Lesson 1

Lesson 1

Countable &
Uncountable
nouns
Countables Uncountables
1. Can count Can't count
2. Can use "A / An" Can't use "A / An"
3. Can use Plurals Can't use Plurals
apple, orange water, wine

cat, dog oil, blood, fruit
book, table bread, toast
tree, field rice, pasta, salt
day, night paper, metal, plastic
idea, problem trousers / pants, jeans
moment money
information, advice,
accommodation, furniture
work, homework, progress
news, traffic
music
Countable OR Uncountable
coffee, coke
E.g. “Would you like a coffee?” / orange juice e.g. “I love coffee.” /
“Two coffees please” whisky, vodka, etc. “Would you like some coffee?”
cake, pizza, chocolate
E.g. “How many sugars do you sugar e.g. “I try not to eat too much
take in your coffee?” sugar”
E.g. “There is a hair in my soup” hair e.g. “She has beautiful hair”
E.g. “This house has space, room e.g. “I need more room /
5 rooms” noise, light space to work”
E.g. “98 lives were lost” life e.g. “Life is hard sometimes”
E.g. “He hit me 3 times” time e.g. “We don’t have much time”
E.g. “It was a great experience” experience e.g. “He has no experience”
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Lesson 3: Articles
General: “A / An” Countables: Singular “an apple”
“Zero Countables: Plural “I love apples”

Article” Unc’tbls: Singular “I love bread”
Particular: “The” Countables: Singular “the apple”

Plural “the apples”
Unc’tbls: Singular “the bread”
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Lesson 4
Zero Article:
– Special uses
1. Planets 2. Continents 3. Countries 4. Towns & cities 5. Great lakes
8. Cathedrals 10. Universities 11. London

6. Mountains 7. Airports 9. Castles (English speaking) landmarks
12. Parks 13. Streets & avenues 14. Squares
15a. Everyday 15b. Using

activities public buildings 15c. Sports 15d. Meals
1. Planets 2. Continents 3. Countries 4. Towns & cities 5. Great lakes

i. [Ø] Earth i. [Ø] Asia i. [Ø] Italy i. [Ø] Paris i. [Ø] Lake Michigan
ii. [Ø] Mars ii. [Ø] Africa ii. [Ø] Brazil ii. [Ø] New York ii. [Ø] Lake Victoria
8. Cathedrals 11. London

6. Mountains 7. Airports 9. Castles 10. Universities landmarks
i. [Ø] Mount i. [Ø] Heathrow i. [Ø] St Paul’s i. [Ø] Oxford i. [Ø] Big Ben
Everest ii. [Ø] JFK Cathedral ii. [Ø] Princeton ii. [Ø] Nelson’s
ii. [Ø] Africa ii. [Ø] Windsor column
Castle
12. Parks 13. Streets 14. Squares

& avenues
i. [Ø] Hyde Park i. [Ø] Time
ii. [Ø] Central Park i. [Ø] Oxford Street Square
ii. [Ø] Madison ii. [Ø] Trafalgar
Avenue Square
15a. Everyday 15b. Using

activities public buildings 15c. Sports 15d. Meals
– to go to... – to go to... – to play... – to have/eat..
i. [Ø] Work i. [Ø] School / college i. [Ø] Football i. [Ø] Breakfast
ii. [Ø] Bed ii. [Ø] Hospital ii. [Ø] Basketball ii. [Ø] Lunch
iii. [Ø] Sleep iii. [Ø] Prison iii. [Ø] Dinner
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Lesson 5
“The”
– special uses
1. “Only 2. Oceans, seas 3. Certain 4. Famous museums, 5. Famous
one” & rivers countries galleries, hotels US buildings
6. Commonly 7. Using 8. Playing musical 9. Certain 10. Miscellaneous

used buildings different media instruments organisations words
1. “Only one” 2. Oceans, seas 3. Certain 4. Famous museums, 5. Famous

& rivers countries galleries, hotels US buildings
i. The sun
ii. The moon i. The Atlantic i. The United Kingdom i. The British i. The Empire State
iii. The sky ii. The Pacific (“the UK”) Museum Building
iv. The universe iii. The Meditteranean ii. The United States ii. The Louvre ii. The Statue of Liberty
v. The ground iv. The Black Sea (“the USA”) iii. The Guggenheim iii. The White House
vi. The floor v. The Thames iii. The Philippines iv. The Ritz
vi. The Nile iv. The United Arab v. The Waldorf-
Emirates (“the UAE”) Astoria
v. The Netherlands
6. Commonly 7. Using 8. Playing musical 9. Certain 10. Miscellaneous

used buildings different media instruments organisations words
i. ...the bank i. Watch the i. ...the piano i. The European i. The government
ii. ...the post-office television / TV ii. ...the guitar Union (The EU) ii. The environment
iii. ...the supermarket ii. Listen to the radio ii. The United iii. The weather
iv. ...the cinema iii. Read the Nations (The UN) iv. The countryside
newspaper
iv. Go on the
Internet
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Lesson 6
“There is” &

“There are”
There is There are
Countables, singular Countables, plural
Uncountables, singular
I. Present simple
There is ! There are

Is there? ? Are there?
There isn’t X There aren’t
ii. Past simple
There was ! There were

Was there? ? Were there?
There wasn’t X There weren’t
iii. Present perfect

There has been ! There have been
Has there been? ? Have there been?
There hasn’t been X There haven’t been
iv. Future simple

There will be ! There will be
Will there be? ? Will there be?
There won’t be X There won’t be
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Lesson 7
“Some” & “Any”

! ? X
i. Countables / ii a. Positive
statements? b. Questions? c. Negatives?
Uncountables?
Some ✓
E.g. “I’ve bought
✓
E.g. “Would you like
x
[Rare]
some apples, etc.” some apples, etc?”
x
Countable plurals
Any
& Uncountables
[Certain cases
– see below]
✓
E.g. “Do you have
✓
E.g. “I don’t want
any apples, etc?” any apples, etc.”
“Any” for positive “Some” or “Any” for questions

statements 1. Inquiries, offers:
Can be used: – “Some” expects / encourages /
1. For negative meaning hopes for answer “yes”
E.g. with “never”, “hardly”, E.g. “Is there some coffee?”
“without” “Would you like some help?”
E.g. “He never does
any work” – “Any” contains element of doubt
E.g. “Is there any coffee?”
2. With “If” “Would you like any help?”
E.g. “If you need any
help, let me know” 2. Requests:
3. Not important which – “Any” not used (normally)
E.g. “Any help would be – “Some” OK
appreciated” E.g. “Can I have some coffee?”
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Lesson 8
“Many”, “Much”
“A lot of” / “Lots of”
! ? X
i. Countables / ii. a. Positive
Uncountables? statements?
b. Questions? c. Negatives?
Many E.g.
(✓) ✓ ✓
Countable “There were many people..” E.g. “Were there many E.g. “There weren’t many
plurals people at the party?” people at the party”
Formal only. * Neutr.
Much
Uncountables
E.g.
(✓) ✓
E.g. “Was there much
✓
E.g. “There wasn’t much
“There was much food...” food at the party?” food at the party”
Inf. A lot of /
lots of *
*
Countable plurals &
✓
E.g. “There was a lot of
✓
E.g. “Was there a lot of
✓
E.g. “There wasn’t a lot of
Uncountables food at the party” food at the party?” food at the party”
* virtually
the same
*– “Several”
For neutral register, use:
for countables,
– “A great deal of” for
uncountables
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Lesson 9
“A few” & “a little”

! ? X
i. Countables / ii a. Positive
statements? b. Questions? c. Negatives?
Uncountables?
A few
Countable
✓
a few apples.”
✓
a few apples?”
x
[use “any” / “many”]
plurals
A little
Uncountables
✓
a little bread.”
✓
a little bread?”
x
[use “any” / “much”]
NB “Few” / “little”:
– Means “not many” / “not much”
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Lesson 10
“In”, “On”, “At”

– for time
= Longer = Days & = Particular
In periods On dates At times
1. Months: 1. Days: 1. Time of day:

E.g. “In June, July”, etc. E.g. “On Saturday, E.g. “At 6 o’clock”, etc.
Sunday”, etc.
2.Years: 2. Dates: 2. “At midday,
E.g. “In 1996, 2006”, etc. midnight”
E.g. “On 23rd June”.
3. Decades: 3. “At sunrise / sunset”
E.g. “In the 60s, 70s”, etc.
4. Centuries: 4. Mealtimes:
E.g. “In 17th, 18th century”, etc. E.g. “At lunch, dinner, etc.”
5. Seasons: 5. “At night”
E.g. “In summer, winter”, etc.
6. Time in the future: 6. Festivals:
E.g. “I’ll do it in 5 minutes, etc.” E.g. “At Christmas, Eid, etc.
7. Time needed: 7. “At the weekend”

E.g. “I’ll do it in 5 minutes, etc.”
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Lesson 11
Verb tenses:
Present Simple
For: i. Talking generally “I live”
ii. Talking about habit
Time expressions
Always
*******
Every day / week / year,
****** etc.
***** Usually
**** Often
*** Sometimes
** Rarely
* Never
“To live”(regular)
– Positive form – Question form – Negative form
I, you, ! live Do I, you,
we, they
? live?
I, you,
we, they
X do not live (“I don’t
live”)
Inf.
we, they
Does he, (“He doesn’t
He, she, it lives she, it live? He, she, it do not live live”)
“To be”(irregular)
Inf. Inf.
I ! am (“I’m”)
Am ? I? I
X am not (“I’m
not”)
You, we, they are (“You’re”) Are you, we, they? You, we, they are not (“You’re
not”)
He, she, it is (“He’s”,

etc.) Is he, she, it He, she, it is not (“He’s
not”...)
Example sentences
i. Talking generally:
– I live in Chicago
– Water boils at 100ºc
ii. Habit:
– I play tennis every Saturday
– We often go on holiday to Spain
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Lesson 12
Verb tenses:
Present Continuous
For something happening:
i. Generally now “I am
ii. Precisely now living”
Time expressions
– At the moment
– Right now
– Currently
– Positive form – Question form
Inf.
I ! am living
(“I’m
Am ? I living?
living”)
you, we, they
You, we, they are living (“You’re
Type to enter text Are living?
living”)
He, she, it he, she, it
is living (“He’s Is living?
living”)
– Negative form
(“I’m not
I X am not living
living”) Inf.
(“You’re “You
OR: are’nt...”
You, we, they are not living not living”)
(“He’s not OR: “He
He, she, it is not living living”) is’nt...”
Example sentences
i. Precisely now:
– I’m walking back to the hotel
– I’m waiting for the bus
– I’m cooking dinner at the moment
ii. Now generally:
– I’m reading a good book at the moment
– She’s saving for a new car right now
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Lesson 13
Verb tenses:
Past Simple “I
= Actions which
FINISHED in the past lived”
Time expressions
– Earlier, this morning
– Yesterday
– Last week, month, year, etc.
– In 1989, 18th century, etc.
– 2 years, days, hours, etc. ago
I, you,
He, she, it
! lived
Did I, you,
He, she, it
? live?
I, you,
He, she, it
X
did not live
(“I didn’t
live”)
Inf.
we, they we, they we, they
I,
He, she, it
! was Was
? I,
he, she, it?
I,
He, she, it
X wasn’t (“I wasn’t”)
Inf.
You, we, they weren’t (“You

You, we, they were Were you, we, they? weren’t”)
Example sentences
– Shakespeare wrote 38 plays
– Emily was born in 1984
– We sold our house last week
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Lesson 14
Verb tenses:
Past Continuous
= A continous action which
“I was
finished in the past living”
I,
He, she, it
! was living Was I ? living?
You, we, they were living You, we, they were living
– Negative form
Inf.
X
(“I wasn’t
I, living”)
was not living
He, she, it
You, we, they were not living (“Youliving”
weren’t
)
Example sentences
– I saw her while I was having lunch.
– He phoned as I was walking to work.
– It arrived while we were talking.
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Lesson 15
Verb tenses:
Present Perfect
= Action, started in the past
“I have
continues to the present lived”
Time expressions
– Since January, 1982, etc.
– This month, year, summer, etc.
– For 2 weeks, months, years, etc.
– Before, yet, until now
– Always, never
– Ever (question only)
– Already, just, recently
Inf.
I,
you, we, they
! have lived (“I’ve
lived”)
Have I,
you, we, they
? lived?
He, she, it has lived (“He’s Has he, she, it lived?

lived”)
– Negative form
Inf.
I,
you, we, they
X have not lived
(“I’ve not
lived”) OR:
“I haven’t
lived”
(“He’s not
He, she, it has not lived lived”) OR: “He hasn’t
lived”
Example sentences
– I’ve lived here for two years.
– I’ve never seen him before.
– He hasn’t played football since 1980.
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Lesson 16
Irregular verbs:
– Top 50
Past simple Past participle
1. Become became have become
2. Begin began have begun
3. Bring brought have brought
4. Buy bought have bought also:
“been”
5. Come came have come
6. Do did have done
7. Drink drank have drunk
8. Drive drove have driven
9. Eat ate have eaten
10. Fall fell have fallen

11. Feel felt have felt
12. Find found have found
13. Forget forgot have forgotten US:
“gotten”
14. Get got have got
15. Give gave have given also:
“been”
16. Go went have gone
17. Have had have had
18. Hear heard have heard
19. Hurt hurt have hurt
20. Keep kept have kept

21. Know knew have known
22. Leave left have left
23. Let let have let
24. Lie lay have lain
25. Make made have made
26. Meet met have met
27. Pay paid have paid
28. Put put have put
29. Read read have read
30. Run ran have run
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31. Say said have said
32. See saw have seen
33. Sell sold have sold
34. Send sent have sent
35. Sing sang have sung
36. Sit sat have sat
37. Sleep slept have slept
38. Speak spoke have spoken
39. Spend spent have spent
40. Stand stood have stood

41. Swim swam have swum
42. Take took have taken
43. Teach taught have taught
44. Tell told have told
45. Think thought have thought
46. Understand understood have understood
47. Wake woke have woken
48. Wear wore have worn
49. Win won have won
50. Write wrote have written
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Lesson 17
Verb tenses:
Future Simple
For: i. Quick decisions
ii. Predictions
iii. Requests
Inf.
I,
He, she, it
! will live
(“I’ll
live”) Will
? I,
He, she, it
You, we, they You, we, they live?
– Negative form
I, X (“I won’t
live”)
Inf.
He, she, it will not live
You, we, they
Example sentences
i. Quick decisions:
– “Did you call Alan”? – “I forgot, I’ll call him now”.
– “This case is so heavy.” – “I’ll help you.”
ii. Predictions:
– I’m sure you’ll pass the exam.
– We’ll get there around lunchtime.
iii. Requests:
– Will you do me a favour?
– Will you help me with my homework?
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Lesson 18
Verb tenses:
Future Plans
= To be
i. “Going to”: + going to
+ verb
Emphasis: the action
ii. Present Continuous: = To be

+ verb
+ ..ing
Emphasis: the plan
Time expressions
Next week, month, year, etc.
In 2 hours, weeks, years, etc.
On Thursday, 1st October, etc.
This afternoon / evening
Tonight, tomorrow
Later
At 2 o’clock, etc.
“Going to”
Inf. Inf.
(“I’m”...) I am ! going to
live Am I ? going to
live? I am not
X going to
live
(“I’m
not...”)
(“You’re”...) You, we, they going to Are going to You, we, they going to (“You’re
are live you, we, they live? are not live not...”)
(“He’s”,
He, she, it going to Is he, she, it going to He, she, it going to (“He’s
etc.) is live live? is not live not”...)
Inf. Inf.
(“I’m”...)
I ! am leaving Am ? I leaving? I
X am not
leaving
(“I’m
not...”)
(“You’re”...) You, we, they are leaving Are you, we, they You, we, they are not (“You’re
leaving? leaving not...”)
is leaving he, she, it is not (“He’s

(“He’s”, He, she, it Is leaving? He, she, it leaving
etc.) not”...)
Example sentences
i. “Going to”:
– I’m going to live in Australia next year.
– He’s going to arrive late.
– Are they going to come with us?
ii. Present Continuous:
– They’re coming at noon.
– I’m starting a new course next week.
– When are you leaving?
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Units 19-20
Phrasal verbs
– Top 50
1. With “in”
Oppofosite
“Go out”
i. Get in (a car) ii. Fill in iii. Move in iv. Plug in v. Stay in

Also: a nightclub (e.g. a form)
2. With “out”
i. Get out ii. Eat out iii. Move out iv. Work out
(of a car) (= go to a restaurant)
≈ ≈ “be
“discover” careful!”
v. Find out vi. Look out!
3. With “on” (also: “watch out!”)
i. Get on ii. Get on with iii. Try on iv. Turn on v. Hold on

(a bus, train) (also: “put on”) (also: “switch on”) (also means: “wait”)
4. With “off”
i. Get off ii. Take off iii. Turn off iv. Show off
(a bus, train) (also: “switch off”)
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5. With “up”
i. Wake up ii. Get up iii. Stand up iv. Pick up v. Clean up

(also: “hoover up”)
≈ become ≈ to raise
older a child
(as a child)
vi. Wash up vii. Grow up viii. Bring up ix. Tie up x. Look up

(also: “do up”– inf.)
≈ to ≈ to
endure
confuse (... something
(e.g. 2 things)
annoying)
xi. Turn up xii. Mix up xiii. Give up xiv. Put up with
6. With “down”
≈ become ≈ become
slower calmer
i. Break down ii. Turn down iii. Write down iv. Put down v. Slow down vi. Calm down
7. With “away”
go give for
abroad nothing
i. Put away ii. Run away iii. Get away v. Give away
iv. Go away
8. With “back”
9. With “at”
≈
“to return”
i. Call back ii. Pay back iii. Give back

i. Look at ii. Laugh at
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Lesson 1

apple, orange water, wine

General: “A / An” Countables: Singular “an apple”

“Zero Countables: Plural “I love apples”

Particular: “The” Countables: Singular “the apple”

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8. Cathedrals 10. Universities 11. London

12. Parks 13. Streets & avenues 14. Squares

15a. Everyday 15b. Using

1. Planets 2. Continents 3. Countries 4. Towns & cities 5. Great lakes

8. Cathedrals 11. London

12. Parks 13. Streets 14. Squares

15a. Everyday 15b. Using

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6. Commonly 7. Using 8. Playing musical 9. Certain 10. Miscellaneous

1. “Only one” 2. Oceans, seas 3. Certain 4. Famous museums, 5. Famous

6. Commonly 7. Using 8. Playing musical 9. Certain 10. Miscellaneous

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“There is” &

There is ! There are

ii. Past simple

There was ! There were

iii. Present perfect

iv. Future simple

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“Some” & “Any”

“Any” for positive “Some” or “Any” for questions

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“A few” & “a little”

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“In”, “On”, “At”

1. Months: 1. Days: 1. Time of day:

7. Time needed: 7. “At the weekend”

He, she, it is (“He’s”,

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You, we, they weren’t (“You

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He, she, it has lived (“He’s Has he, she, it lived?

Past simple Past participle

Past simple Past participle

Past simple Past participle

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ii. Present Continuous: = To be

is leaving he, she, it is not (“He’s

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i. Get in (a car) ii. Fill in iii. Move in iv. Plug in v. Stay in

i. Get on ii. Get on with iii. Try on iv. Turn on v. Hold on

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i. Wake up ii. Get up iii. Stand up iv. Pick up v. Clean up

vi. Wash up vii. Grow up viii. Bring up ix. Tie up x. Look up

xi. Turn up xii. Mix up xiii. Give up xiv. Put up with

i. Call back ii. Pay back iii. Give back

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