone (now)?
21 vd, Tvmxuna ik< pQis? Say, what do you read now?
23 c³< æamdedanI<, You revolved the wheel. æamt([Link]) #danI<,
24 tÇ r−< vô< k> pZyit?Who sees the red clothes there?
25 mm pIt< vô< zIº< tÇ ny, Carry my yellow clothes quickly there.
26 AÇEvaepivz, AÇ @v %pivz Sit just here.
27 #danImhmÇEv itóaim,Tv< zIºmÇagCD, #danI<+ Ah< +AÇ +@v
Just now I stand here, you come here quickly.
28 t< tSy g&h< àapy, Take it to your house.
29 tSmadEk< pÇ< deih,Therefore give one letter.
30 Axuna äUih, Tvya ivmu−<,Speak now, it is released you.
31 s kdaip yu−< n vdit,He never speaks properly.
32 Ah< sda yu−< sTymev vdaim,I always speak relating to truth only.
33 g&hSy smIp< s iloit,He writes the vicinity of the house.
34 s #danI< vne v&]Sy smIpe itóit,
He stands in the presence of a tree in the forest now.
35 )l< deih,Give a fruit.
36 y> zUr> pué; #danI< mm ngre AiSt s @v tÇa* gCDit,
That brave man, who is now in my city, goes there today.
37 y< TvimdanI< tÇ pZyis s @v -Up>,
He is the king whom you see there now.
38 yen tu_y< xn< dÄ< s @v vIrae=iSt,
He himself is the brave man who gave you the whelth.
39 ySy pué;Sy puStk< Tv< pQis, s @v mm g&he #danImiSt,
That man, whose book you read, is in my house.
p.45
40 yiSmNg&he s nrae=iSt tt! g&h< kuÇaiSt ?
Where is that house in which that man is?
41 tSy -UpSy ik< ngrm! ? What is that king’s city?
42 yda Tv< tÇ gim:yit tdah< Tva< Ôúyaim,
When you will go there, then I will see you.
43 kda Tv< -UpSy ngr< gim:yis? When will you go king’s city?
44 yda Tv< ñStÇ gim:yis, tdahmip tÇEvagim:yaim,
Tomorrow when will you go there, then I also will come there.
45 yda Tv< )l< oaid:yis, tdahmip )l< oaid:yaim,
When you will eat a fruit, then I too will eat it.
46 yda ramae=Ú< púyit, tda TvmPyÚ< oaid:yis ,
When R1ma will cook food, then you will eat .
47 yda s puStk< piQ:yit, tdahmip piQ:yaim,
When he will read, then I too will read.
48 yid Tv< tÇ n gim:yis týRhmÚmip n oaid:yaim,
If you will not go there, then I will not eat it.
49 Ah< mm g&hm*edanI< gCDaim, Tv< ñ Aagim:yis,
Today I go to my house you will come tomorrow.
50 k #danI< tÇ gim:yit ?Who will go there now?
51 Ahm*aÚ< nEv púyit, Today I will not cook food.
52 AhimdanI< xaiv:yaim, I will run now.
53 Tv< n xaiv:yis ik< ? Why will you not run?
54 yid s ngr< gim:yit tihR tv pÇ< àapiy:yit,
If he will go to the city then he will get your letter.
55 tdev< -iv:yit, That will become thus.
56 nih nih, s #danI< tiSmNkUpe nEv pit:yit,
No, he will not fall now in that well.
57 pZy (t<,) kw< s xavit, See, how does he run.
58 Tv< kuÇ pZyit ? Where do you see?
59 Ah< tv g&h< saymagim:yaim,I will go your house in the evening.
54 Tv< mm g&h< sTvrmagCD, Come to my house quickly
55 sae=* tSy ngr< gim:yit,Today he will go to his city.
56 )l< -]iy:yit, I will eat a fruit.
57 s #danI< puStk< pZyit prNtu ik< n pQit ?
Now he sees the book, but why does he not read it?
59 Tv< tÇ idva ik< gim:yis ? Why will you not go there by day?
60 ramcNÔae raÇaE dIpSy àkazen pustk< piQ:yit,
R1macandra will read the book by the light of lamp at the night.
61 Tv< y*Ú< púyis týRh< oaid:yaim,
If you will cook food then I will eat it.
62 kiSmNg&he r< vômiSt, vd ?
In which house the red clothes is, speak?
p.46
Lesson 17
s<Sk«t vacn paQ>
Tv< kmR kir:yis? nih, Ahm* nEv kir:yaim ,
yda Tv< kir:yis, tda s kir:yit, s mý< )l< daSyit,
TvimdanI< puStk< tÇ ny, Ah< tÇedanI< nEv gim:yaim,
Tv< kda tÇ gim:yis? Ah< ñae gim:yaim,
týR* kae gim:yit? àayae -UimÇae=* say< tÇ gim:yit,
Tv< kda gim:yis? Ah< pÇmxunEv iloaim,
yda Tv< pZyis, tda s kuÇ -iv:yit ?
ydahmÚ< púyaim tda s Svg&h< @v -iv:yit,
Ah< kdaip nEv pit:yaim,
p.47
s pué;> zae-nmip )l< oaidtu< ik< neCDit ?
s saxuriSt, Atae neCDit,
yid sae=*agim:yit tihR Tv< tÇ n gCD,
nae ceCDv> àatrev gCD,
ramae gCDit, ram< zr[< gCD, rame[ xn< dÄm!, ramay DÇ< deih,
ramad! ïeó> kae=ip niSt,
ramSy raJy<, rame icÄ< iSwr< ktRVy<, he ram ! ma< tary,
Ah< vdaim, iv:[uimÇe[ shah< vdaim,
Ah< iv:[uzmR[a sak< vdaim, devdÄae vdit,
r"unaw> pQit, gda"r> oadit,
hiríNÔ ! Tv< )l< oadis ik< ? Ah< ikmip n oadaim,
ma"vae n oadit ikimdanI< )lm! ? TvimdanI< n oadis ik< ?
yÇah< pQaim, tÇ s pQit, yÇ s pQit, tÇah< pQaim,
yÇah< pQaim, tÇ Tv< pQ,
tu_y< (Tvam!) Ah< púyaim,
ramcNÔSTva< pZyit, kSTv< pZyit ?
Tva< k> pZyit ? Tv< gdaxr< pZyis ik< ?
Tv< kuÇ pZyis ? Axuna s Tva< pZyit, #danI< Tv< pZyis,
Tv< kazI< gCDis ik< ? k> kazI< gCDit?
Ah< ngr< gCDaim,ramcNÔae ngr< gCDit,
r"unaw> paÇ< pZyit, Tv< pÇ< pZyis,
jl< Ah< pZyaim, r"unawae jl< pZyit ik< ?
hiríNÔae gCDit, devdÄ ! Tv< gCDis ik< ?
Ah< tÇ gCDaim, tÇ gCDaMyhm!, tÇah< gCDaim,
oadaMyh< tÇ, tÇah< oadaim, tÇ Tv< oadis, r"unawStÇ oadit,
pQit gdaxrae ¢Nwm!, he k«:[ ! tÇ Tv< pQis ik<?
r"unawStÇ pQit,pQaMyh< tÇ, tÇah< pQaim,
kuÇ pQit r"unaw> ? Tv< kuÇ pQis?
kuÇah< oadaim ?/ Tv< kuÇ oadis ?/ r"unaw> kuÇ oadit ?/
ramcNÔ> kuÇ pZyit?/ Tv< kuÇ pZyis ?/ pZyaMyh< kuÇ ?/
kuÇ hiríNÔae gCDit?/ Tv< kuÇ gCDis?/ gdaxrae gCDit kuÇ ?/
pQTyÇ ramcNÔ>, ramcNÔae=Ç pQit, pQSyÇ Tv<, pQaMyhmÇ,
yÇah< pQaim, tÇ hiríNÔ> pQit,
hiríNÔae yÇ pQit , tÇ Tv< pQis,
ydah< pZyaim, tda s n pzyit,
(k Ah< AagCDaim, r"unawStda nEv gCDit,
Ah< yda nEv gCDaim, tda Tv< gCDis,
s yda nEv gCDit, tda Tv< gCDis, s #danI< n gCDit,
#danI< s nEv oadit, nih s tÇ nEv gCDit,
Tv< tda pQit ik<? nah< tda pQaim, Ah< kda pQaim? Tv< kda pQis?
yda ram> pQit, tda k«:[ae n pQit,
k«:[ae yda pQit, tda ramae n pQit,
suyR< hiríNÔ> pZyit,
Tv< suyR< pZyis ik< ? Ah< suyR< n pZyaim, ramSy jnk> suyR< pZyit,
vayunR vhit, saemae n ggCDit,
hiríNÔSy jnk> kda saem< pZyit ?
svRimÇ AagCDit ik<? ik< TvmagCDis ?
hiríNÔ> ikmip n oadit, n Tv< ikmipoadis? n oadaMyh< ikmip,
A*ah< gCDaim, Tvm* gCDis ik<? sae=* gCDit,
hiríNÔae=* ngr< gCDit, gaeplae ngrmagCDit,
y}imÇae vn< gCDit, iv:[uimÇ> puStk< pQit ,
sUyaeR gCDit,vayuragCDit,
saemae yda AagCDit, tda Tv< ma oad,
s pué; #danI< pZyit, Tv< ma pZy,
t&[Sy v[aeR hirt> -vit,
ramSy hStae ÿrSvae=iSt, k«[Sy hStae dI"aRe=iSt,
cNÔimÇSy g‘> zae-nae=iSt, tv Aaeóae rae=iSt,
ramSy Aaeóae ywa rae=iSt, n twa k«[Sy,
-Upae vdit, -Upae ngr< Axuna gCDit, -Up> say< paÇe[ jl< ipbit,
-Up> pl< oadit, -Up> pÇ< iloit, -Up> t< pué;< pZyit,
-Up> ramay pu:p< daSyit, -Up> ke;an! pZyit,%*ane -UpiStóit,
Axuna g&he nEv itóit -Up>, ý @v ngr< gtae -Up>,
-UpSy vô< r< AiSt, kda -Upae Öare[ gCDit ?
-UpSy ngr< zae-nmiSt, -Upae iv}ae=iSt,vacalae naiSt -Up>,
-Upae=Mbre saem< pZyit, -Up> sUyR<axuna pZyit,
devdÄSy jnk> k«:[ #it jnae vdit, jnae %*ane gCDit,
gCDit ¢am< jn>, jnae=NxaeiSt, jn> ikmip> n kraeit,
jn> ik< n vdit, vid:yit c ? jn> ik< n Ôúyit, oaid:yit va?
jnae ¢am< gCDit, jnae ¢amadagCDit, jnae vdit,
jn> pQit ¢Nwm!, jn> pzyit devm!, oadit )l< jn>,
jnae=iSt,jnae xvit, jn> ptit, jnae iloit, jnae pcit,
jnaeiStóit, jnae xavit, jn> vid:yit, jn> Ôúyit Tvam!,
jn> oad:yit )lm!, gim:yit ¢am< jn>, jnae=Ú< -]yit,
jnae xaiv:yit,jn %*an< àit taey< àapiy:yit,
p.49
Lesson 18
jnae ¢amaCcil:yit,jn> zae-nae -iv:yit, itimre jn> pit:yit,
jn>ikmip kir:yit, daSyit jn>, jl< ne:yit jn>,
jnae Ôóu< xavit, k«:[ae vid:yit, k«:[STva< Ôúyit,
k«:[> l)< oaid:yit, k«:[ae gim:yit ngrm!, k«:[ae vn< gim:yit,
k«:[ae nr< Ôúyit, k«:[ae tÇ xaiv:yit, k«:[ae ma< àapiy:yit,
k«:[íil:yTyu*anat!, k«:[ae mUFae -iv:yit, k«:[> pit:yit,
k«:[ae mala< kir:yit, k«:[aevô< daSyit, k«:[aevô< ne:yit,
kw< k«:[ae vô< ne:yit?
p.50
k«:[aevacalae -vit, k«:[ae valóae -vit, vÂae=iSt k«:[>,
k«:[ae vixrae=iSt, k«:[ae xnaF(ae=ist, k«:[ae ¢am< gt>,
k«:[ae ¢amadagt>, k«:[en Tva< àit ivmu<,???
ma< àit ik< dÄm! ? ik< pIt< k«:[en ? zae-nae=iSt k«:[>,
k«:[ae xIrae=ISt ikm! ? ASTyudar> k«:[> ikm! ?
ramSy krae nIlae=iSt, k«:[Sy n twa ywa ramSy(krae nIlae)=iSt,
As R1ma’s hand is blue so kr=7a’s is not.
pr<tu k«:[Sy ñetea=ist, But kr=7a’s is white.
Tv krae dI"aeR=iSt ik< ? ramSy kr> zae-nae=iSt,
n twa tv kr> zae-n>,tSy AñÂlit,r"unw> oadit kre[,
ram> kre[ )l< oadit, cEÇSy kr> kaemlae=iSt,
mEÇ> kre[ vô< daSyit, mm kr> tu_y< -U;[< daSyit,
ramcNÔSySkNx> zae-nae=iSt,
zae-nSy g&hsy Öar< ivzalmiSt, ramzmaR Axuna SkNx< pzyit,
k«:[Stv SkNx< pzyit, ramae inrNtr< vid:yit,
Tv< sda ik< vid:yis? Axuna devdÄStÇ gCDit,
mnuSy puStk< pQit, nrae nre[ sak< gCDit, tv kez> zuæae=iSt,
%darSy tSy nrSy Aaeóae rae=iSt, kre )l< ptit,
krat! ptit )lm!, krat! -U;[< ptit, -U;[< kre ptit,
tv hSte kda )lmagCDit? svRimÇSy pad> zuæae=iSt,
ngrat! zBd> AagCDit, mXyaûe zBd AagCDit,
¢amadudarae mnu:yStaey< datumagCDit,k«p[ae mnu:yae ÔVy< nEv daSyit,
mnu:y> pÇ< jl< pZyit, s mnu:y> paÇe jl< pZyit,Tv< pZyis ikm! ?
Ah< pZyaim, s vne jl< pZyit, devdÄae vn< Ô:qu< gt>,
devdÄae ý> ïIngradagt>, iv:[uimÇ> ñae gim:yit rajpurm!,
he nr ! he dev ! Tv< %pve:qu< #CDis ikm! ? ikm! devae gim:yit?
pué;> ik< oaid:yit?
duGxSy v[R> ñetae=iSt, %*anSy v[aeR hrtae=iSt,
taeySy v[> zuæae=iSt,tsy pué;Sy v[> k«p[ae=iSt,
nIr< zuæ< AiSt,
ik< TvimdanI< n pQis? Ah< sda tÇ pZyaim, -Up> k< pué;< pZyit?
Axuna=h< -Up< pZyaim, Tv< kda tÇ vdis?
yda r"unwStÇ gCDit, tda TvmagCD, k«p[ae -Upae=iSt,
#danI< r"unwae ramcNÔ< vdit, k«p[a=xuna kuÇaiSt ?
yÇ pad> ptit, tÇ kae=ip naiSt,
yÇ Tv< pZyis, tÇ muku<dae naiSt,
yda ram AagCDit, tda iv:[ugR& h< gCDit,
iv:[uirdanI< ikmip n pQit, Ahm* n pQaim, Ahm*aÇ n vdaim,
Tvm*aÇ ik< n vdis ? sae=*aÇ ik< n vdit ? sae=* tÇ oadit,
TvimdanI< tÇ pZyit ik<? nih, Ah< A* AÇ pZyaim,
Axuna Tv< oadis ik< ? kmlSy k> v[R>? kmlSy zuæae v[>,
duGxSy k> v[>? ñtae v[aeR duGxSy,
itimrSy k> v[R> ? itimrSy k«:[ae v[R>,
mÇSy -U;[< kuÇaiSt ? Tv< pÇ< ik< n iloit? g&hSy Öar< AÇaiSt,
ramcNÔSy vô< kuÇaiSt ? sille kml< ik< naiSt?
k«:[Sy -U;[< kuÇaiSt ? devadÄSy puStk< tÇ naiSt,
-UpSy ngr< AÇaiSt, s ngradagt>,
s #danI< jlSy simpe gCDit,tSy puStk< pura[< AiSt,
ySy ngr< ivzal< AiSt, k«:[Sy hStae bilóae=iSt,
mukNdSy vô< nvIn< AiSt, ramae iv}ae -vit,
vacalae hirirdanI< vdit,ñet< duGx< AjuRnen pIt<, r"unw> k«:[ae=iSt,
vn< hirt< AiSt, s mnu:y> ANxae=iSt, Tv< xIrae=is,
tSy g&hSy Öar< ÿSv< AiSt, Tv< s jl< àapiytuimCDit,
ik< Tv< vn< gNtu< #CDit? ik< mukNdae -U;[< Ô:qu< #CDit?
r"unwae xIrae=iSt, sae=ÇagNtu< neCDit, ik< Tv< AÇ oaidtu< neCDis?
s puStk< net< #CDit, Tv< ik< #CDis? Tv vô< r< AiSt ikm! ?
p.52
ramcNÔSy nvIn< puStk< zae-n< AiSt,
mukNdSy pura[< puStk< zae-n< naiSt,
ramSy nvIn< g&h< kuÇaiSt ? iv}Sy nrSy zae-n< puStk< AÇaiSt,
Tv< zae-n< vnimdanI< gCDis ik< ?
nih, #danI< Ah< tv ivzal< g&h< AagCDaim,
s nrae -UpSy zae-nat! g&hat! #danI< AagCDit,
s k«:[> pué; #danI< kuÇaiSt ? k«:[ae ram< àit vdit,
rame[ sh iv:[uimÇae vdit,r"unawen sak< hir> ngr< gCDit,
ten tt! zae-n< k«tm!, -UimÇ> tSy -UpSy ngr< gt>,
mm skazat! s yid puStk< ne:yit týRh< daSyaim,
tv skazat! y*h< vô< ne:yaim, tihR Tv< daSyis ik< ?
mukuNdae gim:yit ik< sTvr< ? Tv< sTvr< mý< puStk< deih,
sTvr< s pÇ< ilio:yit ik< ? s tu_y< puStk< daSyit ikm! ?
mya tsmE sill< dÄ<, ten mý< )l< dÄm!,
-UpSy ngr< kae gt>? Tvay tsmE ikmip %< ikm! ?
devdÄae g&hadagt>, s %*anadagt>, A*ah< duGxayagt>,
Tv< #danI< AÇaepivz, Tv< A* AÇEv itó,
Tv< ñ> àat> )l< oaid:yis ikm! ?
ramae ray vôayagt>, s ngradagNtu< #CDit,
Ah< Tvay shagNtu< #CDaim, s mya sak< piQtu< #CDit,
ram> k«:[en sak< vKtu< #CDit, k«:[> paÇ< sak< ktR<u #CDit,
Ah< -U;[< datu< #CDaim, my ash pué;ae vdit,
s ik< pZyit? r"naw #danI< n pQit, Ah< idva n oadaim,
s raÇaE oadit, Tv< Ôut< oadis, Tv< )l< oad,
jlat! kml< ny, taeyat! )l< tÇ ny,sillaTkml< tÇah< ne:yaim,
Tv< tÇ sillaTkml< ne:yis ik<? s tSmaÄaeyadagCDit,
s tiSmn! sille kml< pZyit, s tiSmn! paÇe pu:p< pZyit,
s vne pu:p< Ôúyit, Tv< g&he pu:p< Ôúyis ik<?
p.53
Tv< puStk< Ôut< pQ, yid Tv< puStk< pQis, týRhmagCDaim,
s tTy< vdit, sUpae ý Aagt>,
Tv< mya sh vd, nae cedh< gim:yaim,
Tv< ilo, nae cet! Ah< Aagim:yaim, Tv< ilo, nae cedh< ilio:yaim,
Tv< AagCDis cet! , tihR Ah< AÇ itóaim,
Tv< tÇ itóis cet! ,Ah< Aagim:yaim,
TvmagCD nae cedh< gim:yis,
Tv< AÚ< kué, Ah< oaidtu< #CDaim,
r"unaw> k«:[ay paÇ< daSyit, Tv< AÇEvaepivz, t_ymh< vô< daSyaim,
TvmÇ Swatu< ik< ne:yis? Ah< Tvya sak< vidtuimCDaim,
Tv< mya sh vidtu< ne:yis ik<? s Tvya sh vtuimCDit,
Tv< ten sak< vKtu< ik< #CDis?
Ah< tu_y< cNdn< daSyaim ,
Tv< mý< vô< daSyis ikm! ik<?
r"unawae mukuNdsy g&he %pve:qu< ik< neCDit?
Tvmev tSy g&he %pivz, Tv< pu:p< Ô:qu< #CDis ikm! ?
Ah< tÇagCDaim, yÇ Tv< gNtu< #CDis,
yÇ Tv< oaidtu< gCDis, tÇah< nagCDaim,
yÇ Tv< pQis, tÇahmagCDaim,
Ah< yÇ pQaim, tÇ Tv< ik< n pQis ?
Ah< yda oadaim, tda Tv< ik< nagCDis ? saymhmÇ oadaim,
àtrh< )l< oadaim, ydah< pZyaim, tda Tv< ik< n pZyis?
P.53
Lesson 19
Ah< iloaim tda Tv< ik< vdis ?
yÇ Tv< gCDis, tÇ gCDaMyhm!, r"unaw> pura[< vô< daSyit,
tÇ Tv< pu:p< ik< n pZyis? say< Tv< pu:p< pZyis
Tv< sda pu:pmev pZyis ikm! ?
yda Tv< oadis, tda ivñaimÇ> pQit ik< ?
Tv< oadis Awva n oadis, Ah< àatrÇ AagCDaim,
yid s oaid:yit, tihR Ah< vdaim,
Ah< mm g&he yda pQaim, tda s n gCDit,
Ah sill< Ôúyaim,Ah< kml< netu< Aagt>,
A* tÇ ramae n gim:yit, ramae inrNtr< tÇ gCDit,
ramae mkuNden sh yda Aagim:yit, tdahmPyagim:yaim,
Tvmip tda tÇ gCD, s svR-Utana< $ñrae=iSt,
s -Utana< ùÎeze it:Qit, svR-Utana< æamyn! it:Qit,
yNÇaêFain æamyn! it:Qit,
mayya yNÇaêFain -Utain æamyn! it:Qit,
he -art, Tv< zr[< gCD, Tv< t< zr[< gCD, Tv< t< @v< zr[< gCD,
Tv< t< svR-aven zr[< gCD, Tv< zaiNt< àaPSyis, Tv< Swan< àaPSyis,
Tv< zañt< Swan< àaPSyis, sTySy vcn< ïeyae=iSt,
ïey> sTySy vcn< AiSt, sTyadip iht< vdet!,
iht< vdet!,tt! -Utiht< AiSt,
yt! ATyNt< -Utiht< AiSt, tt! mm sTy< mtm!,
s> mr[at! -Itae=iSt, Tv< mr[at! -Itae nais,
Ah< mr[at! -Itae naiSm, tSy yzae dUi;t< naiSt,
devadÄae v&˜ae -vit,tSy izr> pilt< AiSt,
ySmat! izr> pilt< AiSt, tSmat! v&˜ae n -vit, tSmaTs n v&˜>,
iv:[uimÇ> AxIyanae=iSt,At> s Swivr>, s yuva Aip Swivr>,
y AxIyan> t< té[< Aip Swivr< ivdudeRva>
nlaepaOyanm!
vIrsensutae blI êpvanñkaeivd #:qEguR[Eêpp¶ae nlae nam raja==sIt!,
vIrsensut> blI êpvan! Añkaeivd> #:qE> g[E> %ppÚ> nl> nam raja AasIt!,
ywa devpit> sveR;a< devana< mUixRn itóit, twe;ae, nl> mnujeNÔa[a< mUixRn Aitót!,
twa @;>
AaidTy #v tejsa sveR;amupyaRitót!,
AaidTy> #v sveR;a< %pir Aitót!,
in;xe;u äü{yae vedivCDurae=]iày> sTyvadI mhan]aEih[IpitmRhIpit>
raja nl AasIt!,
vedivCDurae=]iày> =vedivt! zUr> A]iày>
mhan]aEih[IpitmRhIpit>= mhan! A]aEih[Ipit> mhIpit>
nrnarI[amIiPst %dar> s<yteiNÔy> ri]ta xiNvna<
ïeó> sa]aNmnuirv Svy< AasIt!,twEv -Imyra³mae zUr> svRgu[EyuR>
àjakamíaàj> s -Im> ivd-eR;u raja AasIt!,
nrnarI[amIiPst= nrnarI[am! $iPst>
s<yteiNÔy>
p.55
pdCDed
ywa devpit> sveR;a< devana< mUixRn itóit, twa @;> nl> mnujeNÔa[a< mUixRn Aitót!,
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