Module in

NATIONAL
SERVICE
TRAINING
PROGRAM 1

MODULE 2

Prepared by:
Lordiane L. Camba, ECT, LPT
Instructor 1
COURSE OUTLINE

VALUES DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 3: The Filipino Way: Blood and the Heart of Today
Objectives
Nationalism and Patriotism
Ways to Express Filipino Nationalism
Ways to Show Filipino Patriotism
Voters Education: You’re Vote, Our Future!
Understanding the Filipino Value System
Value Philosophy
Filipino Values: Nature, Constellation and Context
Filipino Values: Ambivalence and Split-Level Christianity
Philippines Values: Strength to Filipino Characters
Lesson 4 – Basic Leadership
Objectives
Building Blocks in Leadership
Servant Leadership
Leadership Behaviors
Approaches and Steps in Decision-making.
Guides in Decision-making.
Lesson 5 – Health Education
Objectives
Good Health Triangle
Personal Hygiene and Proper Sanitation
Diseases
Top Ten Leading Causes
Proper Nutrition
Basic Nutrient in Food
Food Guide Pyramid
Family Planning
Nursing Care of the Mother Who is Breastfeeding
Drug Abuse and Prevention
Penalties Against Drug Abuse
VALUES DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 3
THE FILIPINO WAY: BLOOD
AND HEART OF TODAY
E.O 1.5 Identify the differences between nationalism and patriotism.

E.O 1.6 Express modern ways to show Filipino nationalism and patriotism.

E.O 1.7 Give light on the importance of one’s vote.

E.O 1.8 Develop a sense of mature and discerning electorate through voter’s
education.

E.O 1.9 Cultivate a deep sense of commitment to building a free, democratic,

peaceful, and progressive nation.

E.O 2.0 Demonstrate Filipino value system.

WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO PATRIOTISM

According to Wikipedia,
patriotism is “a devotion
to one’s country for no
other reason than being
a citizen of that
country.” Simply saying
how one is proud to be a
Filipino but without
action proves to be not
enough. So in
celebration of
Philippines’ 113th
Independence Day
today, I listed down 15
simple ways to show the
world how devoted we
really are to our country
and to our fellow countrymen.

An article from “Athanology Word Press” enumerated some of the following ways to show
Filipino patriotism:

Know that Lupang Hinirang is the title of our national anthem and not Bayang
Magiliw.

Know our history and our national symbols. I myself just learned that Jose Rizal
is yet-to-be officially declared national hero, along with 8 others.

Do not litter and do not smoke in public places.

Stay alive! Use overpasses, underpasses, footbridges etc.

Obey road rules so you won’t need to bribe MMDA traffic enforcers.
Guys, before you go out, pee! So you won’t need to do it in the streets.

Buy local products. Look at your shirt’s tag, it says ‘Made in the Philippines’
anyway.

Support local tourism. Let’s go to Batanes guys!

Mountaineers, when you go up there, bring your garbage down with you.

Report police officers riding motorcycles with no helmet.

Be a responsible neighbor. Just because you got the microphone doesn’t mean we
want to hear you belt out your favourite videoke piece, especially when it’s
already midnight.

Be a responsible FX passenger. Sit accordingly and share the aircon to everyone.

Watch at least one or two Filipino movies in a year.

Do some volunteering works or at least donate.

Magsalita at mag-blog sa Filipino!

With all these, we can conclude that nationalism and patriotism really had overlapping. When it
comes to scope, nationalism has bigger and wider coverage as compared to patriotism. Meaning,
patriotism can be categorized as under the larger umbrella of nationalism.

VOTERS EDUCATION: YOUR VOTE, OUR FUTURE!

“Stressing that efforts towards voters’ education must come from all stakeholders
concerned-political parties, grassroots-based organisations, civil society, media, the
private sector, citizens, religious groups and the academe…”

- 2003 Voter Education Summit

~DECLARATION~
The development of a mature and discerning electorate is a necessary ingredient in the
consolidation and maturation of Philippine democracy. Good governance is also enhanced through
the election by such a responsible electorate of competent, hardworking and dedicated public
officials.

Voters’ education is a part of the electoral reforms proposed by the 2002 National Electoral
Reform summit. Its immediate target is to prepare the voters for the crucial 2004 National and
Local Elections while its long-range target is to develop a critical mass of mature and discerning
voters. The new modernized method of voting and counting, as well as the new absentee voting
system and the party-list system, also need to be explained to all voters.

Year 2003 represents a window of opportunity for voter education. It is a time when people are
greatly concerned about their economic plight due to the on-going global economic crisis, about
the apparent breakdown of the peace and order situation, and the apparent malaise or drift in the
policies and programs of government. They are greatly concerned about the quality and
capabilities of governance. In short, politics is already high in the people’s consciousness.

Voter registration in the Philippines is the process of filing an application to have a voter’s record
at the Commission on Election in a specific date and designated places set by the COMELEC.

Any Filipino citizen who is at least 18 years of a age, a resident of the Philippines for at least one
year, and in the place where he or she intends to vote for at least six months immediately
preceding the election can file application for registration. There are two types of voter
registration: Computerized Voter’s List (CVL) electronic process and the Voter’s Registration
Record (VRR) manual one.

REGISTRATION PROCESS

To become a registered voter, you must personally submit all the required documents. You must yield to
your election officer a fully accomplished Registration form (CEF-1A) which can you get either from the
Office of Election Officer (OEO) or downloaded from the commission website. Along with your form,
you must also present a photocopy of any valid ID which is inclusive of your photo, autograph and home
address. None of the three qualifications must be underprovided.

Wait until all your documents are verified by the assigned election officer. After all your documents are
authenticated, you can proceed to the next step, which is the taking of your biometrics, which includes
your signature, thumb mark and picture. The last step is for you to get your acknowledgment receipt
which you can present upon getting your Voter’s ID.

Registration is open every Monday to Friday (including holidays) from 8am to 5pm.

VALID ID QUALIFICATION DEFICIENCY

An ID which is deficient of any of the given qualifications must get either a National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) or Police Clearance from their Local City/ Municipal Hall.

If by any chance, none of the potential ID is owned by an individual, he or she can be identified under
oath by any registered voter of the same precinct or by any of his relatives who must also be an
authorized voter.

DOUBLE REGISTRATION

There are cases when an individual transfers residence then fails to file an application for cancellation or
transfer. This is an electoral case called double/multiple registration, which also called as flying voter.
Whether it is deliberate or not, the individual who is found guilty shall be punishable with imprisonment
of one to six years.

Suffrage is the human right to vote and, for the Philippines, is indicated in three documents: the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights; and the 1987 Philippine Constitution. They all call for universality of the right;
equality in access to public service; and secrecy of votes.

This right is exercised during elections, and as a citizen-voter, you are entitled to free and
informed choice on whom to vote. Every political choices and decisions you make will
determine the kind of government that will serve the country.

HOW IS SUFFRAGE A MECHANISM FOR POLITICAL PARTICIPATION?

The Constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people, where all government authority comes from.
Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly through suffrage and indirectly through public
officials elected by the people. The will of the people, then, is best expressed in clean, orderly and
honest elections.

WHO ARE QUALIFIED TO VOTE IN PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS?

Citizens of the Philippines

18 old years old and above on the day of elections
A resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein
he proposes to vote for at least six months before the election
Those not disqualified by law under the Overseas Absentee Voting Law:
Filipino citizens abroad

Immigrants
Permanent residents with affidavit of intent to resume residence
in the Philippines

WHO ARE DISQUALIFIED TO VOTE IN PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS?

The following are disqualified (by law) from voting:

Person sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than one year

Person found to have committed rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-
subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security or involving
disloyalty to the government
Insane or incompetent persons

ELECTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

WHAT ARE THE POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL

OFFICIALS WHOM WE VOTE FOR?

HOW DO THE LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE INTERACT IN THE LAW -

MAKING PROCESS?

In the legislative process, the president can either approve or veto a law passed by Congress. It
would require 2/3s vote by the legislative body to finally pass the vetoed version into law.

At the local level, chief executives can also veto any ordinance on the ground that it is prejudicial
to the public. In turn, the sanggunian or the local legislative body can override the veto, also by
2/3s vote of the whole sanggunian.

HOW DO FILIPINO VOTERS VOTE?

A 2003 update study on voting behavior looks at how Filipino voters choose their candidates:

Public servant image or the candidate’s characteristics such as madaling lapitan, malinis
na pagkatao, matulungin sa nangangailangan, nagtataguyod ng programang
pangkaunlaran.

Political machinery which includes the political party, being in the opposition, and good
campaign strategies.

Popularity or being a celebrity or endorsed by a celebrity.

Endorsement of network and organizations such as the family, the church, the groups
and group leaders.

WHAT ELECTION PRACTICES AND IRREGULARITIES THE CITIZENS

SHOULD
WATCH OUT FOR?

Bribery, intimidation, and various forms of cheating, particularly:

Registering in several names and/or several precincts;

Vote-buying/vote-selling/paid not to vote;
Flying voters;
Voting in the name of other persons/ dead persons or relatives;
Threat to supporters, voters, and members of election inspectors;
Lanzadera/ ballot-switching and ballot boxsnatching;
Marking ballots and other election documents to make it invalid;
Dagdag-bawas during counting and canvassing

ELECTION PROCESS
WHAT ARE THE EFFORTS TO MODERNIZE ELECTION PROCESS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Republic Act 8436 or the Election Modernization Act of 1997 calls for the use of automated
election system in the country as early as the May 1998 elections. This system will make use of
appropriate technology for voting and electronic devices to count and canvass votes.

However, we have yet to see the full implementation of a nationwide automated election system
after three years or more.

IMPLEMENTATION OF RA 8436 THROUGH COMELEC RESOLUTION 02-0170

(Phases of Modernization)
IMPLEMENTATION OF RA 8436 THROUGH COMELEC RESOLUTION 02-0170

Initiative and Referendum

Through the system of initiative and referendum, the people can directly propose,
enact, and reject laws at the local level. Also through initiative, citizens may
directly propose amendments to the Constitution by a petition of at least 12% of
the total number of registered voters, where 3% of registered voters in each
legislative district is represented.

Plebiscite
Through plebiscites, the people approve or reject the call for a constitutional
convention to propose changes to the Constitution, approve or reject proposed
changes in the Constitution and, at the local level, express their will on certain
local issues.

Sectoral Representation
The party-list system of representation gives sectors the chance to be represented
in Congress together with our Congressmen/women. Under this system, voters
support a sectoral party or organization or coalition and its issues and programs.
The Constitution and the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) allow for
representation of sectors in the local legislature or sanggunian.

Local Special Bodies

Ordinary citizens are called to sit in local special bodies such as the local health
boards, school boards, peace and order councils and development councils for
consultation.

A barangay assembly (assembly of all residents, 15 years old and above, of the
barangay) meets to discuss the activities and finances of the Sangguniang
Barangay and matters affecting the barangay.

The assembly has the power to hear and judge the report of Sangguniang
Barangay’s (SB) performance. It can also recommend matters for legislation by
SB and decide on the adoption of initiative to propose, enact or reject ordinances.
Absentee Voting System
Republic Act 9189 of The Overseas Absentee Voting Law provides for a system,
which allows qualified Filipinos abroad to vote in national elections in the
Philippines.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD GOVERNMENT, GOOD LEADERS AND GOOD

CITIZEN-VOTERS?

A good government is one that engages citizen participation and is responsive to the
needs of the people.

Good leaders are those who uphold accountability to the people and promote
transparent and people-oriented programs.

Good citizen-voters are those who value their right of suffrage as to keep themselves
informed, involved and vigilant.

WHAT ARE SOME ACTION POINTS FOR CITIZEN-VOTERS IN EXERCISING

CITIZEN-VOTERS?
UNDERSTANDING THE FILIPINO VALUE SYSTEM

“Many Filipinos are what I call Sunday-religious, that is they go to church every
Sunday, take in confession and communion, but the rest of the week they bride
and do corrupt deeds…”

- Dr. Pura Santillan- Castrence

A thing has value when it is perceived as good and desirable. Food, money, and housing have a
value because they are perceived as good and the desire to acquire those influences attitudes and
behaviour. Not only material goods but also ideals and concepts are valuable, such as truth,
honesty, and justice. For instance, if truth is a value for one, it commands in one an inner
commitment which in turn translates itself into one’s daily speech and action. Truth is good and
desirable; it influences attitudes and behavior.

Values are the bases of judging what attitudes and behavior are correct and desirable and what
are not. It is therefore of crucial importance that there be an appropriate framework as well as
system among Filipino values. Values have a social function: commonly held values unite
families, tribe, societies, and nations. They are essential to the democratic way of life, which puts
a high premium on freedom and the rule of law. That is why, shortly after the Revolution of
February 1986, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports made values education a
primary thrust. Similarly, the DECS thrust found strong support in the Philippine Constitution of
1987 in its vision of “a just and humane society” which calls for a shared culture and commonly
held values such as “truth, justice freedom, love, equality and peace.” (Preamble)

Filipino cultural values are widely held beliefs which make some activities, relationship, goals
and feelings important to the Filipino people’s identity. When these Filipino values coalesce and
mesh in a mutually supportive system, it is called “Filipino value system.” The content of the
Filipino oral and written traditions, churches, sacred places, temples and mosques. The Filipinos
internalize these values of their culture and thus create for themselves a “world of meanings”

Fr. Vitaliano Gorospe in his essay on “Understanding the Filipino Value System” discussed
about the value philosophy; Filipino values, its nature, constellation, and context; and Filipino
values, its ambivalence and split-level Christianity. Let us now try to examine, to explore, and to
understand the Filipino value system.

VALUE PHILOSOPHY

A brief introduction to the philosophy of human values is necessary for an understanding of

Filipino values and values education. A Filipino experiences family closeness and solidarity
(pagpapahalaga sa pamilya), politeness (use of po or ho), hospitality (tuloy po kayo), gratitude
(utang na loob) from “within”, that is, subjectively and emotionally, unlike a non-Filipino
observer, social scientist, or psychologist who studies Filipino values objectively from “without”
or “from a distance”.

Such Filipino values as social acceptance, (pakikisama, amor propio, economic security,
pagmamay-ari), and trust in God (paniniwala sa Diyos, bathala or Maykapal) find their
philosophical basis in man's dynamic openness toward nature and the world (e.g., the value of
hanap-buhay ng magsasaka), one's fellowmen (the values of paggalang, hiya, katarungan, pag-
ibig), and God (the values of pananampalataya, pananalangin, kabanalan).

This dynamic openness of man is an openness to the possibilities of the future. That is why
values are something to be realized. Take the value of peace. The Philippine situation is now
characterized by insurgency; conflict between the NPA, the MNLF and the AFP; vigilante
groups; hostility and division--in short, an absence of national peace and order.

Human values are not merely private. All values have a social aspect. The government official
who demands porsiyento, the fireman or policeman who extorts tong or lagay for a service which
is his duty, all contribute to the worsening graft and corruption. We are all responsible for one
another (tayong lahat ay may pananagutan sa isa't-isa).
Values are both subjective and objective. They involve a subject or person who values (e.g., a
young girl) and an object or value to be realized (e.g., pagkamahinhin). Justice is objective
because it is a value that should be realized by all. It also becomes subjective if justice becomes a
value for me. There is an objective difference between value and disvalue, pleasure and pain, life
and death, poverty and affluence, heroism and cowardice, truth and error, right and wrong,
holiness and sinfulness. The difference is not only in the mind or a matter of personal taste or
preference. Even if I close my eyes to the ugly poverty around me, the poor will not disappear.

Values are not objective in the sense that they are found in some static heaven: they are relational
and embodied in person-value-types (ideal moral persons). For example, to a tipong-mukhang
kuarta [an avaricious look] profit is more important than service; to a tipong-politiko [political
type], pera [money], propaganda, politika [politics] are more valuable than honesty; tipong
siyentipiko [scientist type] or tipong-artista [actor type] personify agham [science] and sining
[art]; tipong madasalin [pious type] may exemplify kabanalan (piety).

Fr. Vitalino Gorospe cited that the late President Cory Aquino embodied all that a Filipino
wanted his or her President to be--credible, honest, just, with a strong faith in God and in our
people. The ideal type or Filipino model during the "parliament of the streets" was the tipong-
maka-Diyos (religions), makatao (people-oriented), makabayan (nationalistic).

The heroes of EDSA placed the good of the Filipino people before the safety and security of their
families. They were willing to risk their lives for God and people. Value-ranking or the priority
of values is not merely arbitrary or subjective. There is an objective ranking of values based on
existence or reality and other objective criteria.

Using the criteria of permanence, ability to be shared, and depth of satisfaction, Max Scheler
ranked human values from the lowest to the highest as follows:

sense values like sensual pleasure are exemplified by the lakuatsero or pabling;

utilitarian values like profit and efficiency by the businessman and technocrat;

life values, by the doctor and the hero

cultural values, by the genius and the artist,

religious values, by the saint

Moral and religious values are pre-eminent and claim the highest priority in the objective scale
of values because they are absolutely necessary in order to become fully human (magpakatao)

FILIPINO VALUES: NATURE, CONSTELLATION AND CONTEXT

FILI PINO VALUES: NATURE, CONSTELLATIONAND CONTEXT
What are Filipino values? What is distinctly Filipino in our value system? The Filipino value
system arises from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming human in this
particular place and time. We speak of Filipino values in a fourfold sense.

First, although mankind shares universal human values, it is obvious that certain values take on
for us a distinctively Filipino flavor. The Greek ideal of moderation or meden agan, the Roman
in medio stat virtus, the Confucian and Buddhist "doctrine of the Middle", find their Filipino
equivalent in hindi labis, hindi kulang, katamtaman lamang.

Secondly, when we speak of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of these Filipino
values are absent in the value systems of other peoples and cultures. All people eat, talk and sing,
but they eat different foods, speak various languages and sing different songs. Thus, we easily
recognize Filipino, American, Chinese, Japanese or any other foreign food, language or music.
The difference lies in the way these elements are ranked, combined or emphasized so that they
take on a distinctively Filipino slant or cast.

For instance, in China, honesty and hard work may rank highest; Chinese and Japanese cultures
give great value to politeness and beauty; American culture to promptness and efficiency; and
Filipino culture to trust in God and family centeredness. In this sense of value-ranking and
priority of values, we can speak of dominant Filipino values.

Thirdly, universal human values in a Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio-economic,

political, moral and religious) take on a distinctive set of Filipino meanings and motivations. This
is true not only of the aims and goals, beliefs, convictions, and social principles of the traditional
value system of the lowland rural family but also of what Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J. calls the
Filipino "nationalistic" tradition (pagsasarili, pagkakaisa, pakikisama, pakikipagkapwa-tao, and
pagkabayani).

A Filipino value or disvalue does not exist alone, in isolation or in a vacuum. Filipino values like
bahala na, utang na loob, hiya, pakikisama, pakiusap are clustered around core values like social
acceptance, economic security, social mobility, and are always found in a definite context or set
of circumstances.

Both positive values and negative disvalues together form a characteristic constellation in school
(aralan at dasalan [studying and praying], kuwentuhan at laruan [storytelling and game],
inggitan at tsismisan [envying and gossiping]), which differs from the configuration found in
government offices (pagkakaisa [unity] , pagkabayani [heroism], intriga [intrigue], palakasan
[show of power], sipsipan [bribery], palusot), in business firms (palabra de honor [word of
honor], delicadeza [finesse], "commission", "kickback", padulas [grease money], lagay [bribe]),
or in the barrio barangays (paggalang [honoring], pagdadamayan [comforting], bayanihan
[cooperation], bahala na [come what may], utang na loob [gratefulness],
hiya[shame]/pakiusap[appear], palakasan [show of power]).

To change a framework of values, it may be necessary to change the constellation and context of
those negative values that hinder Filipino and Christian development.

Fourthly, we can speak of Filipino values in the sense that the historical consciousness of values
has evolved among our people. The Filipino concept of justice has evolved from inequality to
equality, and to human dignity; from the tribe, to the family, and to the nation. Filipino
consciousness of these different
values varies at different periods of our history. It is only in the last two decades that the Filipino
people have become more conscious of overpopulation and family planning, environmental
pollution (Kawasaki sintering plant) and wildlife conservation (Calauit Island), and the violation
of human rights (Martial Law), active non-violence and People Power (1986 non-violent
Revolution).

FILIPINO VALUES: AMBIVALENCE AND SPLIT-LEVEL CHRISTIANITY

Are Filipino values good or bad? The truth is that Filipino values are ambivalent in the sense that
they are a potential for good or evil, a help or hindrance to personal and national development,
depending on how they are understood, practiced or lived. They can be used in a good or evil
context, e.g., pakikisama sa kabuktutan or sa kaunlaran. Filipino values have both positive and
negative aspects depending on the context in which they are found.

In a social system or atmosphere of extreme insecurity, the positive qualities of the Filipino take
on negative and ugly appearances. For example, utang na loob can lead to pakiusap, nepotism
and "cronyism". Pagmamay-ari ng kapangyarihan (the possession of power) and their abuse
could lead to class distinction or the "malakas-mahina system". Hiya can become pakitang tao or
gaya-gaya; machismo (tunay na lalake) is partly responsible for the "querida system" and the
doble kara morality.

To show the ambivalence of Filipino values, one example will suffice. Take the well-known but
ambivalent Filipino bahala na mentality. On the one hand, this Filipino attitude could be the root
of the positive value of risk taking, entrepreneurship, and social responsibility. Prof. Jose de
Mesa, in a pioneer book on the Filipino and Christian meaning of bahala na, stresses the positive
meaning of this virtue of risk- taking, enterprise and joint trust in both human effort (bahala
tayong lahat) and divine Providence (bahala ang Maykapal).

A people's will to take chances and risks, no matter what difficulties and problems the future
entails, is necessary for a nation's growth and destiny. Bahala na could be a genuine faith and
trust in Divine Providence that also presupposes a self-reliance (pagsasarili) that took the form
of People Power in the EDSA revolution. Bahala na was a positive and nationalistic virtue for
Jose Rizal, who believed that Filipinos could no longer rely on the Spaniards, but only on
themselves and on God.

On the other hand, in the past the negative aspect of bahala na which dominated Filipino life
meant a false sense of resignation (ganyan lang ang buhay), a superstitious belief or blind faith
(malas/suwerte, tadhana, kapalaran), or escape from decision-making and social responsibility.
As such it may be the root cause of national apathy (walang pakialam) and collective paralysis of
action (bakit pa kikilos) to solve both local and national problems. Everything is already
predetermined or fated.
Negatively, bahala na could engender a false sense of security with God as insurance or asecurity
blanket. For example, if God wants Filipino families to have plenty of children (anak ay
kayamanan), God will take care of everything. Bahala na could be the cause of the absence of
national initiative and of that discipline required for national growth.

When negative bahala na prevails, nothing ever gets done. Potholed roads, uncollected garbage,
countless unsolved murders, carnapping and smuggling remain year after year. How many have
ever been arrested, convicted or jailed for wanton murder or for notorious graft and corruption?
A sense of national frustration, helplessness, and despair grips the nation and the people no
longer care. Nothing is going to happen--Bahala na, come what may.

From a Filipino perspective, what social reforms are necessary to transform bahala na
positively? No society will long endure unless there is justice; that is, unless a system of reward
and punishment exists and is effective. If in Philippine society lying and stealing people's money
are rewarded and truthfulness and honesty are punished, what else can one expect but a badly
broken political will for national reform?

The present government should therefore prioritize an effective system of universal sanctions for
those who hold power. From a Christian perspective, the Christian doctrines of divine
Providence, creation, stewardship of land and property, and the conservation of our natural
resources remain the challenge and task of parents, educators, and Christian evangelizers.

Split-level Christianity or double-standard morality, the immorality and hypocrisy of many so-
called Filipino Christians, is a scandal to both Christians and non-Christians alike. It is important
to distinguish between pseudo Christianity in all its varied forms and authentic Christianity;
between bad and good Christians. We must also take into account the ambiguity of any religious
commitment, which is not something made once and for all, but a life-long process which
demands constant conversion and renewal. We must also distinguish between Filipino actual and
normative behaviour (between what is and what ought to be).

Filipino values are not static, i.e., they are not simply what they are, but dynamic, i.e., they
become. From a historical perspective, the question to ask about Filipino values is: Ganito kami
noon: paano kayo ngayon? How are we to know towards what goal or direction Filipino values
ought to move or become?

Now that we have regained our democratic form of government once again and have arrived at a
privileged historical kairos, how do we transform Filipino values to build a more "just and
humane society". (Preamble, 1987 Constitution)

According to Fr. Gorospe, we need both external structural and internal cultural change. It is here
that the Christian faith should, in the last analysis, point the way to the kind of values education
needed for national reconstruction.

FILIPINO VALUES: THE AMBIVALENCE OF TRAITS AND VALUES

Much has been said about so-called negative Filipino traits. They have been blamed for the weak
character of the Filipino; they are the culprits, the scapegoat of our failures, or at least, the
explanation for lagging behind more successful Asian neighbors.
It is very Filipino to stress our minus points, to find fault in our behavior, to compare us
unfavorably with Westerners by using Western standards. It is common to hear such names as
Bertong Bukol, or Ipeng Pilay or Huseng Ngongo. It seems that we take pleasure in underscoring
our weaknesses, faults, defects, etc. Our standards are smallness, averageness, mediocrity;
grandeur or grandness is not in the Filipino vocabulary. The West, in contrast, evokes: Alexander
the Great, Julius Caesar, Der Führer, Il Duce, El Caudillo, Elizabeth Regina. We seem to enjoy
being humble and meek, or what Friedrich Nietzsche called "the morality of slaves."

There is something strange in the very way we look upon success. A person is not supposed to
exert effort at the expense of sanity. We ridicule a person who teaches himself how to think and
label him Tasio, the philosopher. We warn persons not to learn too much lest they be like Jose
Rizal who was executed at the Luneta in 1896. Assertiveness is frowned upon because it smacks
of pride and ruthlessness. Success to the Filipino, must come naturally; it should not be induced
or artificially contrived. One should not be successful at an early age because that would mean
exertion and hard work. Success must come very late in life, if it is to come at all.

The following Filipino traits show an ambivalence of positive and negative aspects:

Hiya (Shame)

Negative, because it arrests or inhibits one's action. This trait reduces one to
smallness or to what Nietzsche calls the "morality of slaves", thus congealing the
soul of the Filipino and emasculating him, making him timid, meek and weak.

Positive, because, it contributes to peace of mind and lack of stress by not even
trying to achieve.

Ningas-cogon (Procrastination)

Negative, by all standards, because it begins ardently and dies down as soon as it
begins. This trait renders one inactive and unable to initiate things or to persevere.

Positive, in a way, because it makes a person non-chalant, detached, indifferent,

nonplussed should anything go wrong, and hence conducive to peace and
tranquility.

Pakikisama (Group Loyalty)

Negative, because one closes one's eyes to evils like graft and corruption in order
to conserve peace and harmony in a group at the expense of one's comfort.

Positive, because one lives for others; peace or lack of dissension is a constant
goal.

Patigasan (Test of Strength)

Negative, because it is stubborn and resists all efforts at reconciliation. The trait
makes us childish, vindictive, irresponsible, irrational. Actions resulting from this
trait are leaving the phone off the hook to get even with one's party line; stopping
the engine of the car to prove that one has the right of way; standing one's ground
until the opposite party loses its patience.
Positive, because it is assign that we know our rights and are not easily cowed
into submission. It is occidental in spirit, hence in keeping with Nietzsche's "will
to power."

Bahala na (Resignation)

Negative, because one leaves everything to chance under the pretext of trusting in
Divine providence. This trait is really laziness disguised in religious garb.

Positive, because one relies on a superior power rather than on one's own. It is
conducive to humility, modesty, and lack of arrogance.

Kasi (because, i. e., scapegoat)

Negative, because one disowns responsibility and makes a scapegoat out of

someone or something. One is never to blame; one remains lily white and has a
ready alibi for failure.

Positive, because one can see both sides of the picture and know exactly where a
project failed. One will never suffer from guilt or self-recrimination.

Saving Face

Negative, because, being closely related to hiya and kasi, it enables a person to
shirk responsibility. One is never accountable for anything.

Positive, because one's psyche is saved from undue embarrassment, sleepless

nights, remorse of conscience. It saves one from accountability or responsibility.
This trait enables one to make a graceful exit from guilt instead of facing the
music and owning responsibility for an offense.

Sakop (Inclusion)

Negative, because one never learns to be on one's own but relies on one's family
and relatives. This trait stunts growth and prevents a person from growing on
one's own. Generating a life of parasitism, this trait is very non-existential.
Blaring music, loud tones are a result of this mentality. We wrongly think that all
people like the music we play or the stories we tell. This mentality also makes us
consider the world as one vast comfort room.

Positive, because one cares for the family and clan; one stands or falls with them.
This trait makes a person show concern for the family to which he belongs.

Mañana or "Bukas na" (Procrastination)

Negative, because one constantly postpones action and accomplishes nothing.

This aggravates a situation, a problem grows beyond correction, a leak or a small
break becomes a gaping hole. This arises from an indolent mentality that a
problem will go away by itself.
Positive, because one is without stress and tension; one learns to take what comes
naturally. Like the Chinese wu-wei, this trait makes one live naturally and without
undue artificiality.

Utang na loob (Indebtedness)

Negative, because one overlooks moral principles when one is indebted to a

person. One who is beholden to another person will do anything to please him,
thinking that by doing so he is able to repay a debt. One condones what the other
person does and will never censure him for wrongdoing.

Positive, because it is a recognition of one's indebtedness. This trait portrays the

spirit behind the Filipino saying, "He who does not know how to look to the past
will never reach his destination."

Kanya-kanya (Self-Centeredness)

Negative, because self-centered; one has no regard for others. So long as my

family and I are not in need, I do not care about he world. Positive, because one
takes care of oneself and one's family: "Blood is thicker than water."

In brief, the Filipino core values influence how they behave in any situation. The Philippines is
recognized having “collectivist” culture indicated by close family ties and community ties in
society. Filipino values are centered at preserving social harmony, motivated mainly by desire to
be accepted within a group. This makes a Filipino a reliable person that can easily integrate and
work with anyone, anytime, anyhow and anywhere.

Be proud, you’re a FILIPINO!

EVALUATE

ACTIVITY 1

Instruction: Identification. Identify what is being asked in each item. Write answers on the
space provided.

________________1. He said that nationalism is nourished by a sense of history.

________________2. It was viewed by George Orwell as aggressive and is about

power.

_________________3. He contrasted Lord Action’s view on nationalism and

patriotism.

_________________4. It is especially concerned to “country” as certain entity.

_________________5. In voter’s education, this usually referred to as “the future”.

_________________6. This year represents a window of opportunity for voter

education.

_________________7. This is another term form electoral case “double/multiple

registration”.

_________________8. The human right to vote, specifically in the Philippines.

_________________9. The exact year when Snap Election happened.

_________________10. The main campaign issue under 1987 Constitution which

declared Fidel Ramos as the President.

ACTIVITY 2

Instruction: Read the question carefully and make sure you understand the fact before you
begin answering. Please write an essay of not less than 100 words and write your answer in
the space provided. Write legibly and be as concise as possible.

ESSAY
Question: In your own understanding, explain the phrase, “Your Vote, Our Future”.

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GROUP DYNAMICS
E.O 2.1 Distinguish leader from leadership in terms of content, roles and
process.

E.O 2.2 Determine the level of impact of building blocks in leadership through
life experience.

E.O 2.3 Concretize the principles of servant leadership.

E.O 2.4 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of leadership behaviors.

E.O 2.5 Evaluate characteristics that reflect leadership behavior through

leadership tools.
DEFINING LEADER AND LEADERSHIP

An adage states that leaders are not born but they are developed. Basically, this topic covers the basic
theories and principle of leadership that you need to learn to prepare you as good you as good leaders in
the future. The success of every group’s endeavor in whatever nature of work (in the field of business,
social, political, spiritual, and others will always reflect from the good qualities of a leader and the type
of the leadership manifested.

Who actually is a leader? Microsoft Encarta 2006 has defined leader in three key role:

1. As a Guide – where the leader assumes the role as director, organizer, mentor, guru, and
adviser.

2. As a Frontrunner – where the leader can be a spearhead, leading light, trailblazer, and
groundbreaker.

3. As a Head – where he or she can be called chief, manager, superior, principal, boss, and
supervisor.

Leadership is defined as a process of giving control, guidance, headship, direction, and governance. It
is synonymous with the basic principles of management. In fact, leading is one of the action words and
components of management field, though, it has different perspectives.

BUILDING BLOCKS IN LEADERSHIP

A leader is a human like you. Sometimes you also experience failures. But what makes it laudable is
when you take the initiative to reflect from your failures and work to conquer them. Below are some
factors that cause failures in leadership. Reflect on your experiences. For each identified building check
the column, where you find such block as either easy to overcome or difficult to overcome.

Easy to Difficult to
Building Block Overcome Overcome
1. Selfishness, self-centeredness
2. Pessimism
3. Passivity (inactive/not resourceful)
4. Insecurity
5. Recognition seeker
6. Subjectivity/bias/partiality
7. Lack of dedication/commitment/sincerity
8. Dishonesty/corruption
9. Immorality
10. Conceitedness/boastfulness

SERVANT LEADERSHIP

“The law of service: He who wishes to live long must

serve, but he who wishes to rule does not live long.”

~ Hesse

The new trend now in leadership is termed as “Servant Leadership”. Different views on this emanated
from pious doctrines where Jesus Christ depicted as the best model of servant leader. A leader who
humbled Himself to serve His disciples especially when He performed the “washing of the feet”
symbolizes humility and Humbleness of Christ.
TEN PRINCIPLES OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP
You'll serve people better when you make a
deep commitment to listening intently to them
and understanding what they're saying. To
improve your listening skills, give people your
full attention, take notice of their body
Listening
language, avoid interrupting them before
they've finished speaking, and give feedback

Servant leaders strive to understand other

people's intentions and perspectives. You
can be more empathetic by putting aside
Empathy your viewpoint temporarily, valuing
others' perspectives, and approaching

This characteristic relates to the emotional

health and "wholeness" of people, and
involves supporting them both physically
and mentally.

First, make sure that your people have the

Self-awareness
knowledge, support is theand
ability to look
resources at
they
yourself,
need to do think
theirdeeply about your emotions
jobs effectively, and that
Healing and behavior, and consider
they have a healthy workplace. how Then
they affect
take
the
stepspeople around
to help themyou and align
be happy andwith your
engaged
values.
in their roles.

Awareness You can become

You could also use more
a toolself-aware by
such as the
knowing your strengths
Triple Bottom and weaknesses,
Line to think about how
and asking for other people's feedback
your organization can make a positive on
them.
impact onAlso,
the learn
people to
you manage
lead and your
the
emotions, so that
customers you [Link] consider how your
actions and behavior might affect others.
Servant leaders use persuasion – rather
than their authority – to encourage people
to take action. They also aim to build
consensus in groups, so that everyone
supports decisions.

There are many tools and models that you

Persuasion can use to be more persuasive, without
damaging relationships or taking
advantage of others. You should also build
your expert power – when people perceive
you as an expert, they are more likely to
listen to you when you want to persuade or
inspire them.
This characteristic relates to your ability to
"dream great dreams," so that you look
beyond day-to-day realities to the bigger
picture.

If you're a senior leader in your company,

work through and develop a robust
organizational strategy. Then, whatever
Conceptualization level you're at, create mission and vision
statements for your team, and make it clear
how people's roles tie in with your teams
and organizations long-term objectives.
Also, develop long-term focus so that you
stay motivated to achieve your more
distant goals, without getting distracted.
Foresight is when you can predict what's
likely to happen in the future by learning
from past experiences, identifying what's
happening now, and understanding the
consequences of your decisions.

You can use tools such as SWOT Analysis

and PEST Analysis to think about your
current situation and environment, while
Scenario Analysis helps you understand
Foresight how the future could play out. Use the
ORAPAPA checklist when you make a
decision, to learn from experience and
make sure that you've considered all the
angles.

Also, learn to trust your intuition – if your

instinct is telling you that something is
wrong, listen to it!
Stewardship is about taking responsibility
for the actions and performance of your
team, and being accountable for the role
team members play in your organization.

Whether you're a formal leader or not, you

have a responsibility for the things that
happen in your company. Take time to
think about your own values, as well as
those of your organization, so that you
Stewardship know what you will and won't stand for.
Servant leaders are committed to the personal
and professional development of everyone on
their teams.

To develop your people, make sure that you use

Training Needs Assessments to understand
Commitment to the Growth of People their developmental needs and give them the
skills they need to do their jobs effectively.
Also, find out what their personal goals are,
and see if you can give those projects or
additional responsibilities that will help them
achieve these.
The last characteristic is to do with building
a sense of community within your
organization.

You can do this by providing opportunities

for people to interact with one another
across the company. For instance, you could
organize social events such as team lunches
and barbecues, design your workspace to
encourage people to chat informally away
Building Community from their desks, and dedicate the first few
minutes of meetings to non-work-related
conversations.

Encourage people to take responsibility for

their work, and remind them how what they
do contributes to the success and overall
objectives of the organization.
Greenleaf as cited by Frick (2004) said: “All that is needed to rebuild community as a viable life form
for large number of people is for enough servant leaders to show the way, not by mass movement, but
by each servant leader demonstrating his/her own unlimited liability for a quite specific community
related group. ”

LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS

There is no specific leadership behavior that would guarantee efficiency and effectiveness of the
operation/mission of a certain group or organization. The adoption of a particular leadership behavior
depends on the nature of the leaders, members, and work of a certain organization. Four types of
leadership are listed below. Examine each type carefully and find out which one applies to you as a
leader.

1. Authoritarian Leadership – leads me by means of the rank position. A self centered type
leadership where the leader believes he or she is the only one capable of directing the
subordinates.

2. Paternalistic Leadership – leads men by always setting an example. This type of a leader
manifests an example of a father, who seems to be always after the welfare of his children.

3. Participative Leadership – makes the men participate actively in the activity or task in the
organization but reserves the right to make final decisions on critical matters.

4. Laisse-Faire Leadership – leaves decision making to the subordinates. The leader will give
assignment, and then it is up for the subordinates to accomplish the task in whatever manner
they can.

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY 1

Instrument 1 : Authentic Leadership Self-

Assessment Questionnaire
Instructions: This questionnaire contains items about different dimensions of authentic leadership.
There are no right or wrong responses, so please answer honestly. Use the following scale when
responding to each statement by writing the number from the scale below that you feel most accurately
characterizes your response to the statement.
SCORING

1. Sum the responses on items 1, 5, 9, and 13 (self-

awareness).

2. Sum the responses on items 2, 6, 10, and 14 (internalized

moral perspective).

3. Sum the responses on items 3, 7, 11, and 15 (balanced

processing).

4. Sum the responses on items 4, 8, 12, and 16 (relational

transparency).

TOTAL SCORES
Total
Self-Awareness
Internalized Moral Perspective
Balanced Processing
Relational Transparency

SCORING INTERPRETATION

This self-assessment questionnaire is designed to measure your authentic leadership by

assessing four components of the process: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective,
balanced processing, and relational transparency. By comparing your scores on each of these
components, you can determine which are your stronger and which your weaker components
in each category are. You can interpret your authentic leadership scores using the following
guideline: high = 16–20 and low = 15 and below. Scores in the upper range indicate stronger
authentic leadership, whereas scores in the lower range indicate weaker authentic leadership.

ACTIVITY 2

Instrument 2 : The Leader’s Relationship to

the Team
This instrument has been adapted to apply to team leaders from “The Team Player Survey,”
contained in Glenn M. Parker’s, Team Players and Teamwork. (Jossey-Bass, 2002)

Instructions: There are no right or wrong answers. Please answer each item according to how
you honestly feel you function now as a team member rather than how you used to be or how you
would like to be.

You will be asked to complete eighteen sentences. Each sentence has four possible endings.
Please rank the endings in the order in which you feel each one applies to you. Place the number 4
next to the ending which is most applicable to you and continue down to a 1 next to the ending
which is least applicable to you.

Please do not make ties or use 4, 3, 2, or 1 more than once.

When you have answered all items, transfer your answer to the score sheet and then interpret your
relation to the either as a Contributor, Collaborator, Communicator, or Challenger. Definitions of
each of these styles are provided on the score sheets.
1. During team meetings, I usually:
_____a. provide the team with technical data or information.
_____b. keep the team focused on our mission or goals.
_____c. make sure everyone is involved in the discussion.
_____d. raise questions about our goals or methods.

2. In relating to the team leader, I:

_____a. suggest that our work be goal directed.
_____b. try to help her build a positive team climate.
_____c. am willing to disagree with her when necessary.
_____d. offer advice based upon my area of expertise.

3. Under stress, I sometimes:

_____a. overuse humor and other tension-reducing devices.
_____b. am too direct in communicating with other team members.
_____c. lose patience with the need to get everyone involved in discussions.
_____d. complain to outsiders about problems facing the team.

4. When conflicts arise on the team, I usually:

_____a. press for an honest discussion of the differences.
_____b. provide reasons why one side or the other is correct.
_____c. see the differences as a basis for possible change in team direction.
_____d. try to break the tension with a supportive or humorous remark.

5. Other team members usually see me as:

_____a. factual.
_____b. flexible.
_____c. encouraging.
_____d. candid.
6. At times, I am:
_____a. too results oriented.
_____b. too laid-back.
_____c. self-righteous.
_____d. shortsighted.

7. When things go wrong on the team, I usually:

_____a. push for increased emphasis on listening, feedback, and participation.
_____b. press for a candid discussion of our problems.
_____c. work hard to provide more and better information.
_____d. suggest that we revisit our basic mission.

8. A risky team contribution to me is to:

_____a. question some aspect of the team’s work.
_____b. push the team to set higher performance standards.
_____c. work outside my defined role or job area.
_____d. provide other team members with feedback on their behavior as team members.

9. Sometimes other team members see me as:

_____a. a perfectionist.
_____b. unwilling to reassess the team’s mission or goals.
_____c. not serious about getting the real job done.
_____d. a nitpicker.

10.I believe team problem-solving requires:

_____a. cooperation by all team members.
_____b. high-level listening skills.
_____c. a willingness to ask tough questions.
_____d. good solid data.
[Link] a new team is forming, I usually:
_____a. try to meet and get to know other team members.
_____b. ask pointed questions about our goals and methods.
_____c. want to know what is expected of me.
_____d. seek clarity about our basic mission.

[Link] times, I make other people feel:

_____a. dishonest because they are not able to be as confrontational as I am.
_____b. guilty because they don’t live up to my standards.
_____c. small-minded because they don’t think long-range.
_____d. heartless because they don’t care about how people relate to each other.

13.I believe the role of the team leader is to:

_____a. ensure the efficient solution of business problems.
_____b. help the team establish long-range goals and short-term objectives
_____c. create a participatory decision-making climate.
_____d. bring out diverse ideas and challenge assumptions.

14.I believe team decisions should be based on:

_____a. the team’s mission and goals.
_____b. a consensus of team members.
_____c. an open and candid assessment of the issues.
_____d. the weight of the evidence.

[Link] I:
_____a. see team climate as an end in itself.
_____b. play devil’s advocate far too long.
_____c. fail to see the importance of effective team process.
_____d. overemphasize strategic issues and minimize short-term task accomplishments.

[Link] have often described me as:

_____a. independent.
_____b. dependable.
_____c. imaginative.
_____d. participative.

[Link] of the time, I am:

_____a. responsible and hardworking.
_____b. committed and flexible.
_____c. enthusiastic and humorous.
_____d. honest and authentic.

[Link] relating to other team members, at times I get annoyed because they don’t:
_____a. revisit team goals to check progress.
_____b. see the importance of working well together.
_____c. object to team actions with which they disagree.
_____d. complete their team assignments on time.

SCORE SHEET

Directions:

1. Please transfer your answers from the survey to this page.

2. Please be careful when recording the numbers because the order of the letters
changes for each question. For example, in question #1, the order is a, b, c, d,
but in question #2, the order is d, a, b, c.
3. The totals for the four styles must equal 180.

Questions Contributor Collaborator Communicator Challenger

1 a b c d
2 d a b c
3 c d a b
4 b c d a
5 a b c d
6 d a b c
7 c d a b
8 b c d a
9 a b c d
10 d a b c
11 c d a b
12 b c d a
13 a b c d
14 d a b c
15 c d a b
16 b c d a
17 a b c d
18 d a b c
TOTALS = 180

The highest number designates your primary team-player style. If you’re highest numbers are the same
or within 3 points of each other, consider them both as your primary style. The lowest total indicates
your least active team-player style.

Your primary team-player style defines a set of behaviors that you use most often as a member of a
team. It does not mean that it is the only style you use. All of us have the capacity to use any one of the
four styles. We simply use one style – our primary – style most often.

TEAM-PLAYER STYLES

CONTRIBUTOR – TASK

The Contributor is a task-oriented team member who enjoys providing the team with good technical
information and data, does her homework, and pushes the team to set high performance standards and to
use their resources wisely. Most people see you as dependable, although they believe, at times, you may
become too bogged down in the details and data or that you do not see the big picture or the need for a
positive team climate.

People describe you as responsible, authoritative, reliable, proficient, and organized.

COLLABORATOR – GOAL

The Collaborator is a goal-directed member who sees the vision, mission, or goal of the team as
paramount but is flexible and open to new ideas, willing to pitch in and work outside her defined role,
and able to share the limelight with other team members. Most people see you as a big-picture person,
but they believe, at times, that you may fail periodically to consider the individual needs of other
members.

People describe you as forward-looking, goal-directed, accommodating, flexible, and imaginative.

COMMUNICATOR – PROCESS
The Communicator is a process-oriented member who is an effective listener and facilitator of
involvement, conflict resolution, consensus building, feedback, and building of an informal, relaxed
climate. Most people see you as a positive “people person,” but they find that, at times, you may see
process as an end in itself, may not confront other team members, or may not give enough emphasis to
completing task assignments and making progress toward team goals.

People describe you as supportive, considerate, relaxed, enthusiastic, and tactful.

CHALLENGER – QUESTION

The Challenger is a member who questions the goals, methods, and even the ethics of the team, is
willing to disagree with the leader or higher authority, and encourages the team to take well-conceived
risks. Most people appreciate the value of your candor and openness, but they think, at times, that you
may not know when to back off an issue or that you become self-righteous and try to push the team too
far.

People describe you as honest, outspoken, principled, ethical, and adventurous.

REFERENCES

1. Frick, D. M., Greenleaf, R. K. 2004. “A Life of Servant Leadership”

2. Kouzes, J. M. and Posner, B. Z. 2002. The leadership challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3. Microsoft Encarta 2006. 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation
Instruction: Read the questions carefully and make sure you understand the fact before you begin
answering. Please write an essay of not less than 130 words and write your answer in the space provided.
Write legibly and be as concise as possible.

ESSAY
Question 1: Considering the attitude and culture of the Filipinos nowadays, in a broad analysis,
what do you think is the best leadership behavior to be adopted by the President to improve the
quality of life of the Filipinos?

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Question 2: How has technology and social media shaped the leadership style within the
millennial generation?

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ACTIVITY 2

Instructions: Fill in the blanks. The following statements below refer to the principles of servant
leadership. Write the specific principle on the spaces provided.

____________1. An attribute of servant leaders that seek to nurture their abilities to

fulfill their great dreams.

____________2. A characteristics that enables the servant leader to understand the

lessons from the past, the realities of the present as bases for decisions in the future.

____________3. It assumes first and foremost a commitment to serving the needs of

others and the use of openness rather than control.

____________4. It recognizes the tremendous responsibility to do everything possible to

nurture the growth of employees.

____________5. This awareness causes the servant leader to identify some means for
establishing unity among those who work within a given institution.
WORKING WITH
COMMUNITIES
CHAPTER 5
HEALTH EDUCATION
E.O 2.6 Apply concepts of good health triangle

E.O 2.7 Practice personal hygiene and proper sanitation

E.O 2.8 Determine the common communicable diseases and apply preventive
measures

E.O 2.9 Value the needs for proper nutrition

E.O 3.0 Comply with food guide pyramid for a daily healthy diet

E.O 3.1 Explain the different methods of family planning

E.O 3.2 Discuss drug abuse and its prevention

E.O 3.3 Cite penalties against drug abuse

Think and write positive attitudes that will represent each of the letters in the word GOOD HEALTH.

G ___________________
O ___________________
O ___________________
D ___________________

H ___________________
E ___________________
A ___________________
L ___________________
T ___________________
H ___________________

This chapter highlights the facet of health education: good health triangle, personal hygiene and
proper sanitation, diseases, immunization, common communicable disease and preventive measures,
proper nutrition, food guide pyramid, family planning and drug abuse, prevention and penalties to drug
abuse.

GOOD HEALTH TRIANGLE

Health is a state of optimal, physical, mental, and social well-being, where an individual (and all his
body parts) is able to perform his or her vital function normally and properly. These are illustrated in the
figure and the discussion that follows:

PHYSICAL HEALTH
A person who has good physical health is likely to have bodily functions and processes working
at their peak.

This is not only due not only to an absence of disease. Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and
adequate rest all contribute to good health. People receive medical treatment to maintain the
balance, when necessary.

Physical well-being involves pursuing a healthful lifestyle to decrease the risk of disease.
Maintaining physical fitness, for example, can protect and develop the endurance of a person’s
breathing and heart function, muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition.
Looking after physical health and well-being also involves reducing the risk of an injury or
health issue, such as:

minimizing hazards in the workplace

using contraception when having sex
practicing effective hygiene
avoiding the use of tobacco, alcohol, or illegal drugs
taking the recommended vaccines for a specific condition or country when
traveling

Good physical health can work in tandem with mental health to improve a person’s overall
quality of life.

For example, mental illness, such as depression, may increase the risk of drug use disorders,
according to a 2008 study. This can go on to adversely affect physical health.

MENTAL HEALTH

According to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, mental health refers to a
person’s emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Mental health is as important as
physical health as part of a full, active lifestyle.

It is harder to define mental health than physical health because many psychological diagnoses
depend on an individual’s perception of their experience.

With improvements in testing, however, doctors are now able to identify some physical signs of
some types of mental illness in CT scans and genetic tests.

Good mental health is not only categorized by the absence of depression, anxiety, or another
disorder. It also depends on a person’s ability to:

enjoy life
bounce back after difficult experiences and adapt to adversity
balance different elements of life, such as family and finances
feel safe and secure
achieve their full potential

Physical and mental health have strong connections. For example, if a chronic illness affects a
person’s ability to complete their regular tasks, it may lead to depression and stress. These
feelings could be due to financial problems or mobility issues.

A mental illness, such as depression or anorexia, can affect body weight and overall function.

It is important to approach “health” as a whole, rather than as a series of separate factors. All
types of health are linked, and people should aim for overall well-being and balance as the keys
to good health.

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Environmental health was defined in a 1989 document by the World Health Organization
(WHO) as: Those aspects of the human health and disease that are determined by factors in the
environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the
environment that can potentially affect health.

As of 2016 the WHO website on environmental health states "Environmental health addresses all
the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors
impacting behaviors. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors
that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-
supportive environments. This definition excludes behavior not related to environment, as well
as behavior related to the social and cultural environment, as well as genetics."

The WHO has also defined environmental health services as "those services which implement
environmental health policies through monitoring and control activities. They also carry out that
role by promoting the improvement of environmental parameters and by encouraging the use of
environmentally friendly and healthy technologies and behaviors. They also have a leading role
in developing and suggesting new policy areas.

PERSONAL HYGIENE AND PROPER SANITATION

Personal Hygiene is defined as the practice of an individual to safeguard his/her body and the
health of others in observing precautionary protection. The consistent practice of basic hygiene
contributes to the maintenance of healthy living. It greatly contributes to good health in many
ways- protection against germs that cause diseases which are present in the surroundings.
Hygiene promotes physical and mental well-being, uplifts everyone’s morale, and ensures the
building of a healthy nation.

At times, personal hygiene alone may not protect one’s body against the more common diseases
like malaria, colds, dysentery, and diarrhea. Thus, immunization is needed to protect an
individual from these diseases. The best prevention from diseases however, is by staying fit and
keeping the immediate surrounding free of germs. More important is Proper Sanitation, an
effective measure that will create and maintain, healthful environment conditions.

DISEASES

A disease is “any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or
stress to the person affected.” Diseases may caused by variety of organisms, such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi, parasites, and protozoans. These are discussed briefly as follows:

Bacteria are prokaryotes and are among the most abundant organisms on earth. Although most
of them are harmless and beneficial, yet many can cause diseases. These may multiply inside the
human body and lead to diseases. Examples of diseases caused by bacteria are:
tetanus(clostridium tetani), impetigo (streptococcus pyogenes), whooping cough (bordetella
pertussis), tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis), gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrheae), syphilis
(treponema pallidium), typhoid fever (salmonella typhi), and cholera (vibrio cholera).

Viruses are not organisms but are particles of nucleic acids enveloped by a protein shell. They
need a living host (i.e., animals, plants, bacteria) to enable them to live and reproduce. When a
virus come into contact with a host cell, it can insert its genetic materials into its host, and takes
over the host’s function. Viruses can cause several diseases in humans. Examples of which are
AIDS-HIV virus ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), measles (rubeola), german measles
(rubella), chicken pox (varicella, zoster virus), mumps (mumps virus), hepatitis (hepa virus),
warts (papilloma virus) and rabies (rhabdovirus).

Fungi can also cause diseases among humans. These are saprophytic ad parasitic organisms that
lack chlorophyll and include molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms and yeasts. Examples of
diseases caused by fungi are candidiasis (candida albicans), ringworm (trichophyton
mentagophytes).

Parasites are organisms that rely on living organisms for their nutrition and subsistence. They
live in living hosts. The parasitic helminth infections include ascariasis (ascaris lumbricoides)
enterobiasis or pinworm (enterobius vermicularis).

Protozoans can cause diseases such as amebiasis (entamoeba histolyca), malaria (plasmodium
falciparum), and giardiasis (giardia lamblia).

TOP TEN LEADING CAUSES

The rate number is the mortality rate per 100,000 populations. For example: there are 109.4 cases of
death from heart disease (see below) per 100,000 of the Filipino population.

Top 1: Disease of the Heart

2009: Number: 100,908 Rate: 109.4
5-year average (2004-2008): Number: 82,290 Rate: 94.5

The data, stretching as far back as 1990, shows Disease of the Heart as the top cause of death in the
Philippine population. If we compare the United States and most other countries mortality rate, disease
of the heart remain the top cause of death. The rising number of deaths could be attributed to the rise in
the Philippine population, but mortality rate rise tells a different story. In 1983, the mortality rate was
62.6 per 100,000. Now it is 109.4 per 100,000 populations.

Top 2: Disease of the Vascular System

2009: Number: 65,489 Rate: 71.0
5-year average (2004-2008): Number: 55,999 Rate: 64.3

Disease of the Vascular System has been in the top 2 spot for the leading cause of death since 1993. The
mortality rate has been linear and ranges from 55 to 70 for the past 30 years. The most common cause of
both top 1 and top 2 are arterial blockage or arteriosclerosis, smoking (also the most preventable),
increase intake of fat and salty foods and inactivity. Other secondary causes are due to coexisting
morbidities like diabetes and obesity. The same campaign “Health Lifestyle to the max” can address this
situation.

Top 3: Malignant Neoplasm’s

2009: Number: 47.72: Rate 51.8
5-year average (2004-2008): Number: 42,185 Rate: 49.6
Cancer has been in the top 3 spot ever since 1999. Prior to that year, it was at the number 4 spot. There is
an increase in the mortality rate, however the range and average of deaths for the past 5 years tells us
that the statistics are stable. There is still a lot of room for improvement. Various Departments of Health
Programs do exist, such as an Anti-smoking and Cancer Awareness campaign. However, due to societal
influences, smoking remains the top preventable cause of cancer in all sexes and in all ages.

Top 4: Pneumonia
2009: Number: 42,642 Rate: 46.2
5-year average (2004-2008): Number: 5,756 Rate: 41.1

Historically, Pneumonia has been in the top 1 spot when most of the Philippine had basic to no access to
health care. Most Philippines remain rural. But due to increase hospital access and upgrading of existing
health care facilities to accommodate difficult cases, pneumonia deaths are largely hampered. The
mortality rate has been halved from 30 years ago.

Top 5: Accidents
2009: Number: 35,990 Rate: 39.0
5-year average (2004-2008): Number: 34,704 Rate: 39.9

Deaths from accidents are on the rise. The data are largely on the ages 10 to 24 are group which shows
an increase in traffic-accidents-related deaths, a side-effect or urbanization. Other causes death are
drowning-related and occupations-related.

Top 6: Tuberculosis, all forms

2009: Number: 25,470 Rate: 27.6
5-year average (2004-2008): Number 25,376 Rate: 29.2

The Tuberculosis mortality rate has been on a decline for the past decade. This is largely in part to the
intensive effort of the National Tuberculosis Program and Various non-governmental organizations that
are pushing to eradicate tuberculosis in the country. It is monumental task, but it has already been
gaining ground in terms of mortality rate.

Top 7: Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease

2009: Number: 22,755 Rate: 24.7
5-year average (2004-2008): Number: 20,830 Rate: 24.0

It’s interesting to note that only in 1992 was this topnotcher added in the leading causes of mortality. It
has enjoyed this spot ever-since. Chronic lower respiratory disease is largely preventable since the cause
is a long term exposure to smoke or smog. Once the disease sets in however, patients gradually decline
in lung function until death. The mortality rate has since increased by 75%.

Top 8: Diabetes Mellitus

2009: Number: 22,345 Rate: 24.2
5-year average (2004-2008): Number: 19,805 Rate: 22.7

Diabetes-related deaths have doubled in the past two decades. This is diabetes control and treatment.
The problem is access to low cost insulin and PP-IV inhibitors. Also another main factor is societal
taboo or misinformation about the use of insulin. Another is the lack of symptoms at the detection of the
disease. There is still room for improvement.

Top 9: Nephritis, Nephrotic, Syndrome and Nephrosis

2009: Number: 13,799 Rate: 15.0
5-year average (2004-2008) Number: 11,612 Rate: 13.4

Kidney disease could due to diabetes, hypertension, and/or immune related. There are also other causes
but end-stage renal disease is not easily detected. This is why aggressive treatment of diabetes and
hypertension can lead to prevention of end-stage kidney disease. The push is always through prevention.
The treatment, medical, or surgical, for ESRD or chronic kidney disease is too costly especially for the
average Filipino.

Top 10: Certain conditions originating in the prenatal period

2009: Number: 11,514 Rate: 12.5
5-year average (2004-2008): Number: 12,590 Rate: 14.5

These conditions include all mortality whether maternal or neonatal in the time surrounding birth.
Another interesting note is its appearance only in the late 1999 health statistics. It debuted at the top 8
parts and has decreased its ranking ever since. The decline could be due to various health programs by
the department of health that pushes the mothers to have regular checkups with health specialists at
hospitals or health centers.

COMMON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND PREVENTIONS

1. Sore Eyes (conjunctivitis, red eyes) – the surface of the eyeball under sides of the eyelid
becomes flamed from exposure to dust and germs. The eyes are very itchy, mild pain can be
felt, and yellow discharge (pus) comes out the eyes in the presence of bacterial infection. It is
advisable to consult the doctor.

2. Chronic Bronchitis (obstructive lung disease, emphysema, smoker’s cough) – enlarged

adenoids and tonsils of children may lead to repeated attack of [Link] is often the result
of common cold. It is also caused by cigarette smoking and air pollution. There is shortness of
breath, swollen ankles, and legs, persistent cough with thick phlegm throughout the day and
night. Better quit smoking and avoid living in polluted environment.

3. Common cold (clocked nose, runny nose, clogged nose) – it is a viral infection of the upper
air passages which causes the inflammation of the mucus membrane lining of the nose and
throat. It is easily spread via coughing or sneezing and by direct contact. Other ways of
catching cold are staying in very warm or cold rooms, lack of outdoor exercise, poor diet, and
overeating sugary and fatty foods. Bed rest is the best treatment.

4. Chickenpox (herpes zoster, shingles) – it is a mild, highly contagious disease, which is

affecting children during their early years but more severe in adults. Infection is easily spread
via airborne droplets that are exhaled or expelled causing outbreaks in place where there are
close person to person contact. Take a complete rest until all blisters have dried up.

5. Cholera (El Tor) – it is an infection of the small intestines, characterized by severe diarrhea
that causes a person to loosen up half liter of water an hour. It is caused by germs taken in the
body through food and drinks. It is spread by improper ways of doing away with human
waste. Rats, cockroaches, fly, and ants are also carriers of cholera. You have pains in the back,
legs, and arms. There is also frequent bowel movement in which the stool appears thin and
whitish like rice water. There is vomiting and dehydration. This can be prevented by
immediately seeing the Emergency Department of the nearest hospital.

6. Whooping Cough (pertussis) – it is a serious contagious bacterial infection of the bronchial

tubes, larynx and lungs. It is transmitted by breathing in air containing infected droplets. The
attack may last up to six weeks. It may result damage to the lungs and bronchial tubes. Person
may have a fever, runny nose, and dry cough with sputum. Immediately call the doctor if there
is blueness of the face and fever rises up to 40 Degree Celsius.

7. Measles – it is a highly contagious viral infection that usually occurs in epidermis marked by
fever and a rash similar to German measles. The disease is common to childhood and if a
person has been infected he/she becomes immune for life. Keep the patient in bed in cold
room till one week after the rash has disappeared, to protect your eyes from bright light.
Consult the doctor if there is breathing difficulty, persistent fever or cough, drowsiness,
earache, or convulsions.

8. Pneumonia – it is respiratory disease caused by certain kind of bacteria and inflammation of

lungs. Chill and severe pain in the chest, high fever, sweating, tiredness, cough, and phlegm,
dizziness and vomiting, headache, and blue lips are symptoms of pneumonia. Avoid staying
out in the cold or damp places without enough protect immunization with pneumococcal
vaccine are needed.

9. Tuberculosis (TB) – it is highly contagious bacterial infection affecting the lungs. It is

transmitted via airborne droplets when there is a repeated exposure. Immunization at birth
with BCG vaccine and booster dose may be given at 12 years old. Immunization of adult who
live in close contact with one who is an active case of TB should be administered.

10. Asthma – this is preceded by warning signs such as increased shortness of breath or
wheezing, disturbed sleep caused by shortness of breath or coughing, chest tightness or pain.
The best way to prevent asthma attacks is to identify and avoid indoor and outdoor allergens
and irritants. It often ongoing communication and teamwork with a doctor.

11. Dengue – it begins two days to three weeks after you’ve been exposed to the virus. Symptoms
include fever, muscle aches, may cause vomiting and diarrhea. All these create problems in a
number of organ systems, especially liver, lungs and sometimes kidney. For prevention,
consider being vaccinated. Avoid unnecessary activities at dusk and dawn when mosquitoes
are most active and use mosquito nets when sleeping.

12. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) – it begin with fever (38˚C or higher) that
usually occurs two to seven days after you’ve been infected. Chills, muscle soreness,
headache, and a general feeling of discomfort are signs of this disease. It may process to
severe pneumonia leading to insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood. In spite of a
concerted global effort, scientists have yet to find an effective treatment.

13. AH1N1 – spreads through infected droplets from breathing passages. Droplets are expelled by
talking, spiting, coughing, and sneezing. The droplets spread about 1 meter (3 feet) from
infected person, either directly to other people or indirectly through hands and other surfaces.
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PROPER NUTRITION

Nutrition is the science of food. It is scientific study of the nutrients and substances, and the ingestion,
digestion, absorption, transport, utilization, and excretion of food substances and wastes. Nutrition is
also concerned with the action, interaction, and balance of nutrients. Imbalances, deficiencies, and
excesses lead a condition termed malnutrition: under nutrition if nutrient deficient, over nutrition if in
excessive amount.

BASIC NUTRIENT IN FOOD

A nutritious diet has an adequate amount of essential nutrients and fibers, enough energy from
carbohydrates, lipid and proteins and moderate amount of salt, sodium and sugar and low amount of fat.
Poor nutrition is a factor that contributes diseases, which could have been prevented. Choose foods that
can increase your life span and improve your quality of life.

FOOD GUIDE PYRAMID

Below is a diagram used in nutrition education that fits food groups into a pyramid for a daily healthful
diet.

The Food Guide

Pyramid was adopted by the U.S. Agriculture Department in 1992 as a replacement for the “four food
groups” scheme that had been used to teach children about nutrition since the 1950s.

A carbohydrate is the body’s primary fuel source. The body processes carbohydrates into glucose.
Glucose travels through the bloodstream and is stored in the liver and muscles until it is used as
energy. The muscles prefer carbohydrates and the brain requires them.

Proteins are the main structural building blocks of the body for growth, maintenance and repair of
body tissue. They are needed to make muscles, skin, hair, nails, connective tissue, collagen, and
cartilages healthy. Proteins are used to replace cell lining. Enzymes, they speed up the chemical
reaction. As hormones, they are the chemical messengers. As antibodies, they are the main
components of the immune system.
Lipids are fats and oils that are insoluble in water but are soluble in other solvents such as ether and
benzene. They are considered as energy storage and function as structural components in the cell.
They can also be used as hormones in regulating the metabolism.

Water is a solvent, lubricant, and medium for the transport of nutrients and wastes and for the
regulation of temperature and chemical processes. It is also needed for the maintenance of proper
body temperature.

Vitamins refer to the Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble vitamins.

Minerals however, refer to the major and trace minerals.

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitami Function Deficiency Food Source

n
A Promotes night and color vision Night blindness Bête-carotene liver,
presents drying of skin and eyes eggs, milk

D Rickets Milk, dairy products,

eggs, butter, liver

E Protects cell membrane Hemolytic Nuts, margarine,

antioxidant anemia shrimp, green leafy
vegetables
K Stimulates conversion of protein Hemorrhage Green leafy vegetable,
to active factors clotting liver

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin Function Deficiency Food Source

B1 Aids in neurotransmitter Beri-beri Meat, milk, fish, dry

synthesis bears
B2 Coenzymes in energy Inflammation of Cheese, yogurt,
metabolism tongue, nervous mushroom
system disorder

B3 Fatty acid synthesis Pellagra Chicken, peanuts,

cereals
B6 Synthesis of hemoglobin Irritability, Meat, fish, poultry
dermatitis products
B12 Metabolism and nerve function Anemia, poor Seafood, eggs, milk
nerve function

C Maintenance of cartilage and Scurvy Citrus fruits, potatoes,

bone tomatoes

MAJOR VITAMINS
Vitamin Function Deficiency Food Source
CALCIUM Formation and strength of Osteoporosis Milk, cheese,
bones and teeth yogurt

PHOSPORUS Part of genetic materials Weakness Dairy and bakery

and cell membrane products

POTASSIUM Needed in muscular Muscular Fruits and

TRACE VITAMINS contraction cramps vegetables
SODIUM Needed in nerve impulse Loss of Table salt, soy
appetite sauce
MAGNESSIU
Vitamin Maintenance
Functionof teeth and Muscle pain
Deficiency Cereals, beans,
Food Source
M acids in heart function seafood
IRON Component of hemoglobin Anemia, low Red meat, fish,
blood cereals
ZINC Component of insulin and Growth failure, Meat, fish, eggs
enzymes poor wound
healing
SELENIUM Works with vitamin E Pancreas Seafood, meat and
damage, heart vegetable
disease
IODENE Regulates growth and Goiter Iodized salt,
development seafood

FAMILY PLANNING

The concept of family planning is to enhance the quality of life by regulating or spacing the children to
promote the health of the mother and the child. Anchored on the right of the individual to grow and be
fit mentally and physically, to attain wellness, and to have a sense of dignity as a person. It focuses on
the parents’ responsibility to provide their children’s needs and to take active part in their community.

FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

METHOD ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

1. Rhythm/Calendar – Does not violate religious Restricts sexual activity to

requires abstinence bars against artificial control woman’s cycle; less reliable
during woman’s with women with irregular
fertile period menstruation
2. Pills – work by Provides constant dosages May cause weight gain,
preventing ovulation of estrogen and tender and swollen breast,
and thickening of progesterone; may protect light or absent period,
cervical mucus women from rheumatoid nausea, headaches and
arthritis depression

3. IUD (intrauterine Once inserted, require no Increased risk of tubal

device) – works by further actions, allows pregnancy, infertility and
preventing spontaneous lovemaking pelvic inflammatory disease;
implantation of increase menstrual flow and
fertilized egg in cramps
uterus
4. Diaphragm – works Fully reversible with no side Spermicide must be re-
by preventing effects; may protect against applied for each episode of
passage of the sperm some sexually transmitted intercourse; some women
into female diseases (STD) find it difficult to insert and
reproductive tract unaesthetic

5. Condom – works by Available without Lovemaking is interrupted;

preventing passage prescription at low cost, no reduces sexual pleasure to
of the sperm into side effects, protects against some men
female reproductive aids and other STDs
tract

6. Vaginal sponge – Widely available without May cause burning

works by preventing prescription may be inserted sensation; some women
passage of the sperm up to 24 hours in advance of have difficulty removing the
into female lovemaking device
reproductive tract

7. Spermicide – Inexpensive, widely Must be inserted 10-30

contains chemicals available without minutes of intercourse;
that immobilize and prescription, fully reversible; some women find them
kill sperms may protect against some unaesthetic
STD

NURSING CARE OF THE MOTHER WHO IS BREASTFEEDING

A. Assessment
1. Desire to breastfeed
2. Knowledge of breastfeeding and breast care
3. Level of anxiety regarding breastfeeding

B. Implementation
1. Feeding schedule – the length of time is usually 20 minutes with greatest quantity of milk consume in
first 5-10 minutes.

2. Feeding techniques – the mother and infant should be in comfortable position. The entire body of infant
should be bent towards mother’s breast. The baby should be allowed to burp or bubble after feeding to allow for
escape of air.
3. Breast milk intake – this should be done based on one-sixth to one-seventh of baby’s weight per day.
4. Care of breast – the nursing pads should be placed inside bra cap to absorb any milk leaking between
feedings. The pad should be cleaned with plain water once a day.

C. Outcomes
1. Infant sleeping between feeding
2. Infant receiving enough milk
3. Mother has no sign of breast infection

DRUG ABUSE AND PREVENTION

A drug is a chemical substance that affects the function of living cells and alters, body, or mind
processes when taking into the body or applied through the skin. Drug abuse is the overuse or
consumption of drugs other than for medical reasons. It is characterized by taking more than the
recommended dose of prescription drugs using government regulated substances or other illegal drugs.
Drug dependence is characterized by a compulsion to use a drug to experience psychological or
physical effects despite any deterioration in health, work, or social activities.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE

Sudden shift in attitudes. A person who was once sober and polite suddenly becomes rude
and irrational.
Mood swings. Depressed first then becoming highly elated.
Highly excitable and displays fits of rage and aggression.
Unusual effort to conceal needle marks on arms; wears dark spectacles to hide constricted or
dilated pupils and blood-shot eyes from public view even indoors and during nighttime.
Sudden regression from the usual and normal capabilities such as from school, work, and
social habits.
Neglect of personal grooming, hygiene, and appearance.
Engaging in petty crimes and other forms of mischief to support the illegal habits.
Association with known drug abusers and people with shady character.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS

1. Depressants – known as “downers”, drugs which act on and depress the central nervous
system causing initial relaxation leading to drowsiness and sleep.

Alcohol
Sedative Hypnotics

2. Narcotics – known as “opiates” include drugs derived from opium and its derivatives.
These drugs are used medically to relieve pain, suppress cough, reduce movement of the intestine
and include psychological indifference.

Opium
Phenanthrene alkaloids
Morphine
Codeine
Heroine

3. Stimulants – drugs used to induce alertness, elevate mood, increase speech, mental and
motor activity, relieve fatigue or boredom, and decrease appetite.
Amphetamine
Methamphetamine
Ecstasy
Cocaine
Caffeine
Nicotine

4. Hallucinogens – known as “psychedelics”, a group of natural or synthetic psycho active

drugs that produce reactions such as perceptual alterations and changes in the state of
consciousness. They produce hallucinations or visions in the form of shape and color shifts in
appearance of the outside world which progresses to the replacement of external reality with
imaginary beings and landscape in extreme cases.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Mescaline
Psilocybin
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Marijuana

5. Inhalants – substances that are not usually considered drugs but have great potential for
abuse. They are inhaled, or sniffed for their psychoactive (mind/mood altering) effects and to
produce a state of intoxication. Effects can be achieved immediately and can last long up to 45
minutes, depressing the central nervous system. This includes the class of volatile hydrocarbon
such as glue (rugby), gasoline, kerosene (gaas), paint thinner, and solvent, nail polish and cuticle
remover, lighter fluid, and fluorocarbons such as aerosol sprays, nasal sprays, and chemical
isoamyl nitrite (poppers).

COMMON CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

1. Unhappy home, parent showing no interest to their children.

2. Lack of parental values and guidance.
3. Domestic violence whether verbal or physical.
4. Parents who make free use of alcohol and illegal drugs.
5. Peer pressure/encouragement.
6. Curiosity or desire to experience.
7. Escape from physical and mental pain; relief from boredom and frustration.
8. Desire to escape from harsh realities.
9. Weak personality, low sense of self-esteem and self-worth.
10. Feeling of insecurity.

DRUG ABUSE PREVENTIVE MEASURES

1. Exhaust all channels of communication; talk to persons you trust; feel free to open up and share
your emotions and concerns.
2. Learn to cope with negative feelings by using sport, music, meditation, and prayer as forms of
relaxation.
3. Expand your horizons by finding new interest, meeting new people, visiting new places, and
putting yourself into new experiences.
4. Give yourself the chance to be all you can be by discovering and improving your special talents,
acquiring new skill, and developing your own personality.
5. Improve family relations; strive to create happy, healthy, and content family life. Parents should
lead good example; advise their children, and instruct the basic knowledge of using drugs.
6. Devise drug awareness program to educate students on the dangers of drug abuse in the school.
7. Community officials should organize and conduct information dissemination campaign against
drug abuse. Organize a recreational and social project which serves as positive alternative to drug
abuse.
8. Cooperate with authorities in the arrest of known drug base network existing in the community.
9. Help in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug users.
[Link] a direct, sincere, quick action and hands-on approach on the part of the government to
address the growing menace of drug abuse.

PENALTIES AGAINST DRUG ABUSE

The Senate and the House of Representatives of the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 9165,
known as the comprehensive Dangerous Drug Acts of 2002, on May 29, 2002 and May 30, 2002,
respectively. This Act repeals R.A. 6425 and provides for the imposition of more severe penalties and
the creation of Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) to carry out the provisions of this Act
(Article IX, Section 82). Under Article II, the following constitutes several “Unlawful Acts” and their
corresponding penalties summarized as follows:

Unlawful Activity Penalty

Importation of Dangerous Drugs Life imprisonment to death, Fine ranging from Five
&/or Controlled Precursors & Hundred Thousand (500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos
Essential Chemicals. (10,000,000.00)
Sale, Trading, Administration, Life imprisonment to death, Fine ranging from Five
Dispensation, Delivery, Hundred Thousand (500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos
Distribution & Transportation of (10,000,000.00)
Dangerous Drugs
Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Life imprisonment to death, Fine ranging from Five
Resort Hundred Thousand (500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos
(10,000,000.00)
Employees and Visitors of a Den, Imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one
Dive or Resort (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from
One Hundred Thousand pesos (100,000.00) to Five
Hundred Thousand pesos (500,000.00)
Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs Life imprisonment to death, Fine ranging from Five
and/or Controlled Precursor and Hundred Thousand (500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos
essential chemicals (10,000,000.00)
Manufacture of Delivery of Imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one
Equipment, Instruments, Apparatus(1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from
and other Paraphernalia for One Hundred Thousand pesos (100,000.00) to Five
Dangerous Drugs Hundred Thousand pesos (500,000.00)
Possession of Dangerous Drugs Life imprisonment to death, Fine ranging from Five
Hundred Thousand (500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos
(10,000,000.00)
Possession
REFERENCES of Equipment, Imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1)
Instrument, Apparatus and Other day to four (4) years and fine of Ten Thousand
Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs (10,000.00) to Fifty Thousand pesos (50,000.00)

Possession of Dangerous Drugs Life imprisonment to death, Fine ranging from Five
during parties, social gathering or Hundred Thousand (500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos
meetings (10,000,000.00)

Possession of Equipment, Imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1)
Instrument, apparatus and other day to four (4) years and fine of Ten Thousand
paraphernalia during parties, social (10,000.00) to Fifty Thousand pesos (50,000.00)
gathering or meetings

Use of Dangerous Drugs For first time, six (6) months rehabilitation in
government center.
Second time, Imprisonment from six (6) years and one
(1) day to twelve (12) years and fine from fifty
thousand (50,000.00) pesos to two Hundred Thousand
pesos (200,000.00)
Cultivation or Culture of Plants Life imprisonment to death, Fine ranging from Five
Classified as Dangerous Drugs or Hundred Thousand (500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos
are Sources Thereof (10,000,000.00)

Maintenance and Keeping of Imprisonment ranging from one (1) year and one (1)
Original Records of Transactions day to six (6) years and fine of Ten Thousand
on Dangerous Drugs (10,000.00) to Fifty Thousand pesos (50,000.00)

Unnecessary Prescription of Imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one
Dangerous Drugs (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from
One Hundred Thousand pesos (100,000.00) to Five
Hundred Thousand pesos (500,000.00)

Unlawful Prescription of Life imprisonment to death, Fine ranging from Five

Dangerous Drugs Hundred Thousand (500,000.00) to Ten Million pesos
(10,000,000.00)

1. Allen, R.D. 1995, Biology- A Critical Thinking Approach, Chicago, USA; W.C Brown
Publishers.
2. Alexander, G.M. 1996, Biology. San Juan, MM: Academe Publishing House.
(Article II, Section 4-19, Republic Act No. 9165 Dangerous Drug Acts of 2002)
3. Bernstein, R. 1992. Biology. Chicago, USA: W.C Brown Publisher.
4. Compilation of Communicable Diseases in Nursing, 1992. [Link]@[Link]
5. Republic Act No. 9165- Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002.
6. Santiago, et al. 2004, MAPEH III A Worktext. Quezon City: St. Augustine Publishing Inc.
7. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th, [Link]. Columbia University Press.