1.

Add –ness to form nouns from adjectives

The suffix –ness forms nouns from adjectives. Not all adjectives can have –ness added to them,
but it is a common form – especially with adjectives ending in y (though note the spelling
change, to –iness), hard consonant sounds like d, and many adjectives ending in ful. Common
examples are:
 ready –readiness .
 happy –happiness 
 weak –weakness 
 sad –sadness 
 mad –madness.
 forgetful – Forgetfulness

2. Add –ity to form nouns from adjectives

The suffix –ity forms nouns from adjectives. Again, this is only for certain adjectives, though it is
common adjectives ending in –ble or with soft –s sounds. To form nouns with –ity, changes in
spelling often occur, such as replacing the last few letters of the adjective. Common examples
are:
 responsible – Your children are not my responsibility.
 possible – Nuclear war seemed like a real possibility.
 scarce – The scarcity of drinks became problematic during the party.
 hilarious – They reacted to the joke with much hilarity.
 probable –probability of her passing the test.

3. Add –ance or –ence to form nouns from

adjectives or verbs
The suffix –ance (or –ence) can be added to either adjectives or verbs to form nouns. This is
particularly used for adjectives ending in –ent or –ant (where the spelling changes to
replace t with -ce) and various verbs. Common examples include:
 independent – Having a car has improved my independence.
 important – Never underestimate the importance of studying.
 silent – Enjoy the silence while the children are away.
 appear – The appearance of a second singer improved the concert.
 resist – The home team put up a strong resistance against their opponents

4. Add –ment to form nouns from adjectives

or verbs
The suffix –ment can be added to either adjectives or verbs to form nouns. It is mostly used with
verbs, of many kinds, but occasionally also with adjectives with soft endings (such
as y endings). This suffix normally does not change the spelling of the core word (though y may
change to i). Common examples include:
 appoint – I need to make an appointment with my doctor.
 assign – The final essay was a very big assignment.
 enjoy – Don’t let the rain affect your enjoyment of this walk.
 merry – The children found a lot of merriment in the clown’s antics.
 replace – Our replacement teacher was much better than the first one.
5. Add –tion or –sion to form nouns from
verbs
The suffix –tion (or –sion) can be added to verbs to form nouns. They follow many different
verb forms, and often change spellings to fit comfortably (for example adding an additional vowel
or changing a consonant to sound more natural).
 inform – There is not enough information about foxes in our area.
 decide – The committee will make a formal decision this Friday.
 describe – The police have a good description of the thief.
 multiply – I like addition and subtraction but multiplication is difficult.
 admit – The criminal’s admission of guilt got him in trouble.
Note that a lot of the changes from adjective or verb to noun will need to be learned individually,
and spelling rules will not always help you – even if you know how to choose the right suffix, the
spelling to connect it to the core word may not be simple.
Admit is a good example of this, as it can be used as a verb with two different meanings, and
each one forms a noun with a different suffix:
 Admit – to confess – The criminal’s admission.
 Admit – to give access – Admittance to the top floor is prohibited.
6. Use –ship or –hood to form nouns from other
nouns
The suffixes –ship and –hood can be used to create nouns from other nouns. Nouns with –
ship added to the end create an abstract noun that shows a relationship (relationship itself is an
example!).
 friend – Our friendship is very strong.
 partner – We are in partnership with a major organisation.
Nouns with –hood added to the end are abstract nouns to show groupings, which can refer to
grouped people, areas or, more abstractly, periods of time:
 priest – Entering the priesthood is a very serious commitment.
 neighbour – Our neighbourhood is thankfully very quiet.
 child – My childhood was a fun and productive time!
 
This is a quick introduction to using suffixes to form new nouns from other words. There are
many exceptions, and these are patterns rather than rules, so often it is necessary to learn
examples individually. However, these patterns can quickly build your vocabulary, and will help
you understand what a new noun means when you are familiar with its root. The suffixes also
give useful signals to identify a word as a noun. If you have any questions, do comment

Question Words ‫كلمات االستفهام‬ .1

‫‪Where‬‬ ‫أين ← للسؤال عن المكان‬ ‫‪Whom‬‬ ‫َمن← للسؤال عن مفعول به عاقل‬

‫‪When‬‬ ‫متى← للسؤال عن الزمان‬ ‫‪Whose‬‬ ‫لمن← للسؤال عن الملكية‬

‫‪Why‬‬ ‫لماذا← للسؤال عن السبب‬ ‫‪How many‬‬ ‫كم عدد← للسؤال عن العدد‬

‫‪What‬‬ ‫ما‪ /‬ماذا← للسؤال عن شيء‬ ‫‪How much‬‬ ‫كم كمية← للسؤال عن الكمية‬

‫‪Which‬‬ ‫أي← لالختيار بين شيئين‬ ‫‪How long‬‬ ‫كم طول← للسؤال عن الطول‬

‫‪Who‬‬ ‫َمن← للسؤال عن فاعل عاقل‬ ‫‪How old‬‬ ‫كم عمر← للسؤال عن العمر‬

‫‪How‬‬ ‫كيف← للسؤال عن الحالة‬ ‫‪How far‬‬ ‫كم بعد← للسؤال عن المسافة‬

‫فعل مساعد ‪ Auxiliary or helping verbs‬أو ‪ Modal Verbs‬األفعال الناقصة‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫المقصود باألفعال المساعدة هي االفعال التي تساعد األفعال األساسية في اللغة اإلنجليزية لتكوين األزمنة والجمل‬

‫‪am- is – are‬‬ ‫‪verb to be‬‬ ‫‪was – were‬‬

‫‪do – does‬‬ ‫‪Verb to do‬‬ ‫‪did‬‬
‫‪has – have‬‬ ‫‪verb to have‬‬ ‫‪had‬‬
‫ومنها ‪ verb to be‬و ‪ Verb to do‬و ‪verb to have‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬األفعال الناقصة‬
‫هذه األفعال تعد أيضا كلمات مساعدة نضيفها لتوضيح الحالة العامة للجملة مثل ‪Can, could, shall, should,‬‬
‫‪… may, might, must, ought to‬‬
‫الفاعل ‪ subject‬مثل ‪I, you, we, he,‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪.…she‬‬

‫الفعل ‪   verb‬مثل ‪…play, eat, buy‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

.‫)هي التي تتكون من األجزاء األربعة األساسية التي تم ذكرهم من قبل‬wh questions( ‫بالنسبة‬
‫كلمة استفهامية‬ + ‫فعل مساعد‬ + ‫فاعل‬ + ‫?الفعل‬
Example:
? What does your friend Ali look like      ‫كيف يبدو صديقك على؟‬
He’s short with a beard and blue eyes .   ‫إنه قصير ذو لحية وعيون زرقاء‬
?Where did you go last night      ‫أين ذهبت الليلة الماضية؟‬ 
I went to a restaurant and then out of the city .   ‫ذهبت إلى مطعم ثم خرجت من المدينة‬
?What would you like to do now         ‫ماذا تريد أن تفعل اآلن؟‬
Let’s go hang out with Ahmed         ! ‫دعنا نذهب مع أحمد‬
?How much is it   ‫كم سعره؟‬It’s $50
?What would you like    ‫ماذا ٌتريد؟‬ 
I’d like orange juice, please
 
yes/no Questions (‫ثانيا‬
Question  ‫أما بالنسبة للنوع الثاني من األسئلة في اللغة اإلنجليزية تبدأ بالفعل المساعد مباشرة دون كلمة استفهام‬
)Yes or No(  ‫ألنها تتطلب مجرد إجابة بسيطة ب‬yes/no Question ‫ ويسمى هذا النمط‬Word
‫فعل مساعد‬ + ‫فاعل‬ + ‫?الفعل‬
Example:
? Can you help me? ‫? هل يمكنك مساعدتي ؟‬ Do you like the soup? ‫هل تحب الحساء؟‬ 
?Have you been to London          ‫هل كنت في لندن؟‬
?Are you married ‫هل أنت متزوج؟‬
‫زمن الماضي‬ ‫زمن المضارع‬ ‫الفاعل‬ ‫الفعل المساعد‬
was Am I
 
Were Are You, We, They
Verb to be
Was is He, She, IT
did Do I, You, We, They
Verb to do
Did Does He, She, IT
had Have I, You, We, They
Verb to have
Had Has He, She, It
CONJUNCTIONS : BEFORE/AFTER/WHEN/AS SOON AS/UNTIL

These link words express time

the rule

before + past simple+ past perfect

- past perfect + before + past sipmle
1/Before I knew it, she had run out the door.

2 / Before he phoned her, she had found someone new.

after/when/as soon as + past perfect + past simple

-past simple + after/when/as soon as + past perfect

1/After she had moved out, I found her notes.

past simple + until + past perfect

1+/ I didn’t say anything until she had finished talking.

past simple is for the second action

past perfect for the first action

After Sofie had finished her work, she went to lunch.

(First she finished her work and then she went to eat lunch.)

1. Before ……………………………………………..
2. I washed the floor when the painter had gone.
(First the painter left and then I washed the floor.)
3. As soon as …………………………………………………….

Activity: put the verbs in the right tense

She ………………………………….…………………….(work) in television  before she joined the film industry.

As soon as I had arrived, they …………………………………………………..(finish) the lunch.

They had lived in Sydney before they ……………………………….………….(move) to Toronto.

She …………………………………………………………………………………(finish) dinner before guests arrived

I …………………………………………………………….(brush) my teeth after I ……………………………………………..( eat)

I ……………………………………….(not take) my driving license until I……………………………………. pass a test