LESSON 9

Pre-test

Write True if the statement is correct, otherwise, write False

______1. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera contradict the account of Jose Montero

______2. General Izquierdo replaced General La Torre as a governor General of

Philippines

______3. There is only one account of Cavite Mutiny

______4. The Cavite mutiny is an event that led to the execution of

GOMBURZA

______5. The execution of the GOMBURZA in Bagumbayan had inspired the

Cavite Mutiny in 1872.

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Lesson 9: Cavite Mutiny

Learning Outcomes:
1. Establish strong arguments on the issues of
Cavite Mutiny using the primary sources
Lesson 9 2. Compare and contrast the different versions of
Cavite Mutiny
Required
resources: A. PRE-ACTIVITY

a. PPT Do you know them?

b. videos
Instruction: Look at the picture and look for important information

that will best describe them. Put it in the concept map and then present it to

the class.

Lesson 9: Cavite Mutiny

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LESSON 9

Learning Outcomes:
1. Establish strong arguments on the issues of
Lesson 8 Cavite Mutiny using the primary sources
2. Compare and contrast the different versions of
Cavite Mutiny

B. CONTENT

From the time Miguel Lopez De Legazpi conquered the archipelago,

several revolts were undertaken by the natives but they all failed. Why? The

diverse reason on their uprising affected the result. Do you think we can

consider their acts as a sign of Nationalism? Let us first define nationalism.

“Nationalism” according to:

Merriam-Webster means loyalty and devotion to a nation; while

Yourdictionary defined it as being devoted to your country, or the feeling that

nations should act independently instead of working together.

From the definitions, we could say that nationalism simply defined as the

love and devotion of a person to his/her country.

What about the revolts? Do you think we can deem it a nationalist cause?

Now, Let us analyze the causes of the early revolts:

Causes of Revolts:

1. Personal

2. Religious

3. Economic

4. Political

Francisco Dagohoy Revolt ( longest revolt in Philippine History)

1744 – 1828 ( roughly 85 years)

Cause : (Personal) – refusal of the Jesuit priest to give a

Christian burial to his brother who died in a duel.

Other revolts : Lakandula and Sulayman revolt (1574), Francisco Dagohoy

Source: Retrieved from
https://boholislandnews.com
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Magalat revolt (1596)

Francisco Maniago Revolt - 1660-1661 Cause ; (Economic)

- They bore the burden of more tribute, forced labor, and

rice exploitation. They were made to work for eight months

under unfair conditions and were not paid for their labor and
Francisco Maniago
for the rice purchased from them Source: Retrieved from
https://www.pampangatalents.com
Other revolts : Pampanga revolt (1585) , Basi Revolt (1807),

Palaris Revolt (1762-1765),

Diego Silang Revolt – 1762-1763

Cause ( Political) - His revolt was fueled by grievances stemming

from Spanish taxation and abuses and his belief in self-

government, that the administration and leadership of the Roman

Catholic Church and government in the Ilocos Region (at this time
Diego Silang
did not include Pangasinan) should be led to trained Ilocano Source: Retrieved from
https://kahimyang.com
officials.

Demands formulated and presented by Silang to the Spaniards include:

• The deposition of the alcalde-mayor, Antonio Zabala and that office to be held by

the provisor Tomas Millan,

• The election of one of the four chiefs of Vigan as justice,

• The expulsion of all the Spaniards and mestizos from the province, and

• The appointment of Silang to make head against the English.

Other revolts : Malong Rebellion (!660-!661)

Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) – 1840 – 1843

Cause : (Religious) - He got frustrated when he was not allowed to

enter priesthood just because his being an Indio. Hermano Pule

tried to seek the recognition of the church through a petition to Hermano Pule
Source: Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.co
m/HermanoPulebscstwo

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LESSON 9

the Bishop of Camarines in order for the Cofradia to openly hold meeting and

practice its religious rites but to no avail.

Other revolts : Igorot revolt ( 1601), Tamblot revolt ( 1621-1622), Bankaw

revolt (1621-1622), Tapar revolt (1663)

Sad to say, all these revolts failed, and the reason…

LACK OF NATIONALISM

So why did these revolts against Spain Failed?

Reasons why revolts failed

a. Lack of national consciousness

b. Lack of leaders to unite the whole archipelago

c. Regional hostility

d. Archipelagic nature of the Philippines prevented a steady communication

in the provinces

e. Superiority of the Spanish arms

f. The betrayals and assassination of rebel leaders.

But 1872 marks an important year for the Filipinos? Two major events
happened in the country. First was the Cavite Mutiny followed by the execution

of the three Priests, (GOMBURZA) Father Mariano Gomez, Father Jose Burgos

and Father Jacinto Zamora. These two events played an important role in

awakening the nationalism of the Filipinos.

GOMBURZA

The Secularization Controversy

(Source: Retrieved from https://www.philippine-history.org/secularization-of-priests.htm)

During Spanish periods, two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church
in the Philippines. These were the regulars and the seculars.

The Difference ……

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Regular Priests Secular Priests

• Belonged to religious orders like • Did not belong to any religious order
Franciscans, Recollects, Dominicans, • They were trained specifically to run
and Augustinians the parishes
• Their main task was to • They were under the supervision of
spread Christianity as a Missionary the bishops

Conflict began when

the bishops insisted on visiting the

parishes that were being run

by regular priests. It was their duty,

they argued, to check on the

administration of these parishes. But

the regular priests refused these visits,

saying that they were not under the Execution of GOMBURZA

Source: Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/HermanoPulebscstwo
bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened

to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.

But Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to defend the diocese’s

power over the parishes and acknowledged the resignations of

the regular priests in 1774. Secular priest were

assigned as a replacement to the regular priest and

speed up the ordination of the Filipino seculars to fill

all the vacancies. Moreover, the regular feel

resentful about A royal decree which grant the

secular priest take over the administration from

the regular friars.

What do you think is the reason why regular priest

feel uncomfortable with the decision?

Garrote Regular priest thinks that secular priests were

Source: Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/ not qualified to take their position for the reasons
Gomburza

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that they look at Filipinos brown skin, lack of education and too little

experience.

So After the Jesuits returned to the Philippines.

They took the controversy on a racial point of view with, of course, the

Spaniards on the side their own regular priest over

Filipino priests. But, Monsignor Pedro Pelaez,

ecclesiastical governor of the Church, sided with the

Filipinos and after his death, other priests took his

place in fighting for the secularization

movement. Notable among them were Fathers

Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.

The involvement of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora to the

secularization movement associated them to Cavite mutiny. To instil fear among

Filipinos at that time, they executed the GOMBURZA on 17 February 1872. But

their objective did not materialize instead it served as one of the moving forces

that shaped Filipino nationalism

Do you know…

The Novel EL FILIBUSTERISMO by Dr. Jose Rizal was

dedicated to the three martyred priests Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora to show the
unfair sentenced to death they received from the
Spanish authorities

Source: retrieved from

https://iamjoseprizal.wixsite.com/lifeandworks/

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CAVITE MUTINY

Mutiny - an open rebellion against the

proper authorities, especially by soldiers
or sailors against their officers.

On January 20, 1872 an

uprising of around 200 Filipino

troops and workers took place at

the Cavite arsenal but it was quickly

defeated by the reactionary

Source: Retrieved from Governor General Rafael De
https://www.facebook.com/Gomburza
Izquierdo who replace Governor

General Carlos Maria De la Torre. Many Intellectuals and Patriots were arrested

and charge of involvement with the mutineers including Fathers Mariano Gomez,

Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora. The mutiny was used by Governor Izquierdo as

a justification to suppress those Filipinos who will attempt to overthrow Spanish

rule. Unfortunately, the harsh administration of General Izquierdo ultimately

uphold the nationalist cause

However, not all of us knew that there were different accounts in

reference to the said event. And it’s only right that all Filipinos must know the

different sides of the story.

Spanish Perspective
Source: Retrieved from http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/

Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and

highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government

in the Philippines. Meanwhile, General. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report

magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was

then active in the call for secularization. The two accounts complimented and

corroborated with one other, only that the general’s report was more spiteful.

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Jose Montero Y Vidal Account: Excerpts from Montero’s account of the Cavite
mutiny
Source: Jose Montero Y Vidal” Spanish version of the Cavite mutiny of 1872,” in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia
Zaide, Documentary sources of Philippine History, volume 7 (manila, national bookstore, 1990), 269-273

According to Montero the following were the

causes of the insurrection:

a. The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the

workers of Cavite arsenal such as non-payment of

tributes and exemption from force labor.

b. The Spanish revolution which overthrew a

secular thrones

c. The Propaganda carried on by an unbridled

Jose Montero Y Vidal press against monarchical principles

A Spanish colonial official of the
Philippines from 1868 to 1896 d. Attentatory of the most sacred respects
Source: Retrieved from
http://www.gergal.net/gergalenosilustr
towards the dethroned majesty.
es/
e. The democratic and republican books and

pamphlets

f. The speeches and preaching of the apostles of these new ideas in Spain.

g. The outburst of the American publicists and the criminal policy of the

senseless Governor whom the revolutionary Government sent to govern the

Philippines

At various times but especially in the beginning of the year 1872, the

authorities received anonymous communications with the information that a great

uprising would break out against the Spaniards

Official Report of Governor General Rafael De Izquierdo on the Cavite

mutiny of 1872
Source: Retrieved from http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/

Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for “stockpiling” malicious

propagandas grasped by the Filipinos.

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In his report to the king of Spain, He mentioned the following:

• The “rebels” wanted to overthrow the

Spanish government to install a new “hari” in the

likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora.

• The native clergy enticed other

participants by giving them charismatic

assurance that their fight will not fail because

God is with them.

• He lambasted the Indios as gullible and

General Rafael De Izquierdo
Served as Governor-General of the
possessed an innate propensity for stealing.
Philippines from April 4, 1871 to
January 8, 1873.
Montero and Izquierdo believed that the
Source: Retrieved from
revolt was planned earlier by the educated
https://app.emaze.com
leaders, native lawyers, residents of Manila and

Cavite and the native clergy

According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January 1872, the district of

Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants

to the feast celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks displays. Allegedly,

those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just like

what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid

launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.

Reinforcement coming from manila by

order of the iron – fisted General

Izquierdo easily upset the mutineers

killing Sergeant Lamadrid.

In the aftermath, Fathers Gomez,

Burgos and Zamora were tried by a

court-martial and were sentenced to

die by strangulation. 1872 Cavite Mutiny

Source: Retrieved from
https://alchetron.com/1872-Cavite-mutiny

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The Filipino Version of the Incident

Two Primary accounts exists that seems to contradict the statements of

Montero and Gov. Izquierdo. The Pardo de Tavera and Plauchut’s account

Pardo De Tavera Account

Source:Retrieved from http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny

Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher,

wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in

Cavite. In his point of view, the incident was a mere

mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of

the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied

with the abolition of their privileges. Indirectly,

Tavera blamed General Izquierdo’s cold-blooded

policies such as the abolition of privileges of the

workers and native army members of the arsenal and

the prohibition of the founding of school of arts and

trades for the Filipinos, which the general believed as a cover-up for the

organization of a political club.

On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the

arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and

assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. The

insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the army unfortunately, that

didn’t happen. The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and

General Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in

Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was officially declared subdued.

Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and

Trinidad H.Pardo De Tavera
Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful lever
Source: Retrieved from
by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving https://www.wikiwand.com/bcl

not only the native army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and
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more importantly the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the

Philippines. It is noteworthy that during the time, the Central Government in

Madrid announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of

intervention in matters of civil government and the direction and management of

educational institutions. This turnout of events was believed by Tavera,

prompted the friars to do something drastic in their desire to maintain power in

the Philippines.

Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the Central Government of

Spain welcomed an educational decree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted

the fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called Philippine

Institute. The decree proposed to improve the standard of education in the

Philippines by requiring teaching positions in such schools to be filled by

competitive examinations. This improvement was warmly received by most

Filipinos in spite of the native clergy’s zest for secularization.

The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of

the past, took advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish

Government as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the

object of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly confirmed that the

Madrid government came to believe that the scheme was true without any

attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged “revolution”

reported by Izquierdo and the friars.

The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account complimented Tavera’s account

by confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal

workers and soldiers in Cavite fort.

Plauchut’s account
Source: retrieved from Edmund Plauchut, “The Cavite mutiny of 1872 and the Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za” in
Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary sources of Philippine History, volume 7 (manila, national
bookstore, 1990), 251-268

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Governor General Carlos Maria La Torre created

a Junta composed of some friars and Spanish officials,

the same way the Spanish Government in Madrid

created a committee to make a parallel investigation to

the problem of the Philippines. The same conclusions

came out after they finished their work.

But the arrival of General Izquierdo to replace

General La torre put an end to the dreams of reforms

in the Philippines. General Izquierdo imposed several

Edmund Plauchut

Source: Retrieved from

policies to repress the liberal ideas of General la Torre.
https://chateauducoudray.jim
do.com

Among them were:

• The suspension of the scheduled opening of Society of Arts and Trades

• Withdrawal of the retirement Privileges of the old employees of the

Maestranza of the Artillery, engineering shops and Arsenal of Cavite.

• Declassifying the employees into the ranks of those who worked on Public

roads which means they have to render service on Public roads

constructions.

_____________________________________________________________________

Online Resources/Activities:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmxSixXroxw
Xiao Time: Ang pag-aaklas sa Cavite (Cavite Mutiny) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CwmcUCwuv8
Xiao Time: Ang paggarote sa talong paring martir na sina Gomez, Burgos at Zamora – GOMBURZA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5XidgBT-uw

References:
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Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary sources of Philippine History, volume 7 (manila, national bookstore, 1990),
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain
LESSON 9

Name:
Year & Section:
Assessment Professor:
t Date:

Using a Venn Diagram, Compare and contrast the Spanish and Filipino version of

Cavite Mutiny using the Primary sources.

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FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE SPANISH PERSPECTIVE

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Name:
Year & Section:
POST-TEST Professor:
Date:

A. Identify what is being ask

1. Date of Execution of GOMBURZA _______________

2. Open rebellion against authority. _______________

3. Governor general before Rafael Izquierdo _______________

4. Event that took place in Cavite on January 20, 1872 _____________

5. He removed projects and reforms of Gen. Carlos de la Torre

_______________

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B. Give a concise explanation on the following items

1. Among the different versions of Cavite mutiny, which do you think is

more convincing? Why?

2. Give the causes of the early revolts during Spanish colonization? Give

examples of revolts that falls under each cause. ( 2 points for each

cause with at least 1 example).

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