Unit

1 Changing Trends and

Career in Physical Education

Contents
1.1 Meaning and Definition of Physical Education
1.2 Aims and Objectives of Physical Education
1.3 Career Options in Physical Education
1.4 Competitions in Various Sports at National and International Level
1.5 Khelo-India Program

Introduction
Changes is the law of nature. Changes are always welcomed whether in a game or education. As the time
passes new techniques and trends take place. Consequently, the standard of players improved. It is our duty
to stay up dated with the games and also it is necessary for teachers to be sure of adoping the latest techniques
if there is any and seems to be beneficial for the students. In ancient times man needed physical education
to stay alive. He was known as hunter. He used to hunt the wild animals. Many a time he stayed in the caves
of lions as he had no home or shelter. As he civilization kep on changing different people have different
opinions about the concept of physical education. Some called it body culture and some named it health and
education recreation. But in present context, the effort of imparting education through physical activities is
called physical education. It can be said that today physical education in a integral part of education. Physical
education aims on overall development of human being, which included body and mind.

➡ Physical Education is an Integral part of total educational process.

➡ It is having a proper space in elementary to higher education system by NCERT and UGC.
?

➡ Sports Journalism is a prime career option in future.

➡ More the 70 recognized National sports federations are working in India.
Did You

➡ Recognition to NSF are granted by Indian Olympic Committee an autonomous body of Ministry
of Youth and Sports headed by cabinet minister Government of India.
Know

➡ Board of Cricket Control of India is only administrative body NOT a National Sports Federation.
➡ All International Competitions are distinguish into four main categories
➡ Khelo-India is a national level drive to develop sports culture from grass-root level.
➡ Khelo-India are having 12 main functioning areas and covers 16 Indian traditional and modern
games.
2 Health and Physical Education—XI

1.1 Meaning and Definition of Physical Education

Meaning of Physical Education

Physical Education is a never ending learning process “phenomenon”. It has its roots in ancient times, i.e.,
primordial, where it was used in different forms and purposes like searching for food, hunting or protection
from wild animals, etc.
In ancient times, man needed physical education to stay alive. Among ancient Greek philosophers, Aristotle,
Plato and Socrates emphasized on physical training for youngsters. As civilization kept on changing, different
people have different opinions about the concept of Physical Education. Some of these are—physical training,
a sport, body culture, health education and recreation. But, in fact, physical education is much more than that.
In present context, the effort of imparting education through physical activities is called physical education. In
reality, physical education is an integral part of education. The word ‘physical’ means body, whereas education
means modification of behaviour. Physical Education, thus means “Education through the medium of physical
activities”. Physical Education is concerned about learning motor skills such as catching, running, throwing,
climbing as well as mastery in skills of games and sports like Kabaddi, Kho-kho, Cricket, Hockey, Football,
Athletics.
Physical Education aims on overall development of human being, which includes both body and mind.
Through participating in games and sports, students learn the values of leadership, cooperation, courage, to
accept failure and respecting others.
Modern physical education was started in 18th century in Germany, where physical education was an
integral part of school curriculum. Since then, many changes have taken place and various aspects have
emerged with time such as healthy diet, healthy life-style, physical activities and adventurous sports like
Mountaineering, River Rafting, Camping, Surfing, etc.

Definitions of Physical Education

Physical education is defined in many ways by different experts and organisations, which are as follows:
According to Clark W. Hetherington, “Physical Education is that phase of education which is concerned
with the organisation and leadership of children in big muscle activities, to gain the development and adjustments
inherent in the activities as per the social standards so that the educational process may go on without any
handicap”.
According to C.C. Covel, “Physical education is the social process of change in the behaviour of humans
which originates primarily from the stimulus of the big muscle play and related activities.”
According to Roselind Cassidy, “Physical education is the sum of changes in an individual caused by
experience centring motor activity”.
According to Delbert Oberteuffer’s, “Physical education is the sum of those experiences which come to
the individual through movements”.
According to J.F. William and C.L. Brownell, “Physical education is the sum of man’s physical activities
selected as to kind and conducted as to outcomes”.
According to J.B. Nash, “Physical education is that phase of the whole field of education that deals with
big muscle activities and their related responses”.
According to Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation (CABPER), “Physical
education is the education through physical activities for the development of the whole personality of the child
to its fullness and perfection in mind, body and soul”.
According to Charles A. Butcher, “Physical Education is an integral part of total educational process,
and has its aim for the development of physically, mentally, socially and emotionally fit citizens through the
medium of physical activities which have been selected with view to realising these outcomes”.
POINTS
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 3

On the basis of these definitions, we can say that physical education

is an integral part of education and it is necessary for all. It is not only
an exercise but the knowledge of body through body itself. Now, it has
KEY
been proved that the people who take part in physical activities regularly,
scale greater heights in their life and succeed in achieving their aims. ★ Ancient Physical Education
So, we may conclude that physical education is helpful in development ★ Modern Physical Education
and progress that one may lead or live one’s life happily and with good ★ Clark W. Hetherington
health. ★ C.C. Covel
★ Roselind Cassidy
★
Practice Questions 1.1 ★
Delbert Oberteuffer
J.F. William
★ J.B. Nash
I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) ★ CABPER
1. Give any two definitions of physical education. ★ Charies A Butcher
★ Ministry of Education
II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words)
★ All Round Development
1. Describe the meaning and definitions of physical ★ Spiritual Development
education. ★ Career option
★ In teaching sector
★ In training sector
★ In performance sector
1.2 Aims and Objectives of ★ Industrial sector
★
Physical Education ★
Health related sector
Sports Psychologist
★ Sports Journalism
The aim of physical education is the overall development of human being.
★ Sports Marketing
In other words, its aim is to make all-round development so that man
★ Sports Industry
may benefit himself and the society as well. The aim of physical education
★ National Sports Federation
is the wholesome development of individual which means making an
★ Khelo-India
individual physically fit, mentally alert, emotionally balanced, socially
well adjusted, morally true and spiritually uplifted.

Definitions
According to the Ministry of Education—“The aim of physical education should be to make a child mentally,
physically and emotionally healthy and strong so that he/she may develop personal and social traits, live in
company of others happily and become a good citizen”.
According to J.F. Williams—“Physical education should aim to provide skilled leadership, adequate
facilities and ample time for the individual and the groups to participate in activities that are physically
wholesome, mentally stimulating and socially sound.” According to him, only those activities should be selected
for the personality which are beneficial for health.

Aims and Objectives of Physical Education

Aim is the ultimate one, i.e., all-round development of an individual. The means and ways we adopt to achieve
our aim are called objectives and these are:
Physical development Mental development
Social development Emotional development
Spiritual development
4 Health and Physical Education—XI

1. Physical Development: The main objective of physical education is physical development. Physical
education is related to several physical activities. When we do any physical activity, it affects our
different body systems—blood circulation, respiratory system, muscular system, digestive system, etc.
It results in the development of the size and shape of organs. It is helpful to make body healthy and
strong. If our body systems are fine and healthy, only then we shall be able to do our work efficiently
and be safe from several disease like high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and arthritis. For e.g.,
Running increases the heart rate which helps the blood to flow efficiently through the whole body.
2. Mental Development: This objective is related to mental development. There should be some activities
in physical education to keep our brain alert and concentrated. Now-a-days, physical education is not
related to physical exercises only but it also includes rules of game, principles, structures of body,
balanced diet, healthy and disease free body, personal cleanliness, etc. These physical activities sharpen
the brain. By taking part in physical activities a person learn to tackle various situations. During
sports, many situations occur in which a player takes his/her self-decision. So, this results in their
mental development and decreases the stress level.
3. Social Development: This objective of physical education is related to social skills which are helpful
in coordination. During a competition, players of different regions come together on single platform. So,
they learn cooperation, support, respect, good sportsmanship, etc. through these skills, players can
make their nation healthy and strong.
4. Emotional Development: The objective of physical education is to make an individual emotionally
developed through physical activity. A man is endowed with different emotions like happiness, jealousy,
hope, despair, joy, fear, loneliness, weal and woe, etc. If they do not control these emotions, then there
will be no place for them in the society, which can be harmful for them. Physical education programmes
develop these emotions and teach us to control them.
5. Spiritual Development: The objective of physical education for an individual is to reflect time and
again to evaluate their experiences to allow them to build a positive mindset and promote progression.

Practice Questions 1.2

I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words)
1. Give any two definitions of the aim of physical education.
2. Write down any two objectives of physical education.

II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words)

1. Describe the main objectives of physical education.
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 5

1.3 Career Options in Physical Education

The opportunities in the field of physical education were teaching and training only till 1990. There are ample
employment opportunities for people in the field of physical education due to increase in interest towards
training and increase in number of activities. There are two types of career options in physical education. The
first kind is related to teaching and training of physical education. These are called traditional careers also.
The second kind is related to the careers when emerge out of it related to health, management, sports performance
and media. Their descriptions are as follow:

1. In Teaching 2. In Training 3. In Health/Fitness 4. In Performance 5. In Media

Sector Sector (Coaching) related Sector related Sector Sector
• At Primary level • In Schools, Colleges, • Sports Fitness Trainer • Professional Players • Sports
University Medicine Journalism
• Sports Dietician • Book Author
• At Middle level • In Various Sports • Sports • Sports Planning • Sports
Institution Psychology Officer Photography
• At Secondary level • Industrial Recreation • Sports • Sports • Sports Broad-
Nutritionist Management casting
• At College and • Sports Facility • In Gyms as • Recreational • Sports advertising
University level Management Athletic Trainer Sports Management (Sports equipments
marketing)
• Teaching at other • Administration • Health/Fitness • Performance Analyist • Sports Industry
Professional Institution Industry

1. Teaching Career Sector

(i) Primary Schools: There should be physical education in primary schools because children can be
taught basic skills and attitudes in an efficient manner. Physical education makes all-round
development of children so that they become creative, their self-confidence boosts and they progress
meaningfully. So, children should learn different activities like running, jumping, throwing, catching,
kicking, etc.
(ii) Middle Schools: In middle schools, there are lots of opportunities for the teachers of physical
education. But these are only in big cities where they are related to CBSE. In these schools, there
are different syllabi for the students of classes 6, 7 and 8. But in government schools, this subject
is mandatory. Sports activities like basics of all major games as Football, Basketball, Cricket, Kho-
kho, Kabaddi, etc. should be taught.
(iii) High Schools: There are lots of opportunities in the field of physical education in government as
well as private schools. In these schools, the teachers have to make children do theory as well as
practical work. Apart from this, teams are prepared for inter-school competitions. For 9th class
onwards, Health and Physical Education (HPE) has become compulsory.
(iv) Senior Secondary Schools: In these schools, job opportunities in the field of physical education are
galore. The teachers make student to do theory and practical work. The teachers have to maintain
discipline as well. They have to prepare teams for inter-school competitions.
(v) Colleges and Universities: In some colleges various professional courses are run in the field of
physical education like B.P.E., B.Sc. Physical Education, B.P.Ed., M.P.Ed., M.Phil., etc. Physical
education is also being taught as a main elective subject in different undergraduate courses along
with the preparations of teams of different sports.
6 Health and Physical Education—XI

Owing to increased sports participation and sports related business, there is a need for individuals to train in
sports management. Now administration related career opportunities are available in various fields, such as
sports administration, management of sports clubs and facilities, sports marketing and promotion. In western
countries, colleges and universities offer Undergraduate and Post-graduate degrees in sports management but
in India, it is still in its infancy. In India, management and administration are taught as a subject at both
Undergraduate and Post-graduate levels. In fact, administrators are required not only in teaching areas but
also they are required in areas connected with teaching, such as sports programmes. The explanation of the
departments of physical education is as follows:

(i) Physical Education Department

There are many universities and colleges in India wherein the programmes of physical education are run.
There are many job opportunities available related to management in sports departments. The post of Director
of sports is available in each university. The Director is held responsible for management of sports for men and
women and for the organization of sports. He also supervises the work of trainers and assistant trainers. He
should have a sound knowledge of all the rules and regulations. The Director is held responsible for fixing dates
for sports competitions, management of officials, lodging and boarding of players preparing sports, transport
and budget, etc.
In sports department of each state, there are various administrative posts-district sports official, Sports
Director, Aassistant Director, etc. Apart from this, the coaches of various games and sports and other officials
work under his administration.
In western countries, there are also intramurals or campus recreation programmes. In these programmes,
the faculty members besides schools take part in it. Their main aim is to promote participation. Their
responsibilities are the same as in some other sports departments.

(ii) Industrial Recreation

Now-a-days, many multinational and national companies are providing opportunities to their staff members to
take part in recreational activities. These companies are paying attention to the fitness, health and wellness
of their employees. It enhances the working capacity of their employees. In return, it leads to increase in
productivity, which increases the profit of the company. So, these companies demand the people who have
professional capabilities and abilities. These capable people can give instructions related to physical activities
to their employees. These people can also pay attention to the employees wellness and fitness. This profession
also has some responsibilities, such as making teams, establishing a programme, making a time-table of
programme, etc.

(iii) Sports Facility Management

There are organizations which they provide facilities to people to recreate themselves and to keep themselves
hale and hearty. In today’s world eveyone wants to be physically fit. So, they go to gymnastic clubs, health
clubs, sports house, stadiums, swimming pools, etc. These areas need facility managers. The manager of sports
facilities can carry out all the responsibilities by himself or he can keep some staff under his instructions. His
main responsibility is to make sure of the safety the people who are availing of these facilities. He is to be sure
that the equipments are as per standard norms. He should also take care of the safety of the people and
spectators visiting there. There are many opportunities increasing in this field.

2. Coaching Career Sector

There are job opportunities available in the field of physical education as coaches/trainers because training
develops the confidence, dedication and team spirit in players. Coaches help the players to get success. They
are ideal for players on field and outside the field. These opportunities are available both in schools and sports
clubs. A coach is required in a school to train students in the field of physical education. A coach can be
appointed only for coaching a team.
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 7

In colleges and universities, coaches are required to train different teams for various competitions. Apart
from this, there are coaching jobs available in sports clubs, hotels, professional team, social parks and government
sector. There are advantages and disadvantages of this profession.

3. Health Related Career Sector

In the modern world, people are more aware of their health related issues. Each and every person is aware
to his health. He wants to remain to be hale and hearty. He wants to keep away from blood pressure, heart
attack, heart problem, obesity, diabetes, etc. He wants to adopt a healthy lifestyle. So, there is an increase in
job opportunities in health-related careers in the field of physical education.
The number of health and weight control clubs have increased tremendously. That is why teachers of
physical education are in great demand.
These health clubs are based on the people’s desires of looking good, physically fit and sound. These health
clubs are in demand and their main aim is to gain a lot of money. In fact, it has become a big business. These
clubs provide different activities but fitness activities are one and the same. There are different games, such
as squash, tennis, swimming, sauna bath, steam rooms, massage, etc. Apart from these, the facilities of saunas,
steam rooms and massage are also available. Here, customers are instructed with regards to their activities,
diet and nutrition as well, so that they may achieve their goals. As there is an increase in awareness related
to fitness and wellness, there are more and more job opportunities in this field.
Physiotherapist: They treat the player’s prolonged diseases, pain and injuries. They are also experts in
treatment and rehabilitation.
Sports Dietician: They suggest the diet elements to increase the health and performance of players.
They can work as the professional dietician of national and international teams, gyms and clubs.
Sports Psychologist: They set up a relationship between the healthy mind and body of players. They
treat the problems, such as anxiety, stress and low confidence level by observing the performance of players
and their behaviour off the field.
Athletic Trainer: They make a list of exercises after training which helps the players to overcome pain
and improve playing capability. But they work under guidance of Physiotherapist. So, it can be said that there
are a lot of job opportunities in this field of physical education, but the scope is limited in India.

4. Performance Related Career Sector

The performance related careers are as follows:

(i) As Players
Players take part at different levels like inter-college, inter-school, district level, state level, national, international
level and in olympics. The players’ who become successful in sports competitions, are able to make their careers
as players. In India, scholarships are given to good players. For good players, various government and non-
government companies like defence services, banks, airlines, railways, etc. offer the job opportunities. In
western countries, various players in ten years of their profession/career in baseball, basketball, football,
hockey, cricket, tennis, etc. earn a lot. They earn much more money than the players who work life long-in their
jobs. The ‘New York Yankees’ releated professional players get the most handsome salaries in the world.
Martina Navratilova (tennis player) earned 2 million dollars per year through commercial advertisements. In
1971, Bill Jean King was the first woman tennis player who won 1,00,000 dollars per year. There are many
such examples in cricket as well in India like Virat Kohli, M.S. Dhoni etc.

(ii) As Officials
Good management of any sports of games depends upon efficient and talented officials. A player plays and
performs for 10 or less years. Afterwards, these players make their career as officials because they have come
8 Health and Physical Education—XI

to learn about the game thoroughly. So, the job opportunities are part-time or full-time as officials—referee,
umpire, time-keeper, recorder, scorer, etc. Their requirement depends on the competitions to be held every
year. It is also a good job opportunity related to sports. The former players can also make their careers by
becoming officials. If players after their retirement become officials; they should have sound knowledge of their
respective games and sports. A good sports official should do his work efficiently and in a good manner.

5. Careers in Sector
The various means of communication—T.V., radio, newspaper, magazine, etc. have contributed a lot in covering
sports events and promoting them far and worldwide. TV channels—Star Sports, Star Cricket, Ten Sports, etc.
give sports coverage round the clock.

(i) Sports Journalism

The person who has the ability to write can choose their careers in sports journalism. Sports correspondents
have the opportunity to work in unison with different newspapers and magazines because these journals print
sports news boldly and in efficient manner. Sports correspondents can write articles, etc. related to any sports.
Covering of a sports event is the important part of this career. Apart from this, interviewing coaches/players
is also the duty of sports correspondents. Stories based on research compiling statistics are the main part of
sports correspondents. A sound background of physical education can be beneficial to a sports journalist, For
example, sports journalist with the ample knowledge of sports may be better able to explain to the public while
some sportsperson fail to perform under pressure, whereas other sports persons give better performance. A
sports journalist with the knowledge of exercise psychology may explain better what happens psychologically
to athletes when they make efforts to finish marathon race. No doubt, career opportunities in sports journalism
are ample but this field requires keen interest and talent in writing, self-confidence, knowledge of the terminology
of sports, the capacity of being neutral while having friendly behaviour with players, knowledge of language,
knowledge of sports rules, the dare of telling truth to the players and officials in meetings, etc.

(ii) Book Writing

Books on physical education are quite less in India. So, there are more opportunities of writing. If a person
has good knowledge of sports biomechanics, sports sociology, sports medicine, exercise physiology, research
methods, sports psychology, sports philosophy, sports pedagogy, sports management, etc., he can write books
and make his career. But he should have a flair for writing, concentration, focus, deep knowledge, etc.

(iii) Sports Photography

This career is suitable for those people who are keen to click the photographs of sports events. But they must
be highly skilled in sports photography. They can get excellent opportunities in working with sports magazines
and journals. But the sports photography require patience. They should know the best angle for taking
photographs. They should have sound knowledge of projections, trajectory and other important terms in the
field of photography.

(iv) Book Publishing

Book publishing is also good option in the field of physical education. But the book publisher should have sound
knowledge of physical education and its sub-disciplines, i.e., health education, recreation and other related
subjects. For such work, one needs the knowledge of physical education, writing and other related skills. Some
people are required in sales area. Their duty is to sell books across the country. For this, they should have the
knowledge of physical education and the price for the books available in market. They should have the
understanding of market and sales. So, one can make a career in book publishing as well.
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 9

(v) Sports Broadcasting

Sport’s broadcasting has also become a popular career. It includes TV, radio, cable TV for local, regional and
national levels, etc. A career can be made in this field. One should not only have a sound knowledge of sports
but also have an excellent appealing voice. The players/people anticipated that this career should have the
knowledge of skills, rules and other related discipline. A reporter should study physical education in such
manner how players prepare themselves for sports competitions. A reporter should have the knowledge of
sports because people treat him as an expert in the field. He should not feel shy while speaking in front of a
camera or microphone. He should have excellent speaking skills. He should have knowledge of all sports—
football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, cricket etc. and also have a sound knowledge of the background of each
player.

(vi) Marketing of Sports Equipment

With the increase in interest for sports, health and physical activities, there is also an increase in the sale of
sports equipment. Now, companies hire people who have knowledge of physical activities and can endorse
sports equipment keeping in mind the needs and demand of sports equipment in today’s changing world. A
consumer expects a salesman to be an expert in all sports equipment. Salesmen should have the knowledge
of the needs of customers and knowledge of sports equipment. Here, the career opportunities are galore because
there is more interest for physical activities, sports and fitness.

(vi) Sports Industry

There are lots of opportunities for making a career in sports industry. Sports equipment and clothes are always
in demand so that players can perform better during complications and practice. A player can establish sports
industry at low level. It can be related to T-shirts, track suits and shoes. But one should have the knowledge of
designs as well. As few years ago athletes use loose shorts but now they use skin fit because it decreases the air
resistance. So, we can say that in the field skin fit shorts keep the athletes more fit and agile in compare to the
earlier time.

Practice Questions 1.3

I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words)
1. Enlist various careers in the field of physical education.
2. Enlist careers in communication media and elaborate any one.
3. Elaborate the professional courses in physical education available in India.
4. Explain the professional courses available in the field of sports administration.

II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words)

1. Explain various performance-related careers.
2. Elaborate various careers available in physical education.
3. What are various levels where physical education teachers can teach?

1.4 Competitions in Various Sports

at National and International Level
Introduction
India is home to a diverse population playing many different sports. Field Hockey is the most successful sports
for India at Olympics in which India has won eight Olympic gold medals. Cricket is most popular sport in India.
10 Health and Physical Education—XI

Kabaddi is most popular indigeneous sport in the country. Other popular sports in India are Athletics, Badminton,
Judo, Football, Basketball, Chess, Shooting, Wrestling, Boxing, Tennis, Squash, Weightlifting, Gymnastics and
Table-Tennis. Some indigeneous sports like Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very popular. Some other sports were
originated in India such as Chess, Leg Cricket, Snooker, etc. are also very popular.
The National Games of India is a national domestic sports event organisation which has been held in the
country since 1924 and for developing multi-sports culture in India. Khelo-India School Games, an event for
Under-17 School Kids, had been started from 2018 as its first edition.
Political responsibility for sport in India is with the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, which is headed
by a cabinet minister and managed by National Sports Federations. The only major exception is the BCCI
which is the administrative body of Cricket but not a NSF. Presently, there are more than 70 recognised
National Sports Federations (NSF).
Sports Authority of India, the field arm of the ministry, supports and nurtures talent in youth and
provides them with requisite infrastructure, equipment, coaching, facilities and competition exposure. Sir
Dorabji Tata with the support of Dr. A.G. Noehren established the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) in 1927.
IOA is responsible for the Indian continents participation in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian
Games and South Asian Federation Games. Each Olympic and Non-Olympic Sport has a federation at the
national level. Some of them are as follows:

Various National Sports Federations in India

S.No. Name of Governing Body Prominant Players Major Competitions
Game
1. Archery Archery Association of India (AAI) • Sanjeeva Kumar Singh Olympics, World
Established In : 1973 • Limba Ram Championship, Common
Current President : B.V.P. Rao • Deepika Kumari Wealth Games, Asian Games,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Atanu Das SAF Games, National
• Dola Banerjee Games, Khelo India, All
• Rahul Banerjee India Inter University
2. Athletics Athletics Federation of India (AFI) • Milka Singh Olympics, World
Established In : 1946 • Shiny Abraham Championship, CWG, Asian
Current President : Mr. Rdille Sumariwalla • P.T. Usha Games, SAF Games,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Jinson Johnson National Games, K.I.G.,
• Anju Bobby George All India Inter University
• Tintu Lukka
• Dutee Chand
• Neeraj Chopra
3. Basketball Basketball Federation India (BFI) • Satnam Singh World Championships, NBA
Established In : 1950 • Amritpal Singh (American League), European
Current President : K. Govindraj • Yadhwinder Singh League, Olympics, CWG,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Geethu Anna Jose SAF, Asian Games, National
• Akhanksha Singh Games, Khelo India, AIIU
• Prashanti Singh
4. Badminton Badminton Association of India (BAI) • Saina Nehwal Olympics, World Ranking
Established In : 1934 • Syed Modi Tournaments, Asian CWG,
Current President : Himanta Biswa Sarma • P.V. SIndhu SAF, Premier Badminton
Headquarter : New Delhi • Chetan Anand League All India, Thomas
• Pullela Gopichand Cup, Uber Cup (Women),
• Aparna Popat Sudiraman Cup (Men)
• Prakash Padukone (Mix Teams)
• Srikant Kidambi
• Jwala Gutta
• Ashwini Ponappa
• Parupalli Kashyap
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 11

S.No. Name of Governing Body Prominant Players Major Competitions

Game
5. Boxing Boxing Federation India (BFO) • Vijender Singh Olympics, W.C., Asian
Established In : 1925 • Mary Kom Games, Amature Boxing
Current President : Ajay Singh • Akhil Kumar Championship, SAF, CWG,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Hawa Singh National Golden Gloves
• Vikas Krishan Yadav Championship
• Pinki Rani
• Manish Kaushik
6. Football All India Football Federation (AIFF) • Sunil Cheetri FIFA World Cup, FIFA
Established In : 1937 • Bhaichung Bhutia Confederation Cup, UEFA
Current President : Praful Patel • I.M. Vijayan Championship, Asian Cup,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Aditi Chauhan Santosh Trophy
• Oinam Bembem Devi
7. Gymnastics Gymnastics Federation of India (GFI) • Dipa Karmakar Olympics, W.C., Asian Games,
Established In : 1952 • Ashish Kumar CWG, SAFG, Pacific Rim
Current President : Narender Batra Championship, PAN American
Headquarter : New Delhi Championship, KIG, Nationals
8. Hockey Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) • Dhyan Chand Olympics, W.C., Asian Cup,
Established In : 1928 • Savita Punia SAFG, CWG, BEIGHTON
Current President : Mohd. Mushtaque Ahmad • Dhanraj Pillay Cup, AGA KHAN Cup,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Rani Rampal Marugappa Gold Hockey
• Sandeep Singh Cup, Nehru Cup, Hockey
• Sardar Singh India League, Khelo India
• Dilip Tirkey Games
• Mandeep Singh

9. Judo Judo Federation of India (JFI) • Cawas Billrmoria Olympics, World Games,
Established In : 1965 • Akram Shah SAFG, CWG, Asian Games,
Current President : Pratap Singh Bajwa • Garima Chaudhary European Judo
Headquarter : New Delhi • Sandeep Byala Championship, Judo Grand
• Tombi Devi Prix, PAN AMERICAN
• Navjot Chana JUDO CHAMPIONSHIP
• Sushila Likmabam
10. Kabaddi Amature Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) • Anup Kumar Asian Games, Kabaddi
Established In : 1973 • Abhilasha Matre World Cups, Pro-Kabaddi
Current President : S.P. Garg • Manjit Chillan League, Federation Cups,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Ajay Thakur National Kabaddi
• Rahul Chaudhary Championships,
• Pradeep Narwal Khelo India Games
11. Kho-Kho Kho-Kho Federation of India (KKFI) • Satish Rai National Championship,
Established In : 1959–60 • Sarika Kale Nehru Gold Cup,
Current President : Rajeev Mehta • Pankaj Malhotra Federation Cup
Headquarter : New Delhi • Mandakini Majhi
• Praveen Kumar
• Shabeer Bapu

12. Shooting National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) • Rajyavardhan Singh Rathod Olympic,
Established In : 1951 • Abhinav Bindra World Championship,
Current President : Sh. Ravinder Singh • Jitu Rai Asian Games, CWG,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Apurvi Chandela SAF Games,
• Jaspal Rana National Games,
• Gagan Narang Khelo India Games
• Manu Bhakar
• Heena Sindhu
12 Health and Physical Education—XI

S.No. Name of Governing Body Prominant Players Major Competitions

Game
13. Wrestling Wrestling Federation of India (WFI) • Yogeshwar Dutt Olympics,
Established In : • Babita Phogat World Championship,
Current President : Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh • Sushil Kumar Asian Games, CWG,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Bajrang Poonia SAF Games,
• Pooja Dhanda Federation Cup,
• Sakshi Malik National Games,
• Vinesh Phogat Khelo India Games
• Geeta Phota
• Dara Singh
14. Volleyball Volleyball Federation of India (VFI) • Jimmi George Olympics,
Established In : 1951 • Gurinder Singh World Championships,
Current President : S. Vasudevan • G.E. Sridharan Asian Games, CWG,
Headquarter : Banglore • A. Ramana Rao SAF Games,
• Tom Joseph Federation Cup,
• Shyam Sundar Rao National Games,
• Nirmal Saini Khelo India Games
15. Weightlifting Indian Weightlifting Federation (IWLF) • S. Mirabai Chanu Olympics,
Established In : 1935 • Sanjita Chanu World Championships,
Current President : Birendra Prasad Baishya • Swati Singh Asian Games, CWG,
Headquarter : New Delhi • Kavita Devi SAF Games,
• Karnam Maheshwari Federation Cups,
• Kunjurani Devi National Games,
• Poonam Yadav Khelo India Games
• Satish Shivalingam
• Vikas Thakur
• Gurdeep Singh
• Ravi Kumar

Major Responsibilities of National Federations

1. To select the National Teams.
2. To recommend the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) for official sponsorship.
3. To participate in games conducted under the auspicious of the International Olympic Committee (IOC),
Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) and South Asian Games
(SAG) Federation
4. To supervise the conduct of State Associations under them.
5. To promote the sport and maintain the decorum of the game.
6. To ensure coordination among state sports.
7. To prepare budget for respective sports.
8. To recommand the names for awards like Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, Arjuna Award and
Dronacharya Award for excellence in sports.
9. To elect the governing body at regular period.
10. To follow the latest rules of international federations.

List of International Competitions

In the sport of athletics, international competitions between national teams can be distinguished into four
main types:
Multi-sports events, commonly referred to as Games, where athletics events form part of a wider
sporting programme.
World championships, the primary competitions where all nations may compete.
Continental or regional championships, between nations of a specific geographical area.
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 13

Competitions where the invited nations or athletes have a shared language, religion, ethnicity, occupation
or political allegiance.
Competitions
Event Ist Held Level of Competition Participants
Olympic Games 1896 World games Worldwide
Worldwide Championships 1983 World championships Worldwide
World Indoor Championships 1985 World indoor championships Worldwide
Universiade 1959 University games Worldwide (college athletes)
Military World Games 1995 Military games Worldwide (military athletes)
World Military Track & Field 1941 Military championships Worldwide (military athletes)
Championship
Asian Games 1951 Continental games Asia
Asian Indoor Games 2005 Continental indoor games Asia
Pan American Games 1951 Continental games Americas
African Games 1965 Continental games Africa
European Games 2015 Continental games Europe
European Championships 1934 Continental championships Europe
European Indoor 1966 Continental indoor Europe
Championships championships
South American Championships 1919 Continental championships South America
Asian Championships 1973 Continental championships Asia
African Championships 1979 Continental championships Africa
Oceanian Championships 1990 Continental championships Oceania
Mediterranean Games 1951 Regional games All nations bordering
the Mediterranean Sea
Pan Arab Games 1953 Regional games Arab World nations
Commonwealth Games 1930 Regional games Commonwealth of Nations
Central American and 1926 Regional games Central American and
Caribbean Games Caribbean nations
East Asian Games 1983 Regional games East Asian nations
South Asian Games 1953 Regional games South Asian nations
Southeast Asian Games 1959 Regional games Southeast Asian nations
Island Games 1985 Regional games European islands and other
small territories
Games of the Small States of Europe 1985 Regional games Small states of Europe
Maccabiah Games 1932 Ethnoreligious games Jewish athletes and Israeli
athletes (including
Arab Israelis)
Lusophony Games 2006 Language games Portuguese speaking nations
Jeux de la Francophonie 1989 Language games French-speaking nations
Central American and 1967 Regional championships Central American and
Caribbean Championships Caribbean nations
North American, Central 2007 Regional championships North American, Central
American and Caribbean American and
Championships Caribbean nations
Ibero-American 1983 Regional championships Ibero-American countries
Championships
Pacific Conference Games 1969 Invitational championships Five Pacific-coast countries
(later invitational)
FAJR Indoor Championships 1992 Regional championships Asia
World Deaf Athletics 2008 World championships Worldwide
14 Health and Physical Education—XI

Practice Questions 1.4

I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words)
1. What are the aims and objective of A.F.I.?

II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words)

1. Write a short note on the achievement of boxer at national level.

1.5 Khelo-India Program

Introduction
The importance of sports and fitness in one’s life is invaluable. Playing sports inculcates team spirit, develops
strategic and analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting and risk taking. A fit and healthy individual
leads to an equally healthy society and strong nation.
Sports is an extremely important component for the overall
development of our nation. India, in the last five years has made
steady progress in the field of sports. This tremendous potential
needs to be showcased at a global platform. It’s time, we inspire
young talent, give them top notch, infrastructure and training of
the highest level. We need to inculcate a strong spirit of
participation in sports that enables players to demonstrate their
true potential. Only then can India realise its dream of becoming
a sports super power.
The Khelo-India Program has been introduced to revive the sports culture in India at the grass-root
level by building a strong framework for all sports played in our country and establish India as a great sporting
nation.
To accomplish the above objectives, Khelo-India Program has been divided into 12 verticals, namely–

Khelo-India Program
(i) Play field development
(ii) Community coaching development
(iii) State level Khelo-India centres
(iv) Annual Sports Competitions
(v) Talent search and development program
(vi) Utilization and Creation/Upgradation of Sports Infrastructure
(vii) Support to National/Regional/State Sports Academics
(viii) Physical fitness of school children
(ix) Sports for Women
(x) Promotion of Sports amongst people with disabilities
(xi) Sports for peace and development
(xii) Promotion of rural and indigenous/tribal games
Talented players identlised in priority sports disciplines at various levels by the high powered committee
will be provided annual financial assistance of “INR 5 Lakh per annum for 8 years”.
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 15

Khelo-India school games, which are a part of the Khelo-India Program, are First being held from 31st
January to 8th February, 2018 in New Delhi. Under-17 athletics have been invited to participate across 16
disciplines, which are as follows:
(i) Archery (ii) Athletics (iii) Badminton
(iv) Basketball (v) Boxing (vi) Football
(vii) Gymnastics (viii) Hockey (ix) Judo
(x) Kabaddi (xi) Kho-Kho (xii) Shooting
(xiii) Swimming (xiv) Volleyball (xv) Weightlifting
(xvi) Wrestling
Khelo-India Program meaning play India youth games, held annually in January or February, are the
national level multidisciplinary grassroot games in India’s held for under-17years school students. Every year
best 1000 students will be given an annual scholarship of INR 5,00,000 for 8 years to prepare them for the
international sporting events.
First event – 2018
Occur every – Annually
Last event – 2019
Headquarters – New Delhi
Purpose – Grassroot level talent hunt
In First Khelo-India games small state of Haryana (102 medals including 38 gold, 26 silver and 38 bronze)
which is considered a sports powerhouse was the top team in 2018, followed by Maharashtra (111 medals
including 36 gold) and Delhi (94 medals including 25 gold).

History
On 31st January, 2018 the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, inaugurated Khelo-India school games at the
opening ceremony based on Guru-Shishya tradition held at Indira Gandhi Stadium, New Delhi.

Selection Criteria
Only selected school kids below the age of 17 years are eligible to compete in the individual sports. Top 8 sports
person from the school games federation of India’s National School Games. 4 nominations from federation, one
from Central Board of Secondary Education, one from the host state and one from the organising committee
will be selected. For Archery, Badminton and Shooting, the top 16 from the National School Games, 8 nominations
by the federation, one from CBSE, one from host state, one from organising committee, and 6 from wild cards
will be selected.

Aim of the Khelo-India Program

“To make popular the rural, indigenous and the Tribal sport/Games to disseminate information and pique the
curionsity of the present generation about these games and also to encourage children and youth to take up
these games in a major way, paving way for their mainstreaming.

Objectiveness of Schemes
To encourage, promote and popularize the indigenous sports and games and those played in the rural and tribal
areas of the country.
16 Health and Physical Education—XI

Practice Questions 1.5

I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words)
1. In how many circles Khelo-India Program has been divided?
2. Who inaugurated this event?

II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words)

1. When was Khelo-India Program started, write in detail.
2. Explain the selection criteria of Khelo-India Program.
3. What are the aims of Khelo-India Program?

Multiple Choice Type Questions

1. “Physical education is the sum of changes in an individual caused by experience centering
motor activity”. Who said this?
(a) Roselind Cassidy (b) Prince Martin
(c) Delbret Oberteuffers (d) J.B. Nash
2. “Physical education is sum of man’s physical activities selected as to kind and conducted as
to outcomes.” Who said this?
(a) J.F. Williams and C.L. Brownell (b) C.C. Covel
(c) J.B. Nash (d) Charles A. Butcher
3. How many objectives of physical education are there?
(a) Four (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Five
4. What is the aim of physical education?
(a) Physical Development (b) Mental Development
(c) Social Development (d) All-Round Development
5. Good management of any sports of games depends upon ............. .
(a) Efficient and talented officials (b) Smart and clever officials
(c) Weak and greedy officials (d) None of these
6. Which type of speaking skills should a reporter have?
(a) Sweet speaking skills (b) Hard speaking skills
(c) Soft speaking skills (d) Excellent speaking skills
7. Where are coaching jobs available?
(a) Social parks (b) Sports club
(c) Hotels (d) All of the above
8. What is the duration of Summer Olympic Games?
(a) 12 days (b) 13 days
(c) 16 days (d) 15 days
9. Where was the first Modern Olympic Games held?
(a) Atlanta (b) Athens
(c) Los Angeles (d) St. Luis
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 17

10. Vijendra Singh and Akhil Kumar belongs to which games?

(a) Athletics (b) Badminton
(c) Boxing (d) Judo
11. First Event of Khelo-India took place in the year ........... .
(a) 2012 (b) 2014
(c) 2016 (d) 2018
12. Which state of India in First Khelo-India Games stood at highest rank .......... .
(a) Delhi (b) Maharasthra
(c) Punjab (d) Haryana
13. How many discipline of sports were there in Ist Kehlo India?
(a) 15 (b) 14
(c) 12 (d) 16
14. How many sports training and rules are available is Khelo-India app:
(a) 19 (b) 18
(c) 20 (d) 21
15. What is BMI?
(a) Body mass index (b) Bio mass index
(c) Biological Maths index (d) Body muscle index
16. Name the different competition for specially abled people:
(a) Deaf Olympics (b) Para Olympics
(c) Special Olympics (d) All of the above
17. What kind of professions are available in field of physical education sports and coaching:
(a) Player (b) Coaches
(c) Technical officials (d) All of the above
18. Physical education teachers can teach in .......................
(a) School (b) University/collage
(c) School and University/college (d) None of the above
19. What are objectives of physical education mentioned by Leslie:
(a) Organic aspect of development (b) Neuro-muscular aspect of development
(c) Emotional aspect of development (d) All of the above
20. Objectives of Bookwatles:
(a) Physical fitness (b) Worthy use of desire time
(c) Ethical character (d) All of the above
21. If an individual does not have appropriate control over .............., he/she becomes abnormal
and uncontrollable:
(a) Emotions (b) Social service
(c) Neuro-muscular coordination (d) Health
22. Which of these authorities came into existence in 1948?
(a) Central Adversory Board of Physical Education and Recreation
(b) All India Council of Sports
(c) Adhar Inquiry Committee
(d) NSNIS
18 Health and Physical Education—XI

23. Which of these is not a master’s degree?

(a) MA (yoga) (b) M.Phil (Physical Education)
(c) Ph.D (d) BSc. Physical Education and Sports
24. Who assests the director of sports at university level?
(a) ADEO (sports) (b) AEO (sports)
(c) Assistant Director of Sports (d) District sports officer
25. Which of these is not a professional course in physical education at college level?
(a) CPEd (b) DPEd
(c) BPEd (d) Diploma in physical education
26. Identify the person who defines physical education as the sum of those experiences which
come to the individual through movements:
(a) J.B. Nash (b) J.F. Willims
(c) Oberteuffer (d) C.C.Cowell
27. Which of the following is not the aim or objective of physical education?
(a) Strength development (b) Neuro muscular development
(c) Improvement in life style (d) Social development
28. Which of the following is/are carrer option(s) in physical education?
(a) Sports coaching (b) Fitness trainer
(c) Sports as a profession (d) All of these
29. In which year was the NSNIS established?
(a) 1960 (b) 1957
(c) 1961 (d) 1975
30. In which year were the Asian Games first conducted in India?
(a) 1975 (b) 1998
(c) 1970 (d) 1982
31. In physical education which year the sports authority of India came into existence:
(a) 1948 (b) 1954
(c) 1961 (d) 1984
32. How many certified courses are there in physical education?
(a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 4
33. According to H. Clarke, which of these is not an objective of physical education?
(a) Physical fitness (b) Health
(c) Social efficiency (d) Culture
34. Which of the following is not a diploma course physical education?
(a) Diploma in yoga teacher (b) Diploma in yoga
(c) Post graduate diploma in yoga (d) B.Sc. Physical Education and Sports
35. Which of the following comes under performance related carrers?
(a) As players (b) Industrial recreation
(c) Book writing (d) Sports broadcasting
36. Which object of physical education did H. Clark mention?
(a) Health (b) Ethical character
(c) Social efficiency (d) worthy use of ensure time
Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 19

37. Which objectives of physical education did Leslie mention?

(a) Immediate objective (b) Social aspect of development
(c) Culture (d) Physical fintess
38. Which of the following is not a Bachelor’s Degree?
(a) B.A (b) B.Ed
(c) B.Phil (d) B.P. Ed.
39. Which of the following comes under carrers in India?
(a) Players (b) Official
(c) Marketing (d) All the above
40. Which one is not a job related to administration in sports?
(a) The post of director (b) The post of teacher
(c) The post of administrator (d) OSD (Sports)
41. Which authority came into existence is 1984?
(a) NSNIS
(b) Sports Authority of India (SAI)
(c) Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation
(d) Ministry of Education and National Planning of Physical Education and Recreation
42. Identify any one channel that provide sports coverage for 24 hours?
(a) ESPN (b) Star sports
(c) Sport channel (d) DD sports