Reference Calculation Output
11.0 Structural Design of Pile for Piers
For the design of piles, bending moment and shear force out put of
Load Combination 4 with HA Tractive
was taken from longitudinal analysis.
Capping Beam
Column
Pile Cap Beam
Pile
Load Combination 4 with HA Tractive
Load Combination 4 SLS ULS
Bending Moment at bottom of cap level 540.45 760.48
Shear Force at bottom of cap level 116.33 161.38
Axial Force 4563.00 5969.50
Forces from Sap2000 analysis output
Output from Pile Capacity Caluculation, Refer Chapter 9-Pile Capacity of p10 - LHS.
Take the maximum BM from LHS and RHS butment geotechnical capacity.
Geotachnical model SLS ULS
Bending Moment at bottom of cap level -171.45 -282.89
Since -282.89 < 760.48 design for -282.89
Hence, design bending moment for pile 760.48 kNm
Maximum BM of the pier occurs from the load combination 4 for
Permanent Load + Live Load + Traction Force in longitudinal direction
X
Axis X-X in the longitudinal direction
Axis Y-Y in the transverse direction
Y Y
Height considered here is the
height above the virtual fixity
point with an additional
X length for safety
About X Axis
Max. Height of Pile up to socket Lo = 13.40 m
BS5400-P4:1990
Cl.[Link] Effective height coefficient = 0.70 (case 1)
Table 11 Clear height Le = 9.38 m
Diameter of Pile h = 1.20 m
Slendernes ratio Le/h = 7.82 < 12 about x-x
Pile is short short pile
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Reference Calculation Output
About Y Axis
Height of pile Lo = 13.40 m
BS5400-P4:1990
Cl.[Link] Effective height coefficient = 0.70 (case 1)
Table 11 Clear height Le = 9.38 m
Diameter of pile h = 1.20 m
Slendernes ratio Le/h = 7.82 < 12 about y-y
Pile is short short pile
Design for Flexure
Characteristic Cube Strength of concrete fcu = 30 N/mm2
Characteristic Strength of steel fy = 460 N/mm2
Characteristic Cylindrical Strength of concrete
fck = 24 N/mm2
Pile Diameter h = 1200 mm
Cover c = 75 mm
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
BS5400-P4:1990 Ultimate Moment Capacity
Cl.5.5.4 (Mx/Mux)αn + (My/Muy)αn <=1.0
Assume main bar diameter Y = 16 mm
Shear links diameter T = 12 mm
Mx - Moment about X axis
My - Moment about Y axis
Mux - Ultimate moment capacity about X axis
(ULS axial force equal to the design design axial force)
Muy - Ultimate moment capacity about Y axis
(ULS axial force equal to the design design axial force)
Column diameter h = 1200 mm
Diameter of r/f circle, hs = 1200- 2(75 + 12 + 16/2)
= 1010 mm
hs/h = 0.84
Assume,
Y 16 mm bars at appr. spacing 138 mm = 23 Nos.
Area of Reinforcement Asc = (π x 16x16/4) x23
= 4624 mm2
Area of column Ac = π x 1200x1200/4
= 1130973 mm2
Assumed 100 Asc / Ac = 100 x 4624 / 1130973
= 0.41
Assumed ρ = Asc / Ac
= 4624 / 1130973
= 0.0041
Calculation of Moment Capacity
For circular column, both axis area similar.
Ultimate axial load of Column Nu = (Dead Load from Deck +
+ DL of Capping beam +
+ Surcharge+soil+srinkage
LL + weight of column)
BS5400-P4:1990 Ultimate Limit State
Cl. 5.5.4 Axial force from the model, N = 5969.50 kN
Page 122
Reference Calculation Output
Total Nu = 5969.50 kN
For the equilibrium about center line
N / (h2fck) = 5969.5 x 1000 / (1200 x 1200 x 24)
(Note fck = 0.8 fcu) = 0.17
From charts for design of circular columns
I-StructE EC2 (I-StructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual
Design Manual hs/h = 0.80
Column Charts
design criteria for bending
Cl.5.5.4 (Mx/Mux)αn + (My/Muy)αn <=1.0
since circular column, Mux =Muy = Mu
Hence the equation can be simplified to,
(Mx + My)/Mu <=1.0 αn = 1
For X-X axis, Mx
ULS Moment from the longitudinal analysis = 760.5 kNm
ULS Moment due to eccentricity 20mm = 119 kNm
For Y-Y axis My
ULS Moment from the transverse analysis = 397 kNm
ULS Moment due to eccentricity 20mm = 119 kNm
Hence,
(760.48 + 119.39 + 396.85 + 119.39) <= Mu
Therefore,
should Mu >= 1396 kNm
Hence M/(h3fck) = 0.034
From charts for circular columns hs/h = 0.80
I-StructE EC2 (Manual for the Design of Concrete Reinforced Structures - I-Struct Manual)
Design Manual (Refer Annex 3)
Column Charts From design chart, ρ fyk / fck = 0.050
Hence, Nominal Reinforcement should be provided
Therefore, provide ρ = 0.40%
ρ = Asc / (π h2/ 4 )
Hence, minimum Asc, reqd Asc,reqd = 4523.9 mm2
Provided Asc Asc,pro = 4624.0
Asc,pro > Asc,reqd
Provided reinforcement satisfiy the moment capacity requirement
A1 column r/f
Provided reinforcement 23 T 16 @ 138 mm c/c 23 T 16
Clear spacing = 122 mm
Cl. [Link]
Minimum spacing = coarse aggregate + 5mm = 25 mm
Cl.[Link] Maximum spacing = 300 mm
Provided spacing satisfy the spacing requirement
Page 123
Reference Calculation Output
Calculation of Ultimate Shear
Longitudinal Direction
Ultimate Shear Force at Face of Cap VF = 161.38 kN
Transverse Direction
Ultimate Shear Force at Face of Cap = 137.33 kN
hear
BM Diagram SF Diagram
BD74 Approach Design for Shear - Circular Section
Longitudinal Direction
Ultimate Horizontal Shear on Column = 161.38 kN
Transverse Direction
Ultimate Horizontal shear on Column = 137.33 kN
Vn = VLong + VTrans
Vn = 298.70 kN
v = Vn/bd
where =>
b = 1200.00 (Diameter)
d is the distance from the extreme fibre with maximum compression to the
centroid of the reinforcement in the half of the pile of of the extreme
Assume reinforcement uniformly distributed on a radius Rs, where=>
Rs = 505.00
Centroid of a group of bars in a circular column is
ū = 321.49
Therefore d is:
d = 921.49
ʋ = 0.27
0.75√fcu = 4.11
Maximum shear stress is satisfied
Page 124
Reference Calculation Output
Now check for allowable shear stress=>
ʋc =>
From the table 8 of BS5400 Part 4, where As to be the area of RF which is the
half of the column opposite the extreme compression fibre. B % d to be
vc =
For longitudinal reinforcements:
Asf = 4624.00
Conservatively take:
As = 0.5 X Asf
= 2312.00
Hence:
100As/bd = 0.21
Where ϒm = 1.25
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fvy = 460 N/mm2
vc = 0.40
Note:
Conservatively neglect the factor =>
CL. 5.5.6, BS
5400-4:1990
Depth factorζ= (500/d)^0.25
ζ = 0.86
ζvc = 0.34 N/mm2
vc is sufficient without needing shear rf
Asv => Minimum shear Rf
Asv (min. shear RF) = (0.4*b*Sv)/(0.87*fyv)
Asv/sv = 1.20
Dia of the hoops: T 10 mm
For T 10 links, Asv = 157.08
Min. spacing required for T T 10 links:
sv = 131 mm
cl.[Link] Maximum link spacing to be provided < 12 x (min. size of compression bar)
< 12 x 20
< 192.00
Page 125
Reference Calculation Output
Diameter of link bars > 1/4 x (largest compression bars)
> 1/4 x 16
> 4.00 mm
Hence, provide links T 10 @ 125 spacing
Therefore conservatively provide T 10 @ 125
Check for Early Thermal Cracking of Concrete of Pile
Cl. C.7 of BD 74/00 incorporating Amendment No.1 1989
Concrete, fcu = 30 N/mm2
Steel, fy = 460 N/mm2
Area of concrete for this, Ac = 746128 mm2 / m
0.25 m
take 250 tk as diameter>500
fct* = 0.37 (fcu)0.5 = 2.03 N/mm2
As = (fct*/fy) Ac = 3287 mm2
As,prov = 4624 mm2
hence, Reinforcement required to prevent early thermal cracking is satisfied.
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