Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Types of Quantitative Research
Cla 1. Experimental research
Week 3
ss In experimental research, an independent variable is manipulated to determine the
Choosing Appropriate Research Design No. effects on the dependent variables ([Link]). An independent variable (IV) is a
Name: _____________________________ Section: __________________ variable that is presumed to cause a change to occur in another variable. A dependent
What is a Research Design? variable (DV) is the variable that is presumed to be influenced by one or more independent
variables (Johnson & Christensen,2014).
According to Kerlinger (cited in Kumar 2011), a research design is a plan, structure
Example:
and strategy of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research questions or A teacher wants to test the effectiveness of a new technique of teaching how to
problem. It is the complete scheme or programme of the research. It includes an outline of solve problems in mathematics. Before the start of the experiment, the group to be used is
what the investigator will do from writing the hypotheses and their operational implications to given an achievement test about the problems to be covered. After the experimental period,
the final analysis of data. the same test in another form is given to the group as a post-test.
As implied in the statement above, after the research topic has been finalized, the a. Pre-experimental research design
researcher has to plan the details of what design to use, what type of data will provide In this research design, a single group is usually studied but no
answers to the problems of the study, and how the data will be gathered, presented, comparison between the same non-treatment group is made
analyzed and interpreted. ([Link],2009).
The research design guides the researcher in planning the following aspects or a.1. Type of Pre- Experimental Design
procedures of research: a.1.1. One-shot case study design
identifying the population One group is exposed to treatment and measured
subsequently to determine if there were any effects.
decision on whether to take the whole population or just select a sample
There is no control group for comparison
how the sample of the study will be selected ([Link], 2020)
ethics in the selection of samples and data gathering Example:
choice of method in data collection A teacher is using a new instructional method
considerations in the use of questionnaires for his class. The class will be measured at the end of
how interviews will be conducted the semester to see if the new instructional method is
Quantitative Research Design effective.
The quantitative research design focuses on gathering numerical data. Its methods a.1.2. One Group Pretest Posttest Study
highlight objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of In this design, a single case is observed one (1)
data. In this design, data are collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys before the treatment and one (1) after the treatment.
(LeTourneau University, 2020). Changes in the outcome are supposed to be the
result of the intervention or treatment.
No control or comparison group is employed
Example:
A teacher compares the performance of SHS
in the work immersion subject before gaining work
experience and after completing the work immersion.
a.1.3. Static-group comparison
In this design, a group that has been exposed to
treatment is compared with one that has not.
Observed differences between the two groups are
presumed to be a result of the treatment
([Link], 2020).
Example:
A teacher wants to determine the effectiveness
of an intervention. He uses two (2) groups as subjects,
one (1) is exposed to the intervention, the other is not.
He compares the posttest scores of the exposed group
against the score of the non-exposed group.
Teacher E wants to know the effects of corporal punishment on students’
b. Quasi-experimental research design absences. He measured the frequency of student’s absences at schools that use
In a quasi-experimental research design, the independent variable is corporal punishment and compared that to schools that did not use corporal
manipulated and the subjects are not randomly assigned to conditions or orders of punishment.
conditions (Cook & Campbell, 1979). d. Evaluative research
Example: The methodical assessment of the worth of time, money, effort, and
A researcher wants to evaluate a new method of teaching fractions to resources spent to achieve a goal.
fourth graders. He conducts the study with a treatment group consisting of one The process of evaluative research consists of data analysis and that
class of grade 4 pupils and a control group consisting of another class of grade 4 involves collecting data about organizations, processes, projects, services, and/or
pupils. In this study, the pupils are not randomly assigned to classes by the teacher resources (Baht, 2020).
(Price, Jhangiani, & Chiang,n.d). Evaluative research enhances knowledge and decision-making and leads
c. True experiment to practical applications.
In this design, the researcher has to manipulate the variable that is Example:
hypothesized to affect the dependent variable that is being studied. A company launches a new program. It wants to see if the program
produces the intended outcomes.
In this design, research subjects have to be randomly assigned to the Writing the Research Design in your Research
sample groups. In writing the research design, you need to discuss the specific research design
Example: you have selected. You need to argue for the appropriateness of the research design to
A pharmacist has come up with a hypothesis as to what the relationship answer the research questions. Research designs can be experimental, descriptive,
between Drug B and anxiety are. He hypothesizes that Drug X causes a reduction correlational, or causal-comparative. Remember that in writing the research design, the
in anxiety. His independent variable is Drug X while his dependent variable is procedural part of the design, its appropriateness to the study, and some of its advantages
anxiety. He will manipulate the dose of Drug X to see if it causes a decrease in should be given attention and should be well discussed.
anxiety ([Link], 2003). Example:
2. Non-experimental research A descriptive research design was used in this study. A descriptive research
In non-experimental research, the independent variable is not manipulated and design is a fact-finding study with an adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings. It
there is no random assignment to groups. Non-experimental research can be descriptive, describes the current conditions, practices, situations, or phenomena. Since the present
causal-comparative, or correlational research. study was concerned with the present status of teaching in high school province A, the
a. Descriptive research descriptive research design was the most appropriate method to use (Calderon & Gonzales,
It describes the current status of an identified variable. Descriptive 1993).
research projects are designed to provide information about a phenomenon
without doing any comparison or findings of the relationship between variables. It is Activity 1: Identify the research design is being described. Write your answer in the proper
concerned with conditions of relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs, column.
processes that are going on, effects that are being felt, or trends that are
developing. The most common descriptive research method is the survey, which
Research Design Description
includes questionnaires, personal interviews, phone surveys, and normative
1 In this research design, an independent
surveys (Koh & Owen, 2020).
variable is manipulated to determine the
Example:
effects on the dependent variables.
Teacher A wants to determine the beliefs of the SHS students about the
Alternative Delivery Mode. 2 This research design describes the current
b. Correlational research status of an identified variable.
Correlational research tries to determine the extent of a relationship 3 This research design attempts to establish
between two or more variables using statistical data. It also seeks to figure out if cause-effect relationships among the
two or more variables are connected and in what way ([Link], 2003). variables.
c. Causal-comparative 4 This research design tries to determine the
It attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables. extent of a relationship between two or
This type of design is very similar to true experiments, but with some key more variables using statistical data.
differences because an independent variable is identified but not manipulated by 5 In this research design, the independent
the experimenter. variable is not manipulated and there is no
Example: random assignment to groups.
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Activity 2: Determine the quantitative research design for each research question. _________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics
Research Questions Research Design 1 point 2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points
1. What are the teachers’ perceptions The research The research The research The research The purpose,
towards the newly implemented reading design is design is design is design has questions, and
assessment program? inappropriate. confusing or described using been identified design are
2. What are the pretest and posttest scores incomplete. standard and described mutually
of the grade 4 learners before and after the terminology. sufficiently. supportive and
intervention? The reasons Appropriatenes coherent.
3. What are the attitudes towards online and s of the design Appropriates
banking of Millennial adults and older appropriatenes has been has been
people? s of the present identified. clearly stated.
4. What is the relationship between gender study are not
and exam results of Grade 12 students? included.
5. What is the relationship between job BEST. Writing a high- quality research proposal. Sydney Australia. UNSW, 2019.
satisfaction and salary?
6. What is the effect of using technology on
millennial and non-millennial learners?
7. What are the cellular phone brand
preferences of SHS learners?
8. What is the relationship between the
age and learning performance of SHS
learners?
9. What are the causes of job satisfaction
among the employees?
10. What is the relationship between the
number of hours of sleep in the academic
performance of grade 3 students?
Activity 3: This activity will help you draft a narrative about your research design.
Remember to incorporate all the things discussed in this lesson to help you in your writing.
A guide is also given to assist you with the contents of your output.
The research entitled (the title of research) will use the quantitative research
design particularly the (type of quantitative research design). The (type of quantitative
research design) (description of the research design). Relatively, the current study (reasons
for choosing the design and describe the appropriateness to the present study).
Answer
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