An American National Standard

Designation: D 323 – 06

Standard Test Method for

Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 323; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determina- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion of vapor pressure (see Note 1) of gasoline, volatile crude bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
oil, and other volatile petroleum products. statements are given in Sections 7 and 18, and 12.5.3, 15.5,
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to gasoline and other petro- 21.2, A1.1.2, A1.1.6, and A2.3.
leum products with a vapor pressure of less than 180 kPa (26 2. Referenced Documents
psi).
1.3 Procedure B may also be applicable to these other 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
D 1267 Test Method for Gage Vapor Pressure of Liquefied
--````````,`,,,`,``,``,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

materials, but only gasoline was included in the interlaboratory

test program to determine the precision of this test method. Petroleum (LP) Gases (LP-Gas Method)
1.4 Procedure C is for materials with a vapor pressure of D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
greater than 180 kPa (26 psi). Petroleum Products
1.5 Procedure D for aviation gasoline with a vapor pressure D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
of approximately 50 kPa (7 psi). Products, and Lubricants
D 4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and
NOTE 1—Because the external atmospheric pressure is counteracted by Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
the atmospheric pressure initially present in the vapor chamber, the Reid
D 6377 Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of
vapor pressure is an absolute pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) in kilopascals
(pounds-force per square inch). The Reid vapor pressure differs from the Crude Oil: VPCRx (Expansion Method)
true vapor pressure of the sample due to some small sample vaporization D 6897 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Liquefied Petro-
and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space. leum Gases (LPG) (Expansion Method)
1.6 This test method is not applicable to liquefied petroleum E 1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
gases or fuels containing oxygenated compounds other than 2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). For determination of the vapor IP 481 Test Method for Determination of the Air Saturated
pressure of liquefied petroleum gases, refer to Test Method Vapour Pressure (ASVP) of Crude Oil3
D 1267 or Test Method D 6897. For determination of the vapor 3. Terminology
pressure of gasoline-oxygenate blends, refer to Test Method
D 4953. The precision for crude oil has not been determined 3.1 Definitions:
since the early 1950s (see Note 3). Test Method D 6377 has 3.1.1 Bourdon spring gauge, n—pressure measuring device
been approved as a method for determination of vapor pressure that employs a Bourdon tube connected to an indicator.
of crude oil. IP 481 is a test method for determination of the 3.1.2 Bourdon tube, n—flattened metal tube bent to a curve
air-saturated vapor pressure of crude oil. that straightens under internal pressure.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the 3.1.3 gasoline-oxygenate blend, n—spark-ignition engine
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information fuel consisting primarily of gasoline with one or more oxygen-
only. ates.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.4 oxygenate, n—oxygen-containing ashless organic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D02.08 on Volatility. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originally Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
approved in 1930. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 323–99a. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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D 323 – 06
a fuel or fuel supplement. D 4175 to ensure higher precision of results (see 12.4). Read the gauge
3.1.5 Reid vapor pressure (RVP), n—resultant total pressure while in a vertical position and after tapping it lightly.
reading, corrected for measuring error, of a specific empirical 7.1.2 Checking for Leaks—Check all apparatus before and
test method (Test Method D 323) for measuring the vapor during each test for both liquid and vapor leaks (see Note 5).
pressure of gasoline and other volatile products. 7.1.3 Sampling—Because initial sampling and the handling
3.1.6 vapor pressure, n—pressure exerted by the vapor of a of samples will greatly affect the final results, employ the
liquid when in equilibrium with the liquid. D 4175 utmost precaution and the most meticulous care to avoid losses
3.2 Abbreviations: through evaporation and even slight changes in composition
3.2.1 ASVP, n—air saturated vapor pressure. (see Section 8 and 12.1). In no case shall any part of the Reid
3.2.2 LPG, n—liquefied petroleum gases. apparatus itself be used as the sample container prior to
3.2.3 MTBE, n—methyl t-butyl ether. actually conducting the test.
3.2.4 RVP, n—Reid Vapor Pressure. 7.1.4 Purging the Apparatus—Thoroughly purge the pres-
sure gauge, the liquid chamber, and the vapor chamber to be
4. Summary of Test Method sure that they are free of residual sample. This is most
4.1 The liquid chamber of the vapor pressure apparatus is conveniently done at the end of the test in preparation for the
filled with the chilled sample and connected to the vapor next test (see 12.5 and 15.5).
chamber that has been heated to 37.8°C (100°F) in a bath. The 7.1.5 Coupling the Apparatus—Carefully observe the re-
assembled apparatus is immersed in a bath at 37.8°C (100°F) quirements of 12.2.
until a constant pressure is observed. The reading, suitably 7.1.6 Shaking the Apparatus—Shake the apparatus vigor-
corrected, is reported as the Reid vapor pressure. ously as directed to ensure equilibrium.
4.2 All four procedures utilize liquid and vapor chambers of
8. Sampling
the same internal volume. Procedure B utilizes a semiauto-
matic apparatus immersed in a horizontal bath and rotated 8.1 The extreme sensitivity of vapor pressure measurements
while attaining equilibrium. Either a Bourdon gauge or pres- to losses through evaporation and the resulting changes in
sure transducer may be used with this procedure. Procedure C composition is such as to require the utmost precaution and the
utilizes a liquid chamber with two valved openings. Procedure most meticulous care in the handling of samples. The provi-
D requires more stringent limits on the ratio of the liquid and sions of this section shall apply to all samples for vapor
pressure determinations, except as specifically excluded for
--````````,`,,,`,``,``,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

vapor chambers.
samples having vapor pressures above 180 kPa (26 psi); see
5. Significance and Use Section 19.
8.2 Sampling shall be done in accordance with Practice
5.1 Vapor pressure is an important physical property of
D 4057.
volatile liquids. This test method is used to determine the vapor
8.3 Sample Container Size—The size of the sample con-
pressure at 37.8°C (100°F) of petroleum products and crude
tainer from which the vapor pressure sample is taken shall be
oils with initial boiling point above 0°C (32°F).
1 L (1 qt). It shall be 70 to 80 % filled with sample.
5.2 Vapor pressure is critically important for both automo-
8.3.1 The present precision statement has been derived
tive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting, warm-up, and
using samples in 1-L (1-qt) containers. However, samples
tendency to vapor lock with high operating temperatures or
taken in containers of other sizes as prescribed in Practice
high altitudes. Maximum vapor pressure limits for gasoline are
D 4057 can be used if it is recognized that the precision could
legally mandated in some areas as a measure of air pollution
be affected. In the case of referee testing, the 1-L (1-qt) sample
control.
container shall be mandatory.
5.3 Vapor pressure of crude oils is of importance to the
8.4 The Reid vapor pressure determination shall be per-
crude producer and the refiner for general handling and initial
formed on the first test specimen withdrawn from the sample
refinery treatment.
container. The remaining sample in the container cannot be
5.4 Vapor pressure is also used as an indirect measure of the
used for a second vapor pressure determination. If necessary,
evaporation rate of volatile petroleum solvents.
obtain a new sample.
8.4.1 Protect samples from excessive heat prior to testing.
6. Apparatus
8.4.2 Do not test samples in leaky containers. They should
6.1 The required apparatus for Procedures A, C, and D is be discarded and new samples obtained.
described in Annex A1. Apparatus for Procedure B is described 8.5 Sampling Handling Temperature—In all cases, cool the
in Annex A2. sample container and contents to 0 to 1°C (32 to 34°F) before
the container is opened. Sufficient time to reach this tempera-
7. Hazards ture shall be ensured by direct measurement of the temperature
7.1 Gross errors can be obtained in vapor pressure measure- of a similar liquid in a like container placed in the cooling bath
ments if the prescribed procedure is not followed carefully. The at the same time as the sample.
following list emphasizes the importance of strict adherence to
the precautions given in the procedure: 9. Report
7.1.1 Checking the Pressure Gauge—Check all gauges 9.1 Report the result observed in 12.4 or 15.4, after correct-
against a pressure measuring device (see A1.6) after each test ing for any difference between the gauge and the pressure

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measuring device (see A1.6), to the nearest 0.25 kPa (0.05 psi) a suitable gauge, confirm that the sample volume equals 70 to
as the Reid vapor pressure. 80 % of the container capacity (see Note 4). If the sample is
contained in a transparent glass container, verify that the
10. Precison and Bias container is 70 to 80 % full by suitable means (see Note 4).
10.1 The following criteria are to be used for judging the NOTE 4—For nontransparent containers, one way to confirm that the
acceptability of results (95 % confidence): sample volume equals 70 to 80 % of the container capacity is to use a
10.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive dipstick that has been pre-marked to indicate the 70 and 80 % container
test results obtained by the same operator with the same capacities. The dipstick should be of such material that it shows wetting
apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test after being immersed and withdrawn from the sample. To confirm the
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct sample volume, insert the dipstick into the sample container so that it
touches the bottom of the container at a perpendicular angle, before
operation of the test method, exceed the following value only
removing the dipstick. For transparent containers, using a marked ruler or
in one case in twenty. by comparing the sample container to a like container that has the 70 and
Range Repeatability 80 % levels clearly marked, has been found suitable.
Procedure kPa psi kPa psi
A Gasoline 35–100 5–15 3.2 0.46 Note 2 11.1.1 Discard the sample if its volume is less than 70 % of
B Gasoline 35–100 5–15 1.2 0.17 Note 2 the container capacity.
A 0–35 0–5 0.7 0.10 Note 3
A 110–180 16–26 2.1 0.3 Note 3 11.1.2 If the container is more than 80 % full, pour out
C >180 >26 2.8 0.4 Note 3 enough sample to bring the container contents within the 70 to
D Aviation 80 % range. Under no circumstances shall any sample poured
Gasoline 50 7 0.7 0.1 Note 3
out be returned to the container.
10.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two, single 11.1.3 Reseal the container, if necessary, and return the
and independent results, obtained by different operators work- sample container to the cooling bath.
ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in 11.2 Air Saturation of Sample in Sample Container:
the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test 11.2.1 Nontransparent Containers—With the sample again
method, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty. at a temperature between 0 and 1°C, take the container from
Range Reproducibility the cooling bath, wipe it dry with an absorbent material,
Procedure kPa psi kPa psi remove the cap momentarily taking care that no water enters,
A Gasoline 35–100 5–15 5.2 0.75 Note 2
B Gasoline 35–100 5–15 4.5 0.66 Note 2 reseal, and shake vigorously. Return it to the cooling bath for
A 0–35 0–5 2.4 0.35 Note 3 a minimum of 2 min.
A 110–180 16–26 2.8 0.4 Note 3 11.2.2 Transparent Containers—Since 11.1 does not require
C >180 >26 4.9 0.7 Note 3
D Aviation that the sample container be opened to verify the sample
Gasoline 50 7 1.0 0.15 Note 3 capacity, it is necessary to unseal the cap momentarily before
NOTE 2—These precision values are derived from a 1987 cooperative resealing it so that samples in transparent containers are treated
the same as samples in nontransparent containers. After per-
--````````,`,,,`,``,``,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

program4 and the current Committee D02 Statistical Method RR:D02-

1007. forming this task, proceed with 11.2.1.
NOTE 3—These precision values were developed in the early 1950’s, 11.2.3 Repeat 11.2.1 twice more. Return the sample to the
prior to the current statistical evaluation method. bath until the beginning of the procedure.
10.2 Bias: 11.3 Preparation of Liquid Chamber—Completely immerse
10.2.1 Absolute Bias—Since there is no accepted reference the open liquid chamber in an upright position and the sample
material suitable for determining the bias for this test method, transfer connection (see Fig. A1.2) in a bath at a temperature
bias cannot be determined. The amount of bias between this between 0 and 1°C (32 and 34°F) for at least 10 min.
test vapor pressure and true vapor pressure is unknown. 11.4 Preparation of Vapor Chamber—After purging and
10.2.2 Relative Bias—There is no statistically significant rinsing the vapor chamber and pressure gauge in accordance
bias between Procedures A and B for gasolines as determined with 12.5, connect the gauge to the vapor chamber. Immerse
in the last cooperative test program. the vapor chamber to at least 25.4 mm (1 in.) above its top in
the water bath maintained at 37.8 6 0.1°C (100 6 0.2°F) for
PROCEDURE A not less than 10 min just prior to coupling it to the liquid
chamber. Do not remove the vapor chamber from the bath until
FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID
the liquid chamber has been filled with sample, as described in
VAPOR PRESSURES BELOW 180 kPa (26 psi)
12.1.
11. Preparation for Test
12. Procedure
11.1 Verification of Sample Container Filling—With the
sample at a temperature of 0 to 1°C, take the container from the 12.1 Sample Transfer—Remove the sample from the cool-
cooling bath or refrigerator and wipe dry with absorbent ing bath, uncap, and insert the chilled transfer tube (see Fig. 1).
material. If the container is not transparent, unseal it, and using Remove the liquid chamber from the cooling bath, and place
the chamber in an inverted position over the top of the transfer
tube. Invert the entire system rapidly so that the liquid chamber
4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may is upright with the end of the transfer tube approximately 6 mm
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1245. (0.25 in.) from the bottom of the liquid chamber. Fill the

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gauge, check its reading against that of the pressure measuring
device (see A1.6) while both are subjected to a common steady
pressure that is within 1.0 kPa (0.2 psi) of the recorded
uncorrected vapor pressure. If a difference is observed between
the pressure measuring device and the pressure gauge readings,
the difference is added to the uncorrected vapor pressure when
the pressure measuring device reading is higher, or subtracted
from the uncorrected vapor pressure when the pressure mea-
suring device reading is lower, and the resulting value recorded
as the Reid vapor pressure of the sample.
NOTE 6—Cooling the assembly prior to disconnecting the gauge will
FIG. 1 Simplified Sketches Outlining Method Transferring Sample facilitate disassembly and reduce the amount of hydrocarbon vapors
to Liquid Chamber from Open-Type Containers released into the room.
12.5 Preparation of Apparatus for Next Test:
12.5.1 Thoroughly purge the vapor chamber of residual
chamber to overflowing (in addition to other precautions, make sample by filling it with warm water above 32°C (90°F) and
provision for suitable containment and disposal of the over- allowing it to drain. Repeat this purging at least five times.
flowing sample to avoid fire hazard). Withdraw the transfer Purge the liquid chamber in the same manner. Rinse both
tube from the liquid chamber while allowing the sample to chambers and the transfer tube several times with petroleum
continue flowing up to complete withdrawal. naphtha, then several times with acetone, then blow dry using
12.2 Assembly of Apparatus—Immediately remove the va- dried air. Place the liquid chamber in the cooling bath or
por chamber from the water bath and couple the filled liquid refrigerator in preparation for the next test.
--````````,`,,,`,``,``,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

chamber to the vapor chamber as quickly as possible without 12.5.2 If the purging of the vapor chamber is done in a bath,
spillage. When the vapor chamber is removed from the water be sure to avoid small films of floating sample by keeping the
bath, connect it to the liquid chamber without undue movement bottom and top openings of the chamber closed as they pass
that could promote exchange of room temperature air with the through the water surface.
37.8°C (100°F) air in the chamber. Not more than 10 s shall 12.5.3 Preparation of Gauge—Disconnect the gauge from
elapse between removing the vapor chamber from the water its manifold connection with the pressure measuring device
bath and completion of the coupling of the two chambers. and remove trapped liquid in the Bourdon tube of the gauge by
12.3 Introduction of the Apparatus into Bath—Turn the repeated centrifugal thrusts. This is accomplished in the
assembled apparatus upside down and allow all the sample in following manner: hold the gauge between the palms of the
the liquid chamber to drain into the vapor chamber. With the hands with the right palm on the face of the gauge and the
apparatus still inverted, shake it vigorously eight times up and threaded connection of the gauge forward. Extend the arms
down. With the gauge end up, immerse the assembled appara- forward and upward at an angle of 45°. Swing the arms rapidly
tus in the bath, maintained at 37.86 0.1°C (100 6 0.2°F), in an downward through an arc of about 135° so that centrifugal
inclined position so that the connection of the liquid and vapor force aids gravity in removing trapped liquid. Repeat this
chambers is below the water level and carefully examine for operation at least three times or until all liquid has been
leaks (see Note 5). If no leaks are observed, further immerse expelled from the gauge. Connect the gauge to the vapor
the apparatus to at least 25 mm (1 in.) above the top of the chamber with the liquid connection closed and place in the
vapor chamber. Observe the apparatus for leaks throughout the 37.8°C (100°F) bath to condition for the next test.
test and discard the test at anytime a leak is detected. (Warning—Do not leave the vapor chamber with the gauge
NOTE 5—Liquid leaks are more difficult to detect than vapor leaks. Pay attached in the water bath for a longer period of time than
particular attention to the coupling between the chambers, which is necessary to condition for the next test. Water vapor can
normally in the liquid section of the apparatus. condense in the Bourdon tube and lead to erroneous results.)
12.4 Measurement of Vapor Pressure—After the assembled PROCEDURE B
apparatus has been in the water bath for at least 5 min, tap the
pressure gauge lightly and observe the reading. Withdraw the FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID
apparatus from the bath and repeat the instructions of 12.3. At VAPOR PRESSURES BELOW 180 kPa (26 psi),
intervals of not less than 2 min, tap the gauge, observe the (HORIZONTAL BATH)
reading, and repeat 12.3 until a total of not less than five 13. Sampling
shakings and gauge readings have been made. Continue this
13.1 Refer to Section 8.
procedure, as necessary, until the last two consecutive gauge
readings are the same, indicating that equilibrium has been 14. Preparation for Test
attained. Read the final gauge pressure to the nearest 0.25 kPa 14.1 Refer to Section 11.
(0.05 psi) and record this value as the uncorrected vapor
pressure of the sample. Without undue delay, remove the 15. Procedure
pressure gauge from the apparatus (see Note 6) without 15.1 Sample Transfer— Remove the sample from the cool-
attempting to remove any liquid that may be trapped in the ing bath, uncap, and insert the chilled transfer tube (see Fig. 1).

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Remove the liquid chamber from the cooling bath, and place Purge the liquid chamber in the same manner. Rinse both
the chamber in an inverted position over the top of the transfer chambers and the transfer tube several times with petroleum
tube. Invert the entire system rapidly so that the liquid chamber naphtha, then several times with acetone, then blow dry using
is upright with the end of the transfer tube approximately 6 mm dried air. Place the liquid chamber in the cooling bath or
(0.25 in.) from the bottom of the liquid chamber. Fill the refrigerator in preparation for the next test. (Warning—Do not
chamber to overflowing (in addition to other precautions, make leave the vapor chamber with the gauge attached in the water
provision for suitable containment and disposal of the over- bath for a longer period of time than necessary to condition for
flowing sample to avoid fire hazard). Withdraw the transfer the next test. Water vapor can condense in the Bourdon tube
tube from the liquid chamber while allowing the sample to and lead to erroneous results.)
continue flowing up to complete withdrawal. 15.5.2 If the purging of the vapor chamber is done in a bath,
15.2 Assembly of Apparatus—Immediately remove the va- be sure to avoid small films of floating sample by keeping the
--````````,`,,,`,``,``,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

por chamber from the water bath. Disconnect the spiral tubing bottom and top openings of the chamber closed as they pass
at the quick action disconnect. Couple the filled liquid chamber through the water surface.
to the vapor chamber as quickly as possible without spillage or 15.5.3 Preparation of Gauge or Transducer—In the correct
movement that could promote exchange of room temperature operation of this procedure, liquid should not reach the gauge
air with the 37.8°C (100°F) air in the vapor chamber. Not more or transducer. If it is observed or suspected that liquid has
than 10 s shall elapse between removing the vapor chamber reached the gauge, purge the gauge as described in 12.5.3. The
from the water bath and completion of the coupling of the two transducer has no cavity to trap liquid. Ensure that no liquid is
chambers. present in the T handle fitting or spiral tubing by forcing a
15.3 Introduction of the Apparatus into the Bath—While stream of dry air through the tubing. Connect the gauge or
holding the apparatus vertically, immediately reconnect the transducer to the vapor chamber with the liquid connection
spiral tubing at the quick action disconnect. Tilt the apparatus closed and place in the 37.8°C (100°F) bath to condition for the
between 20 and 30° downward for 4 or 5 s to allow the sample next test.
to flow into the vapor chamber without getting into the tube
extending into the vapor chamber from the gauge, or pressure PROCEDURE C
transducer. Place the assembled apparatus into the water bath
maintained at 37.8 6 0.1°C (100 6 0.2°F) in such a way that FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVING REID
the bottom of the liquid chamber engages the drive coupling VAPOR PRESSURES ABOVE 180 kPa (26 psi)
and the other end of the apparatus rests on the support bearing.
Turn on the switch to begin the rotation of the assembled 16. Introduction
liquid-vapor chambers. Observe the apparatus for leakage 16.1 With products having vapor pressure over 180 kPa (26
throughout the test (see Note 5). Discard the test at anytime a psi) see Note 7), the procedure described in Sections 8-12 is
leak is detected. hazardous and inaccurate. Consequently, the following sections
15.4 Measurement of Vapor Pressure—After the assembled define changes in apparatus and procedure for the determina-
apparatus has been in the bath for at least 5 min, tap the tions of vapor pressures above 180 kPa. Except as specifically
pressure gauge lightly and observe the reading. Repeat the stated, all the requirements of Sections 1-12 shall apply.
tapping and reading at intervals of not less than 2 min, until NOTE 7—If necessary, either Procedure A or B can be used to determine
two consecutive readings are the same. (Tapping is not if the vapor pressure of a product is above 180 kPa.
necessary with the transducer model but the reading intervals
should be the same.) Read the final gauge or transducer 17. Apparatus
pressure to the nearest 0.25 kPa (0.05 psi) and record this value 17.1 Apparatus as described in Annex A1 using the liquid
as the uncorrected vapor pressure. Without undue delay, chamber with two openings.
disconnect the gauge from the apparatus. Connect the gauge or 17.2 Pressure Gauge Calibration—A dead weight tester
pressure transducer to a pressure measuring device. Check its (see A1.7) can be used in place of the mercury manometer as
reading against that of the pressure measuring device while a pressure measuring device (see A1.6) for checking gauge
both are subjected to a common steady pressure that is within readings above 180 kPa (26 psi). In 7.1.1, 9.1, 12.4, and 12.5.3
1.0 kPa (0.2 psi) of the recorded uncorrected vapor pressure. If where the words pressure measuring device and pressure
a difference is observed between the pressure measuring device measuring device readingappear, include as an alternative dead
and gauge or transducer readings, the difference is added to the weight tester and calibrated gauge reading, respectively.
uncorrected vapor pressure when the pressure measuring
device reading is higher, or subtracted from the uncorrected 18. Hazards
vapor pressure when the pressure measuring device reading is 18.1 The precaution in 7.1.6 shall not apply.
lower, and the resulting value recorded as the Reid vapor
pressure of the sample. 19. Sampling
15.5 Preparation of Apparatus for Next Test: 19.1 Paragraphs 8.3, 8.3.1, 8.4, and 8.5 shall not apply.
15.5.1 Thoroughly purge the vapor chamber of residual 19.2 Sample Container Size—The size of the sample con-
sample by filling it with warm water above 32°C (90°F) and tainer from which the vapor pressure sample is taken shall not
allowing it to drain. Repeat this purging at least five times. be less than 0.5 L (1 pt) liquid capacity.

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20. Preparation for Test apparatus after filling the liquid chamber, using the following
20.1 Paragraphs 11.1 and 11.2 shall not apply. sequence of operations:
20.2 Any safe method of displacement of the test sample 21.3.1 Remove the vapor chamber from the water bath.
from the sample container that ensures filling the liquid 21.3.2 Connect the vapor chamber to the liquid chamber.
chamber with a chilled, unweathered sample may be employed. 21.3.3 Open the liquid chamber 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) valve.
Paragraphs 20.3-20.5 describe displacement by self-induced 21.4 If a dead weight tester is used instead of the mercury
pressure. manometer as a pressure measuring device (see 17.2), apply
20.3 Maintain the sample container at a temperature suffi- the calibration factor in kilopascals (pounds-force per square
ciently high to maintain superatmospheric pressure but not inch) established for the pressure gauge to the uncorrected
substantially over 37.8°C (100°F). vapor pressure. Record this value as the calibrated gauge
20.4 Completely immerse the liquid chamber, with both reading and use in Section 9 in place of the pressure measuring
valves open, in the water cooling bath for a sufficient length of device reading.
time to allow it to reach the bath temperature of 0 to 4.5°C (32
PROCEDURE D
to 40°F).
20.5 Connect a suitable ice-cooled coil to the outlet valve of FOR AVIATION GASOLINES
the sample container (see Note 8). APPROXIMATELY 50 kPa (7 psi) REID VAPOR
NOTE 8—A suitable ice-cooled coil can be prepared by immersing a PRESSURE
spiral of approximately 8 m (25 ft) of 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) copper tubing in
--````````,`,,,`,``,``,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

a bucket of ice water. 22. Introduction

22.1 The following sections define changes in apparatus and
21. Procedure procedure for the determination of the vapor pressure of
21.1 Paragraphs 12.1 and 12.2 shall not apply. aviation gasoline. Except as specifically stated herein, all the
21.2 Connect the 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) valve of the chilled requirements set forth in Sections 1-12 shall apply.
liquid chamber to the ice-cooled coil. With the 12.7-mm (0.5
in.) valve of the liquid chamber closed, open the outlet valve of 23. Apparatus
the sample container and the 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) valve of the 23.1 Ratio of Vapor and Liquid Chambers—The ratio of the
liquid chamber. Open the liquid chamber 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) volume of the vapor chamber to the volume of the liquid
valve slightly and allow the liquid chamber to fill slowly. chamber shall be between the limits of 3.95 and 4.05 (see
Allow the sample to overflow until the overflow volume is 200 A1.1.4).
mL or more. Control this operation so that no appreciable drop
in pressure occurs at the liquid chamber 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) 24. Sampling
valve. In the order named, close the liquid chamber 12.7-mm 24.1 Refer to Section 8.
(0.5-in.) and 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) valves; and then close all
other valves in the sample system. Disconnect the liquid 25. Preparation for Test
chamber and the cooling coil. (Warning—Combustible. Keep 25.1 Checking the Pressure Gauge or Pressure
away from heat, sparks, and open flame. Keep container Transducer—The gauge shall be checked at 50 kPa (7 psi)
closed. Use only with adequate ventilation. Avoid prolonged against a mercury column (or some other calibrated pressure
breathing of vapor or spray mist. Avoid prolonged, repeated measuring device) before each vapor pressure measurement to
contact with skin.) (Warning—In addition to other precau- ensure that it conforms to the requirements of A1.2. This
tions, provide a safe means of disposal of liquid and vapor preliminary check shall be made in addition to the final gauge
escaping during this whole operation.) comparison specified in 12.4 or 15.4.
21.2.1 To avoid rupture because of the liquid-full condition
of the liquid chamber, the liquid chamber must be quickly 26. Procedure
attached to the vapor chamber and the 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) valve 26.1 Refer to Section 12.
opened.
21.3 Immediately attach the liquid chamber to the vapor 27. Keywords
chamber and open the liquid chamber 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) valve. 27.1 crude oils; gasoline; Reid vapor pressure; spark-
Not more than 25 s shall pass in completing the assembly of the ignition engine fuel; vapor pressure; volatility

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ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. APPARATUS FOR VAPOR PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE A

A1.1 Reid Vapor Pressure Apparatus, consisting of two 3.8 and 4.2. (see A1.1.3). In one end of the liquid chamber an
chambers, a vapor chamber (upper section) and a liquid opening of approximately 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) in diameter shall be
chamber (lower section), shall conform to the following provided for coupling with the vapor chamber. The inner
requirements: surface of the coupling end shall be sloped to provide complete
A1.1.1 Vapor Chamber— The upper section or chamber, as drainage when inverted. The other end of the chamber shall be
shown in Fig. A1.1, shall be a cylindrical vessel having the completely closed. (Warning—To maintain the correct vol-
inside dimensions of 51 6 3 mm (2 6 1⁄8 in.) in diameter and ume ratio between the vapor chamber and the liquid chamber,
254 6 3 mm (10 6 1⁄8 in.) in length, with the inner surfaces of paired chambers shall not be interchanged without recalibra-
the ends slightly sloped to provide complete drainage from tion to ascertain that the volume ratio is within the required
either end when held in a vertical position. On one end of the limits.)
vapor chamber, a suitable gauge coupling with an internal A1.1.3 The ratio of paired vapor and liquid chambers to be
diameter of not less than 4.7 mm (3⁄16 in.) shall be provided to used for aviation gasoline testing shall be between 3.95 and
receive the 6.35-mm (1⁄4-in.) gauge connection. In the other end 4.05.
of the vapor chamber, an opening approximately 12.7 mm (1⁄2 A1.1.4 Liquid Chamber—Two Openings—For sampling
in.) in diameter shall be provided for coupling with the liquid
from closed vessels, the liquid section of liquid chamber, as
chamber. Care shall be taken that the connections to the
shown in Fig. A1.1, shall be essentially the same as the liquid
openings do not prevent the chamber from draining com-
chamber described in A1.1.2, except that a 6.35-mm (0.25-in.)
pletely.
valve shall be attached near the bottom of the liquid chamber
A1.1.2 Liquid Chamber—One Opening—The lower section
and a 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) straight-through, full-opening valve
or liquid chamber, as shown in Fig. A1.1, shall be a cylindrical
vessel of the same inside diameter as the vapor chamber and of shall be introduced in the coupling between the chambers. The
such a volume that the ratio of the volume of the vapor volume of the liquid chamber, including only the capacity
chamber to the volume of the liquid chamber shall be between enclosed by the valves, shall fulfill the volume ratio require-
ments as set forth in A1.1.2.
A1.1.5 In determining the capacities for the two-opening
liquid chamber (Fig. A1.1), the capacity of the liquid chamber
shall be considered as that below the 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) valve
closure. The volume above the 12.7-mm (0.5-in.) valve clo-
sure, including the portion of the coupling permanently at-
tached to the liquid chamber, shall be considered as a part of
the vapor chamber capacity.
A1.1.6 Method of Coupling Vapor and Liquid Chambers—
Any method of coupling the vapor and liquid chambers can be
employed, provided that no sample is lost from the liquid
chamber during the coupling operation, that no compression
effect is caused by the act of coupling, and that the assembly is
free of leaks under the conditions of the tests. To avoid
displacement of sample during assembly, the male fitting of the
coupling must be on the liquid chamber. To avoid compression
of air during assembly, a vent hole must be present to ensure
atmospheric pressure in the vapor chamber at the instant of
sealing. (Warning—Some commercially available apparatus
do not make adequate provision for avoiding air compression
DIMENSIONS OF VAPOR PRESSURE APPARATUS effects. Before employing any apparatus, it shall be established
Key Description mm in. that the act of coupling the two chambers does not compress air
A Vapor chamber, length 254 6 3 10 6 1⁄8 in the vapor chamber. This can be accomplished by tightly
B, C, D Vapor and gasoline chambers, 51 6 3 2 6 1⁄ 8
Liquid ID stoppering the liquid chamber and coupling the apparatus in the
E Coupling, ID min 4.7 ⁄
3 16
normal manner, utilizing a 0 to 35 kPa (0 to 5 psi) gauge. Any
F, G Coupling, OD 12.7 ⁄
12

H Coupling, ID 12.7 ⁄
12
observable pressure increase on the gauge is an indication that
I Valve 12.7 1⁄ 2 the apparatus does not adequately meet the specifications of
J Valve 6.35 1⁄ 4
this test method. If this problem is encountered, consult the
FIG. A1.1 Vapor Pressure Apparatus manufacturer for a remedy.)

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A1.1.7 Volumetric Capacity of Vapor and Liquid has been found to be the cause of erroneous vapor pressure
Chambers—To ascertain if the volume ratio of the chambers is data.
within the specified limits of 3.8 to 5.2 (see A1.1.3), carefully
measure a quantity of water greater than will be required to fill A1.4 Water Bath—The water bath shall be of such dimen-
the two chambers. (A dispensing buret is a convenient vessel sions that the vapor pressure apparatus can be immersed to at
for this operation.) Without spillage fill the liquid chamber least 25.4 mm (1 in.) above the top of the vapor chamber.
completely. The difference between the original volume and Means for maintaining the bath at a constant temperature of
the remaining volume of the measured water quantity is the 37.8 6 0.1°C (100 6 0.2°F) shall be provided. In order to
volume of the liquid chamber. Without spillage couple the check this temperature, the bath thermometer shall be im-
liquid and vapor chambers and fill the vapor chamber to the mersed to the 37°C (98°F) mark throughout the vapor pressure
seat of the gauge connection with more of the measured water. determination.
The difference between the final volume of the measured water
quantity and the intermediate volume measured after ascertain- A1.5 Thermometer—An ASTM Reid Vapor Pressure Ther-
ing the liquid chamber volume is the volume of the vapor mometer 18C (18F) having a range from 34 to 42°C (94 to
chamber. 108°F) and conforming to the requirements in Specification
E 1.
A1.2 Pressure Gauge—The pressure gauge shall be a Bour-
don type spring gauge of test gauge quality 100 to 150 mm (4.5 A1.6 Pressure Measuring Device—A pressure measuring
to 6.5 in.) in diameter provided with a nominal 6.35-mm device having a range suitable for checking the pressure gauge
(0.25-in.) male thread connection with a passageway not less employed shall be used. The pressure measuring device shall
than 4.7 mm (3⁄16 in.) in diameter from the Bourdon tube to the have a minimum accuracy of 0.5 kPa (0.07 psi) with incre-
atmosphere. The range and graduations of the pressure gauge ments no larger than 0.5 kPa (0.07 psi).
shall be governed by the vapor pressure of the sample being A1.6.1 When a mercury manometer is not used as the
tested, in accordance with Table A1.1. Only accurate gauges pressure measuring device, the calibration of the pressure
shall be continued in use. When the gauge reading differs from measuring device employed shall be periodically checked
the pressure measuring device reading, or dead-weight tester (with traceability to a nationally recognized standard) to ensure
reading when testing gauges above 180 kPa (26 psi), by more that the device remains within the required accuracy specified
than 1 % of the scale range of the gauge, the gauge shall be in A1.6.
considered inaccurate. For example, the calibration correction

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shall not be greater than 0.3 kPa (0.15 psi) for a 0 to 30-kPa (0 A1.7 Dead-Weight Tester—A dead weight tester can be
to 15-psi) gauge or 0.9 kPa (0.3 psi) for a 0 to 90-kPa (0 to used in place of the mercury manometer if used as the pressure
30-psi) gauge. measuring device (A1.6) for checking gauge readings above
NOTE A1.1—Gauges 90 mm (3.5 in.) in diameter can be used in the 0
180 kPa (26 psi).
to 35 kPa (0 to 5 psi) range.
A1.8 Sample Transfer Connection—This is a device for
A1.3 Cooling Bath—A cooling bath shall be provided of removing liquid from the sample container without interfering
such dimensions that the sample containers and the liquid with the vapor space. The device consists of two tubes inserted
chambers can be completely immersed. Means for maintaining into a two-holed stopper of appropriate dimensions to fit the
the bath at a temperature between 0 and 1 (32 and 34°F) must opening of the sample container. One of the tubes is short for
be provided. Do not use solid carbon dioxide to cool samples the delivery of the sample, and the other is long enough to
in storage or in the preparation of the air saturation step. reach the bottom corner of the sample container. Fig. A1.2
Carbon dioxide is appreciably soluble in gasoline and its use shows a suitable arrangement.

TABLE A1.1 Pressure Gauge Range and Graduations

Gauge to be Used

Reid Vapor Pressure Maximum Maximum

Scale Range Numbered Intermediate
Intervals Graduations
kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi
# 27.5 #4 0–35 0–5 5.0 1 0.5 0.1
20.0–75.0 3–12 0–100 0–15 15.0 3 0.5 0.1
70.0–180.0 10–26 0–200 0–30 25.0 5 1.0 0.2
70.0–250.0 10–36 0–300 0–45 25.0 5 1.0 0.2
200.0–375.0 30–55 0–400 0–60 50.0 10 1.5 0.25
$ 350.0 $ 50 0–700 0–100 50.0 10 2.5 0.5

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FIG. A1.2 Sample Transfer Connection

A2. APPARATUS FOR VAPOR PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE B

A2.1 Vapor Pressure Apparatus—Refer to A1.1.1 through

A1.1.7.

A2.2 Pressure Gauge—The pressure measuring system

shall be a Bourdon type spring gauge, as described in A1.2 or
a suitable pressure transducer and digital readout. The pressure
measuring system shall be remotely mounted from the vapor
pressure apparatus and terminations provided for use of a quick
connection type fitting.

A2.3 Cooling Bath—(Warning—To maintain the correct

volume ratio between the vapor chamber and the liquid
chamber, paired chambers shall not be interchanged without
recalibration to ascertain that the volume ratio is within the
required limits.)

A2.4 Water Bath—The water bath shall be of such dimen-

sions that the vapor pressure apparatus can be immersed in a
horizontal position. Provision shall be made to rotate the
apparatus on its axis 350° in one direction and then 350° in the
opposite direction in repetitive fashion. Means for maintaining
the bath at a constant temperature of 37.86 0.1°C (100 6
0.2°F) shall be provided. In order to check this temperature, the
bath thermometer shall be immersed to the 37°C (98°F) mark
throughout the vapor pressure determination. A suitable bath is
shown in Fig. A2.1 and is available commercially.

A2.5 Thermometers—Refer to A1.5.

A2.6 Pressure Measuring Device—Refer to A1.6. FIG. A2.1 Apparatus for Vapor Pressure, Procedure B

A2.7 Flexible Coupler—A suitable flexible coupling shall

be provided for connection of the rotating vapor pressure shall be inserted into the pressure measuring end of the vapor
apparatus to the pressure measuring device. chamber to prevent liquid from entering the vapor pressure
measuring connections (see Fig. A2.2).
A2.8 Vapor Chamber Tube—The vapor chamber tube of
inner diameter 3 mm (1⁄8 in.) and length of 114 mm (4.5 in.) A2.9 Sample Transfer Connection—Refer to A1.8.

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FIG. A2.2 Vapor Chamber Tube Inserted in Vapor Chamber

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D 323–99a) that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Revised 1.1. (3) Added 1.6 and 2.2.

(2) Deleted Note 2 and renumbered subsequent notes. (4) Added Terminology, Section 3.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

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make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

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