Angellene GE 102 Module

The Contemporary World

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Name: ___________________________________Year & Section: ______________________

Republic of the Philippines

CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY
MAIN CAMPUS, BIT DEPARTMENT
I. Module Title: Module I.- Introduction to Globalization

II.Course Title: The Contemporary World
III. Course Number: GE 102
IV. Course Description:
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted
phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the
economic, social, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an increasing
awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To this end, the course
provides an overview of the various debates in global governance, development, and sustainability.
Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global
citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
V. Total Learning Time: 3 Hrs.
VI. Pre-requisite: None
VII. Overview
,Course facilitator. It is with great enthusiasm and privilege to write The
Contemporary World Module. It is a Curriculum program of CHED shows that
globalization is a thriving topic today. In writing this module, students needed to
know how globalization can help us understand ourselves, our experiences, our
communities, our country, and our culture.
I believe that student understand the material best when it is explained in a clear, direct way
through a number of realistic and applicable examples. I also believe that students be provided with a text
that relates globalization directly to their lives.
Lastly, In this module, the students will focus on various drivers of globalization and its
importance, different advantages and disadvantages of globalization, they will be also equip with concept
of globalization-the deepening global interconnectedness of places, ideas, economies, cultures, and
people. The student will also challenge to think beyond their country and ask what it means to be the
citizens of the world. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to interpret rationally the current
international issues concerning importance, advantages and globalization theories.
CapSU VISION
Center of Academic Excellence Delivering Quality Service to All
CapSU MISSION
Capiz State University is committed to provide advanced knowledge and innovation; develop
skills, talents and values; undertake relevant research, development and extension services; promote
entrepreneurship and environmental consciousness; and enhance industry collaboration and linkages with
partner agencies.
CapSU GOALS and OBJECTIVES
1. Globally competitive graduates
2. Institutionalized research culture
3. Responsive and sustainable extension services
4. Maximized profit of viable agro-industrial business ventures
5. Effective and efficient administration
Grading System
Midterm Performance
Output (Drills and Exercises) …… 30%
Evaluation (Performances) ……….30%
Examination ………………………40%
Total …… 100%
Final Performance
Output (Drills and Exercises) ……30%
Evaluation (Performances) ………30%
Examination ……………………..40%
Total….. 100%
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Course Requirement and Policies

Parents or guardian may get and returned the module every two weeks with answers. You are
encourage to seek advised to your instructor or course facilitator in this subject. You may contact to an
email or via Facebook/ messenger or call/text for smart and for globe subscribers.
VIII. Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the course the students should be able to:
1. explain the definition of globalization and its importance
2. identify the different advantages and disadvantages of globalization
3. discuss the metaphors of globalization
4. familiarize students with the principles and central ideas of important globalization theories
IX. Indicative Contents
 definition of globalization and its importance
 Advantages and disadvantages of globalization
 History of Globalization
 Metaphors of globalization
 Globalization Theories
X. Pre-assessment (optional)
XI. Discussion
XII. Evaluation
XIII. Additional Readings
XIV. References
Topics
a. Defining globalization and its importance
b. Advantages and disadvantages of globalization
c. History of Globalization
d. Metaphors of globalization
e. Globalization Theories
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
I. explain the definition of globalization
II. briefly explain the history of globalization
III. identify the different advantages and disadvantages of globalization
IV. discuss the metaphors of globalization
V. briefly explain globalization theories
Globalization: An Introduction
Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people,

companies, and governments worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is
considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national
economies into a global, unregulated market economy. Globalization has grown due to advances in
transportation and communication technology. With the increased global interactions comes the growth of
international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and
integration that's associated with social and cultural aspects. However, conflicts and diplomacy are also
large parts of the history of globalization, and modern globalization.
 Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on
political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in
societies around the world.
 Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people—and, later, corporations—have
been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed
Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages.
Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other countries. In
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fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing
before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.
But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have spurred increases in
cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world has
entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Since 1950, for example, the volume
of world trade has increased by 20 times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign investment
nearly doubled, from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current wave of globalization
from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today globalization is “farther, faster,
cheaper, and deeper.”
This current wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies
domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the
past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing
their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and
investment. Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have
established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking
advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and
established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of
globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business structure.
` Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization. Advances in information
technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies
have given all sorts of individual economic actors—consumers, investors, businesses—valuable new
tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more informed
analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-
flung partners.
Globalization is deeply controversial, however. Proponents of globalization argue that it allows
poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while
opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has
benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local
cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a popular
and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labor,
goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization.
To find the right balance between benefits and costs associated with globalization, citizens of all
nations need to understand how globalization works and the policy choices facing them and their
societies.
Importance of Globalization
1. Multinational companies operating in several countries,

2. outsourcing of services and operations,
3. international free trade agreements,
4. internet access
5. international migrations
History of Globalization
Globalization is not a new concept. Traders travelled vast distances in ancient times to buy
commodities that were rare and expensive for sale in their homelands. The Industrial Revolution brought
advances in transportation and communication in the 19th century that eased trade across borders.
The think tank, Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE), states globalization stalled
after World War I and nations' movements toward protectionism as they launched import taxes to more
closely guard their industries in the aftermath of the conflict. This trend continued through the Great
Depression and World War II until the U.S. took on an instrumental role in reviving international trade.
Globalization has since sped up to an unprecedented pace, with public policy changes and
communications technology innovations cited as the two main driving factors.
One of the critical steps in the path to globalization came with the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), signed in 1993. One of NAFTA's many effects was to give American auto
manufacturers the incentive to relocate a portion of their manufacturing to Mexico where they could save
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on the costs of labor. As of February 2019, the NAFTA agreement was due to be terminated, and a new
trade agreement negotiated by the U.S., Mexico, and Canada was pending approval by the U.S. Congress.
Governments worldwide have integrated a free market economic system through fiscal policies
and trade agreements over the last 20 years. The core of most trade agreements is the removal or
reduction of tariffs.
“Economic Interdependence”. Free market economy or trade liberalization is a common feature
in the world today. Current happenings in international trade and finance have been convoyed by the
internationalization of production of goods and services. Hence in most developing countries where
technology is low, they tend to rely on developed countries for durable and sophisticated goods such as
cars, cell phones, refrigerators, computers and other important gadgets (Asare, 2011: 185).
In a like manner, activities of multinational corporations (MNCs) provide revenues to the
government through their investment in the economy. By so doing, MNCs promote free trade by lobbying
intergovernmental organizations like IMF, World Bank and WTO to require countries to adopt policies
that promote free movement of goods.
Environmental concerns in the current international system have led to an increase in world
interdependence to address such problems. Environmental problems such as climate change, global
warming, and the spread of communicable disease (Ebola, Bird flu, HIV/AIDS, Black dead, Smallpox,
Tuberculosis etc.) brings the world together address such concerns irrespective of the origin of the disease
or problem.
For example, the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 was instituted to address the problem of carbon mono
oxide emission into the atmosphere by highly industrialized countries with the sole aim of reducing global
warming.
Political Interdependence” in the international community is created through political change,
redistribution of power from states to interstate bodies and the growth of global civil society. In fact, the
coming together of countries under the umbrella of intergovernmental organizations makes it possible for
countries to seek help from others. For instance, the World Bank, the United Nations, ECOWAS, the
African Union and the European Union, plays critical role in assisting member countries in profound
ways, being it domestic or international issues such as “…democratic governance, freedom of the media,
independent judiciary, conflict resolution and peacekeeping and ‘peace building’.” (Asare, 2011: 178).
The AU and UN mission to Somalia and other states through the contribution of troupe by various
countries in the world depict how globalization has increased interdependence on the political front.
Socio-cultural interdependence”. Spatial and temporal components, such as international trade,
global levels of political representation, global communication, the increased speed of transactions, travel,
political change, resource depletion, social mobilization and impacts of increased cultural exchange has
undoubtedly increased the level of global interdependence. As noted by Paehlke (2009), “global cultural
integration is associated with American television, Hollywood, world music and commercial advertising”.
For example, most of the Ghanaian and Nigerian films are carved around American movies. This is no
different from south Africa where seven out of ten popular television programs have U.S origin (Paehlke,
2009: 5 ). Barber (1996: 62) in support of this argue that films now accrue greater export revenue for the
US economy far more than automobiles companies..
Advantages of Globalization
Proponents of globalization believe it allows developing countries to catch up to industrialized

nations through increased manufacturing, diversification, economic expansion, and improvements in
standards of living.
Outsourcing by companies brings jobs and technology to developing countries. Trade initiatives
increase cross-border trading by removing supply-side and trade-related constraints.
Globalization has advanced social justice on an international scale, and advocates report that it has
focused attention on human rights worldwide.
1. Globalization broadens our minds. We feel that we belong to one world and we are a part of
one nation, namely, humankind.
2. Closer contact with foreign people makes us quite familiar with their manners, habits, and
customs. The cultures become richer as they come into contact with each other.
3. Globalization helps us shake off narrowness. We get the chance of comparing our country with
other countries. In this way, we enrich our manners, customs, and habits.
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4. Globalization helps us fight illiteracy and promotes education. It gives us clear knowledge of
facts and things.
5. Globalization helps us shed or combat the burning social issues such as child-labor, dowry, etc.
6. Globalization has helped the global community to fight against poverty. Large non-profit and
charitable organizations have launched massive campaigns to fight hunger and poverty. They have
successfully done huge fund-raising in this regard.
The benefits of science and technology have reached every corner of the world. People around the
world are connected through mobile phones and internet technology.
7. Globalization has enhanced our knowledge of the world. A merchant can gather valuable
information about different commodities in different countries.
First-hand knowledge of people and things is of great importance in international business.
Due to globalization, a political leader can gather much useful knowledge of the people, forms of
government around the world.
8. Globalization contribute in improving international relations and friendliness among different nations.
We can communicate with people all over the world. The human life becomes global. We have a
global outlook on life.
Students can study anywhere in the world.
Disadvantages of Globalization
One clear result of globalization is that an economic downturn in one country can create a domino
effect through its trade partners. For example, the 2008 financial crisis had a severe impact on Portugal,
Ireland, Greece, and Spain. All these countries were members of the European Union, which had to step
in to bail out debt-laden nations, which were thereafter known by the acronym PIGS.
Globalization detractors argue that it has created a concentration of wealth and power in the
hands of a small corporate elite which can gobble up smaller competitors around the globe.
Globalization has become a polarizing issue in the U.S. with the disappearance of entire industries to new
locations abroad. It's seen as a major factor in the economic squeeze on the middle class.
For better and worse, globalization has also increased homogenization. Starbucks, Nike, and Gap
Inc. dominate commercial space in many nations. The sheer size and reach of the U.S. have made the
cultural exchange among nations largely a one-sided affair.
1. In a way, globalization has contributed towards increasing the gap between the rich and the
poor. Rich and wealthy people are able to exercise more control over the national resources through the
application of science and technology.
2. The environment has suffered greatly due of globalization. On one hand, the increase in traffic
between countries has polluted the tourist destinations. On the other hand, the poisonous gases released
into the air by large industries have caused environmental pollution.
3. Globalized business have exploited the natural resources of the earth beyond the tolerable
limit. Some places on earth, which was once rich in minerals and forests can no longer claim their
richness.
4. Globalization tends to make the world a more homogeneous place. As a result, many
communities failed to preserve their old tradition, custom, and culture. Being attracted by the culture of
developed nations, many people in under-developed nations have shed their traditional dress, food, and
rituals.
1. Local businesses, hand-loom industry, Cottage and small-scale industry suffered a lot due to
globalization. The highly specialized and efficient multi-national companies take advantages of large-
scale production and put products at throwaway prices. The local industries could not compete with their
global counterpart.
2. The global economy is now inter-connected. The economic downfall of one major economic
nation adversely affects the entire global community.
3. Globalization has caused specialization of labor. On one hand, there is an increase in demand
for skilled labors. However, it has caused enough disadvantages for the unskilled labor group.
4.There are few employment opportunity for unskilled labors in a global environment.
5. The more technologically advanced countries are able to sell their products to less-developed
countries. Hence, the less developed countries become dependent upon the superior nations.
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6. The adverse effect of globalization is not restricted to financial and economical imbalance. Last
century has witness spread of diseases from one country to another country. Diseases spread to local
places when a diseased person from a foreign country comes in contact with local inhabitants.
7. Globalization is responsible for the emergence of large number of multi-national companies.
Very often, it is found that they do not provide good working condition to the workers. Further, forests
have been cut for setting up large industries. The industrial discharges have widely contributed towards
environmental degradation.
8. Globalization can pressure us to act in a certain way
Exercises/ Drills
Directions: Read the statement and write True if the statement is correct and FALSE it the statement is
it not.
______1. Globalization has contributed towards increasing the gap between the rich and the poor
______2. . Globalization contributes in improving international relations and friendliness among different
nations.
______3. Globalization helps us fight illiteracy and promotes education.
______4. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that's associated
with social and cultural aspects.
______5. Globalization has helped the global community to fight against poverty.
______6. International trade and finance have been convoyed by the internationalization of production of
goods and services
______7. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that's associated
with social and cultural aspects.
______8. Globalization is responsible for the emergence of large number of multi-national companies.
______9. The environment has suffered greatly due of globalization.
_____10. Globalization has enhanced our knowledge of the world
Part II. Discuss Briefly.
Why we to need to study globalization?
Learning Activity
How Globalized is your Home?

Directions:
Go to your room and do an inventory of everything you have in your possession. You will find
out that the most essential among the “things” in your room are footwear, clothes, computers (if any), cell
phones, television (if possible), and maybe a radio. If you are a students, you may also notice books,
newspapers, magazines, not to mention school supplies and equipment.
Organize your inventory into two types: first, “things” that are made in the Philippines and
second, those that are of foreign brands. List the countries of origin of your foreign-brand items.
Do the same thing for the kitchen and the living room. These should include appliances.
Made in Philippines Foreign Brand
Compare your list with those of foreign countries to determine which countries make the most
household and personal needs you and your family have. Make similar list for Philippine-made stuff. In
the process, discuss why certain products are made in the Philippines while other are produced abroad.
Additional Readings
 Waters, Malcolm (1995) Globalization (New York: Routledge)

 Lechner Frank J. and John Boli(2000) The Globalization Reader (Malden, MA : Blackwell)
 Held,David (2000) A Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics (ed.) (New York: Routledge in
association with the Open University
References
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Al-Rhodan, N. R. F (2006) Difinitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive overview

and a proposed definition. Geneva Centre for security Policy.
Schoite, J. A. (2005). Globalization: a Critical introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Metaphors of Globalization
Solids and Liquid

Solid Prior to the current epoch of globalization (and to most observers there was a previous
global epoch), it could be argued that one of the things that characterized people, things, information,
places, and much else was their greater solidity.
That is, all of them tended to be hard or to harden (metaphorically, figuratively, not literally, of
course) over time and therefore, among other things, to remain largely in place (and having limited
mobility). As a result, people either did not go anywhere or they did not venture very far from where they
were born and raised; their social relationships were restricted to those who were nearby. Much the same
could be said of most objects (tools, food, and so on) which tended to be used where they were produced.
The solidity of most material manifestations of information – stone tablets, newspapers,
magazines, books, and so on – also made them at least somewhat difficult to move very far.
Furthermore, since people didn’t move very far, neither did information. Places were not only
quite solid and immoveable, but they tended to confront solid natural (mountains, rivers, oceans) and
humanly constructed (walls, gates) barriers that made it difficult for people and things to exit or to enter.
Above all, solidity describes a world in which barriers exist and are erected to prevent the free
movement of all sorts of things. It was the nation-state that was most likely to create these “solid”
barriers (for example, walls [e.g. the Great Wall of China; the wall between Israel and the West Bank],
border gates and guards), and the state itself grew increasingly solid as it resisted change. The best
example of this solidity was the erection (beginning in 1961), and maintenance, of the Berlin Wall in
order to keep East Berliners in and Western influences out.
https://ssonmez.yasar.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/
The Wall, to say nothing of East Germany and the Soviet Union, are long gone and with them
many of the most extreme forms of solidity brought into existence by the Cold War.
Nonetheless, solid structures remain – e.g., the nation-state and its border and customs controls –
and there are ever-present calls for the creation of new, and new types, of solid structures. Thus, in many
parts of Europe there are demands for more barriers to legal and illegal immigration
https://ssonmez.yasar.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/
Thus, solidity is far from dead in the contemporary world. It is very often the case that demands
for new forms of solidity are the result of increased fluidity.
However, a strong case can, and will, be made that it is fluidity that is more characteristic of
today’s world, especially in terms of globalization.
Of course, people were never so solid that they were totally immobile or stuck completely in a
given place, and this was especially true of the elite members of any society.
Elites were (and are) better able to move about and that ability increased with advances in
transportation technology. Commodities, especially those created for elites, also could almost always be
moved and they, too, grew more moveable as technologies advanced.
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Information could always travel more easily than goods or people (it could be spread by word of
mouth over great distances even if the originator of the information could not move very far; it moved
even faster as more advanced communication technologies emerged [telegraph, telephone, the Internet]).
And as other technologies developed (ships, automobiles, airplanes), people, especially those
with the resources, were better able to leave places and get to others.
Liquid and gases
However, at an increasing rate over the last few centuries, and especially in the last several decades, that
which once seemed so solid has tended to “melt” and become increasingly liquid. Instead of thinking of
people, objects, information, and places as being like solid blocks of ice, they need to be seen as tending,
in recent years, to melt and as becoming increasingly liquid.
Solid material realities (people, cargo, newspapers) continue to exist, but because of a wide range
of technological developments (in transportation, communication, the Internet, and so on) they can move
across the globe far more readily. Everywhere we turn, more things, including ourselves, are becoming
increasingly liquefied. Furthermore, as the process continues, those liquids, as is the case in the natural
world (e.g. ice to water to water vapor), tend to turn into gases of various types. More metaphorically,
much of the information now available virtually instantly around the world wafts through the air in the
form of signals beamed off satellites.
Such signals become news bulletins on our television screens or messages from our global positioning
systems (GPS) letting us know the best route to our destination.
It should be noted, once again, that all of the terms used above – solids, liquids, gases – are
metaphors – little of the global world is literally a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
They are metaphors designed to communicate a sense of fundamental changes taking place as the
process of globalization proceeds.
Karl Marx opened the door to this kind of analysis (and to the use of such metaphors) when he
famously argued that because of the nature of capitalism as an economic system “everything solid melts
into air”. That is, many of the solid, material realities that preceded capitalism (e.g. the structures of
feudalism) were “melted” by it and were transformed intoliquids
To continue the imagery farther than Marx took it, they were ultimately transformed into gases
that diffused in the atmosphere. However, while Marx was describing a largely destructive process, the
point here is that the new liquids and gases that are being created are inherent parts of the new world and
are radically transforming it. In the process, they are having both constructive and destructive effects.
Thus, the perspective on globalization presented here, is that it involves, above all else, increasing
liquidity (and gaseousness).
Liquidity: Increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the global age.
Gaseousness: Hyper-mobility of people, things, information, and places in the global age.
Liquid phenomena not only move easily, but once they are on the move they are difficult to stop.
This is examplified in many areas such as foreign trade, investment, and global financial transactions, the
globality of transactions and interactions on the Internet, and the difficulty in halting the global flow of
drugs, pornography, the activities of organized crime, and illegal immigrants.
Flows
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Closely related to the idea of liquidity, and integral to it, is another key concept in thinking about
globalization, the idea of flows; after all liquids flow easily, far more easily than solids.
Flows: movement of people, things, information, and places due, in part, to the increasing porosity of
global barriers
Interconnected flows:
The fact is that global flows do not occur in isolation from one another; many different flows
interconnect at various points and times. Take the example of the global fish industry. That industry
is now dominated by the flows of huge industrial ships and the massive amount of frozen fish that
they produce and which is distributed throughout the world. In addition, these huge industrial ships
are putting many small fishers out of business and some are using their boats for other kind of flows
(e.g. transporting illegal immigrants from Africa to Europe).
Conflicting flows:
Trans planetary processes not only can complement one another, but often also conflict with one
another (and with much else). In fact, it is usually these conflicting flows that attract the greatest
attention
Reverse flows:
In some cases, processes flowing in one direction act back on their source (and much else). This
is what Ulrich Beck has called the boomerang effect. In Beck’s work the boomerang effect takes the
form of, for example, pollution that is ‘‘exported’’ to other parts of the world but then returns to
affect the point of origin.
Structure and Process
One of the oldest pairs of ideas in the social sciences is structure and process.
It is important to note that these structures and processes can take various forms of -e.g. economic,
political, religious, cultural, and so on.
There was long a tendency among sociologists to focus on structure rather than process.
However, a focus on static structures began to lose favor in mid-twentieth century social theory. One
response was the development of theories that focused on process instead of structure.
When thinking about globalization, it is important that we privilege process over structure (just as we
have privileged flows over barriers).
Globalization is, above all else, a process, or better a very large number of interrelated processes.
Thinking about globalization in terms of processes (the fluids, gases, flows, etc.) gives it the kind of
dynamism that we all know it has and that offers profound insights into it and the ways in which it
works. Yet, we must not ignore the role of structures (e.g. nation-states, multi-national corporations) in
globalization
1. First, it is often structures that generate globalization processes.
2. Second, structures often emerge out of the process of globalization.
3. Third, as the process of globalization proceeds, structures are often created or emerge to expedite
globalization.
4. And finally there are those structures that are created to slow, divert, or even stop the process of
globalization
On the one hand, then, globalization is perhaps best defined by a variety of social processes, some
of them new and some of them in existence for quite some time, albeit changed and perhaps
accelerated in the contemporary era of globalization. These social processes (which can take a wide
variety of forms –economic, political, cultural, religious, etc.) will occupy center stage throughout the
following dissussion of globalization. However, it is also possible to identify and focus on important
new structures that are an integral part of globalization.
ON THE INCREASING UBIQUITY OF GLOBAL FLOWS AND PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES
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Globalization (especially global flows and structures) is increasingly ubiquitous. Indeed, our
everyday lives have been profoundly affected by this process. Global flows and structures have
become an inescapable part of our everyday experience.
They are not just flows and structures that are “out there” affecting the world as a whole. It is not
just the largest social structures and processes that are affected, but also the most personal and
intimate parts of our everyday lives, even our consciousness.
Furthermore, these flows and structures are not seen by most as being imposed on them against
their wills, but rather they are seen as legitimate by most and are even sought out by them. As a
result, they are more welcomed than they are seen and treated as unwelcome impositions.
Global flows and structures are increasingly taken-for-granted aspects of the social world. That
is, they no longer seem to most to be exotic phenomena or even open to question, doubt, or debate.
This is quite remarkable since the ideas of global flows and structures, as well as globalization in
general, have only been in general usage since about 1990.
Global flows and structures no longer affect mainly societal elites; they have descended to the
lowest reaches of society. That is not to say that the latter have benefited equally, or even at all, from
the global flows and structures; they may even have been adversely affected by them, but they have
been affected by them. However, we must not forget the more macro-level aspects of the ubiquity of
globalization. There is, for example, the globalization of social entities, or social structures, especially
cultural and organizational forms including the state and the multinational corporation. Then there is
the globalization of civil society, and of those social institutions (e.g. Intergovernmental
Organizations [IGOs] and International Non-Governmental Organizations [INGOs]) that occupy a
position between the state and the market and people in society.
Finally, there is the globalization of the transcendental, including the planet (in terms of climate,
hydrosphere, species migration, and diseases without borders), cosmologies (theories of everything),
and religion (e.g. ecumenism, including the World Council of Churches).
Additional Readings
 Compare: "Definition of METAPHOR". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 29 March 2016.

[...] a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is
used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them [... .]
Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid Modernity, Cambridge:Polity

Ritzer, G. (2015). The Essentials. MA: Wiley-Blackwell
Process Questions
Direction: Read each questions carefully and discuss briefly.

1. What are advantages and disadvantages of using;
a.)Broad and inclusive definitions and
b) Narrow and exclusive definitions of globalization?
2. What do you think is the importance of defining globalization?
3. Do you agree with the idea that the contemporary world is characterized by highly
liquidity? Why or why not?
Learning Activity
The World Made Closer

Direction:
In this activity, you are to see the actual application of globalization on the different aspects of
daily life such as politics, music, sports, film, celebrity, and disaster.
1. Answer the following questions:
a. Enumerate at least three of the most recent songs you have listened. Where did they originate?
Identify the nationality of the writer and/or artist for each music.
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b. What gadget or device do you usually use to listen to music?

c. Where were these gadget or device made? Where is the company based?
d. How did you access these music? Did you purchased them online or listen to them through
YouTube, Sportify, and other music channels?
2. Using a visual representation create your generalizations and discuss: What is globalization?
How would you define globalization?
3. What metaphors are you going to use in order to improve your own definition of
globalization? Enumerate at least three and explain one of them.
Globalization Theories
Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors,
and political orientations of societies expand to create common practice, same economies, and similar
forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism. This means, a given
culture influences other cultures. In terms of the economy, there is recognition of the spread of
neoliberalism, capitalism, and the market economy in the world (Antonio, 2007). Global economy crises
are also product of homogeneity in economic globalization. Stiglitz (2002), for instance, blamed the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) for its ‘one size fits all” approach which treats every country in the
world as the same. In the end, rich countries become advantageous in the world economy at the expense
of the poor countries; which leads to increased inequality among nations. The political realm also suffers
homogenization if one takes into account the emerging similar models of governance in the world. Barber
(1995) said that “ McWorld” is existing, it means only one political orientation is growing in today’s
societies.
The global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism, TV, music, books, and
movies are perceived as imposed on developing countries by the West (Cowen, 2002). Media imperialism
undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries, such as the
Al Jazeera (Bielsa, 2008) a Bollywood (Larkin, 2003), as well as the influence of the local and regional
media. The internet can be seen as an arena for alternative media. Cultural imperialism denies the agency
of viewers, but people around the world often interpret the same medium in significantly different ways.
Global media are dominated by a small number of large corporations. As McChesney (1995) put it, this is
being “extended from old media to new media, such as Microsoft, Facebook, twitter, Google, and apple’s
iTunes.
Ritzer (2008) claimed that, in general, the contemporary world is undergoing the process of
McDonaldization. It is the process by which Western societies are dominated by the principles of fast
food restaurants. McDonalization involves the global spread of rational system, such as efficiency,
calculability, predictability and control. Ritzer (2008) pointed out this process is “extended to other
businesses, sectors and geographic areas”.
On the other hand, heterogeneity pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new
economies and political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the
world. Heterogeneity refers to the difference because of their lasting differences or of the hybrids or
combination of cultures that can be produced through the different trans planetary processes. Contrary to
the culture imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is associated with cultural hybridization. A more specific
concept is “glocalization” coined by Roland Robertson in 1992. To him, as global forces interact with
local factors or a specific geographic area, the “glocal” is being produced. Economic issues are not
exempted from heterogeneity. The commodification of cultures and “gloca” market are examples of
differentiation happening in many economies around the world. The same goes with political institutions.
Barter (1995) also provided the alternate of “ McWorld”- the “Jihad.”. as Ritzer (2008) mentioned, it to
the political groups that are engaged in an “intensification of nationalism and that leads to greater political
heterogeneity throughout the world.
Globalization and Regionalization
Along with globalization many regional blocs are coming up in various part of the world such as
EU, NAFTA, OPEC, ASEAN, etc. The spread of regional arrangement will present both opportunities
and threats to a liberal trade and investment order. If they entrench market-oriented institutions within
their member, these arrangements would become building blocs for a more integrated global economy.
On the other hand, extra-regional trade and investment flows could well be sensitive not only to
any new trade barriers these arrangements may erect, but also to their rules of origin and right of
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establishment. If formulated in protectionist manner, these measures would divert trade and investment
and damage outsiders (Lawrence, 1997; Gestrin and Rugman, 1994).
Developing countries which join major regional arrangements will become more attractive
features for foreign investors, but their participation will typically require:
(i) Providing reciprocal access for developed country goods, services and investment;
(ii) Moving more closely towards developed country regulatory standards; and
(iii) Reducing structurally distorting industrial and related polices (Lawrence, 1997).
(iv) However, “developing countries excluded from such arrangements could face investment
and trade diversion, particularly if regions move in a protectionist direction” (Katseli, 1992). According to
Thomson, “regional integration within a general liberalization of trade can play a strong role in
stimulating investment into and, more important, within each region. By creating large, more open
markets, regional integration may also have additional advantage of restraining any monopolistic
tendencies on the part of investing firms. This competitive pressure, in turn, enhances the potential spill-
overs from FDI. Enhanced spill-over effects should be one of the most important aims of any policy, and
policy and certainly more significant than simply attracting footloose firms” (Thomson, 1997).
As stated already, globalization, regionalization and nationalization should accommodate each
other with equilibrium forces along with economic and social development rather than excluding one for
the other with the objectives of social transformation and development in context of globalization.
Process Questions
Direction. Read each questions carefully and discuss briefly

1. Are societies in the world becoming more similar (homogenous) or more different
(heterogeneous)?
2. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of homogenizations of culture? How
about heterogenization?
Additional Readings
 Explanation of the technology along with theories on how the homogenization mechanism
actually works.
References
Robertson, R. (1992).Globalization: Social Theory and global culture. London: Sage.

Seers, D. (1981), Dependency Theory: A critical reassessment. London, Printer.
Palma, G. (1978). Dependency: A formal theory of underdevelopment or a methodology. For the analysis of
concrete situations underdevelopment? World Development, 6.
Appadurai, A., 1996, Modernity At Large: Cultural Dimensions Of Globalization Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press
What Do Writer Think About Globalization

Direction. Read carefully and discuss briefly
In this activity, look for and read three newspaper opinion editorials (Op-eds) discussing
globalization. You may use local or international op-eds. write a 50-word summary for ep-ed. Identify
whether they subscribe to a particular definition. Also identify whether they are broad and inclusive or
narrow and exclusive.
Test Yourself
Questions and Answer

Direction: A. Read each questions carefully and discuss briefly.
B. Encircle the letter of the best answer, write your answer in the space provided.
1. Based on the different definitions of globalization, Where do you think globalization begin? Is
globalization makes our lives better? How do you define globalization?
2. Explain how globalization has changed over the last few decades and what has fueled this
change?
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3. Outline some of the benefits to increased globalization.

4. Explain what it is called when countries specialize in producing certain products?
5. Identify what is credited with improving cross-border trade efficiency?
6. Explain how the Internet has made it easier to do business across borders
7. Describe the growth factor associated with large companies doing business in multiple countries.
8. The process of globalization: What is Globalization?
A. A term used to describe the removal of borders for the international expansion of
markets
B. Globalisation is a term given to the global warming and changes in the atmosphere
C. Globalisation is how we can live on the earth
9. What are the different components of Globalization?_______________
A. Market, equipment, life, peace C. Order, melancholy, rules, participants
B. Rules, market, equipment, participants D. Life, order, rules, pedestrians
10. The development of _______________ has played a major role in Globalization
11. TNCs have grown to dominate world markets. __________________
A. True B. False
12. What/ Who is the impact of globalization? ________________________
A. Councils, government, individuals, homeless
B. The poor, the homeless, individuals, merchants
C. Government, parliament, celebrity, the wealthy
D. National, global, individuals, local
13. Ninety- nine percent of _______ __________ bags are counterfeit.
14. Globalization has resulted in _________ _________ ____________ .
15. Globalization favors the poor and desperate people.
A. True B. False.
16. ________is the process of increase in connections between different parts of the world.
a)World Bankb)Globalizationc)Glocalization
17. Increased communications between societies around the world has named this world as
a)Global village b)Village c) Worldwide web
18. The creation of Modern globalized world is due to_____
a. Fast communication via mobile and internet
b. Movement of goods, people and information around the globe by air,land and sea
d. Large companies operating in different countries
e. sharing of information
19.MNC’S stand for ___________
a) Multi narcotics cooperationb)Many nations councilc)Multinationalcompanies
20. ____________ allows people to travel, get information and communicatewith each other over long
distances easily
A. Modern technology b. World wide fund c. Modern techniques
21. Due to globalization the world has grown _____
a)Biggerb)Better c) Smaller
22. Globalization has positive effects on a country__________________________________
a.)Improving standards of education and health
b)Getting variety of quality manufactured items
c) Local manufacturers
d) Find more markets for its goods in overseas
23. Globalization has negative effects on a country._________________________________
a) Less employment in developed countries
b)Increased air, land and water pollution in developing countries
c) MNC’S gain power in a country and influence decisions
d)Profits made by a MNC’s are given to the country where factory islocated
24. Modern methods of _______ and _______ have brought us all closer
a)Transport, communication b) Teaching, cookingc) Boats, phones
25. _________ is a study which helps to understand the modern world
a)History b)Geography c)Astronomy
Module 2 Structure of Globalization

Topics
a. The Global Economy
b. Market Integration
c. The Global Interstate System
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d. Contemporary Global Governance

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define economic globalization

2. Narrate a short history of global market integration
3. Identify the actors that facilitate the global interstate system
4. Articulate stance on global economic integration
Economic Globalization
Economic globalization refers to the mobility of people, capital, technology, goods and
services internationally. It is also about how integrated countries are in the global economy. It
refers to how interdependent different countries and regions have become across the world.
In the eighteen hundreds in the world economy generally, people and capital crossed
borders with ease, but not goods. In this century, people do not cross borders easily, but
technologies, capital and goods do.
Economic globalization is a worldwide phenomenon wherein countries’ economic
situations can depend significantly on other countries. Many allied countries would supply
resources to each other that the other countries do not have. These resources can cover imported
products, technology, and even human labor. Many people have observed that this phenomenon
may lead to a “one-world government,” which consists of a centralized government for all
nations.
One popular activity under globalization is international trade, in which products and
services are exchanged between or among nations. Many countries that have abundant natural
resources rely on this trading system to market their unique local products and, in turn, improve
their economic state. International trade has been practiced for centuries, as evidenced by the
Silk Road that connects Asia and Europe for trading purposes. One modern example of this type
of trade is the toy industry, wherein many American-sold toys have the phrase “Made in China”
embossed on their surface.
Depending on a person’s perspective, economic globalization has both advantages and
disadvantages. Advocates assert that the phenomenon increases a country’s productivity with
increased job opportunities and possible higher salaries. This can lead to economic growth and a
higher standard of living. The reliance of countries on each other has also led to better chances of
international peace. It has also paved the way for cultural awareness and understanding, largely
through the help of technology.
On the other side, some people believe that globalization has more disadvantages than
benefits. One negative result is that natural resources are depleted at a faster rate, since the
demand for raw materials has increased among many countries. Another drawback is the
violation of human rights, as many countries can exploit human labor outsourced from
developing countries. Others say that it's a method for more powerful countries to colonize less
developed ones by taking control of the latter’s economic situation. Whether economic
globalization has positive or adverse effects, no one can doubt the phenomenon’s influence and
impact on today’s global development.
https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-economic-globalization.htm
Process Questions
1. How do you experience globalization?
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2. Why it is crucial to emphasize that globalization is uneven?

3. Do you think that the Philippines is harmed as other countries transfer their activities to
us through outsourcing?
4. In what ways do international organizations help our country economy?
5. Does the position in rich countries giants in the economic chain treat the status of less
developed countries in the global market?
References
Economist (2006, January 12), Genghis the globalizer.

World Economic Forum. (2010). Realizing a new version of Agriculture: A roadmap
for stakeholder-Retrieved from http://www3. Org/docs/IP/2016
Shangquan, G (2000). Economic globalization as a mobility regime. Sociology theories
Learning Activity
Global Economic Institution

Directions:
Organize a trip to and familiarization tour of an international economic organization (Asian
Development Bank) or an international company (Honda, Jollibee, etc.). Gather as much information as
you can during the tour.
Accomplish these tasks
a. Research the origins and history of the institution you have chosen;
b. Map the international connections it has created;
c. Identify the major country-leaders of this institution; and
d. Locate the Philippine in this map of interconnections.
Then answer this question: how does this institution influence global economic activity? How
does it affect economics in the Philippines?
Market Integration
● Integration shows the relationship of the firm in a market. The extent of integration influences
the conduct of the firms and consequently their marketing efficiency.
● The behaviour of a highly integrated market is different from that of a disintegrated market.
● Markets differ in the extent of integration and therefore, there is a variation in their degree of
efficiency.
History of Market Integration
The nineteenth century saw substantial advances in international market integration, and the
creation of a truly world economy. Technological advance was critical in this. The railroad locomotive
and the marine steam engine revolutionized world transport from the 1830s onwards. Steamships
connected the world's ports to each other, and from the ports the railroads ran inland, creating a new and
faster world transport network. Freight rates fell, and goods could be carriedacross the world to ever more
distant markets and still be cheaper in those faraway places than the same item producedlocally.Linked
closely to these changes was the electric telegraph, whose lines often ran along the new railroad networks.
Telegraph systems were established in most countries, including the major market of British India, until
1854. Beginning with the first transatlantic cable, which was laid by steamship in 1866, these existing
domestic telegraph systems were linked together by marine cables. The resulting international
information network was crucial in communicating details of prices and price movements, reducing the
cost of making deals and transactions. An infrastructural change of major significance came in 1869 with
the opening of the Suez Canal, which linked the Mediterranean Sea by way of Egypt to the Red Sea: now
ships sailing from Europe to Asia could take the new shortcut rather than sail all the way around Africa.
Immediately Asia was some 4,000 miles closer to Europe in transport terms, and freight costs fell. Yet the
low efficiency of early steamships meant that many bulk cargoes such as rice still were carried to Europe
from Asia by sail around the Cape of Good Hope. Technological change in the shape of steel hulls and
steel masts made sailing ships larger and more efficient, and they continued to be active until the more
efficient triple-expansion engine finally drove the sailing ships from the oceans during the last quarter of
the nineteenth century.
RISE OF FREE TRADE
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Physical changes in lowering freight and transaction costs were not the only forces stimulating
market integration. It was normal for countries to impose import duties on foreign goods, seeking to gain
an inflow of gold in their foreign trade accounts by selling more to each of their trading partners than they
bought from them. But in 1846 the merchants of Manchester, England, the center of the world's cotton
textile industry, struck their famous victory for free trade by forcing the British government to abandon
tariffs on all imported goods apart from a few luxury items. The tariffs on wheat were the first to go,
opening up the Great Plains of the United States for wheat production to supply Britain. With free trade,
no longer did trade relations with a foreign country have to balance or be in surplus; rather, a deficit in
trade with one country could be offset by a surplus in trade with another country, liberalizing world trade
in a way never previously seen. Britain moved heavily into deficit on trade account, but this was sustained
by considerable invisible inflows generated by her substantial overseas investments, particularly in the
railroad systems of the United States.
Types of Market Integration
There are three basic kinds of market integration

1. Horizontal integration. This occurs when a firm or agency gains control of other firms or agencies
performing similar marketing functions at the same level in the marketing sequence
In this type of integration, some marketing agencies combine to form a union with a view to
reducing their effective number and the extent of actual competition in the market.
It is advantageous for the members who join the group.
Effects of Horizontal Integration
● Buying out a competitor in a time bound way to reduce competition.

● Gaining larger share of the market and higher profits.
● Attaining economies of scale.
● Specializing in the trade.
Advantages of Horizontal Integration
(1)Lower costs (2)Higher efficiency (3)Increased differentiation

(4)Increased market power (5)Reduced competition (6)Access to new markets
(7)Economics of scale (8)Economics of scope (9)International trade
Disadvantages of the Horizontal Integration
(1)Destroyed value (2)Legal repercussions. (3)Reduced flexibilit

2. Vertical Integration.This occurs when a firm performs more than one activity in the sequence of the
marketing process.
● It is a linking together of two or more functions in the marketing process within a single firm or under a
single ownership.
● This type of integration makes it possible to exercise control over both quality and quantity of the
product from the beginning of the production process until the product is ready for the consumer.
● It reduces the number of middle men in the marketing channel.
a.) Forward integration. If a firm assumes another function of marketing which is closer to the
consumption function, it is a case of forward integration. Example: wholesaler assuming the function of
retailing
b.) Backward integration. This involves ownership or a combination of sources of supply. Example: when
a processing firm assumes the function of assembling/purchasing the produce from the villages.
c.) Balanced vertical integration. The third type of vertical integration is a combination of the backward
and the forward vertical integration.
Advantages of Vertical Integration
1. It allows you to invest in assets that are highly specialized.5 It allows for positive differentiation
2. It gives you more control over your business.6. It requires lower costs of transaction
3. It offers more cost control. 7.It ensures a high level of certainty when it comes to quality
4 It provides more competitive advantage
Disadvantages of Vertical Integration
1. It can have capacity-balancing problems. 5.It can bring about more difficulties
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2. It can result in decreased flexibility.6. It can create some barriers to market entry.
3.It can cause confusion within the business 7. It requires a huge amount of money.
4.It makes things more difficult.
Effects of Vertical Integration
● More profits by taking up additional functions

● Risk reduction through improved market coordination
● Improvement in bargaining power and the prospects of influencing prices
● Lowering costs through achieving operational efficiency
3. Conglomeration.A combination of agencies or activities not directly related to each other may, when
it operates under a unified management, be termed a conglomeration
Effects of Conglomeration
● Risk reduction through diversification ● Acquisition of financial leverage ● Empire – building urge.
Reasons for market Integration
● To remove transaction costs ● Foster competition

● Provide better signals for optimal generation and consumption decisions ● Improve security of supply
Degree of Integration
● Ownership integration -This occurs when all the decisions and assets of a firm are completely assumed
by another firm. Example: a processing firm which buys a wholesale firm.
● Contract integration -This involves an agreement between two firms on certain decisions, while each
firm retains its separate identity. Example: tie up of a dhal mill with pulse traders for supply of pulse
grains.
●Measurement of market integration -The measurement or assessment of the extent of market integration
is helpful in the formation of appropriate policies for increasing the efficiency of marketing process. The
measurement or assessment of market integration may be attempted at two levels.
1) Integration among firms of a market.
2) Integration among spatially separated markets.
Integration among firms of a market
● The extent of vertical integration in a market may be assessed by counting the number of functions
performed by each firm in the market.
● The extent of horizontal integration may be measured by studying the number of firms performing the
same marketing function but operating under one common management.
● The result of a study on the existence of vertical and horizontal integration in the marketing of wheat in
eight main wheat producing districts of Rajasthan revealed that about half of the marketing firms
(50.5%) were integrated vertically because they performed two or three functions.
Integration among spatially separated markets
● The extent to which prices in spatially separated markets move together or are related to transport costs
reflects the degree of integration.
● A two-way analysis of prices in spatially separated markets may be used to assess the degree of
integration.
1) Price correlations.
2) Spatial price differential and Transportation costs.
Price correlation
● The degree of correlation between two prices is taken as an index of the extent to which the two
markets are integrated.
● A higher degree of correlation coefficient indicates a greater degree of integration at least in terms of
the pricing of the product between market centres and vice versa
● The correlation in the price of commodity in any markets is unity under spatial price integration.
Spatial price differential and Transportation costs.
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● Correlation method. ● Ravallion procedure. ● Co integration approach.

● Parity bound models (PBM).
Process Questions
1. What are the effects of the information revolution in today’s global market?
2. What are the effects of Multinational Corporation in the Philippine economy?
3. Analyse socialism and capitalism in relation with the Philippine society which of these
economic systems would work in our country?
References
Economist,(2006 January 12) Genghis the globalizer.

Chanda, N. (2007). Bound together: How trader, preacher, adventurer and warriors shaped globalization.
New Haven: Yale University.
Learning Activity
Weighing the Market
The global market brought positive and negative effects through time. At this point, market will
be assessed through your own perspective provided that you already had a good grasp of the different
concepts in economic and financial globalization. This activity will help you understand the benefits and
harm of global economic process, structures, and technologies.
1. Listed below are the scenarios that have to do with economy. Discuss the major impacts of
these scenarios whether they are positive or negative (for you, for the country, or for the
Filipinos). The “case-by-case” column can be used. Justify your answer.
Scenario Positive Negative Case by Case
Scenario A: Agriculture is the main source of employment in your home province. The
government has recently decided to develop the farmland into real estate and exclusive
subdivisions in order to attract foreign investors to the country.
Scenario B. You decided to purchase a new shirt through an online shop based in London.
Scenario C. The Philippine government is being pressured by current economic crisis to
import rice from Taiwan and other nearest countries in the region.
Scenario D. A multinational corporation decides to close. Unfortunately, your father is one
of its many employees whose work has been terminated. However, he could still be employed
if he were to accept the offer to move to another country.
Scenario E. the global financial crisis has affected the investment funds of your mother that
she can for her retirement.
2. How did you decided for each scenario? What are the pros and cons that you list
down before you came up with the final judgment.
The Global Interstate
The Global Interstate

The Global Interstate The origin of the present-day concept of sovereignty can traced back to
the Treaty of Westphalia, which was asset of agreement signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War
between the major continental power of Europe. After a brutal religious war between Catholics and
Protestants, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic designed a system
that would avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signer exercise complete control over
their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affair.
The Westphalia system provided stability for the nations of Europe, until it faced its first major
challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte. Bonaparte believed in spreading the principles of the French
Revolution-liberty, equality, and fraternity- to the rest of Europe and thus challenged the power of kings,
nobility, and religion in Europe. The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803-1815 with Napoleon and his
armies marching all over much of Europe. In every country they conquered, the French implemented the
Napoleonic Code that forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted
19
meritocracy in government service. This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites (dukes,
duchesses, etc) of Europe, and they mustered their armies to push back against the French emperor.
Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, ending
the latter’s mission to spread his liberal code across Europe. To prevent another war and to keep their
systems privilege, the royal powers created a new system that, in effect, restored the Westphalia system.
The Concert of Europe was an alliance of “great powers”- the united Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and
Prussia-that sought to restore the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges of the time
before the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. More importantly, it was an alliance that sought to
restore the sovereignty of states. Under this Metternich, who was the system (named after the Austrian
diplomat, Klemens von Metternich, who was the system’s main architect), the Concert’s power and
authority lasted from 1815 – 1914, at the dawn of World War I.
Despite the challenge of Napoleon to the Westphalian system and the eventual collapse of the
Concert of Europe after World War I. Present-day interstate system still have traces of this history. Until
now, states are considered sovereign, and Napoleonic attempts to violently imposesystem of government
in other countries are frowned upon. Moreover, like the Concert system, “great powers” still hold
significant influence grouping in the Un, the Security Council, has a core of five permanent members, all
having veto powers over the council’s decision-making process.
Global Governance in the Twenty-First Century
The term world governance is broadly used to designate all regulations intended for organization
and centralization of human societies on a global scale. The Forum for a new World Governance defines
world governance simply as "collective management of the planet".
Traditionally, government has been associated with "governing," or with political authority,
institutions, and, ultimately, control. Governance denotes a process through which institutions coordinate
and control independent social relations, and that have the ability to enforce their decisions. However,
authors like James Rosenau have also used "governance" to denote the regulation of interdependent
relations in the absence of an overarching politicalauthority, such as in the international system. Some
now speak of the development of "global public policy".
Adil Najam, a scholar on the subject at the Pardee School of Global Studies, Boston University
has defined global governance simply as "the management of global processes in the absence of global
government." According to Thomas G. Weiss, director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International
Studies at the Graduate Center (CUNY) and editor (2000–05) of the journal Global Governance: A
Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, "'Global governance'—which can be good,
bad, or indifferent—refers to concrete cooperative problem-solving arrangements, many of which
increasingly involve not only the United Nations of states but also 'other UNs,' namely international
secretariats and other non-state actors." In other words, global governance refers to the way in which
global affairs are managed.
States are more likely to formally include civil society organizations (CSOs) in order to avoid a
potential legitimacy advantage of their counterparts and to enhance domestic legitimacy if the following
two conditions apply: first if they are more central to the global governance network; and second, if other
states formally include CSOs as well. Thus, while government choices concerning whether to involve
formally CSOs in global climate policy are obviously driven to a considerable degree by domestic factors,
the authors concentrate on international network effects.
The definition is flexible in scope, applying to general subjects such as global security and order
or to specific documents and agreements such as the World Health Organization's Code on the Marketing
of Breast Milk Substitutes. The definition applies whether the participation is bilateral (e.g. an agreement
to regulate usage of a river flowing in two countries), function-specific (e.g. a commodity agreement),
regional (e.g. the Treaty of Tlatelolco), or global (e.g. the Non-Proliferation Treaty). These "cooperative
problem-solving arrangements" may be formal, taking the shape of laws or formally constituted
institutions for a variety of actors (such as state authorities, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), private sector entities, other civil society actors, and individuals) to
manage collective affairs. They may also be informal (as in the case of practices or guidelines) or ad hoc
entities (as in the case of coalitions).
However, a single organization may take the nominal lead on an issue, for example the World
Trade Organization (WTO) in world trade affairs. Therefore, global governance is thought to be an
international process of consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements that affect
national governments and international corporations. Examples of such consensus would include WTO
policies on health issues.
The WTO is needed when establishing a regulatory guide in decision-making, the Global
Administrative Law is active in going hand-in-hand with WTO. They promote global principles when
involving accountability, transparency, and legitimacy when making decisions involving more than one
country or state. This is necessary to prevent future disputes between states.
In short, global governance may be defined as "the complex of formal and informal institutions,
mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations,
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both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated,
Duties, obligations and privileges are established, and differences are mediated through educated
professionals."
Titus Alexander, author of Unravelling Global Apartheid, an Overview of World Politics, has
described the current institutions of global governance as a system of global apartheid, with numerous
parallels with minority rule in the formal and informal structures of South Africa before 1991.
The Effects of Globalization on States and Governments
Stateis commonly defined as a nation or territory considered as an organized political community

under one government. Government is the governing body of a state, nation, or community. A
government is thus the political administration of a state or country. A state is the geographic unit that has
a distinct constitution, fiscal system, and is sovereign (that is, self-governing and independent from other
states as recognized by them). It is in a state where a government can exercise its powers.
One of the debatable issues relevant to the outcomes of globalization is the effect that it has had
on governments or state entities. What are the ways in which the government leaders, and the state as a
whole, have been fashioned by globalization economically and politically?
As of late, the question has been how globalization affects governments, as regards their overall
behavior, and more definitely, whether globalization limits state sovereignty. For instance, with the
upswing of globalization, some say that governments are far less able to govern their own politics without
considering the outside world. In the present day, it becomes difficult to be economically isolated. As a
result, some believe that today, “government matters less and less in a global economy. Nation-states are
simply other actors on the global stage rather than its directors” (Osland, 2003: 142), and that “aggressive
global production systems andcapital markets now occupy the ‘commanding heights’ of global
development, forcing governments on the defensive and pressuring them to deregulate, downsize, and
privatize many of the social management functions they assumed during the past century” (Yergin &
Stanislaw, 2000).
Joyce S. Osland (PhD) of San Jose State University College of Global Leadership and Innovation
enumerates some of the pros and cons of globalization related to governments. The positives include the
following (2003):
1. Increased economic development benefits some governments.
2. Increased jobs and expanded infrastructure benefit some countries.
3. Transfer of modern management techniques into business sector
4. Greater interdependence among trading and investment partners may deter war.
5. Proliferation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to counter- balance decreased
governmental power
On the other hand, the negative effects of globalization on governments include these (2003):
1. Power of multinational enterprises (MNEs) increased at the expense of government power,
sovereignty, and ability to regulate business.
2. MNEs externalize some of their costs to countries.
3. Competition for factories and foreign direct investment (FDI) result in too many concessions to
MNEs by some governments.
4. Some MNEs influence local government policy and threaten to leave if their demands are not
met.
5. MNEs pay fewer taxes to governments and incorporate where the tax rate is lowest, depriving
their own country of revenue.
6. Governments are pressured to reduce tax rates and decrease social benefits that may affect
stability.
Internationalism
Internationalism in American foreign policy has had different meanings for nearly every
generation of citizens and diplomats. It has been associated with all forms of external contact with the
world, the relationships becoming more extensive and political with the passage of time. As a foreign
policy, it has usually been viewed as the antithesis of isolationism, and in that sense it has involved
political commitments or "entanglements" through multinational treaties as well as membership in
international organizations. In a broader context, it has also encompassed official and unofficial non-
political activities—economic, social, cultural, and scientific—usually evidenced through affiliation with
specialized international societies or agencies. Some internationalists have thought in terms of a universal
community, a broad brotherhood of people with common concerns, needs, and aspirations that exists as a
reality beyond the confines of nation-states. In recent times, internationalism has taken on a new meaning
under a doctrine of responsibility, with the United States assuming the burden of "policeman of the
world," both unilaterally and multilaterally.
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The Early Years
Long before isolationism became an established policy in the nineteenth century, citizens of the
American colonies recognized that they could not live apart from the rest of the world. They existed
within an imperial system that involved them in numerous crises and four world wars (Queen Anne's
War, King William's War, King George's War, and the French and Indian War), mostly related to trade
and territories. Early Americans understood that international law applied to them as they redefined their
relationships toward their neighbors and their mother country. William Penn reflected the cosmopolitan
atmosphere when he drafted his Essay Towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe (1693), in which
he called for a congress of states to promote stability. Evidence of a broad perspective also appeared in a
colonial union, the New England Confederation of 1643, and in the suggestion for joint action embodied
in the Albany Plan of 1754. Joseph Galloway's proposal for an Anglo-American council in 1774 also
expressed a cosmopolitan outlook. Such experiences, as well as an awareness of the Iroquois League of
the Five Nations, may explain why revolutionary leaders like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine spoke
favorably of an international organization. Certainly, the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of
1789 revealed a general awareness that sovereign states could combine to promote their interests.
Events during and after the Revolution related to the treaty of alliance with France, as well as
difficulties arising over the neutrality policy pursued during the French revolutionary wars and the
Napoleonic wars, encouraged another perspective. A desire for separateness and unilateral freedom of
action merged with national pride and a sense of continental safety to foster the policy of isolation.
Although the United States maintained diplomatic relations and economiccontacts abroad, it sought to
restrict these as narrowly as possible in order to retain its independence. The Department of State
continually rejected proposals for joint cooperation, a policy made explicit in the Monroe Doctrine's
emphasis on unilateral action. Not until 1863 did an American delegate attend an international
conference. Even so, Secretary of State William H. Seward reflected prevailing views by refusing to sign
an 1864 multilateral treaty related to the Red Cross. The United States did not subscribe to such a
convention until 1882. Thereafter, cooperation on economic and social matters seemed acceptable, but
political issues, especially those involving Europe, were generally avoided until the end of the century.
The Beginnings of Organized Internationalism
Although most citizens accepted the principle of isolationism, scattered voices throughout the
nineteenth century called for a more cooperative stance toward the world. As early as the 1830s the
American Peace Society, under the direction of William Ladd, sponsored essay contests concerning
international organization, and in 1840 Ladd utilized many of the ideas in drafting his well-known Essay
on a Congress of Nations. His proposal for both a political body and a judicial agency gained
considerable public notice through petition and educational campaigns during the ensuing years. After
Ladd's death in 1841, Elihu Burritt, a reformer known as "The Learned Blacksmith," presented the
congress of nations program to European pacifists with such regularity that they referred to it as the
"American idea."
The Civil War in America (1861–1865) and conflicts in Europe (1854–1856, 1870–1871)
undermined the peace movement, but a developing interest in the law of nations kept alive the concept of
global cooperation during the last third of the century. Several societies emerged to promote the
codification of international rules of behavior and to encourage the settlement of disputes through
arbitration by a third party. These were not new ideas, but leading citizens in many nations around the
turn of the twentieth century seized upon the arbitration concept to guarantee a warless world.
This activity contributed substantially to the evolution of thought concerning an international
organization. As countries signed arbitration accords, men—and a few women—began to think beyond
such limited agreements. Agencies would be needed to implement the treaties; laws would have to be
codified. As John Westlake, an English law professor, observed, "When we assert that there is such a
thing as International Law, we assert that there is a society of States; when we recognize that there is a
society of States, we recognize that there is International Law."
The arbitration settlement in 1871–1872 of the Alabama Claims, an Anglo-American dispute over
damages caused by Confederate cruisers, led to the signing of many other arbitration agreements during
the next four decades. Most were disputes involving monetary and boundary claims and questions arising
under treaty clauses; this discouraged pacifists, who hoped to see accords calling for all controversies to
be arbitrated. They rallied to promote their goal, gaining public endorsement in the 1890s. The Lake
Mohonk (New York) Conference on International Arbitration, which began in 1895 and met annually
through 1916, united American civic, business, religious, and educational leaders in a quest to
institutionalize arbitration. Proponents recognized that the Senate would not subscribe to unlimited
agreements, so they agreed that matters involving national honor and vital interests be exempted. Their
support resulted in the Olney-Pauncefote Treaty with Great Britain in 1897, which called for the
arbitration of monetary and territorial differences. As expected, the Senate exempted disputes affecting
national interest and honor, and then insisted that the Senate have authority to exempt from arbitration
22
any dispute submitted for settlement. Even these safeguards did not satisfy the extreme isolationists. After
adding yet other reservations, the Senate refused to ratify the treaty.
These developments had a lasting impact upon American internationalist thought. First,
arbitration accords encouraged the exploration of cooperative methods of resolving disputes and breached
barriers that had kept statesmen from previously examining such subjects. Second, these experiences
warned internationalists that they must be cautious about proposals for a union of nations. It was quite
clear by the time that the United States fought Spain in 1898 that Washington would not assume
obligations that would weaken its sovereignty or jeopardize interests deemed vital to its welfare. Finally,
the advances in arbitration influenced discussions at the first genuine international assembly of nations,
the Hague Conference of 1899.
Process questions
Direction: Answer the following questions. Discuss briefly.

1. Examine the interaction between the nation-state and international organizations. Which has the
greatest impact on government?
2. Do civil society and INGO’s strengthen or undermine the role of the governments in international
relations? Why or why not?
3. Are the civil society and other organizations truly separated from the government’s actions and
policies? In what ways can the state maintain its sovereignty amid government?
References
Cox, R. (1994). Multilateralism and the democratization of world order.In the globalization of world politics: an
introduction to international relations (1999). New York: Oxford University press.
Mann, M. (2007). Has globalization ended the rise and the rise of the nation-state?Review of International Political
Economy 4,(3),
Learning Activity
Imaginary Interview
Further research/read on Giuseppe Mazzini, Woodrow Wilson, Karl Max, or Vladimir Lenin.
Conduct imaginary interview with one of them. In this interview, have your selected figure answer the
following questions:
1. What do you think of nationalism?
2. What is necessary for the development of an international order?
3. What do you think of the League of Nations?
4. What is the role of revolution in internationalism?
The Contemporary Global Governance
Global Governance
is understood as “…the way in which global affairs are managed. As there is no global
government, global governance typically involves a range of actors including states, as well as regional
and international organizations. However, a single organization may nominally be given the lead role on
an issue, for example the World Trade Organization in world trade affairs. Thus global governance is
thought to be an international process of consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements
that affect national governments and international corporations. Examples of such consensus would
include WHO policies on health issues” (WHO, 2015).
Global interstate
World politics today has four key attributes. First, there are countries or states that are
independent and govern themselves. Second, these countries interact with each through diplomacy. Third,
there are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN), that facilitate these interactions,
fourth, beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on lives
of their own. The UN, for example, apart from being a meeting ground for presidents and other heads of
state, also has task-specific like the world Health Organization (WHO) and the international Labor
Organization (ILO).
What are the origins of this system? A good start is by unpacking what one means he/she says a “
country”, or what academics also call the nation-state.This concept is not as simple as it seems. The
nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize
themselves as countries. At different parts in the history of humanity, people in various regions of the
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world have identified exclusively with units as small as their village or their tribe, and at other times, they
see themselves as members of larger political categories like “ Christendom” (the entire Christian world).
The nation –state is composed of two non-interchangeable terms. Not all states are nations and
not all nations are states. The nation of Scotland, for example, has its own flag and national culture, but
still belongs to a state called the United Kingdom. Closer to home, many commentators believe that the
Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing within the Philippines nut, through their elites, recognizes the
authority of the Philippine state. Meanwhile, if there are states with multiple nations, there are also single
nations with multiple states. The nation of Kore is divided into North and South Korea, whereas the “
Chinese nation” may refer to both the People Republic of China )the mainland) and Taiwan.
International Organization International OrganizationInternational Organi
An international organization (intergovernmental organization) is an organization established by

a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal
personality, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization and NATO. International
organizations are composed of primarily Member states, but may also include other entities, such as other
international organizations. Additionally, entities (including states) may hold observer status.
 The first and oldest intergovernmental organization - being established employing a treaty, and
creating a permanent secretariat - is the International Telecommunication Union (founded in
1865). The first general international organization—addressing a variety of issues—was the
League of Nations. The United Nations followed this model after World War II.
 The role of international organizations is helping to set the international agenda, mediating
political bargaining, providing a place for political initiatives and acting as catalysts for the
coalition- formation. They facilitate cooperation and coordination among member nations.
 International organizations typically have member states from the whole world, however in some
cases organizations have geographic limitations, such as the European Union, African Union and
NATO. The United Nations also has regional organizations, such as UNECE and UNECA.
 The oldest regional organization is the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, created
in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna.
 The United Nations organizes its work into agencies, such as United Nations Relief Works
Agency, which are generally considered as international organizations in their own right.
 Additionally, the United Nations has specialized agencies which are organizations within the
United Nations System, that have their member states (often nearly identical to the UN Member
States) and are governed independently by them, examples include International Organizations
that predate the UN, such the International Telecommunication Union, and the Universal Postal
Union, as well as organizations that were created after the UN such as the World Health
Organization (which was made up of regional organizations such as PAHO that predated the
UN).
 International Organizations are sometimes referred to as Intergovernmental Organizations
(IGOs), to clarify the distinction from International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs),
which are non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include
international a non-profit organization such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement,
International Committee of the Red Cross, Médecins Sans Frontières, and the World Economic
Forum.
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international
peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a
centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally
represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. The UN is headquartered on
international territory in New York City, with its other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The
Hague.
The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars, succeeding
the ineffective League of Nations. On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a
conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on
24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. Pursuant to the Charter, the organization's objectives
include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian
aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. At its founding, the UN had 51
member states; this number grew to 193 in 2011, representing almost all of the world's sovereign states.
The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the
Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its missions have
consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring,
reporting and confidence-building roles. UN membership grew significantly following widespread
24
decolonization beginning in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence,
including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council. By the 1970s, the UN's
budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping.
After the end of the Cold War, the UN shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide
variety of complex tasks.
The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly; the Security Council; the Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC); the Trusteeship Council; the International Court of Justice; and the UN
Secretariat. The UN System includes a multitude of specialized agencies, such as the World Bank Group,
the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Additionally, non-
governmental organizations may be grantedconsultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to
participate in the UN's work. The UN's chief administrative officer is the Secretary-General, currently
Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres, who began his five year-term on 1 January 2017.
The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.
The UN, its officers, and its agencies have won many Nobel Peace Prizes, though other
evaluations of its effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an
important force for peace and human development, while others have called it ineffective, biased, or
corrupt.
Guide Questions
Direction: Answer the Questions briefly in a sheet of paper.

1. What of the Westphalian system can still be felt at this and age? In what sense has the world gone
beyond the Wesphalian system?
2. Do you think international erodes the sovereignty?
3. Why the global governance multi-faced?
4. How do international organizations take on “lives of their own”?
5. What challenges faced by the United Nations in maintaining global security?
References
Cox, R. (1994). Multilateralism and the democratization of world order. In the globalization of world politics:
an introduction to international relations (1999). New York: Oxford University press.
Mann, M. (2007). Has globalization ended the rise and the rise of the nation-state?
Review of International Political Economy 4,(3),
Learning Activity
The United Nation Peacekeeper:

Re- enacting their Roles, Responsibilities and Challenges
Research in Google what the United Nations peacekeeper are, the countries that send these
peacekeeper, where they have been involved in the last 50 years. After familiarizing yourself with the
UN’s peacekeeping function, you will be ready to deal with a crisis. Read the scenario below.
Countries A and B have been at war against each other for 50 years over a big of land that is
located in their borders. The land consists of rainforest, suitable farmlands, and rich mineral resources. It
is also suspected to have oil reserves underground.
The community that lives in this area is composed of people who have never been clear about
their national loyalties, for the simple reason that they do not recognize these boarders.
They have been living in the area long before countries A and B had national territories. They, therefore,
would like to be left alone, to “go” back and forth” between the two boarders.
Countries A and B, however, want to exploit the resources of this borderland. They stated
supporting leaders in this community, secretly at first, but later on with open economic assistance. This
association created tensions within community that soon worsened into open factional rivalries between
its leader.
The factional rivalry started over how assistance was to be shared, and then moved to competition
over elected positions. The rivalry took a turn for the worse when countries A and B
Began supplying their allies with arms and military training, especially after both realized the security
problems this borderland can cause.
25
It did not take before conflict between the two factions came out in the open. This “ mini-war”
spread and seriously affected the community, dividing families and pitting friends and relatives against
each other.
Eventually, exhausted by the war (countries A and B began to realize how much resources they
wasted in this war), the protagonists agreed to a temporary truce. They also asked the help of the United
Nation in terms of bringing in a peacekeeping force to stand between the two sides, and negotiate how to
turn the truce into a lasting peace
Test Yourself
Directions. Answer the Following questions by choosing the correct letter and discuss briefly the number
that needs explanation.
1. Most trading on exchange rate markets is related to _______________ and ______________.
A. International exchange and management of the risks of possible future changes in exchange
rates.
B. International investments and management of the opportunities available with possible future
changes in exchange rates.
C. Domestic investments and management of the risks of possible future changes in exchange
rates.
D. International investments and management of the risks of possible future changes in exchange
rates.
2. The 3 Factors are New Global ___________, National ____________ to Globalization, and Changes
in _________.1.2.3.
3. A high inflation rate means that your currency buys less.

A. True B. False
4. There are two main ways to deal with floating exchange rate risks. What are they? (Select two)
A. Limit the number of transactions you do that involve long term commitments that would
reduce the risks to some extent
B. Increase the number of transactions you do that involve long term commitments that would
reduce the risks to some extent
C. Use financial contracts that would hedge some of the risks with floating exchange rates
D. Use fixed exchange rates that would hedge some of the risks with floating exchange rates
5. The overwhelming majority of trades in 2007 were the exchange of Euro's.
A. True B. False
6. What is the main difference(s) between microeconomics and macroeconomics?
7. Please define 2 economic indicators.
8. GATT stands for ____________________.
A. General Agreement on Tariffs and Tencent c. General Arithmetic on Tariffs and Trade
b. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade D. General Agreement on Terrible Trades
9. All of the following are skills sets economists predict will be most valuable in the future global
economy except?
A. Sales C. Bureaucratic
B. Investment D. Service E. Computer
10. Please give an example of the law of supply and demand.
11. __________ is the problem of infinite human needs and wants, in a world of finite resources.
12. Many countries in the late 1940s realized that the reductions in world trade in wartime and during the
Depression had hurt their economies
A. True B. False
13. An example of a change that significantly reduced the cost of transportation of goods
is_______________.
A. Health Regulations C. Barriers to trade
B. Guns D. Containerization
14. The countries of the world could not and did not want to drop the trade barrier’s of the 1930’s that
pushed countries apart such as heavy tariffs.
A. True B. False
15. All of the following are examples of the effects of globalization except
A. A department store put's items on lay away
B. A McDonald's open up in India
C. An American fashion designer uses cultural ideas from Chinese pop to make clothes
D. It is less costly to ship goods from China than to make them in Europe
16. The US and other major currencies of the world use _______ exchange rates.
A. Fixed B. Soft-Pegged C. Self- Regulated D. Floating
17. A strong currency means you can __________________________________.
26
A. Buy less imports so imports decrease but the foreign currency that exporters earn is worth
more so exports tend to rise.
B. Buy more imports so imports rise but the foreign currency that exporters earn is worthless so
exports tend to fall.
C. Buy less imports so imports fall but the foreign currency that exporters earn is worthless so
exports tend to fall.
D. Buy more imports so imports rise but the foreign currency that exporters earn is worth more so
exports tend to rise.
18. A common issue with China in the first decade of the 21st century is that china has fixed its exchange
rate at a fairly low level which is helping its exports but also leading to humungous and unsustainable
large trade surpluses.
A. True B. False
19. You can always keep the foreign exchange value of your currency rising as long as you are willing
to keep accumulating foreign exchange reserves.
A. True B. False
20. What is an economy?
A. The factors of production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of a
country or other area.
B. The factors of production, exchange, distribution, and consumption in a country or other area.
C. The realized social system of production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods
and services of a country or other area.
D. The realized political system of production, exchange, distribution, and consumption of goods
and services of a country or other area.
21. GDP is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within the country
in a given period of time (usually a calendar year).
A. True B. False
22. Economists typically use “purchasing power parity” (PPP) exchange rates, which seek to measure the
same _________________________________.
23. GDP =
A. GDP = corporate spending+ government investment + government spending + (exports −
imports)
B. GDP = consumption + gross investment + government spending
C. GDP = consumption + government investment + government spending +
D. GDP = consumption + gross investment + government spending + (exports − imports)
24. Why do nations trade?
25.What is the law of supply and demand?
26. Discuss the three key dimensions of neoliberal economic dimensions of globalization: privatization,
liberalization, and deregulation. What are they and what is one example of each of them? Do these
measures appeal to you? Why or why not?
27. What forces combined first to create Europe’s rapid rise to global power in the 1500s and then
undermined European dominance in the twentieth century? What intellectual contradictions existed
within European imperialism that challenged it as a political force?
28. The UN has sent peace-keeping troops to nations in which they are not allowed to use force. This is
an example of both the power and the weakness of the United Nations. In what ways is the United
Nations a useful organization to resolve global issues? Identify three ways in which its charter has limited
its effectiveness.
29. Two trends of political globalization have been the evolution of human rights as a concept and the
spread of democratization. What has been the context in which these ideals have gained power? Do you
think that these ideologies will continue to expand into the future? Why or why not?
30. Which of the following can create ethical dilemmas between corporate managers and stockholders?
a. Auditors b. Board of directors c. Agency relationship d. Venture Capitalist
Topics
a. Global Divides: The North and the South
b. Asian Regionalism
Learners Outcome
At the end of the lesson the must be able to;
I. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization;
II. Explain how regions are formed and kept together;
27
III. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of regionalization; and

IV. Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian region.
Global Divides: The North and the South
Government, associations, societies, and groups form regional organizations and/or networks as a
way of coping with the challenges of globalization. Globalization has made people aware of the world in
general, but it has made Filipinos for instance, did the Philippines come to identify itself with the
Southeast Asian region? Why is it part of a regional grouping known as the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
While regionalism is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon, the term actually
encompasses a broader area. It can be examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological
sustainability, and health. Regionalism is also a process, and must be treated as an “emergent”, socially
constituted phenomenon”. It means that regions are not natural or given;rather, they are constructed and
defined by policymakers, economic actors, and even social movements.
Countries, Regions, and Globalization
Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner state that economic and political definitions of
regionsvary; there are certain basic features that everyone can agree on. First, regions are “a group of
countries located in the same geographically specified area” or are “an amalgamation oftwo regions or a
combination of more than two regions” organized to regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices”.
Second, the word regionalization and regionalism should not be interchanged, as the former refers to the
“regional concentration of economic flows” while latter is a “ political process characterized by economic
policy cooperation and coordination among countries”.
Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in various ways. Some are large
enough and have a lot of resources to dictate how they participate in processes of global integration.
China, for example, offers its cheap and huge workforce to attract foreign business and expand trade with
countries it once considered its enemies but now sees as markets for its goods (e.g. the United States and
Japan). Other countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of their strategic location.
Singapore and Switzerland compensate for their lack of resources by turning themselves into financial
and banking hubs. Singapore developed its harbour facilities and made them s first- class transit port for
ships carrying different commodities from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and mainland Southeast Asia
to countries in the Asia-Pacific. In the most cases, however, countries form a regional alliance for-as they
saying goes-there is strength in number.
Countries form regional associations for several reasons. One is for military defense. The most
widely known defence grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed during the
Cold War when several Western European countries plus the United States agreed to protect Europe
against the treat of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union responded by creating its regional alliance, the
Warsaw Pact, consisting of the Eastern European countries under Soviet domination. The Soviet Union
imploded in December 1991, but NATO remains in place.
Countries also form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better returns for their
exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading partners. The Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela
to regulate the production and sale of oil. This regional alliance flexed its muscles in the 1970s when its
member countries took over domestic production and dictated crude oil prices in the world market. In the
world highly dependent on oil, this integration became a source of immense power. OPECs success
convinced nine other oil-producing countries to join it.
Moreover, there are countries that form regional blocs to protect their independence from the
pressures of superpower politics. The president of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia
created the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961 to pursue world peace and international cooperation,
human rights, national sovereignty, racial and national equality, non-intervention, and peaceful conflict
resolution. It called itself non-aligned because the associations refused to side with either the First World
capitalist democracies in Western Europe and North America or the communist state in Eastern Europe.at
its peak, the NAM had 120 member countries. The movement, however, was never formalized and
continues to exist to the present, although it lacks the same fervor that it had in the past.
Finally, economic crisis compels countries to come together. The Thai economy collapsed in
1996 after foreign currency speculators and troubled international banks demanded that the Thai
government pay back its loan. A rapid withdrawal of foreign investments bankrupted the economy. This
crisis began to spread to other Asian countries as their currencies were also devalued and foreign
investment left in a hurry. The international Monetary fund (IMF) tried to reverse the crisis, but it was
only after the ASEAN countries along China, Japan,
And South Korea agreed to establish an emergency fund to anticipate a crisis that the Asian economies
stabilized.
28
The crisis made ASEAN more “unified and coordinated”. The association has come a long way
since it was formed as a coalition of countries which were pro-American and supported of the United
State intervention in Vietnam. After the Vietnam War, ASEAN continued to act as a military alliance to
isolate Vietnam after it invaded Cambodia, but there were also the beginnings of economic cooperation”.
Non-state describes a stakeholder or force in a debate or conflict in which sovereign states and
international organizations are the major and minor parties, respectively. Non-state can refer to anything
that is not affiliated with, supported by, or connected directly to a sovereign state or one of its
governmental organizations, including in international commerce. Non-state may also refer to groups that
are unincorporated within a particular state, or are unknown to the state or nation they are within.
Non-State Regionalism
Non-state actor (NSA) – in international relations (including human rights), any influential
stakeholder or force which is not a recognized state; this may including non-profit and non-governmental
organizations, corporations, political parties, loosely organized social movements, or powerful individuals
 Benign non-state actor (BNSA) – organizations engaged in benign or benevolent international
affairs, most often involving human rights, civil right, and environmental rights; may, depending
on context, also include individual representatives of non- governmental organizations (e.g. goodwill
ambassadors and humanitarian aid workers), or unaffiliated individuals (e.g. philanthropists)
 Violent non-state actor (VNSA), also known as armed non-state actors (ANSA) – organizations that do not
belong to or ally themselves with a state, and who employ violence in pursuit of their goals; depending on
context, may also include individual members of such groups
 Non-state nation, or stateless nation – an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is
not the majority population in any nation state. The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have"
such a state; some indigenous tribes and the Amish are examples of stateless nations.
 Non-state school, a.k.a. independent, non-governmental, or non-state school – an educational institution not
administered by local, state, or national governments; synonymous with private school in some countries,
but not in the UK and several others
 Non-state sector, or private sector – organizations (and by extension, the sector of the economy) not
operated by the state but by private parties, for profit or non-profit activities
 Non-state transfers – transactions of weapons or other regulatory-controlled goods (material or non-
material) where neither party involved is a state
 Non-state market-driven regulation or NSMD regulation – effects by non-state actors (typically
corporations under pressure from non-profit organizations) to regulate – without state legal involvement –
the negative environmental and/or social impact of the production of consumer goods
Challenges to Regionalism
Regionalism has been posing a major challenge to national integration in India, It has been traditionally
present in India and the adoption of federal structure was also governed by this factor.
However, its emergence as a negative and limiting factor has been a post-independence phenomenon.
The constitution-makers were fully conscious of the need to keep the forces of regionalism under check.
They, therefore, provided for a unitary spirit in the Indian federal structure. The mixed system was considered to be
a desirable means for channelizing regional forces into the national mainstream. Unfortunately, however, the system
did not prove to be very successful in producing the desired results.
The emergence and growth of demands for separate independent states, demands for full statehood for
different areas, demands for regional autonomy, and advocacy of regional interests over and above the national
interest, today reflect the presence of negative regionalism in the Indian political system.
In a positive sense regionalism means the love for one’s area of living or a particular region to which one
belongs. It is something natural. The inhabitants of Orissa love their language and culture, and there is nothing
unusual or wrong about it. To secure the interests of Orissa is a natural objective before all the inhabitants of the
land. No one can or should object to it.
However, in the negative sense and in its present form, regionalism means love for one’s own region over
and above the country as a whole. In this sense a region u taken to mean a particular territorial area whose
inhabitants has close social-cultural, links among them. They consider themselves distinct from other areas and their
peoples.
When the people of a region make regional and parochial demands on the political system which are
opposed to the interests of other regions or the country as a whole, it tantamount to regionalism in its worst form. It
poses a big strain upon national integration in India.
Asian Regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As a result of successful,
outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together. In recent
years, new technological trends have further strengthened ties among them, as have the rise of the PRC and India
and the region’s growing weight in the global economy. But adversity also played a role. The 1997/98 financial
crisis dealt a severe setback to much of the region, highlighting Asia’s shared interests and common vulnerabilities
and providing an impetus for regional cooperation. The challenge now facing Asia’s policy makers is simply put yet
incredibly complex: Where markets have led, how should governments follow?
In the early stages of Asia’s economic take off, regional integration proceeded slowly. East Asian
economies, in particular, focusedon exporting to developed country markets rather than selling to each other.
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Initially, they specialized in simple, labor-intensive manufactures. As the more advanced among them graduated to
more sophisticated products, less developed economies filled the gap that they left behind. The Japanese economist
Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern of development to flying geese. In this model, economies moved
in formation not because they were directly linked to each other, but because they followed similar paths. Since
these development paths hinged on sequential—and sometimes competing—ties to markets outside the region, they
did not initially yield strong economic links within Asia itself.
Now, though, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined.This is not because the region’s
development strategy has changed; it remains predominantly non-discriminatory and outward-oriented. Rather,
interdependence is deepening because Asia’s economies have grown large and prosperous enough to become
important to each other, and because their patterns of production increasingly depend on networks that span several
Asian economies and involve wide ranging exchanges of parts and components among them. Asia is at the center of
the development of such production networks because it has efficient transport and communication links, as well as
policies geared to supporting trade. As these new production patterns tie Asian economies closer together, they also
boost the international competitiveness of the region’s firms. Against this background, the financial crisis that swept
through Asia in 1997/98— in this chapter, referred to simply as “the crisis”—put the region’s interdependence into
harsh new focus. Emerging Asian economies that had opened up their financial markets—Indonesia, the Republic of
Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand—were worst hit, but nearly all Asian economies were eventually
affected.
Most then used the crisis as an opportunity to pursue wide-ranging reforms in finance as well as in other
areas of weakness that the crisis exposed. Asia emerged with a greater appreciation of its shared interests and the
value of regional cooperation. Since the crisis, Asia
has become not only more integrated, but also more willing to pull together.
The need for regionalism or areawide planning and coordination is rooted in a number of related challenges in
metropolitan areas, with parallels in the more rural regions within the state:
Benefits of Regionalism
In metropolitan areas some problems cannot be solved within municipal boundaries, and decisions made by
one municipality can have adverse impacts on other municipalities and the environment. While land has traditionally
been divided by political boundaries, to allow more efficient provision of government services and democratic
representation, this has not lent itself very well to effective management of natural resources, urban infrastructure,
and other multi-jurisdictional systems. Pollution and inefficient use of resources and infrastructure (land, water, air,
habitat, fisheries, roads, utilities etc.) are examples of problems that spill over municipal boundaries. Areawide
resource management agencies and regional governments have therefore become necessary in most metropolitan
areas. This approach is aimed at maintaining local input and decision-making while addressing the shortcomings of
fragmented governmental authority when numerous cities, villages, and towns compose a metropolitan area.
Especially in fast growing metropolitan areas the problems, challenges, and opportunities associated with urban
development need to be cooperatively addressed and resolved. In more rural regions, this shortcoming hampers
coordination of services and achieving efficiency of operations and economies of scale.
Regional coordination and planning is also crucial for the success of undertakings that are too large or
complex for any one unit of government to address. Issues such as economic development, solid waste disposal,
groundwater management, and preservation of the quality of life in the region are examples of challenges that
require regional cooperation. This same characteristic manifests itself in large rural areas where the relative small
size of the local units of government compared to the geographic area under their jurisdiction may hamper their
ability to address important planning and implementation issues.
A multitude of programs and projects are initiated each year at the federal, state, regional, and local levels.
These programs have specific goals which usually interfere with one another. Regional planning commissions create
the needed venue and framework to coordinate these programs and goals into a congruent whole and supporting the
goals and objectives of the region. This coordination is needed to integrate various federal, state, regional, and local
plans, and to improve the effectiveness, mutual reinforcement, and synergy among various planning efforts. It will
also help make the plans more coherent and less confusing to the public and elected officials. With a concerted
effort to ensure that the various public and private representatives have coordinated their efforts, their constituent
groups and citizens will also be more likely to support it – thus unifying efforts to achieve the quality of life desired
in the region. This premise is particularly relevant in the more rural regions because it enables the units of
government in these regions to compete for state and federal monies and programs more effectively.
As municipal budgets are strained and programs suspended or curtailed, cooperative program delivery
schemes that provide for the coordination of services and the pooling of resources become more important. Long-
term and area-wide planning for the delivery and combining of these services become critical in the task of
maintaining services by improving the efficiency of delivery and cost-effectiveness through economies of scale.
Regional entities are prime venues for discussing, planning, and implementing such areawide solutions.
Therefore, the benefits from regionalism and regional approaches to planning and coordination of services
come from the effectiveness and efficiency of pooling resources, and from utilizing the available structure and
capacity within regional development organizations. These regional entities have the areawide leadership and
governance framework, program diversity and capacity, and long-term strategic focus to serve as the lead entities to
better integrate federal community and economic development, housing, land use and transportation planning,
environmental and resource planning, and project development.
In Wisconsin, regional planning commissions have been providing solutions to the challenges outlined
above for over 4 decades. The following list outlines some of these solutions in more detail:
RPCs have a strong, direct public and fiscal accountability to local governments due to the presence of
local elected officials who serve on the RPCs. Because of their size, structure, and diverse areas of responsibility,
RPCs are able to address local government issues in a comprehensive, yet efficient and cost-effective manner. RPCs
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also recognize that communities are very different from one another, each with its own unique set of challenges and
opportunities. Although RPCs may not be able to address every land use challenge facing member local
governments, the benefits afforded the region by the existence of RPCs is unmatched by any other governmental
entity. Furthermore, the mission of RPCs is crucial to the State’s ability to implement its policies successfully and
cost-effectively.
RPCs provide a forum and mechanism by which local governments can avoid or resolve inter-jurisdictional
conflicts and by which local governments and property owners are able to address growth management issues and
search out joint solutions. This forum assures collaborative efforts and cooperation among all affected parties—a
process that has a higher success rate than a process of state directives.
RPCs serve as a bridge between the levels and units of government. They serve a bridge in the sense that
the RPC is at the place where representatives of various entities of government meet on “neutral ground” to find
common values and mutual needs. It also means that RPCs are often proactive in facilitating agreement.
RPCs provide a staff of professionals with technical and programmatic expertise. Governments of all sizes
and types share the technical expertise of RPC staff, providing for a high degree of cost-effectiveness. For these
local governments, RPCs serve as a link to state agencies and other organizations, as well as facilitating intra-
regional communication.
Most regional planning commissions in the state cover large rural areas where RPCs fill the gap in planning
that cannot be met by small governmental units.
Regional planning commissions serve to bring together economic development and natural resource issues
into a single forum. As people migrate out of 'core' urban areas, establishing good planning in rural, suburban and
ex-urban areas is even more important for the conservation of the natural and agricultural resources of the state.
RPCs, acting as repositories for and developers of demographic and other types of information, have a high
degree of respect among people in the private sector. This information is widely used by utility and real estate
professions and in other types of business planning. The quality and comprehensiveness of the data and reports
produced by the regional commissions is very important to Wisconsin’s growing economy. The importance of this
role is reflected in RPC enabling legislation (see Wisconsin Statutes §66.945(8)(a)), as well as in practice
throughout the state.
Process Questions
1. How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization?

2. What is the difference between state-to-state regionalism and non-state regionalism?
3. What triggers various regionalism projects?
References
Mansfield, E. & Milner, H. (1999). The new wave of regionalism,International Organization,00208183, Summer 99,53, (3)
McChesney, R. (1999, November 29). The new global media. The nation.
Reuveny, R,X. & Thompson. W.R. (2007). The north-south divide a international studies: A symposium. International studies
review.9, (4). 556-564
Learning Activity
From Kingdoms to Empires, to Colonies, and to Republics
Regional Division
North America China South America
JapanKorea South Asia
Middle East South Asia
Direction: Choose a regional division and trace how it has changed from the time before
European powers like Britain and Spain ruled the world, then during the era of colonialism, until its independence.
List what kinds of changes happened to these area (once participates, then provinces, then republics) and
the people who inhabit there. Finally, see how the national and republics that were born from the ashes of
Colonialism after World War II looked back on the past era to explain their own histories.
Test Yourself
Direction. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. How many countries belong to ASEAN today?
A. 9 B. 10 C. 11 D. 14
2. The capital city of Thailand is_________ .
3. What is the capital city of the Philippines?
A. Hanoi B. Jakarta C. Manila D. Vientiane
4. What is the currency of Brunei Darussalam?
A. Baht B. Yuan C. Dollar D. Peso
5. Jakarta is the capital city of Vietnam.
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A. True B. False
6. One vision, oneidentity, one community is the motto of ASEAN?
A. True B. False
7. AMBUYAT. The special feature of this food, it is sticky like porridge or boiled rice. The main
ingredient is sago flour. Ambuyat itself has no taste at all but the good taste of having Ambuyat is to dip
Ambuyat into the sour sauce called “Cacah” with additional side dishes such as grilled-wrapped beef by
banana leaf, fried beef, etc… Do you know … Ambuyat is the favorite dish of which ASEAN country???
A. Lao B. Brunei C. Indonesia D. Malaysia

8. When was the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) formed?
9 ASEAN is the Association of ________________.
A. North East Asia B. South East Asia C. North Asia D. South Asia
10. ASEAN's Theme is “One Vision, One Identity, One ________________”
A. Community B. Nation C. Country D. People
11. Which are the 3 doors to achieve ASEAN’s goals?
A. People, Perfection, Peace C. Peace, Popularity, People
B. Popularity, Peace, Perfection D. Peace, Prosperity, People
12. ASEAN wants to keep region safe from __________, pirates and drugs.
A. Smugglers C. Illegal immigrants
B. Terrorists D. Political offenders
13. How will people in ASEAN countries benefit? Pick the INCORRECT answer below.
A. Keeping environment clean and green C. Learn ways to disengage one another
B. Help each other when disasters strike D. Work together to fight global diseases
Direction. Discuss the briefly.
14. What Are the Global ‘North’ and ‘South’ and Why They Are Increasingly Unrelated to Geographical
Locations?
15. What is Global inequality?
16. What is the difference between regionalism and regionalization?
17. Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of Asian region.
18. How the nations and republics born from the ashes of colonialism after World War II, explain their
own histories.
19. Discuss what is free trade?
20. What are problems encountered by regionalism?
21. How countries form regional organizations?
22. Did the Philippines come to identify itself with the Southeast Asian region? Why is it part of a
regional grouping known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?
23. How countries respond economically and politically to globalization?
24. Explain how Asian economies have grown?
25.Discussthe Warsaw Pact
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Topics
a. Global Media Cultures

b. The Globalization of Religion
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to;
1. Explain how globalization affects religious practices and belief;

2. Identify the various responses to globalization; and
3. Discuss the future of religion in a globalized world.
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Dynamics of Local and Global Culture
Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the globe than ever before,
especially through non-materials digital forms. There are three perspectives on cultural flows,
there differentialism, hybridization, and convergence.
Cultural differentialism emphasis the facts that cultures are essentially different and are
only superficially affected by global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the
potential for “catastrophic collision”.
Cultural hybridization on approach emphasizes the integration of cultures (Cvetkovick
and Keller, 1997). Globalization is considered to be a creative process gives rise to hybrid
entities that are not reducible to either the global or the local. A key concept is “glocalization” or
the interpenetration of the global and local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic
areas ( Giulianotti and Robertson, 2007.) another key concept is Arjun Appadural’s “escape”
In 1996, where global flows involves people, technology, finance, political image, and media and
the disjuncture between them, which lead to the creation of cultural hybrids.
The Cultural Convergence approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization.
Cultures are deemed to be radically altered by strong flows while cultural imperialism happens
when one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least part of other cultures. One
important critique of cultural imperialism is John Tomlinson’s idea of “” of culture.
Deteriorialization means that it is much more difficult to the culture to a specific geographic
point of origin.
Globalization of Culture Through the Media

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The received view about the globalization of culture is one where the entire world has
been molded in the image of Western, mainly American, culture. In popular and professional
discourses alike, the popularity of Big Macs, Baywatch, and MTV are touted as unmistakable
signs of the fulfilment of Marshall McLuhan's prophecy of the Global Village. The globalization
of culture is often chiefly imputed to international mass media. After all, contemporary media
technologies such as satellite television and the Internet have created a steady flow of
transnational images that connect audiences worldwide. Without global media, according to the
conventional wisdom, how would teenagers in India, Turkey, and Argentina embrace a Western
lifestyle of Nike shoes, Coca-Cola, and rock music? Hence, the putatively strong influence of the
mass media on the globalization of culture.
The role of the mass media in the globalization of culture is a contested issue in
international communication theory and research. Early theories of media influence, commonly
referred to as "magic bullet" or "hypodermic needle" theories, believed that the mass media had
powerful effects over audiences. Since then, the debate about media influence has undergone an
ebb and flow that has prevented any resolution or agreement among researchers as to the level,
scope, and implications of media influence. Nevertheless, key theoretical formulations in
international communication clung to a belief in powerful media effects on cultures and
communities. At the same time, a body of literature questioning the scope and level of influence
of transnational media has emerged. Whereas some scholars within that tradition questioned
cultural imperialism without providing conceptual alternatives, others have drawn on an
interdisciplinary literature from across the social sciences and humanities to develop theoretical
alternatives to cultural imperialism.
The Illusion Of Global Culture
Localized responses
For hundreds of millions of urban people, the experience of everyday life has become
increasingly standardized since the 1960s. Household appliances, utilities, and transportation
facilities are increasingly universal. Technological “marvels” that North Americans and
Europeans take for granted have had even more profound effects on the quality of life for billions
of people in the less-developed world. Everyday life is changed by the availability of cold
beverages, hot water, frozen fish, screened windows, bottled cooking-gas, or the refrigerator. It
would be a mistake, however, to assume that these innovations have an identical, homogenizing
effect wherever they appear. For most rural Chinese, the refrigerator has continued to be seen as
a status symbol. They use it to chill beer, soft drinks, and fruit, but they dismiss the refrigeration
of vegetables, meat, and fish as unhealthy. Furthermore, certain foods (notably bean curd dishes)
are thought to taste better when cooked with more traditional fuels such as coal or wood, as
opposed to bottled gas.
35
It remains difficult to argue that the globalization of technologies is making the world
everywhere the same. The “sameness” hypothesis is only sustainable if one ignores the internal
meanings that people assign to cultural innovations.
Anti-globalism movements and the Internet
Anti-globalism organizers are found throughout the world, not least in many management
organizations. They are often among the world’s most creative and sophisticated users of Internet
technology. This is doubly ironic, because even as NGOs contest the effects of globalization,
they exhibit many of the characteristics of a global, transnational subculture; the Internet,
moreover, is one of the principal tools that makes globalization feasible and organized protests
against it possible. For example, Greenpeace, an environmentalist NGO, has orchestrated
worldwide protests against genetically modified (GM) foods. Highly organized demonstrations
appeared, seemingly overnight, in many parts of the world, denouncing GM products as
“Frankenfoods” that pose unknown (and undocumented) dangers to people and to the
environment. The bioengineering industry, supported by various scientific organizations,
launched its own Internet-based counterattack, but the response was too late and too disorganized
to outflank Greenpeace and its NGO allies. Sensational media coverage had already turned
consumer sentiment against GM foods before the scientific community even entered the debate.
The anti-GM food movement demonstrates the immense power of the Internet to
mobilize political protests. This power derives from the ability of a few determined activists to
communicate with thousands (indeed millions) of potential allies in an instant. The Internet’s
power as an organizing tool became evident during the World Trade Organization (WTO)
protests in Seattle, Washington, in 1999, in which thousands of activists converged on the city,
disrupting the WTO meetings and drawing the world’s attention to criticisms of global trade
practices. The Seattle protests set the stage for similar types of activism in succeeding years.
Media, Globalization, and Hybridization
Several reasons explain the analytical shift from cultural imperialism to globalization.
First, the end of the Cold War as a global framework for ideological, geopolitical, and economic
competition calls for a rethinking of the analytical categories and paradigms of thought. By
giving rise to the United States as sole superpower and at the same time making the world more
fragmented, the end of the Cold War ushered in an era of complexity between global forces of
cohesion and local reactions of dispersal. In this complex era, the nation-state is no longer the
sole or dominant player, since transnational transactions occur on subnational, national, and
supranational levels. Conceptually, globalization appears to capture this complexity better than
cultural imperialism. Second, according to John Tomlinson (1991), globalization replaced
cultural imperialism because it conveys a process with less coherence and direction, which will
weaken the cultural unity of all nation-states, not only those in the developing world. Finally,
36
globalization has emerged as a key perspective across the humanities and social sciences, a
current undoubtedly affecting the discipline of communication.
In fact, the globalization of culture has become a conceptual magnet attracting research
and theorizing efforts from a variety of disciplines and interdisciplinary formations such as
anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, communication and media studies,
geography, and sociology. International communication has been an active interlocutor in this
debate because media and information technologies play an important role in the process of
globalization. Although the media are undeniably one of the engines of cultural globalization, the
size and intensity of the effect of the media on the globalization of culture is a contested issue
revolving around the following question: Did the mass media trigger and create the globalization
of culture? Or is the globalization of culture an old phenomenon that has only been intensified
and made more obvious with the advent of transnational media technologies? Like the age-old
question about whether the egg came before the chicken or vice versa, the question about the
relationship between media and the globalization of culture is difficult to answer.
One perspective on the globalization of culture, somewhat reminiscent of cultural
imperialism in terms of the nature of the effect of media on culture, but somewhat different in its
conceptualization of the issue, is the view that the media contribute to the homogenization of
cultural differences across the planet. This view dominates conventional wisdom perspectives on
cultural globalization conjuring up images of Planet Hollywood and the MTV generation. One of
the most visible proponents of this perspective is political scientist Benjamin Barber, who
formulated his theory about the globalization of culture in the book Jihad vs. McWorld (1996).
The subtitle, "How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World," betrays Barber's
reliance on a binary opposition between the forces of modernity and liberal democracy with
tradition and autocracy.
Although Barber rightly points to transnational capitalism as the driving engine that
brings Jihad and McWorld in contact and motivates their action, his model has two limitations.
First, it is based on a binary opposition between Jihad, what he refers to as ethnic and religious
tribalism, and McWorld, the capital-driven West. Barber (1996, p. 157) seemingly attempts to go
beyond this binary opposition in a chapter titled "Jihad Via McWorld," in which he argues that
Jihad stands in "less of a stark opposition than a subtle counterpoint." However, the evidence
offered in most of the book supports an oppositional rather than a contrapuntal perspective on the
globalization of culture. The second limitation of Barber's book is that he privileges the global
over the local, because, according to him, globalization rules via transnational capitalism. "to
think that globalization and indigenization are entirely coequal forces that put Jihad and
McWorld on an equal footing is to vastly underestimate the force of the new planetary markets.
… It's no contest" Although it would be naíve to argue that the local defeats the global, Barber's
argument does not take into account the dynamic and resilient nature of cultures and their ability
to negotiate foreign imports.
Another perspective on globalization is cultural hybridity or hybridization. This view
privileges an understanding of the interface of globalization and localization as a dynamic
37
process and hybrid product of mixed traditions and cultural forms. As such, this perspective does
not give prominence to globalization as a homogenizing force, nor does it believe in localization
as a resistive process opposed to globalization. Rather, hybridization advocates an emphasis on
processes of mediation that it views as central to cultural globalization. The concept of
hybridization is the product of interdisciplinary work mostly based in intellectual projects such
as post-colonialism, cultural studies, and performance studies. Hybridization has been used in
communication and media studies and appears to be a productive theoretical orientation as
researchers in international media studies attempt to grasp the complex subtleties of the
globalization of culture.
One of the most influential voices in the debate about cultural hybridity is Argentinean-
Mexican cultural critic Nestor García-Canclini. In his book Hybrid Cultures (1995), García-
Canclini advocates a theoretical understanding of Latin American nations as hybrid cultures. His
analysis is both broad and incisive, covering a variety of cultural processes and institutions such
as museums, television, film, universities, political cartoons, graffiti, and visual arts. According
to García-Canclini, there are three main features of cultural hybridity. The first feature consists
of mixing previously separate cultural systems, such as mixing the elite art of opera with popular
music. The second feature of hybridity is the deterritorialization of cultural processes from their
original physical environment to new and foreign contexts. Third, cultural hybridity entails
impure cultural genres that are formed out of the mixture of several cultural domains. An
example of these impure genres is when artisans in rural Mexico weave tapestries of
masterpieces of European painters such as Joan Miró and Henri Matisse, mixing high art and
folk artisanship into an impure genre.
Globalization and Religion
Globalization refers to the historical process by which all the world's people increasingly
come to live in a single social unit. It implicates religion and religions in several ways. From
religious or theological perspectives, globalization calls forth religious response and
interpretation. Yet religion and religions have also played important roles in bringing about and
characterizing globalization. Among the consequences of this implication for religion have been
that globalization encourages religious pluralism. Religions identify themselves in relation to one
another, and they become less rooted in particular places because of diasporas and transnational
ties. Globalization further provides fertile ground for a variety of non-institutionalized religious
manifestations and for the development of religion as a political and cultural resource.
Religion and Globalization
The dialogical approaches to globalization, in conjunction with those that stress

globalization from below, are of special significance when it comes to the topic of religion. By
far the greatest portion of the by now vast literature on globalization completely or almost
completely ignores religion, the partial exception being the attention that Islamicist political
extremism receives. This absence can perhaps be attributed to the dominance of economic and
38
political understandings of globalization, including among those observers who look at the
phenomenon from within religious traditions. Yet even though a great many of the works that
focus on globalization from below—for instance, much of the literature on global migration and
ethnicity—also gives religion scant attention, it is among these approaches that one finds almost
all the exceptions to this general pattern, probably because these are the only ones that, in
principle, allow non-economic or non-political structures like religion a significant role in
globalization.
Consideration of the relation between religion and globalization involves two basic
possibilities. There are, on the one hand, religious responses to globalization and religious
interpretations of globalization. These are, as it were, part of doing religion in a globalizing
context. On the other hand, there are those analyses of globalization that seek to understand the
role of religion in globalization and the effects of globalization on religion. They focus on
observing religion in a global society. By far the largest portion of the literature that relates
religion and globalization is of the former sort, and therefore it is well to begin there.
Religious Perspectives on Globalization
A great many religious commentators understand globalization as at once a largely

economic, imperialistic, and homogenizing process. They share the economic/mass
cultural/political perspective, evaluating globalization as anywhere from a threatening challenge
to the manifestation of evil in our world. In many respects globalization in this segment of the
literature is a successor term for what used to be censured as the capitalist system or cognate
terms. Accordingly, globalization results in violence and the unjust oppression of the majority of
people around the world. It threatens local and indigenous cultures, imposing a particularly
heavy burden on women. It is the chief cause of global and local environmental degradation,
again to the principal detriment of the mass of marginalized humanity. Such theologically
inspired positions are not restricted to the representatives of a particular religious tradition. Thus,
for example, Christians, Buddhists, Muslims, Jews, and those speaking from indigenous
traditions all arrive at similar critical assessments of globalization. And far from being a
characteristically religious perspective, such arguments are quite common in the overall
literature, whether recognizably religious or not. What they imply, among other consequences, is
that religion and religious sensibilities are at root outside of and contrary to globalization, that
globalization and religion are fundamentally incommensurate. Another segment of both the
religiously inspired and the secular literature, while often sharing many of the negative
judgments, nonetheless sees a much closer relation between the two. As noted, these observers
almost invariably share the broader meanings of globalization, especially the dialogical and from
below perspectives.
Religious insider perspectives do not necessarily limit themselves to opposition, however.
Some theologically oriented observers argue that religion has an essential role in shaping
globalization; that the negative outcomes of globalization point to the need for a positive global
ethic, which religions can provide. The efforts led by Hans Küng in this direction are perhaps the
39
most well-known. For Küng, not only does the globalized world require a guiding global ethic,
but key to the development of that ethic is harmonious relations and dialogue among the world's
religions. The combination signals a dialogical understanding of globalization that Küng shares
with many other observers. Here it applies to religion: the globalized whole depends for its
viability on the contribution of religion, yet this contribution presupposes a plurality of particular
religions that come to understand themselves in positive relation to one another. Unity and
diversity are both constitutive of the global. This core assumption of Küng's Global Ethic Project
points to general features of how those contributions to the globalization debate that do not
ignore religion have sought to understand its role in the process: as an important dimension of
globalization that exhibits the characteristic dynamic tension between global and local, between
homogeneity and heterogeneity, between the universal and the particular.
Religion and Religions in Globalization
Globalization perspectives seeking to include religion have taken several directions of

which the following are likely the most significant. Certain approaches analyze religion as a
global or transnational institution, whose diverse manifestations operate to a large extent
independently of economic and political structures and that bind diverse regions of the world
together in ways comparable to global trade, international relations, mass media, sport,
communications media, or tourism. A second but related focus of observation is the role that
religious systems play as powerful cultural resources for asserting identity and seeking inclusion
in global society, especially among less powerful and marginalized populations. It is in this
context that religion-political movements, including so-called fundamentalisms, receive the most
focused attention. A third strategy goes even further, attempting to show how the formation,
reformation, and spread of religions have been an integral dimension of globalization as such.
From this angle, what we today conceive as the most typical forms of religion and even the
typical understandings that we have of religion are themselves outcomes and reflections of the
historical process of globalization. Although these three directions are by no means mutually
exclusive, for the sake of presentation they can be treated separately. Each implies a somewhat
different theoretical emphasis, and each also tends to focus on different empirical manifestations
of religion in our world.
Religion as Transnational Institution
The relative absence of religion from many globalization perspectives and theories is in
some respects quite surprising, especially when one looks at the issue historically. Of the forces
that have in the past been instrumental in binding different regions of the world together, in
creating a larger if not exactly a geographically global system, economic trade and political
empire have certainly been the most obvious; but in conjunction with these, it is equally clear
that what we today call religions have also at times played a significant role. Hindu civilization
at one time spread throughout South and Southeast Asia. Buddhist teaching and monastic
traditions linked together the vast territories from Sri Lanka and the Indian subcontinent, through
40
Afghanistan and China to Korea, Japan, and most of Southeast Asia. In the early Middle Ages
the Christian church was the only institution that overarched and even defined as a single social
unit that north-western portion of the Eurasian landmass known as Europe. And this largely over
against its neighbor, Islam, which by the twelfth century ce had succeeded in weaving a socio-
religious tapestry that extended from Europe and sub-Saharan Africa through all of Asia into the
far reaches of Southeast Asia. It informed without doubt the largest world system before the
arrival of the modern era.
Yet perhaps most important in this regard is that, as the European powers expanded their
influence around the globe between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries, thus setting the
conditions for contemporary truly worldwide globalization, Christian religion and Christian
institutions were throughout that entire period key contributors to the process. The churches
accompanied European colonizers in Africa, the Americas, and Australasia; Christian missions,
whether independently or in conjunction with secular authorities, sought conversions in all
corners of the globe. In consequence, today the vast majority of globally extended religious
institutions are in fact Christian organizations and movements. A wide variety of these include,
for instance, the Roman Catholic Church (along with many of its religious orders), several
Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches, the World Council of Churches, Seventh-day
Adventists, the worldwide Pentecostal movement, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Christian missions
still crisscross the world: American missionaries are to be found in Latin America, Africa, and
Asia; African and Latin American Christians conduct missions in Europe and the United States;
Australians serve in India; South Koreans are a major presence in southern Africa; and everyone
is trying to spread the word in the countries of the former Communist bloc.
Although Christian establishments thus dominate numerically, they are far from being
alone among transnational religious institutions. Muslim movements and organizations such as
the Ṣūfī and neo-Ṣūfī ṭarīqah, or brotherhoods (for example, Naqshbandīyah, Murīdīya,
Qādirīyah), reform movements like the Pakistani Tablighi Jamaat and the Turkish Milli Görüş,
and unity foundations like the World Muslim Congress or the World Muslim League are broadly
established in different regions. They are far from negligible in importance. Buddhist
organizations such as the Foguangshan or the Sōka Gakkai have a worldwide presence as do
Hindu movements like the Ramakrishna Math and Mission, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and the
Sai Baba movement. Parallel examples could be mentioned for other both major and minor
religions ranging from Judaism, Sikhism, and Bahā'ī to Mormonism, Scientology, and the
Brahmā Kumaris.
The specific literature on any of these is fairly substantial. Yet with some exceptions,
notably Christian manifestations like the Roman Catholic Church and Pentecostalism,
globalization perspectives have not concentrated on these perhaps most obvious of global
religious forms as a characteristic dimension of the globalization process. Instead, a growing
literature has been focusing on religion in the context of global migration. The more or less
permanent displacement of large numbers of people from diverse regions and cultural
backgrounds to many other parts of the world, but notably from non-Western to Western
41
countries, has like few other phenomena brought home to an increasing range of observers just
how much humanity is now living in a single world where identity and difference have to be
renegotiated and reconstructed. Dialogical theories of globalization and those that stress
globalization from below have been particularly apt to analyze the consequences of global
migration, but the issue is not missing from many that understand globalization primarily in
economic or political terms. Like global capitalism or international relations, this question is not
susceptible to easy understanding on the basis of theories that take a more limited territory,
above all a nation-state or a region like Europe, as their primary unit of analysis. In the context of
the various other structures that make the world a smaller place, global migrants in recent times
maintain far stronger and more lasting and consequential links with their countries of origin.
Globalization approaches allow a better understanding of why they have migrated, what they do
once they migrate, and the dynamics of their integration or lack thereof into their new regions.
Process Questions
1. What are the conflicting ideas between religious thought and the ideology of globalism?
2. Why is speculation theory outdated?
3. How do you describe the reactions of some religious movements to globalization? How
do others facilitate globalization?
References
De Martino, G. & Grabel , I. (2003). Globalisation, regionalism and state capacity in

developing countries: A note. In Arestis, p., Baddeley, M. & McCombie, J (eds).Globalisation,
regionalism activity.
Turner, B.S. (2007) Globalization, religion, and Empire in Asia , In Beyer, P. & Beaman, L.
Eds. Religion, Globalization and culture.
Learning Activity
What Religion are You in?

Name_______________________________________ Year and Section _____________
Facilitator: JOY N. ALEJAGA, MA Date: _______________________
Direction: Choose two religions, surf the web and research the history of each religion.
1. Then describe the following:
a. The religion’s concept of good
b. The religion’s concept of evil
c. The steps needed by a person to become good and prevent himself/herself from
becoming evil
42
3. Conduct a research on religion’s relationship with politics, if any. In what is it engaged in

politics? Why did its leaders decide to be involved in politics?
4. Determine the similarities and differences between the two religion; and
5. Finally, compare the religion’s relationship with politics.
Test Yourself
Name_ ______________________________________Year and

Section _____________
Facilitator: JOY N. ALEJAGA, MA Date: _______________________
Directions: There are some items that you need to discussed briefly and there are also multiple
choice. Discuss the number that need to explain and encircle the letter of the correct answer for
those items that in multiple choose.
1. The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-
classic period. Tenochtitlan was the capital city and center of the Aztec Empire and
served as the capital until Spanish conquistador Hernan...
2. When and where did the Aztec Civilization take place ?
A. It took place between 1300 A.D. - 1521 A.D in Mesoamerica.
B. It took place between 1900 A.D. - 1999 A.D. in South America.
C. It took place between 1500 A.D. - 1521 A.D. in Mesoamerica.
4. How globalization affects religious practices and belief?
5. Discuss the clash of religion over globalization.
6. Why Pope Francis condemned globalization?
7. Why did religious leaders decide to be involved with politics?
8. Films and television shows are entirely remade rather than dubbed in new languages
because
A. The storylines from original shows are good, but the acting is subpar.
B. In this way they can be remade to better fit local culture.
C. Dubbing reduces the overall watching experience for audiences.
D. Remaking films revive the local film industries.
9. Religion is a good example of the tension between globalization and local diversity because
A) migrants leave their religion behind when they migrate to a new area.
B) religion always represents the most traditional worldviews of a population.
C) many people follow more than one religion.
D) all religions are in competition to convert as many people as possible.
E) religion represents core cultural values and beliefs that may conflict with others.
10. Which is not an ethnic Asian religion?
A) Buddhism B) Confucianism C) Shintoism D) Daoism E) Hinduis
11. Which of the following would be more characteristic of a universalizing religion?
43
A) Several priests build temples at the tops of the world's highest volcanoes.
B) Several priests travel across the world to establish missions on remote islands.
C) A religious leader proclaims that you cannot join her church unless your mother was
previously a member of that church.
D) Priests follow a calendar of religious services based largely on seasonal changes.
E) Priests and adherents of a particular church pledge that they will not support warfare
in any form.
12. Which is NOT a characteristic of a hierarchical religion?
A) It has a well-defined hierarchical structure.
B) It encourages each congregation to be self-sufficient.
C) It organizes territory into local administrative units.
D) It fosters interaction among different congregations.
E) Regional administration is located in large cities.
13. What policy did the British follow in India?
A) They divided India into three countries.
B) They forced all of the Hindus to migrate.
C) They turned the problem over to the United Nations.
D) They encouraged the abolition of the caste system.
E) They required all education to be conducted in English.
14. A universalizing religion
A) is based on the physical characteristics of a particular location on Earth.
B) appeals to people living in a wide variety of locations.
C) is rarely transmitted through missionaries.
D) has celebrations that are almost entirely based on seasonal changes.
15. The situation in Northern Ireland is the result of
A) counties in Northern Ireland voting to remain in the United Kingdom.
B) Catholic protest against discrimination by Protestants.
C) British colonial control which contributed to poor economic conditions.
D) violence committed by extreme partisans on both sides.
E) All of these answers are correct.
16. Discuss religion as a global or transnational institution
17. What is the role of the mass media in the globalization of culture?
18. Could global trade evolved without a flow of information on market, prices, commodities
and more?
19. Could religion, music, poetry, film, fiction, cuisine, and fashion develop as they without the
intermingling of media and cultures?
20. Discuss the dynamic between local and global cultural production.
44
Topics
a. The Global City

b. Global Demography
c. Global Migration
Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, student should be able to;

1. Identify the attributes of global city;
2. Analyse how cities serve as engines of globalization;
3. Identify the effects of aging and overpopulation;
4. Identify the reasons for the migration of people; and
5. Identify why states regulate migrations
The Global City
Why we study global city?

Cities are centers of innovation and businesses. They portray the
economic, social, and political state of the country and its people. Cities are categorized
differently depending on the role they play on the global scene. Although the city of Tokyo is the
largest in the world with a population of about 38,000,000, it is considered an Alpha + city, one
level below the cities of New York and London which are considered Alpha ++ cities. Other
Alpha + cities include Shanghai, Tokyo, Dubai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Paris, and Beijing. To
be considered a global city, an urban center must prove it enjoys a significant global advantage
over other cities and serves as a hub within the world economic system. Initially, global cities
were ranked depending on their size. Today, several other factors other than the size of the city
are being considered. Amsterdam, Houston, Mexico City, Paris, São Paulo and Zurich have all
grown to be global cities. These cities possess several similar characteristics including Home to
several financial service providers and institutions, headquarters to large multinationals,
dominate the trade and economy of their countries and are a major hub for air, land and sea
transport. They are also centers of innovation, boast of well-developed infrastructure, large
population of employed people and act as the centers of communication of global news.
Global City
45
also called a power city, world city, alpha city or world center, is a city which is a
primary node in the global economic network. The concept comes from geography and urban
studies, and the idea that globalization is created and furthered in strategic geographic locales
according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade.
 The most complex node is the "global city", with links binding it to other cities having a
direct and tangible effect on global socio-economic affairs.
 The term "megacity" entered common use in the late 19th or early 20th centuries; one of
the earliest documented uses of the term was by the University of Texas in 1904.
 The term "global city", rather than "megacity", was popularized by sociologist Saskia
Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo
 "World city", meaning a city heavily involved in global trade, appeared in the May 1886
description of Liverpool, by The Illustrated London News.[4] Patrick Geddes later used
the term "world city" in 1915. More recently, the term has focused on a city's financial
power and high technology infrastructure, with other factors becoming less relevant.
Global City status

is considered beneficial and desirable. Competing groups have developed multiple
alternative methods to classify and rank world cities and to distinguish them from non-world
cities. Although there is a consensus upon leading world cities, the chosen criteria affect which
other cities are included. Selection criteria may be based on a yardstick value (e.g., if the
producer-service sector is the largest sector then city X is a world city) or on an imminent
determination (if the producer-service sector of city X is greater than the combined producer-
service sectors of N other cities then city X is a world city.)
Cities can fall from ranking, as in the case of cities that have become less cosmopolitan
and lessinternationally renowned in the current era.
Characteristics
Although criteria are variable and fluid, typical characteristics of world cities are:
 A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance, real estate,
banking, accountancy, and marketing
 Headquarters of several multinational corporations
 The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial
institutions
 Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
 Major manufacturing centres with port and container facilities
 Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level
 Centres of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics
 Centres of media and communications for global networks
 Dominance of the national region with great international significance
 High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector
46
 High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international

student attendance,[11] and research facilities
 Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and
entertainment facilities in the country
 High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies internationally renowned in
the current era.
Global City Indicators

The Global City Indicators Program (GCIP) is a decentralized, city-led initiative that
enables cities to measure, report, and improve their performance and quality of life, facilitate
capacity building, and share best practices through an easy-to-use web portal. Managing cities
effectively is critical and becoming more complex as population growth and economic
development are taking place in urban areas. Today's big challenges, such as poverty reduction,
economic development, climate change, and the creation and maintenance of an inclusive and
peaceful society, will all need to be met through the responses of cities. So too will the day-to-
day challenges of garbage collection, responding to the house on fire and larger disasters, and
facilitating the provision of water, electricity, education, health care, and the myriad of other
services that make life more productive and enjoyable. Standardized indicators are essential in
order to measure the performance of cities, capture trends and developments, and support cities
in becoming global partners.
What Makes a City Global?
Global cities are “crowded with those who are creating the future, noisy with the clash of
deals and ideas, frantic in the race to stay ahead,” in the engaging words of the authors of The
Urban Elite, the A.T. Kearney (ATK) Global Cities Index 2010. The study is a collaboration of
ATK, The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, and Foreign Policy magazine.
When it comes to the Urban Elite, “the world is not flat. Instead, it is a landscape of
peaks and valleys, and global cities are the peaks. Often they soar above the hinterland around
them, having more to do with each other than with their own countrymen.” In addition to the
requisite international corporations and power dining rooms, global cities feature fine
universities, great art and music, think tanks, and jazz bars. To the authors of the latest Global
47
Cities Index, the combined effect and defining characteristic of these admirable qualities can be
summed up in a single word, “clout.”
Challenges of Global Cities
As urbanization speeds up, particularly in Asian and African countries, here are five of
the biggest challenges confronting the future of cities:
1. Environmental threats
Rapid urbanization, which strains basic infrastructure, coupled with more frequent and
extreme weather events linked to global climate change is exacerbating the impact of
environmental threats. Common environmental threats include flooding, tropical cyclones (to
which coastal cities are particularly vulnerable), heat waves and epidemics.
Owing to the physical and population density of cities, such threats often result in both
devastating financial loss and deaths. Making cities more resilient against these environmental
threats is one of the biggest challenges faced by city authorities and requires urgent attention.
2. Resources
Cities need resources such as water, food and energy to be viable. Urban sprawl reduces
available water catchment areas, agricultural lands and increases demand for energy. While
better application of technology can boost agricultural productivity and ensure more efficient
transmission of electricity, many cities will continue to struggle to provide these resources to an
ever-growing urban population.
Beyond these basic requirements, haphazard growth will see the reduction of green
spaces within cities, negatively affecting liveability. As fresh water becomes scarce and fertile
lands diminish, food prices may escalate, hitting the poorest hardest.
3. Inequality
When it comes to the provision of basic resources and resilience against environmental
threats, the forecast is uneven for different groups of urban inhabitants. As the number of urban
super-rich grows, many cities will also see increased numbers of urban poor.
The widening gap between the haves and have-nots will be accentuated in the megacities
of the future. Such inequalities, when left unchecked, will destabilize society and upend any
benefits of urban development. There is a critical need for policy-makers to ensure that the fruits
of progress are shared equitably.
4. Technology
Technology will be increasingly used in the development and running of cities of the
future. Smart planning used in Singapore can harness solar energy for use in housing estates and
create man-made wetlands for ecological balance. Smart mobility technology can alleviate traffic
gridlocks which plague many cities.
The use of environmental technologies which can cool buildings more efficiently or run
vehicles that are less polluting will also lead to better future cities. Installing sensors in the
homes of ageing seniors living alone can connect them to the community and summon help
when they are unwell or hurt.
48
However, technology can exclude urban inhabitants who cannot afford it or lack the
capability required for its adoption. As future cities become more digitized, care must be
exercised to prevent the emergence of a new form of social divide rooted in the technological.
5. Governance
Future cities offer immense possibilities to enrich the lives of their inhabitants even as the
challenges are stark. To make the best out of inevitable urbanization, good governance is
imperative. Cities will increase in size and their populations become more diverse. Governing
these cities will, therefore, be progressively complex and require the most dedicated of minds.
Increasingly, cities around the world are learning about the best governance and planning
practices from one another, even as they remain accountable to their respective national
governments. The broad goals of urban governance should address issues of equity, liveability
and sustainability in cities of the future.
The Global City and The Poor
The world is making huge strides in overcoming global poverty. Since 1990, a quarter of
the world has risen out of extreme poverty. Now, less than 10% of the world lives in extreme
poverty, surviving on $1.90 a day or less.
When families move out of poverty, children’s health and well-being improve. Since
1990, the number of children dying — mostly from preventable causes such as poverty, hunger,
and disease — is less than half of what it was, dropping from more than 35,000 a day to under
15,000.
While progress continues, fragile contexts and countries affected by conflict, poor
governance, and natural disasters, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have seen an increase in
people living in poverty.
World Vision is committed to ending poverty and helping every child experience Jesus’
promise of life in all its fullness (John 10:10). Though eradicating global poverty is hard,
particularly in fragile contexts, World Vision believes there is reason to hope.
Ending global poverty is a priority not only for World Vision. By 2030, as part of the
United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, global leaders aim to eradicate extreme poverty
for all people everywhere.
Process Questions
1. In what sense are cities mediums of globalization?

2. Why is economic power the most crucial determinant of global city?
3. Why is there a lot of inequality in global cities?
References
49
Shigeyuki, A., La Croix, S. J., & Mason, A. (2002). Population and Globalization Southeast
Asia Studies
Learning Activity
Tracking the Metropolis
Name: ____________________________________________ Year and Section: __________

Facilitator: JOY N. ALEJAGA, MA Date: ____________________
Check your city/ town map and learn about different districts. Then either drive or take a
bus/jeepney around the city/town to check out these districts. As you go around, write what you
think are the features and characteristics of each district. Note the following:
a. The kinds of homes there are (are townhouses or apartments dominants? Or there more
houses?
b. The way the neighborhoods are organized (gated residences, open residences, gated
houses, non-gated houses, etc.)
c. The kinds of people you notice in these neighborhoods (what you think their occupations
are, how they dress, how they treat each other, the language they speak, even the food
they eat).
When doing a comparison of these districts, answer this question:
a. The differences between these districts are quite obvious, but can you spot any
similarities?
Global Demography
 Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning "the
people", and -graphy from γράφω graphō, ies "writing, description or measurement"is the
statistical study of populations, especially human beings.
 Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as
education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity. Educational institutions usually treat
demography as a field of sociology, though there are a number of independent
demography departments.
 Based on the demographic research of the earth, earth's population up to the year 2050
and 2100 can be estimated by demographers.
 Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of population
processes, while the broader field of social demography or population studies also
50
analyses the relationships between economic, social, cultural, and biological processes
influencing a population.
 Global Demographic Trends and Patterns. The global population, which stood at just over
2 billion in 1950, is 6.5 billion today. The world is currently gaining new inhabitants at a
rate of 76 million people a year (representing the difference, in 2005, between 134
million births and 58 million deaths).
Population Growth Rate
Globally, the growth rate of the human population has been declining since peaking in 1962
and 1963 at 2.20% per annum. In 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%. The CIA
World Factbook gives the world annual birth-rate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.915%,
0.812%, and 1.092% respectively. The last one hundred years have seen a rapid increase in
population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity made
possible by the Green Revolution.
2010–2015 net population increase rate, per 1000 people
The actual annual growth in the number of humans fell from its peak of 88.0 million in 1989,
to a low of 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. Since then,
annual growth has declined. In 2009, the human population increased by 74.6 million, which is
projected to fall steadily to about 41 million per annum in 2050, at which time the population
will have increased to about 9.2 billion. Each region of the globe has seen great reductions in
growth rate in recent decades, though growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the
Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.
Some countries experienced negative population growth, especially in Eastern Europe mainly
due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing
due to the high number of HIV-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also
encounter negative population growth.[81] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005.
Population in the world increased from 1990 to 2008 with 1,423 million and 27% growth.
Measured by persons, the increase was highest in India (290 million) and China (192 million).
Population growth was highest in Qatar (174%) and United Arab Emirates (140%).[83]
Rank Country 19902010 Growth(%1990–2010

population Population
Rank World 5,306,425 6,895,889 30.0%
1 China 1,145,195 1,341,33517.1%
2 India 873,785 1,224,614 40.2%
3 United States 253,339 310,384 22.5%
4 Indonesia 184,346 239,871 30.1%
5 Brazil 149,650 194,946 30.3%
6 Pakistan 111,845 173,593 55.2%
7 Nigeria 97,552 158,423 62.4%
51
8 Bangladesh 105,256 148,692 41.3%

9 Russia148,244 142,958 −3.6%
10 Japan 126,536 122,251 −3.5%
Birth count
Data required on total number of births per year, and distribution by country.
Birth rate
Main article: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by birth rate
Countries by birth rate in 2017
As of 2009, the average birth rate (unclear whether this is the weighted average
rate per country [with each country getting a weight of 1], or the unweighted average of
the entire world population) for the whole world is 19.95 per year per 1000 total
population, a 0.48% decline from 2003's world birth rate of 20.43 per 1000 total
population.
World historical and predicted crude birth rates (1950–2050) UN, medium variant, 2008
rev.
Years CBR Years CBR

1950–1955 37.2 2000–2005 21.2
1955–1960 35.3 2005–2010 20.3
1960–1965 34.9 2010–2015 19.4
1965–1970 33.4 2015–2020 18.2
1970–1975 30.8 2020–2025 16.9
1975–1980 28.4 2025–2030 15.8
1980–1985 27.9 2030–2035 15.0
1985–1990 27.3 2035–2040 14.5
1990–1995 24.7 2040–2045 14.0
1995–2000 22.5 2045–2050 13.4
According to the CIA – The World Factbook, the country with the highest birth
rate currently is Niger at 51.26 births per 1000 people. The country with the lowest birth
rate is Japan at 7.64 births per 1000 people. Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region
of China, is at 7.42 births per 1000 people. As compared to the 1950s, birth rate was at 36
births per 1000 in the 1950s, birth rate has declined by 16 births per 1000 people. In July
2011, the U.S. National Institutes of Health announced that the adolescent birth rate
continues to decline.
Birth rates vary even within the same geographic areas. In Europe, as of July
2011, Ireland's birth rate is 16.5 per cent, which is 3.5 per cent higher than the next-
ranked country, the UK. France has a birth rate of 12.8 per cent while Sweden is at 12.3
52
per cent.[87] In July 2011, the UK's Office for National Statistics (ONS) announced a
2.4% increase in live births in the UK in 2010 alone.[88] This is the highest birth rate in
the UK in 40 years.[88] By contrast, the birth rate in Germany is only 8.3 per 1,000,
which is so low that both the UK and France, which have significantly smaller
populations, produced more births in 2010.[89] Birth rates also vary within the same
geographic area, based on different demographic groups. For example, in April 2011, the
U.S. CDC announced that the birth rate for women over the age of 40 in the U.S. rose
between 2007 and 2009, while it fell among every other age group during the same time
span.[90] In August 2011, Taiwan's government announced that its birth rate declined in
the previous year, despite the fact that it implemented a host of approaches to encourage
its citizens to have babies.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world
Birth rates ranging from 10–20 births per 1000 are considered low, while rates
from 40–50 births per 1000 are considered high. There are problems associated with both
an extremely high birth rate and an extremely low birth rate. High birth rates can cause
stress on the government welfare and family programs to support a youthful population.
Additional problems faced by a country with a high birth rate include educating a
growing number of children, creating jobs for these children when they enter the
workforce, and dealing with the environmental effects that a large population can
produce. Low birth rates can put stress on the government to provide adequate senior
welfare systems and also the stress on families to support the elders themselves. There
will be less children or working age population to support the constantly growing aging
population.
Unemployment rate
8.7% (2010 est.) 8.2% (2009 est.) note: 30% combined unemployment and
underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12%
unemployment (2007 est.)
Population Density
53
The world's population is 7 billion and Earth's total area (including land and water) is 510
million square kilometres (197 million square miles). Therefore, the worldwide human
population density is 7 billion ÷ 510 million km2 (197 million sq mi) = 13.7 people/km2 (35
people/sq mi). If only the Earth's land area of 150 million km2 (58 million sq mi) is taken into
account, then human population density increases to 46.7 people/km2 (121 people/sq mi). This
calculation includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is
also excluded, then population density rises to 50 people/km2 (130 people/sq mi). Considering
that over half of the Earth's land mass consists of areas inhospitable to human inhabitation, such
as deserts and high mountains, and that population tends to cluster around seaports and fresh
water sources, this number by itself does not give any meaningful measurement of human
population density.
Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates
or dependencies. These territories share a relatively small area and a high urbanization level,
with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the
area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation.
Process questions
1. Do you believe in the neo-Malthusian argument? Why or why not?

2. How can technology and intervention in development offset the pressures of
population growth?
3. Under what circumstances is rapid population growth beneficial to societies?
References
Shigeyuki, A., La Croix, S. J., & Mason, A. (2002). Population andGlobalization Southeast
Asia Studies
Freeman, R.B. (2011). Globalization and inequality. The oxford Handbook of economic
Inequality. Nolan, B. Salverda, W., & Smeeding, T. M. (Eds).n.p.
Learning Activity
Family Tree
Name: ___________________________________________ Year and Section: __________

54
Create two family trees based on interviews with each of your parents. Try to trace your
family connections as far back as you can. Expand lateral connections as well. The “higher” you
go vertically, the better. Unless you are the child of a single parent, please remember that you
have to trace the lines of two families—your mother’s and father’s.
If you are family of migrants, determine if your family moved from provinces to the big
cities (Metro Manila or Metro Cebu) or vice versa. If they migrated to the cities, ask them when
the family moved, and why they left the province for the cities, if the job opportunities opened to
them and to which they applied, the problems they encountered, and the ways in which they tried
to resolve the these problem.
Global Migrants
Migration
- the movement of persons from one country or locality to another. Emigration, out-migration,
expatriation - migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to
settle in another
Human Migration
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the
intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The
movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is
also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally. People may migrate as individuals, in
family units or in large groups. There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest,
colonization and immigration.
A person who moves from their home due to forced displacement (such as a natural
disaster or civil disturbance) may be described as a displaced person or, if remaining in the home
country, an internally displaced person. A person who is seeking refuge in another country can, if
the reason for leaving the home country is political, religious, or another form of persecution,
make a formal application to that country where refuge is sought and is then usually described as
an asylum seeker. If this application is successful this person's legal status becomes that of a
refugee.
In contemporary times, migration governance has been closely associated with State
sovereignty. States retain the power of deciding on the entry and stay of non-nationals because
migration directly affects some of the defining elements of a State.
Economic Impacts of Human Migration
World Economy
55
The impacts of human migration on the world economy have been

largely positive. In 2015, migrants, who constituted 3.3% of the world population, contributed
9.4% of global GDP.
According to the Centre for Global Development, opening all borders could add $78
trillion to the world GDP.
Remittances
(funds transferred by migrant workers to their home country) form a
substantial part of the economy of some countries. The top ten remittance recipients in 2018.
Rank Country Remittance (in billions of US dollars) Percent of GDP

1 India 80 2.80
2 China 67 0.497
3 Philippines 34 9.144
4 Mexico 34 1.54
5 France 25 0.96
6 Nigeria 22 5.84
7 Egypt 20 8.43
8 Pakistan 20 6.57
9 Bangladesh 17.7 5.73
10 Vietnam 14 6.35
In addition to economic impacts, migrants also make substantial contributions in the

areas of sociocultural and civic-political life. Sociocultural contributions occur in the following
areas of societies: food/cuisine, sport, music, art/culture, ideas and beliefs; civic-political
contributions relate to participation in civic duties in the context of accepted authority of the
State.
New Economics of Labor Migration
This theory states that migration flows and patterns can't be explained solely at the level
of individual workers and their economic incentives, but that wider social entities must be
considered as well. One such social entity is the household. Migration can be viewed as a result
of risk aversion on the part of a household that has insufficient income. The household, in this
case, is in need of extra capital that can be achieved through remittances sent back by family
members who participate in migrant labor abroad. These remittances can also have a broader
effect on the economy of the sending country as a whole as they bring in capital. Recent research
has examined a decline in U.S. interstate migration from 1991 to 2011, theorizing that the
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reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in the geographic specificity of occupations and
an increase in workers’ ability to learn about other locations before moving there, through both
information technology and inexpensive travel. Other researchers find that the location-specific
nature of housing is more important than moving costs in determining labor reallocation.
WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
Elements of human trafficking

On the basis of the definition given in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, it is evident that
trafficking in persons has three constituent elements;
 The Act (What is done)
Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons
 The Means (How it is done)
Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or
giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim
 The Purpose (Why it is done)
For the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual
exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs.
To ascertain whether a particular circumstance constitutes trafficking in persons, consider
the definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of
the offense, as defined by relevant domestic legislation.
Criminalization of human trafficking
The definition contained in article 3 of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol is meant to

provide consistency and consensus around the world on the phenomenon of trafficking in
persons. Article 5 therefore requires that the conduct set out in article 3 be criminalized in
domestic legislation. Domestic legislation does not need to follow the language of the
Trafficking in Persons Protocol precisely, but should be adapted in accordance with domestic
legal systems to give effect to the concepts contained in the Protocol.
In addition to the criminalization of trafficking, the Trafficking in Persons Protocol
requires criminalization also of:
 Attempts to commit a trafficking offence
 Participation as an accomplice in such an offence
 Organizing or directing others to commit trafficking.
National legislation should adopt the broad definition of trafficking prescribed in the
Protocol. The legislative definition should be dynamic and flexible so as to empower the
legislative framework to respond effectively to trafficking which:
 Occurs both across borders and within a country (not just cross-border)
 Is for a range of exploitative purposes (not just sexual exploitation)
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 Victimizes children, women and men (Not just women, or adults, but also men and
children)
 Takes place with or without the involvement of organized crime groups.
Process questions
1. Why are migrants mostly beneficial for receiving countries?

2. What are the benefits and detriments of economies dependent on migrant remittances?
3. Why migrant’s integration a challenging issue for states?
4. How do migrants prompt xenophobia and racism in receiving countries?
Additional Readings
Links, references and data sources:

The Global Flow of People – Online data visualisation by Nikola Sander, Guy Abel,
Ramon Bauer, Johannes Schmidt, Andi Pieper, and Elvira Stein.
Download the data: global migration flows (1990 – 2010) – Dataset by Wittgenstein
Centre of Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/OEAW, WU)
Global Migration Data Sheet (2005–2010) – Poster (pdf) by Nikola Sander, Guy Abel
and Ramon Bauer. Vienna Institute of Demography (Wittgenstein Centre).
Quantifying Global International Migration Flows – Article by Guy Abel and Nikola
Sander. Published in Science, 343 (6178) (Accepted Version).
Visualising Migration Flow Data using Circos, R and d3.js – Article by Nikola
Sander, Guy Abel, Ramon Bauer and Johannes Schmidt. VID Working Paper 02/2014,
Vienna Institute of Demography.
Smith J. 2008. Social movements for global democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press
Shigeyuki, A. et al. (2000)Population and globalization. Southeast Asian Studies, 40,(3).
Learning Activity
OFW Survey

58
Do a survey in your neighbourhood and ask families about their relatives (parents,
children, uncles,aunts, cousins, etc.) who had migrated or worked abroad. List down who are
they migrated or are working, and for how long they have been there.
Your goal is to map your neighbourhood and determine how much of the families there
are reliant on relatives living and/or working abroad. After finishing your census, do second
survey to determine how different homes are supported by immigrants/ migrant workers.
Answer the following questions:
1. What changed in our communities because of global migration?
2. How are people coping with the visit or return of the immigrants?
3. What changed among the immigrants/overseas workers when they went back (or visited)
home?
Test Yourself

Direction: Read and understand each question, encircle the letter of the correct answer if it is
multiple choice and discuss/explain if it is not.
1. A large proportion of urban residents in the megacities of the periphery of the world
system live in squattersettlements.
A. Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities on
the global periphery.
B. Describe two factors that contribute to the formation of squatter settlements.
C. Give a detailed account of THREE consequences of the rapid growth of squatter
settlements. Thethree consequences you discuss may be social, economic, political or
environmental.
2. Country Population 2000 Population 2050 Change in Proportion
Age 65 or Older Age 65 or Older 65 Years or Older
(percent) (percent) (percent)
Belgium 17 28 65
Denmark 15 24 59
Japan 17 32 86
Russian Federation 13 25 100
Ukraine 14 27 91
United Kingdom 16 25 56
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The average age of the population in selected developed countries listed in the table
above has been increasing.
A. Identify and explain two reasons that the average population age is increasing in
developed countries.
B. Identify and explain one social consequence and one economic consequence that
countries face as their populations age.
MEXICO’S MOST POPULOUS CITIES

City 1975 2007 2015
Ciudad Juárez 474,000 1,343,000 1,478,000
Guadalajara 1,850,000 4,198,000 4,673,000
León 589,000 1,488,000 1,682,000
Mexico City 10,690,000 19,028,000 20,189,000
Monterrey 1,589,000 3,712,000 4,140,000
Puebla 858,000 2,195,000 2,474,000
Tijuana 355,000 1,553,000 1,799,000
Toluca 309,000 1,531,000 1,671,000
Torreón 556,000 1,144,000 1,280,000
Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations
Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup.
3. The map and table above show the geographic location, population growth, and projected
growth of Mexico’s most populous cities.
A. Define the following terms and describe how each relates to Mexico’s urban
geography.
• Primate city
• Rank-size rule
B. Explain TWO positive effects of primate cities on a country’s economic development
and TWO different negative effects of primate cities on a country’s economic development.
4. The time when powerful nations created large empires by exercising economic and political
control over weaker regions was called an age of
A. ExpansionismB. IsolationismC. Civilization D. Imperialism
5. What was the immediate spark of the Spanish-American War
A. The Boxer rebellion in China C. The explosion of the battleship Maine
B. The opening of the Panama CanalD. The cruelty of General Weyler
6. How cities serve as engines of globalization?
7. What are the multiple attributes of global city?
8. What are the indicators for globality?
9. Describe the most “ livable city” in the world
10. How do we measure the economic competitiveness of a city?
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11. What is Over-population?

A. The movement of people
B. This is when the resources in area is not enough to support everyone
C. Travelling abroad
D. Putting up hotels
12. What are some of the causes of over-population?
A. Lack of technology in the productive processC. Living in the hills
B. Moving abroadD. Killing people
13. What can be done to stop over-population
A. Moving to rural areas B. Build more road C. Love and affection
14. When there is an increase in resources............................ is present
15. Only poor people live in over-populated areas.
A. True B. False
16. Over-population can be improved if more schools are build
A. True B. False
17. List three solutions to over-population
A. Cars,trucks and farms C. Police, teachers and soldiers
B. Education,family planning and technologyD. Killing, stealing and fighting
18. Over-population is at a rise when............................ is in demand
19. What are some of the problems of over-population
A. Crime and greed C. Low standard of living and a stagnant way of life
D. DeathD. Destruction of the ozonelayer
20. Moving to rural areas will show a decrease in over-population
A. True B. False
21. If a person moves from Canada to Mexico, this is considered what type of migration?
A .InternationalB. International Migrant C. StreamRural to Urban Migration
22. Our ancestors coming to America were considered which of the following in the United
States?
A. Immigrant B. Emigrant
23. A series of migrations within a family or group of people is considered which type of
migration?
A. Stream migrationB. Step migrationChain C. MigrationImpelled migration
24. Which continent is seeing a huge wave of migrants?
A.North AmericaB.EuropeC.Asia D.Australia
25. A migrant who moves back to a place of origin?
A. Seasonal migrationB. return migrationC. step migrationD. Impelled migration
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Topics
a. Sustainable Development
b. Global Food Security
c. Global Citizenship
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to;
1. Discuss the origins and manifestations of global environment crises;
2. Relate everyday encounter with pollution, global warming, desertification, ozone

depletion, and many other with a larger picture of environmental degration; and
3. discuss the global citizenship;
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Global Environmental Issues
No single issue can be analysed, treated, or isolated from the others. For example, habitat
loss and climate change adversely affect biodiversity. Deforestation and pollution are direct
consequences of overpopulation and both, in turn, affect biodiversity. While overpopulation
locally leads to rural flight, this is more than counterbalanced by accelerating urbanization and
urban sprawl. Theories like the world-system theory and the Gaia hypothesis focus on the inter-
dependency aspect of environmental and economic issues. Among the most evident
environmental problems are:
 Overconsumption – situation where resource use has outpaced the sustainable capacity of
the ecosystem. This, along with overpopulation, is the primary factors affecting the
severity of all of the rest of the issues on this list.
 Overpopulation – too many people for the planet to sustain.
 Acid rain Biodiversity loss Deforestation
 DesertificationGlobal warming/climate changeHabitat destruction
 Holocene extinctionOcean acidificationOzone layer depletion
 Pollution Waste and waste disposalWater pollution
 Resource depletionUrban sprawl
Combanting Global Warming
Nations around the world are upping their game in the fight against climate change, even
as President Trump recently announced the U.S.'s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. And
despite this reckless move, American mayors, state leaders, county officials, governors, major
companies, and millions of citizens across our country have pledged that they're "still in" when it
comes to the agreement, and supporting the goal of limiting future warming to well below 2
degrees Celsius.
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Even better, a new initiative by former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg gives
the urban layer of this movement a boost. He’s asked mayors from the 100 most populous cities
in the country to share their plans for making their buildings and transportation systems run
cleaner and more efficiently. The 20 that show the greatest potential for cutting the dangerous
carbon pollution that’s driving climate change will share a total of $70 million in technical
assistance funding provided by Bloomberg Philanthropies and partners.
It’s important to remember the equally vital contributions that can be made by private
citizens—which are to say, by you. “Change only happens when individuals take action,” Aliya
Haq, deputy director of NRDC’s Clean Power Plan initiative, says. “There’s no other way, if it
doesn’t start with people.”
The goal is simple. Carbon dioxide is the climate’s worst enemy. It’s released when oil,
coal, and other fossil fuels are burned for energy—the energy we use to power our homes, cars,
and smartphones. By using less of it, we can curb our own contribution to climate change while
also saving money. Here are a dozen easy, effective ways each one of us can make a difference:
1. Speak up!
What’s the single biggest way you can make an impact on global climate change? “Talk
to your friends and family, and make sure your representatives are making good decisions,” Haq
says. By voicing your concerns—via social media or, better yet, directly to your elected officials
—you send a message that you care about the warming world. Encourage Congress to enact new
laws that limit carbon emissions and require polluters to pay for the emissions they produce.
“The main reason elected officials do anything difficult is because their constituents make them,”
Haq says. You can help protect public lands, stop offshore drilling, and more here.
2. Power your home with renewable energy.
Choose a utility company that generates at least half its power from wind or solar and has
been certified by Green-e Energy, an organization that vets renewable energy options. If that
isn’t possible for you, take a look at your electric bill; many utilities now list other ways to
support renewable sources on their monthly statements and websites.
3. Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.
“Building heating and cooling are among the biggest uses of energy,” Haq says. Indeed,
heating and air-conditioning account for almost half of home energy use. You can make your
space more energy efficient by sealing drafts and ensuring it’s adequately insulated. You can
also claim federal tax credits for many energy-efficiency home improvements.
4. Invest in energy-efficient appliances.
Since they were first implemented nationally in 1987, efficiency standards for dozens of
appliances and products have kept 2.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide out of the air. That’s about
the same amount as the annual carbon pollution coughed up by nearly 440 million cars. “Energy
efficiency is the lowest-cost way to reduce emissions,” Haq says. When shopping for
refrigerators, washing machines, and other appliances, look for the Energy Star label. It will tell
you which are the most efficient.
5. Reduce water waste.
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Saving water reduces carbon pollution, too. That's because it takes a lot of energy to
pump, heat, and treat your water. So take shorter showers, turn off the tap while brushing your
teeth, and switch to WaterSense-labeled fixtures and appliances. The EPA estimates that if just
one out of every 100 American homes were retrofitted with water-efficient fixtures, about 100
million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year would be saved—avoiding 80,000 tons of global
warming pollution
6. Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it meat.
Approximately 10 percent of U.S. energy use goes into growing, processing, packaging,
and shipping food—about 40 percent of which just winds up in the landfill. “If you’re wasting
less food, you’re likely cutting down on energy consumption,” Haq says. And since livestock
products are among the most resource-intensive to produce, eating meat-free meals can make a
big difference, too.
7. Buy better bulbs.

LED lightbulbs use up to 80 percent less energy than conventional incandescents.
They’re also cheaper in the long run: A 10-watt LED that replaces your traditional 60-watt bulb
will save you $125 over the lightbulb’s life.
8. Pull the plug(s).
Taken together, the outlets in your home are likely powering about 65 different devices—
an average load for a home in the U.S. Audio and video devices, cordless vacuums and power
tools, and other electronics use energy even when they're not charging. This "idle load" across all
U.S. households adds up to the output of 50 large power plants in the U.S. So don't leave fully
charged devices plugged into your home's outlets, unplug rarely used devices or plug them into
power strips and timers, and adjust your computers and monitors to automatically power down to
the lowest power mode when not in use.
9. Drive a fuel-efficient vehicle.
Gas-smart cars, such as hybrids and fully electric vehicles, save fuel and money. And
once all cars and light trucks meet 2025’s clean car standards, which mean averaging 54.5 miles
per gallon, they’ll be a mainstay. For good reason: Relative to a national fleet of vehicles that
averaged only 28.3 miles per gallon in 2011, Americans will spend $80 billion less at the pump
each year and cut their automotive emissions by half. Before you buy a new set of wheels,
compare fuel-economy performance here.
10. Maintain your ride.
If all Americans kept their tires properly inflated, we could save 1.2 billion gallons of gas
each year. A simple tune-up can boost miles per gallon anywhere from 4 percent to 40 percent,
and a new air filter can get you a 10 percent boost.
11. Rethink planes, trains, and automobiles.
Choosing to live in walkable smart-growth cities and towns with quality public
transportation leads to less driving, less money spent on fuel, and less pollution in the air. Less
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frequent flying can make a big difference, too. “Air transport is a major source of climate
pollution,” Haq says. “If you can take a train instead, do that.”
12. Shrink your carbon profile.
You can offset the carbon you produce by purchasing carbon offsets, which represent
clean power that you can add to the nation’s energy grid in place of power from fossil fuels. But
not all carbon offset companies are alike. Do your homework to find the best supplier.
Man-made Pollution
Man-made pollutants can threaten human health and compromise the natural ecosystem
and environment. Man-made pollution is generally a by-product of human actions such as
consumption, waste disposal, industrial production, transportation and energy generation.
Pollutants can enter the surrounding environment in various ways, either through the atmosphere,
water systems or soil, and can persist for generations if left untreated.
Air Pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful chemicals or particulate matter are introduced into the
atmosphere. Depending on the type and severity, air pollution can damage human and animal
health as well as the natural environment. Major contributors to air pollution are transportation,
industry and agriculture, which respectively release large amounts of carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide and methane (to name a few) into the atmosphere. Furthermore, as air pollution changes
the chemical composition of the atmosphere it can lead to systemic changes in climate systems.
Water Pollution
Water pollution occurs as bodies of water (oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, aquifers and
atmospheric water) become contaminated by man-made waste substances. Water contamination
can have adverse effects on human health (for instance, when drinking water sources are
contaminated) and surrounding ecosystems. Pollution of local water systems can occur through
individual activities (for example, disposing of consumer detergents down sewer drains),
industry or agricultural (such as the runoff of chemical fertilizers)
Soil Pollution
Soil pollution occurs as harmful man-made substances leach into the soil. This can be
caused by pesticide run-off, leakage of underground storage tanks, dumping, and percolation of
contaminated surface water to lower soil strata or the presence of landfills. Soil contamination by
man-made pollutants can have devastating consequences to ecosystems as contaminants travel
up the food chain from plants to higher-order carnivores. Contamination of soil used for
agriculture or in proximity to a public drinking water source can have similarly dire
consequences for human health.
Radioactive Pollution
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Radioactive pollution can result from the improper disposal of nuclear waste, the
accidental discharge of core material from a nuclear power plant or the detonation of a nuclear
explosive device. Depending on the type of nuclear material present, radioactive contamination
can last for decades, as each nuclear isotope has its own half-life. Ionizing radiation is
destructive to living tissue and can cause chronic illnesses (particularly forms of cancer),
mutation and, in large doses, death immediately following exposure.
Process questions
1. Is the earth change its climate?

2. Man-made pollutants can threaten human health, how can you minimize this activity?
3. What’s the single biggest way you can make an impact on global climate change?
References
United Nations.(2017). The sustainable development goals report 2015.

Bhargava, Vinay (2006). Global issues for global citizens : an introduction to key development
challenges. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 9780821367315. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
Cowen, T. (2002). Creative destruction. Priceston: Priceton University Press
Global Food Security
Food security is a measure of the availability of food and individuals' ability to access it.
Affordability is only one factor. There is evidence of food security being a concern many
thousands of years ago, with central authorities in ancient China and ancient Egypt being known
to release food from storage in times of famine. At the 1974 World Food Conference the term
"food security" was defined with an emphasis on supply. They said food security is the
"availability at all times of adequate, nourishing, diverse, balanced and moderate world food
supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset
fluctuations in production and prices". Later definitions added demand and access issues to the
definition. The final report of the 1996 World Food Summit states that food security "exists
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious
food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life."
Household food security exists when all members, at all times, have access to enough
food for an active, healthy life. Individuals who are food secure do not live in hunger or fear of
starvation. Food insecurity, on the other hand, is defined by the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) as a situation of "limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate
and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable
ways". Food security incorporates a measure of resilience to future disruption or unavailability of
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critical food supply due to various risk factors including droughts, shipping disruptions, fuel
shortages, economic instability, and wars. In the years 2011–2013, an estimated 842 million
people were suffering from chronic hunger. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, or FAO, identified the four pillars of food security as availability, access,
utilization, and stability. The United Nations (UN) recognized the Right to Food in the
Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and has since said that it is vital for the enjoyment of all
other rights
Measurement
Food security can be measured by calorie to intake per person per day, available on a
household budget. In general, the objective of food security indicators and measurements is to
capture some or all of the main components of food security in terms of food availability,
accessibility, and utilization/adequacy. While availability (production and supply) and
utilization/adequacy (nutritional status/anthropometric measurement) are easier to estimate and,
therefore, more popular, accessibility (the ability to acquire the sufficient quantity and quality of
food) remains largely elusive. The factors influencing household food accessibility are often
context-specific.
Several measurements have been developed to capture the access component of food
security, with some notable examples developed by the USAID-funded Food and Nutrition
Technical Assistance (FANTA) project, collaborating with Cornell and Tufts University and
Africare and World Vision. These include:
 Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) – continuously measures the
degree of food insecurity (inaccessibility) in the household in the previous month
 Household Dietary Diversity Scale (HDDS) – measures the number of different
food groups consumed over a specific reference period (24hrs/48hrs/7days).
 Household Hunger Scale (HHS)- measures the experience of household food
deprivation based on a set of predictable reactions, captured through a survey and
summarized in a scale.
Coping Strategies Index (CSI) – assesses household behaviors and rates them based on a
set of varied established behaviors on how households cope with food shortages. The
methodology for this research is based on collecting data on a single question: "What do you do
when you do not have enough food, and do not have enough money to buy food?"
Food insecurity is measured in the United States by questions in the Census Bureau's
Current Population Survey. The questions asked are about anxiety that the household budget is
inadequate to buy enough food, inadequacy in the quantity or quality of food eaten by adults and
children in the household, and instances of reduced food intake or consequences of reduced food
intake for adults and for children. A National Academy of Sciences study commissioned by the
USDA criticized this measurement and the relationship of "food security" to hunger, adding "it is
not clear whether hunger is appropriately identified as the extreme end of the food security
scale."
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The FAO, World Food Programme (WFP), and International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD) collaborate to produce The State of Food Insecurity in the World. The
2012 edition described improvements made by the FAO to the prevalence of undernourishment
(PoU) indicator that is used to measure rates of food insecurity. New features include revised
minimum dietary energy requirements for individual countries, updates to the world population
data, and estimates of food losses in retail distribution for each country. Measurements that
factor into the indicator include dietary energy supply, food production, food prices, food
expenditures, and volatility of the food system. The stages of food insecurity range from food
secure situations to full-scale famine. A new peer-reviewed journal, Food Security: The Science,
Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, began publishing in 2009.
Global Citizenship
A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world - and their
place in it. They take an active role in their community, and work with others to make our planet
more equal, fair and sustainable.
For Oxfam, global citizenship is all about encouraging young people to develop the
knowledge, skills and values they need to engage with the world. And it's about the belief that
we canEducation for global citizenship is not an additional subject - it's a framework for
learning, reaching beyond school to the wider community. It can be promoted in class through
the existing curriculum or through new initiatives and activities.
The benefits are felt across the school and beyond. Global citizenship helps young people to:
Build their own understanding of world events.
Think about their values and what's important to them.
Take learning into the real world.
Challenge ignorance and intolerance.
Get involved in their local, national and global communities.
Develop an argument and voice their opinions.
See that they have power to act and influence the world around them.
 global citizenship inspires and informs teachers and parents, too. But above all, it shows
young people that they have a voice. The world may be changing fast, but they can make
a positive difference - and help build a fairer, safer and more secure world for everyone’s
all make a difference.
Global citizenship is the idea that one's identity transcends geography or political borders
and that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity".
This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives their nationality or other, more local
69
identities, but that such identities are given "second place" to their membership in a global
community. Extended, the idea leads to questions about the state of global society in the age of
globalization.
In general usage, the term may have much the same meaning as "world citizen" or
cosmopolitan, but it also has additional, specialized meanings in differing contexts. Various
organizations, such as the World Service Authority, have advocated global citizenship.
A global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world
community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and practices.
Such a definition of global citizenship is based on two assumptions which this article explores:
(a) that there is such a thing as an emerging world community to which people can identify; and
(b) that such a community has a nascent set of values and practices.
Historically human beings always have organized themselves into groups and
communities based on shared identity. Such identity gets forged in response to a variety of
human needs - economic, political, religious, and social. As group identities grow stronger, those
who hold them organize into communities, articulate shared values, and build governance
structures that reflect their beliefs.
Today the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as
global citizens, meaning that they have a sense of belonging to a world community. This
growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information,
communication, and transportation technologies. In increasing ways these technologies are
strengthening our ability to connect to the rest of the world: through the internet; through
participation in the global economy; through the ways in which world-wide environmental
factors play havoc with our lives; through the empathy we feel when we see pictures of
humanitarian disasters, civil conflicts and wars in other countries; or through the ease with which
we can travel and visit other parts of the world.
Those who see ourselves as global citizens are not abandoning other identities; such as
allegiances to our countries, ethnicities, and political beliefs. These traditional identities give
meaning to our lives and will continue to help shape who we are. However, as a result of living
in a globalized world, we find we have an added layer of responsibility. We have concern and a
share of responsibility for what is happening to the planet as a whole, and we are members of a
world-wide community of people who share this concern.
The values being proposed for the world community are not esoteric and obscure. They
are the values that world leaders have been advocating for the past 100 years. They include
human rights, religious pluralism, gender equity, the rule of law, environmental protection,
sustainable worldwide economic growth, poverty alleviation, prevention and cessation of
conflicts between countries, elimination of weapons of mass destruction, humanitarian
assistance, and preservation of cultural diversity.
Since World War II efforts have been undertaken to develop global policies and
institutional structures that can support these enduring values. Such efforts have been made by
international organizations, sovereign states, transnational corporations, NGOs, international
70
professional associations and others. They have resulted in a growing body of international
agreements, treaties, legal statutes, and technical standards.
Yet, despite such efforts, we have a long way to go before there is a global policy and
institutional infrastructure that can support our emerging world community and the values it
stands for. There are significant gaps of policy in many domains, large questions about how to
get countries and organizations to comply with existing policy frameworks, and issues of
accountability and transparency. Most importantly, from a global citizenship perspective, there is
an absence of mechanisms that enable greater citizen participation in the growing number of
institutions practicing global governance.
Governance at the global level, for the most part, is in the hands of the representatives of
sovereign states and technocrats. Global governance organizational leaders are usually distant
and removed from those that their institutions serve. Therefore most people feel disconnected
and alienated from the global governance arena, making it difficult to build a sense of grass-roots
community at the global level.
There is an urgent need for a cadre of citizen leaders who can play activist roles in
forming world community. Such global citizenship activism can take many forms, including:
advocating, at the local and global level, for policy and programmatic solutions that address
global problems; participating in the decision-making processes of global governance
organizations; adopting and promoting changes in behavior that help protect the earth’s
environment; contributing to world-wide humanitarian relief efforts; and organizing events that
celebrate the diversity in world music and art, culture and spiritual traditions.
Instinctively, most of us feel a connection to others around the world facing similar
challenges to ourselves, yet we lack adequate tools, resources, and support to act on this emotion.
Our ways of thinking and being are still colored by the trapping of old allegiances and ways of
seeing things that no longer are as valid as they used to be. Nonetheless, there is a longing to pull
back the veil that keeps us from more clearly seeing the world as a whole, and finding more
sustainable ways of connecting with those who share our common humanity.
Civic Responsibilities
Civic responsibilities are the actions that people do to help their communities be successful.
If you've ever helped your neighbor, volunteered to clean up a park, donated food to the
homeless, or read books to younger kids, then you've done your civic responsibility. When you
get older, you can also vote and run for office in government.
Global citizens understand their civic responsibilities. They care about their communities
becoming better places to live and work towards making them this way. If people in local
communities all over the world are well taken care of, supported, and successful, then the global
community is successful.
Cultural Awareness
71
Another part of global citizenship is cultural awareness. Cultural awareness means that you
search for opportunities to learn about other people's:
Language food religions governments
Homes families history daily lives
Environment
Oil spills, toxic fumes, and trash in the ocean are just a few examples of dangers to the
environment. Global citizens understand that the environment is shared by everyone.
Process questions
1. What is something you could do to help your community understand global citizenship?
2. Which status experiences the highest food insecurity?
References
Bhargava, Vinay (2006). Global issues for global citizens : an introduction to key development
challenges. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 9780821367315. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
Global Issues
"Global Issues (2012), Foreword
Kritz , M. (2008). International Migration. In Ritzer, G. (ed). Blackwellencyclopaedia of
sociology online. Malden, MA: Blackwell
Learning Activity
Name: _____________________________________ Year and Section: _______________

Facilitator: JOY N. ALEJAGA Date: _________________________
Make a blog regarding man-made pollution. In your blog, sight the cause and effect to human
being.
Test Yourself
Name: _____________________________________ Year and Section: _______________

Facilitator: JOY N. ALEJAGA Date: _________________________
1. Which risk factors are involved with food insecurity?

A. Low birth weightB. Heart diseaseC. Type II diabetesD. Hypertension
2. Which marital status experiences the highest food insecurity?
A. Married C. Divorced or separated
72
B. Living with a partner/common law D. Never married

E. Widowed
3. A compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) outputs almost an identical amount of energy
as a standard light bulb.
A. Fact B. Fiction
4. Effects of global climate change that have been observed include (check all that apply, and
pay careful attention to modifiers such as Increase/Decrease when reading choices):
A. Increased melting of arctic ice cover, glaciers and mountain snows
B. Increased coral reef destruction due to changing ocean conditions
C. Decrease in amount/intensity of extreme weather events worldwide (wildfires, heat
waves, storms, etc.)
D. Rising temperatures in Summer
E. Falling temperatures in Winter
F. Shorter growing seasons for plants
G. Rising sea levels
H. Migratory birds traveling shorter distances between summer/winter habitats
5. What additional effects have been projected to occur as global climate change continues?
A. Significant changes to coastal communities due to erosion and flooding
B. Habitat loss, ecosystem destruction and acidifying oceans will cause the range and
distributions of species to change, with over a million species expected to go extinct
C. Freshwater and food shortages in some places
D. Decrease in insect-borne illnesses
E. Increase of extreme weather such as flooding, droughts, heat waves, and powerful
storms
F. Better air quality in cities
G. Disruption of the ocean conveyor belt which could trigger a mini-Ice Age in Western
Europe
6. Worldwide, greenhouse gas emissions increased 48% from 1990 to 2008.
A. True C. False, the percentage was higher
B. False, the percentage was lowerD. False, GHG emissions have not increased
7. The Greenhouse Effect is a natural process which allows Earth's atmosphere to trap heat and
keep the Earth's temperature at a habitable level. This occurs because greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere prevent infrared radiation from escaping the atmosphere, producing a global
warming effect. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere include:
A. Water Vapor C. Carbon Dioxide G. Nitrous Oxide
B Nitrogen D. Methane
E. Oxygen F. Argon
8. What additional effects have been projected to occur as global climate change continues?
A. Significant changes to coastal communities due to erosion and flooding
73
B. Habitat loss, ecosystem destruction and acidifying oceans will cause the range and
distributions of species to change, with over a million species expected to go extinct
C. Freshwater and food shortages in some places
D. Decrease in insect-borne illnesses
E. Increase of extreme weather such as flooding, droughts, heat waves, and powerful
storms
F. Better air quality in cities
G. Disruption of the ocean conveyor belt which could trigger a mini-Ice Age in Western
Europe
9. Which of the following describes global citizenship?
A. Global citizenship is the idea that everyone is a part of a worldwide community.
B. Global citizenship is something that someone earns by taking a test.
C. Global citizenship is the idea that each country exists by itself and doesn't have
anything to do with other countries.
D. Global citizenship is only available to people who speak another language.
10. What are the four main parts of global citizenship?
A. civic responsibilities, languages, food, and global economy
B. cultural awareness, environment, pollution, and global economy
C. civic responsibilities, cultural awareness, global economy, and environment
D. environment, cultural awareness, religion, and games
11. Which of the following is an example of a civic responsibility?
a. supporting a group that wants to hurt other people in your community
b. voting
c. refusing to run for an elected office in government
d. throwing trash on the ground at the park
12.What are the four main parts of global citizenship?
a. civic responsibilities, languages, food, and global economy
b. cultural awareness, environment, pollution, and global economy
c. civic responsibilities, cultural awareness, global economy, and environment
d. environment, cultural awareness, religion, and games
13. Which level of household income experiences the highest percentage of food insecurity?
A. Low B. Middle C. Upper-middle D. Highest
14. Which of the following population are key audiences that are at risk for food insecurity?
A. Single mothers
B. People on social assistance or Ontario Disability Support Program (ODSP)
C. School student nutrition programs
D. All of the above
15. Which aspect(s) affects food security?
A. Education B. Income C. Employment D. Housing E. All of the above
74
Part II. Write a note short note on Global citizen.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Reading Materials
 Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, M. 1999. "The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of
International Organizations." International Organization 53: 699-732.
 Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, M. 2004. Rules for the World: International
Organizations in Global Politics. Cornell University Press.
 Hurd, Ian. 2018. International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice. Cambridge
University Press.
 Dauvergne, P. and Lister, J. (2012) ‘Big brand sustainability: Governance prospects and
environmental limits’, Global Environmental Change, 22(1): 36–45, URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.007.
References
"Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations". legal.un.org. Retrieved 21

August 2019.
"Charter of UN Chapter I". www.un.org. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28
October 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
"Hemisfile: perspectives on political and economic trends in the Americas". 5–8. Institute of the
Americas. 1904: 12. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
"Intergovernmental organizations having received a standing invitation to participate as
observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and maintaining
permanent offices at Headquarters." United Nations Department of Public Information,
United Nations Secretariat
"International Organizations - Research Guide International Law | Peace Palace Library".
Retrieved 21 August 2019.
"Nat Geo UN". www.nationalgeographic.org. 23 December 2012. Archived from the original on
27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
"UK History". History.ac.uk. 18 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012.
Retrieved 9 May 2012.
"UN Decolonization". www.un.org. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 22
November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018..
"UN Early years of the Cold War". peacekeeping.un.org. Archived from the original on
22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
"UN Objectives". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018.
Retrieved 22 November 2018.
75
"UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State". United Nations. 28 June 2006.
Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
(in French) François Modoux, "La Suisse engagera 300 millions pour rénover le Palais
des Nations", Le Temps, Friday 28 June 2013, page 9.
Appadurai, A., 1996, Modernity At Large: Cultural Dimensions Of Globalization,
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bouwhuis, Stephen (1 January 2012). "The International Law Commission's Definition
of International Organizations". International Organizations Law Review. 9 (2): 451–465.
doi:10.1163/15723747-00902004. ISSN 1572-3747.
Doel, M. & Hubbard, P., (2002), "Taking World Cities Literally: Marketing the City in a
Global Space of flows", City, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 351–68. Subscription required
Official Languages Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.un.org.
Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Sassen, Saskia - The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Archived 16 March 2015
at the Wayback Machine (1991) - Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07063-6
Sassen, Saskia - The global city: strategic site/new frontier Archived 18 October 2006 at
the Wayback Machine
Bhargava, Vinay (2006). Global issues for global citizens : an introduction to key
development challenges. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 9780821367315. Retrieved 8
January 2017.
Global Issues
"Global Issues (2012), Foreword"
Hotchkiss, Michael (1 December 2014). "A Risky Proposition: Has global
interdependence made us vulnerable?". Princeton University. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
"Global Issues Overview". United Nations. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 18 January
2018.
Name:_____________________________ Year & Section_______________________

Facilitator: JOY N. ALEJAGA, MA Date Submitted:_______________________
INDICATORS
15 - 81 to 100% of the task required is correctly answered with supporting evidences &
explanations
explanations
explanations
76
explanations
3- 1 to 20% of the task required is correctly answered with supporting evidences & explanations
1- No explanation
Name of Students Scores Remarks
77

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The Contemporary World

Name: ___________________________________Year & Section: ______________________

Republic of the Philippines

I. Module Title: Module I.- Introduction to Globalization

Course Requirement and Policies

Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration among people,

1. Multinational companies operating in several countries,

Proponents of globalization believe it allows developing countries to catch up to industrialized

Part II. Discuss Briefly.

Why we to need to study globalization?

How Globalized is your Home?

 Waters, Malcolm (1995) Globalization (New York: Routledge)

Al-Rhodan, N. R. F (2006) Difinitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive overview

Solids and Liquid

Liquid and gases

ON THE INCREASING UBIQUITY OF GLOBAL FLOWS AND PROCESSES AND STRUCTURES

 Compare: "Definition of METAPHOR". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 29 March 2016.

Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid Modernity, Cambridge:Polity

Direction: Read each questions carefully and discuss briefly.

The World Made Closer

b. What gadget or device do you usually use to listen to music?

Direction. Read each questions carefully and discuss briefly

Robertson, R. (1992).Globalization: Social Theory and global culture. London: Sage.

What Do Writer Think About Globalization

Questions and Answer

3. Outline some of the benefits to increased globalization.

Module 2 Structure of Globalization

d. Contemporary Global Governance

1. Define economic globalization

1. How do you experience globalization?

2. Why it is crucial to emphasize that globalization is uneven?

Economist (2006, January 12), Genghis the globalizer.

Global Economic Institution

There are three basic kinds of market integration

Effects of Horizontal Integration

● Buying out a competitor in a time bound way to reduce competition.

(1)Lower costs (2)Higher efficiency (3)Increased differentiation

(1)Destroyed value (2)Legal repercussions. (3)Reduced flexibilit

● More profits by taking up additional functions

● To remove transaction costs ● Foster competition

● Correlation method. ● Ravallion procedure. ● Co integration approach.

Economist,(2006 January 12) Genghis the globalizer.

Weighing the Market

The Global Interstate

Stateis commonly defined as a nation or territory considered as an organized political community

The Beginnings of Organized Internationalism

Direction: Answer the following questions. Discuss briefly.

International Organization International OrganizationInternational Organi

An international organization (intergovernmental organization) is an organization established by

Direction: Answer the Questions briefly in a sheet of paper.

The United Nation Peacekeeper:

3. A high inflation rate means that your currency buys less.

a. Auditors b. Board of directors c. Agency relationship d. Venture Capitalist

III. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of regionalization; and

Global Divides: The North and the South

1. How is regionalism different from and yet a part of globalization?

From Kingdoms to Empires, to Colonies, and to Republics

Direction. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

A. Lao B. Brunei C. Indonesia D. Malaysia

a. Global Media Cultures

Name: _____________Year & Section:

Name: __________________________________ Year and Section:

Name: _________________________________ Year and Section:

Name: _________________________________ Year and Section:

Name: _________________________________ Year and Section:

Name: _______________________ Year and Section: _

Name: _______________________ Year and Section: _

Name:_______ Year & Section_