NCM 111-Nursing Research 1 Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

NCM 111- Nursing Research 1 § In a scientific research, concepts must all be

Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks interrelated to form a framework that

guide and direct the researcher in his
investigation
§ In the form of conceptual models
- Both of these terms are interrelated.

- You should know the relationship of research in
every phenomenon
- we need to associate the existing phenomenon
to the theory
- THEORY: offers an abstract generalization that
offers systematic explanation of how
phenomenon are interrelated
- THEORY: used to explain how reality had
occurred
Theory
§ “Theoria”- Greek word theoria, means
“beholding spectacle or speculation”
§ Speculation means it is not yet proven
§ Spectacle means there is something that
you need to find out Processes of Concepts
§ Speculate means anything can be created Conceptualization
but should be supported with evidence - form basic ideas, designs and plans based
otherwise the theory cannot be accepted on given facts, situations applicable to the
§ A theory is supported by certain study
phenomena, observation or the reality of - brainstorming with group members
the situation - should be supported with statistics
§ organized body of concepts and principles - a process of making your ideas into a good
intended to explain a particular structure
phenomena
§ Example of phenomena Constructs
o birth - highly abstract, complex phenomena that
o Covid experience are not observable, but are inferred from
concrete or less abstract indicators of a
Characteristics of Theories given phenomenon
1. Consists of concepts - Examples: Wellness, Mental Health, and
§ The building block of a theory or basic idea Self-esteem
of a phenomenon that symbolizes reality
§ 5 concepts of Nightingale: Pure water, pure
air, efficient drainage, light and cleanliness
§ Divided into 2
o Abstract: Has no physical form
Ex. Nursing, man, community
o Concrete: More tangible & specific
Ex. Nurse (Male/Female), Pedro
(Any name), Manila (Indahag)
Conceptual Framework Examples of Theories and Models in Nursing
§ Consists of specific or well-defined Research
concepts and constructs Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model
§ Help clarify the overall underpinnings of the - Explain how person cope with the Covid
research variables in terms of how these experience
concepts are defined and operationalized Dorothea Orem’s Self- Care Model
§ Helps in the direction of the study - During quarantine days, if you feel tired,
§ Conceptual framework are system of ideas, depressed
beliefs, assumptions and theories that Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model
inform, support and cater to the study of - Conduct study about lifestyle health
choice illnesses
§ Functions like a map or a travel plan that Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
help researchers navigate - In education and psychology
§ Backbone of the study - Our borrowed theory
§ Conceptual Model- presents an
understanding of the phenomenon of Purposes of Theory to Nursing Practice
interest and reflects the assumptions and 1. Justify the rationale behind the investigation
philosophic views of the model 2. Give reasons for searching new data and for
analyzing, interpreting and synthesizing data
(CHAPTER 4 & 5)
3. To make findings more meaningful
- especially if you could connect the
interrelatedness of your concepts from the
theory that you are anchoring in your study
4. Cite theories on which studies premised in
order to establish the relationship among the
variables of the study
Theoretical Framework 5. To summarize existing knowledge into
§ It presents a theory that explains why a coherent systems to stimulate new research
problem under study exists and explains
the connection between certain factors and Variables
the problem § Other name: Concepts
§ Concepts presented are usually abstract § A concept that stands for a variation within
and expressued in general terms a class of objects or persons (Frankel and
§ The relationship between theory and Wallen, 1996)
research is the reciprocal and mutually § It is a characteristic or property that can
beneficial. take different values or attributes (Schutt,
§ Theories and models are built inductively 1999)
from observation. Concepts and § Examples: Weight, anxiety levels, income,
relationships are validated empirically age, body temperature, sex, marital status,
through research. It becomes the location of business, type of work, degree
foundation for theory development. of malnutrition.
§ Theory guides and generates ideas for § Types of Variables
research. Research assess the work of the o Dependent
theory and provides foundation for the new o Independent
theories. o Intervening
o Antecedent
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
§ the “assumed cause” of a problem
§ it is an assume reason for any “change”
§ variation in the dependent variable
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
§ the “assumed effect” of another variable
§ the change that occurs in the study
§ sometimes the dependent variable is the
problem itself
Example: Independent Dependent

1. The study on “The Relationship Between
Exposure to Mass Media and Smoking
Habits Among Young Adults”
2. Impact of smoking status on long-term

mortality in patients with acute myocardial
infarction
3. In a study of how different doses of drug

affect the severity of symptoms, a
researcher could compare the frequency
and intensity of symptoms when different
doses are administered.
INTERVENING VARIABLE
§ Factor that works “between” the
independent and dependent variables
§ It can weaken (decrease) or strengthen
(increase) the effect of the independent on
the dependent variables
§ Also called a “facilitating variable”,
“moderator” or a “control variable”
§ Example: “Knowledge on the Dangers of
Smoking, Attitudes Towards Life and
Smoking Habits of Young Professionals”
ANTECEDENT VARIABLES
§ Factor or characteristic which is found
before the independent variable
§ Expected to influence the independent
variable
§ Usually irreversible
§ Example: “Extent of Exposure to Print
Media and Reading Ability of College
Freshman”
Operational Definition of Variables

§ Gives specific meaning to the variable. It
clarifies how a variable or term is used and
measured in the study
§ Defined in terms of events/units of
measurement that are observable by the
senses, which serves as the indicator of the
variable

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NCM 111- Nursing Research 1 § In a scientific research, concepts must all be

Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks interrelated to form a framework that

- Both of these terms are interrelated.

Example: Independent Dependent

2. Impact of smoking status on long-term

3. In a study of how different doses of drug

Operational Definition of Variables

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