Counseling Modeul

Counseling Foundation

MY –MLC 2019

By GAS _MY_MLC 2019Gender Department

1
What is counseling
• Counseling course is a professional and practical course. It is the main
subject that helps a counselor for effective Guidance in process of
counseling session. It helps for Counselor to understand the counselee or
client.
• Counseling is not only a course but it is practical and life principles
guidance for every person. It is life mater subject mostly it is connected
with individual or personal life experiences. It ideals with the issue of
individual principles, procedure, process of counseling
• Counseling is a learning-oriented process, which occurs usually in an
interactive relationship, with the aim of helping a person learn more
By GAS _MY_MLC 2091 Gender Dapartment 2

about the self, and to use such understanding to enable the person to
become an effective member of society.
• Counseling is a relationship between a concerned person and a person
with a need.
• Counseling is the mutual exploration and exchange of ideas, attitudes,
and feelings between a counselor and a client. Counseling is a means by
which one person helps another through
purposeful conversation
The Purpose of Counseling
• The main purpose of counseling in each person is for;

1. Self-awareness’ and Self-acceptance
2. Self-actualization
3. Enlightenment
4. Problem solving and Behavior change
5. Psychological education and Cognitive change
6. Empowerment
7. Systematic change
8. Restitution
Steps of Counseling
1. To help and guiding a person with difficulties there are initial steps of
counseling.
1. Suitable place and time
2. Organizing information
3. Identifying the information (issues)
4. Planning for counseling
5. Conclude the counseling
6. Implementing the plan(agreeing)
7. introductive talk
8. coping with feelings
Types or are of counseling
1. Marriage counseling
2. Grief counseling
3. Christian counseling
4. Family counseling
5. Relationship counseling
6. Mental health counseling
7. Group counseling
• 8. Substance abuse counseling
• 9. Divorce counseling
• 10. Teen Counseling
• 11. Individual counseling
Counseling Skill (methods)
• Several skills need to be brought into a one-to-one counseling session.

These include;
• 1. Attitudes(respect,Genuine,warm, confrontation, empathy, self-
disclosure, )
• 2. Listening is the second basic skills counseling. People like to be heard.
To be heard helps reduce insecurity. It gives us a feeling of peace.
Poor listening habits
1. Not paying attention

2. Assuming in advance that the subject is unimportant.
3. Mentally criticizing.
4. Permitting the speaker to be inaudible or incomplete.
5. Pretending to be attentive.
6. Hearing what is expected.
7. Feeling defensive.
8. Listening for a point of disagreement.
3. Verbal Communication
Verbal and verbatim is the third basic skill of counseling. The use of words
in counseling is a skill which, like any other skill, requires practice to
master. Verbal communication takes place first in the literal or content
phase.
Verbal communication is one of the most skill in counseling session.

4. Leading
• Leading is the fourth way Leads may be defined as statements that
counselors use in communication with the clients. Leads have been
classified into categories of techniques, namely:
• 1. restatement of content
• 2. question
• 3. Reflection
• 4. Reassurance of service as reward
• 5. Interpretation
Basic Counseling principles
Some of these principles are;
1. Gain the attention of the Counselee.

2. Carefully listen to what the Counselee says.
3. Observe the Counselees behavior and body language.
4. Lead the conversation in the right direction.
5. Lovingly and gently confront the Counselee's problems.
6. Share needed information with the Counselee.
7. Support and encourage the Counselee toward success
The role of the counselor
• Counseling attempts to understand and help people who have

problems. It helps them to deal with losses, disappointments, and
hurt, mounting pressures, tensions, failures, inferiorities, depression
and guilt. It helps those counseled, to experience understanding, relief,
healing and restoration. It helps them to experience a change of
perceptions, values, attitudes and behavior. Then the role of the
counselor is to facilitate the possible solution for his or her clients to
come up the potential that the client has in his or her.
• As a counselor he/she play many roles in working with clients,
depending on client’s unique needs such as;
1. A change agent
2. A source of support
3. An educator
4. A resource consult
5. A preventive counselor
Characteristics of a counselor
• Counseling is the application of mental health, psychological or

human development principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral
or systemic intervention strategies, that address wellness, personal
growth, or career development, as well as pathology.

• Counseling is a relationship between a concerned person and a person
with a need.
• Counseling is the mutual exploration and exchange of ideas, attitudes,
and feelings between a counselor and a client. Counseling is a means by
which one person helps another through purposeful conversation
• Therefore a counselor is a person who gives counsel or advice.
Counselors work in diverse community settings designed to provide a
variety of counseling, rehabilitation, and support services.
Quality …
• To be a good counselor you must possess the following qualities

1. Patience
2. Good Listening
3. Observant
4. Warm
5. Knowledgeable
6. having empathy with the patient/client
7. Maintaining a therapeutic relationship with a patient
8. Confidentiality
9.Personal integrity
• To have such good characteristics a counselor should have ,
• 1. maturity
• 2. self-awareness
• 3. capable of building trusting
• 4. flexibility in response style
• 5. observation skills
• 6. Assessment and hypothesis skills
• 7. Ability to care for self
Quality of an effective Counselor
• Those qualities are main foundation of the practice of counseling in

activity of counseling with clients. Those qualities are;
1. Positive regard or respect for people.
2. Open,nonjudgmental and highlevel of acceptance.
3. Caring and empathetic.
4.Self‐aware and self‐discipline

5.Knowledgeable/informed about subject and awareness of
resources available within the community.
6.Culturally sensitive.
7.Patient and a good listener.
8. Ability to maintain confidentiality.
9. Objective and having clarity
Ethical code of a counselor
• Counselors facilitate client growth and development in ways that foster

the interest and welfare of clients and promote formation of healthy
relationships. Trust is the cornerstone of the counseling relationship,
and counselors have the responsibility to respect and safeguard the
client’s right to privacy and confidentiality

• Professional values are an important way of living out an ethical
commitment. The following are core professional values of the
counseling profession:
• 1. Enhancing human development throughout the life span;
• 2. Honoring diversity and embracing a multicultural approach in support
of the worth, dignity potential, and uniqueness of people within their
social and cultural contexts
• 3. Promoting social justice

4. Safeguarding the integrity of the counselor and client relationship; and
• 5. Practicing in a competent and ethical manner.
• These professional values provide a conceptual basis for the ethical
principles enumerated below. These principles are the foundation for
ethical behavior and decision making.
The ethical standards of a counselor.
1. Integrity
2. Competence3.Confidentiality 4.Fairness and objectivity

Chapter Two
Violence in African

Introduction ..
Historically, domestic violence has been framed and understood
exclusively as a women's issue. Domestic abuse affects women, but
also has devastating consequences for other populations and
societal institutions. Men also can be victims of abuse; children are
affected by exposure to domestic violence, and formal institutions
face enormous challenges responding to domestic violence in their
communities. The effects of domestic violence on victims are more
typically recognized, but perpetrators also are impacted by their
abusive behavior as they stand to lose children, damage
relationships, and face legal consequences.
What is violence and its aspects
• Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive and assaultive behaviors that

include physical, sexual, verbal, and psychological attacks and economic
coercion that adults or adolescents use against their intimate partner.
Domestic violence is not typically a singular event and is not limited to
only physical aggression
Types of Violence
• There are different types of domestic abuse or violence, including ;

• emotional
• psychological
• physical
• Sexual
• financial abuse
Cause of Violence

• Social and cultural influences also contribute to spouse abuse. Because
most victims of intimate violence are women, researchers who analyze
social factors contributing to spouse abuse often focus on the role of
women in society. The violence is often institutionalized, or formalized
in societal structures, for instance in traditional laws and customs that
permit husbands to physically punish their wives. Also, analysts say,
patriarchy contributes to lower economic status for women, which may
make women dependent on men.
Effects of Violence
• Because of violence and domestic abuses there are different or

various effects of violence in all over the world as well as in Africa and
Ethiopia. Some of it is like poverty, commercial sex, HIV/AIDS, human
migration; Sexual transmitted disease, street children and others. Let as
see few of the effects as follows;

1. Poverty
• Historical context in terms of contemporary poverty around the
world, science and modernity, industrialization and imperialism,
modernization, globalization its effects and political economy of
development related with capitalism are addressed here.
• Poverty is one of the effects of violence in the life of a person and
community.
• 1. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society.
• 2. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a
school or clinic to go to; not having the land on which to grow one’s
food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit.
• 3. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals,
households and communities.
• 4. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in
marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or
sanitation.

10/31/2016 Poverty is usually measured a either absolute or relative and
asset poverty.
1. Absolute poverty
2. Relative poverty
3. Asset poverty
Absolute poverty
• First introduced in 1990, the dollar a day poverty line measured absolute
poverty by the standards of the world’s poorest countries. Absolute
poverty, extreme poverty, or abject poverty is a condition characterized
by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe
drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter,
education and information

Relative poverty
• Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on

social context, hence relative poverty is a measure of income inequality.
Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality
of opportunity in a specific time and space. The World Bank's "Voices of
the Poor," based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23
countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part
of poverty. These
Include,
1. Abuse by those in power
2. Disempowering institutions
3. Excluded locations
4. Gender relationships
5. Lack of security
6. Limited capabilities
7. Physical limitations
8. Precarious livelihoods
9. Problems in social relationships
10. Weak community organizations
Asset poverty
• Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent

and prevalent than income poverty. It can be defined as a household’s
inability to access wealth resources that are sufficient enough to provide
for basic needs for a period of three months.
Poverty in Ethiopia

• Ethiopia is one of the World’s poorest countries. Out of a
population of around 80 million (2008) people, 35 million people are
living in abject poverty. In one of the world’s poorest countries, where
about 44 per cent of the population lives under the poverty line, more
than 12 million people are chronically or at least periodically food
insecure. Most of them live in rural areas with agriculture as their main
occupation.
• With 80% of Ethiopians dependent on agriculture as their main
livelihood, severe arid conditions due to persistent lack of rainfall
coupled with civil disputes have worsened Ethiopian poverty. All efforts
have been made to improve conditions in Ethiopia but things have
hardly changed. The extremely poor people comprise of the small and
marginal farmers. Poverty in Ethiopia is more pronounced in the rural
areas as compared to the urban areas. The situation worsened recently
because of sharp increases in the prices of food and fertilizers on world
markets, which made it more difficult for poor households in Ethiopia, as
elsewhere, to secure adequate food supplies.
Causes of poverty in Ethiopian
• Arid conditions leading to irregular production in the agriculture sector.

• Improper marketing strategies of agricultural products.
• Degrading ecology
• Technological knowhow being poorly developed.
• Transportation facilities are poorly developed.
• Failure of the rural people in participating in awareness programs
meant for them
• Absence of sufficient rainfall
• Shortage of food products owing to several conditions.
• Absence of proper socio economic infrastructure. This includes lack of
potable water, proper education and health programs.

Commercial sex workers
• Commercial sex is the exchange of money or goods for sexual services. It

always involves a sex worker .Sex work is the provision of sexual services
for money or goods. Sex work may vary in the degree to which it is more
or less “formal” or organized, and in the degree to which it is distinct
from other social and sexual relationships and types of sexual economic
exchange.
Cause of Commercial Sex
• There are many inter-related, complex factors that contribute

directly or indirectly to the commercial sexual exploitation of children.
Social and economic circumstances cause some children to be more
vulnerable than others.

1. Corruption and lack of enforcement
• Corruption and inadequate laws contribute to the growth of child

commercial sexual exploitation. Offenders are not held accountable
when laws are not properly implemented. While not all law enforcement
officials are corrupt, there is evidence of immoral acts within the police
force. Either police commit sexual abuse themselves, accept a brothel
owners’ offer of free services in exchange for their silence, or simply, do
not act.
2. Social Factors
• Social issues play a big role in the causes of Commercial Sex. Poverty,
lack of education, and unemployment can all contribute. In some cases,
children are either sold by their families, or led by false promises to earn

money. In other cases, individuals feel they have no other options to
make money and turn to sex work.
3. Globalization
• The cross-cultural exchange of ideas and values has caused the

integration of various societies. Travel is much less expensive today and
easily accessible. The rapid and global growth of the tourism industry
has made airfares comparatively more accessible to new destinations.
Exploiters make use of the facilities offered by tour companies, hotels,
resorts, restaurants, airlines and other transportation companies.
4. New Technology
New technologies have facilitated the commercial sexual exploitation of

children, including:

1. Production, distribution and use of materials depicting child sexual
abuse.
2. Online solicitation or grooming (securing a child’s trust in order to
lure them into a situation where they will be abused).
3. Exposure to materials that can cause psychological harm or lead to
physical harm.
4. Harassment and intimidation, including bullying
5. The Demand
• The commercial sexual exploitation of children is a business of supply

and demand. Without the demand, there is no supply. Media and
culture can normalize the buying of commercial sex. These actions
become socially acceptable and can contribute to the thriving child
commercial sex market. Easy access to child abuse material can also
increase both supply and demand.

Types of Commercial Sex Workers
• 1. Cage Girls
Cage girls in Pillow houses. The worst brothels are called pillow houses,
where prostitutes are separated by cloth dividers in tiny rooms.
Payment is made to the brothel owner who keeps the money, and
allows as many as forty visitors a day during peak season.
2. Call Girls.
• Call girls are commercial sex workers who are parttimers and are usually
more educated, carry cellphones, and are well groomed and cannot be
compared to those living in brothels. Generally call girls are known to
take good care of their health and visit doctors whenever necessary.
Almost all of them want their clients to use condoms, though they most

often comply when clients offer a much higher amount for condom-free
sex.
3. Devadasi system
Devadasi tradition or sacred prostitution is a form of sex work that dates
back several centuries with the ritual found in written records even in
the 12th century.
4. Gigolos
Call it role reversal, or Western influence, or proof that sex revolution in
India is in full swing Indian gigolos or male prostitutes entertaining
women for money have come to stay.
5. Child Prostitution
• The ugliest face of the sex trade in many Asian countries is child
prostitution.
What is street Children?

• Street children are a term for children experiencing homelessness who
live on the streets of a city, town or village. Homeless youth are often
called street kids and street youth; the definition of street children is
contested, but many practitioners and policymakers use UNICEF’s
concept of boys and girls, aged under eighteen years, for whom the
street (including unoccupied dwellings and wasteland) has become
home and or their source of livelihood, and who are inadequately
protected or supervised.
Causes of Street Children
• The causes of this phenomenon are varied, but are often related to
domestic, economic, or social disruption; including, but not limited to,
poverty, breakdown of homes or families, political unrest, acculturation,
sexual, physical or emotional abuse, domestic violence, lured away by

pimps or internet predators, mental health problems, substance abuse,
and sexual orientation or gender identity issues.
Public approaches to street children
• There are four categories of how societies deal with street children:
1. Correctional model,
2. Rehabilitative model,
3. Outreach strategies,
4. Preventive approach.
Response for street Children
1. Responses by governments
• While some governments have implemented programs to deal with
street children, the general solution involves placing the children into
orphanages, juvenile homes, or correctional institutions. Efforts have
been made by various governments to support or partner with
nongovernment organizations.
2. Neon Government responses
• Non-government organizations employ a wide variety of strategies
to address the needs and rights of street children. One example of NGO
effort is "The Street Children‘s Day", launched by Jugend Eine Welt on 31
January 2009 to highlight the situation of street children. The "Street
Children's Day" has been commemorated every year since its inception
in 2009.
• UNICEF differentiates between the different types of children living on
the street in three different categories:
1. Candidates for the street (street children who work and hang out
on the streets).
2. Children on the streets (children who work on the street but have
a home to go to at night).
3. Children of the street (children who live on the street without
family support).
Migration
• Human migration is the movement of by people from one place to
another with the intention of settling temporality or permanently in the
new location. The movement is typical over long distance and from one
country to another, but internal migration is also possible. Migration
may be individual, family unities or in large groups. There are factor of
migration such as, not enough jobs or job opportunities, political fear,
poor housing, farced labour, education, security, family links, and better
living conditions
Sexual Transmitted disease
• Sexual transmitted disease is also one of the effects of violence. Sexually

transmitted diseases (STDs), or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are
generally acquired by sexual contact. The organisms that cause sexually
transmitted diseases may pass from person to person in blood, semen,
or vaginal and other bodily fluids. Some such infections can also be
transmitted non- sexually, such as from mother to infant during
pregnancy or childbirth, or through blood transfusions or shared
needles.
Sexually Transmitted
• Infections (STIs), formerly known as venereal diseases, more than 25

infections passed from one person to another primarily during sexual
contact. Some STIs, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, may cause no
symptoms
How STIs are transmitted

• STI is not only caused by violence but sometimes it is because of various
reasons.
STIs are transmitted by infectious agent’s microscopic bacteria, viruses,
parasites, fungi, and single-celled organisms called protozoa that thrive
in warm, moist environments in the body, such as the genital area,
mouth, and throat. Most STIs spread during sexual intercourse (vaginal
or anal), but other forms of sexual contact, such as oral sex, can also
spread disease.
Common STIS
• The most common STIs is approximately there are about 20 different

infections are known to be transmitted through sexual contact. Here
are descriptions of some common and well known STIs. Such as,
• 1. Chlamydia
• 2.Gonorrhea
• 3. Syphilis
4. Genital herpes
5. HIV/AIDS
6. Hepatitis B
7. Genital arts
8. Trichomoniasis
Prevention and Control of STIs
Unlike many serious diseases, simple measures can prevent STIs. The
most effective prevention method is abstinence that is, refraining from
sex completely. No sexual contact means no risk of developing an STI.
Practicing monogamy, in which two partners do not have sexual
relations with anyone but each other, also greatly reduces the risk of
spreading and contracting STIs.
• Latex condoms are an effective, although not perfect, form of protection
from STIs. These plastic sheaths, worn over the penis or inserted into the
vagina, act as a physical barrier to organisms that cause STIs. However,
condoms do not cover all of the genital surfaces that may come into
contact during sex, and the possibility of transmission of some STIs,
especially genital herpes and warts, still exists.
HIV/AIDS and Effects
• Violence is the widespread effects of life. As mention above there are

other effects like poverty, sexual disease and migration and also
HIV/AIDS is one of the effects of violence directly and indirectly.

What is HIV
• The human immune deficiency virus (HIV) which causes Acquired

immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retro virus. The virus is a
persistent, lifelong infection which attacks and wears down the immune
system. HIV strains can be HIV–1 or HIV–2. HIV–1 has worldwide
distribution but HIV–2 is primary found in West Africa. The T–cell (one of
the main white blood cells) is the primary target for HIV infection. T-Cell
is the body’s immune system. Once the virus enters host T– cell
permanent infection is established over time, HIV impairs the body’s
immune system by invading and then multiplying within these cells.
What is AIDS?
• The Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as a specific

group of disease or conditions which are indicative of severe immune
suppression related to infection with the human immune deficiency virus
(HIV). AIDS is a progressive result of HIV infection. AIDS is the late stage
of HIV infection.
Mode of transmission of HIV
• HIV is transmitted through:-

• blood,
• semen,
• vaginal secretion,
• body fluids containing blood, and breast milk.
• heterosexual transmission accounts for 71%
• homosexual for only 15%
• drug users account for 7%
• transmission by blood and blood product another 5%.

The three main ways HIV transmitted
1. Through having sex (anal, vaginal, or oral) with someone infected

with HIV.
2. Through sharing needles and syringes with someone who has HIV.
3. Through exposure (in the case of infants) to HIV before or during
birth, or through breast feeding.
Risk behaviors and group at risk of contracting RTIS
1. There are risk factor that helps the virus of HIV/AIDs to spread very
fast such as;
2. All persons with multiple sexual partners

3. All those who take alcohol
4. Bar girls
5. Long distance track or train drivers
6. Drug Abusers
7. Youth experimenting sex
8. Rape women and men
HIV infect and its progression(stages)
• Group I (Acute infection) is defined as like syndrome with or without

aseptic meaning that is associated with sero - conversion of HIV
antibody. This takes up to 3 months after exposure to HIV. Most
commonly it approximately take to two to four weeks 10 – 15% of HIV
infected persons develop recognizable sign and symptoms in the acute
phase Anti body may appear three to six weeks and nearly always
present by three months period in which the person is infected with HIV
but does not demonstrate antibody is known as the window
period.Symptoms
 The clinical signs and symptoms may typically include fever, sweating,
head ache migraine and rash. Most frequently this develops in the
second week of the illness and may be haunted to auxiliary; occipital,
and cervical nodes or may be generalized.
• Group II (Asymptomatic infection) includes patients with no signs and
symptoms of HIV infection. HIV is persistent even if quiescent, allowing
for its transmission, even if the person is asymptomatic.
This can take variable number of years or months.
 Group III (persistent generalized Lyphadenopathy (PGL)) include patients
with persistent palpable lypandenophathy with lymph node
enlargement of 1 cm or greater at two or more extra sites that persist
for more than three months in the absence of a concurrent illness other
than HIV that explains these findings up to 70% of HIV infected person
show PGL is non – specific PGL may persist for several years even in the
absence of other symptoms. PGL may be seen alone or in conjunction
with systemic complains like fatigue, fever, and major sweats.
• Group ΙV (other HIV disease) include patients with findings of HIV
infection other than or in addition to lymphadenopathy. The disease
could be:-
1. Conditional disease:-wasting syndrome, chromic diarea, do
commented fever, weakness
2. Neurologic disease:- aseptic meningitis, encephalopathy, AIDS
dementia, cerebral, toxoplasmosis, lymphoma, cerebra vascular
accidents etc…
3. Infections parasitic bacterial, viral, fungal etc..
4. Secondary cancers
5. Other conditions

Prevention of HIV/AIDS
Public health strategies for reducing HIV infection categorize the

strategies into six such as;
• General strategies
1. Educate health workers
2. Monitor the HIV epidemic (surveillance for HIV infection and disease)
3. Educate the general public
4. Engage the private sector and non-health government sectors
5. Advocate policies that support interventions
Strategies to reduce prenatal transmission
1. Test and cause of HIV infected women
2. Avoid breast feeding if other alternative feeding mechanisms are
available
3. Strategies to reduce transmission by blood
4. Reduce the use of transfusions and unsterile injections
5. Choose low risk donors
6. Productive sterile needles and syringes
ABC risk reduction
1. A= abstinence from sexual activity

2. B= be faithful to one partner;
3. C= condom use with all sexual partners; through this scientific facts
holds true regarding the rule, the church primarily advocates on the
first two rule, i.e. abstinence and being united in
Principle of HIV infected counseling
1. private quiet place
2. Confidentiality

3. a non judgmental, accepting and caring atmosphere
4. The client should be able to understand the language
5. good interpersonal communication skills,
6. Hive infected person should be given the feeling of accepted.
The Skills and Characteristics Counselor
• Knows technical aspects of HIV/AIDS thoroughly

• Is prepared to answer HIV and related questions comfortably on subjects
such as myths, rumors, sexuality, STDs, reproductive and personal
concerns.
• Is able to use visual AIDS and explain technical information in language
that the client understands.
• Is able to recognize when to refer the client to a specialist or other
provider.
• Relates or empathizes
Physiological and social reactions to HIV testing
• As a result the following reactions usually occur among persons who

are subjected for testing HIV such as, Shock, some people will go into
shock and a state of crisis, then come round to acceptance, with medical
care and counseling. And other are Stress, Anxiety ,Anger, Denial, Fear of
illness, Fear of desertion ,Isolation ,Depression, Suicide, Resentment at
changes in living partners, Self-blame and Loss.
• Marriage is commonly defined as a partnership between two members of
opposite sex known as husband and wife. However, scholars who study
human culture and society disagree on whether marriage can be
universally defined. The usual roles and responsibilities of the husband and
wife include living together, having sexual relations only with one another,
sharing economic resources, and being recognized as the parents of their
children. However, unconventional forms of marriage that do not include
these elements do exist.
……
• Listens actively
• Poses questions clearly, using both open and close ended questions
• Answers questions clearly and objectively
• Recognizes nonverbal cues and body language
• Interprets, paraphrases, and summarizes client comments and concerns
• Offers praises and encouragement
• Explain points in language that the client understands in culturally
approximate ways
Marriage and family life
• Aspect of Marriage and Family life

• Marriage socially recognized and approved union between individuals,
who commit to one another with the expectation of a stable and lasting
intimate relationship. It begins with a ceremony known as a wedding,
which formally unites the marriage partners.
Responsibility of Husband and wife in family life
• Husband and wife better placed to take their mutual and individual
responsibility. There are core needs husband and wife. The following are
needs men and women.

Men (husband’s need)
1. Apprecitation and admiration
2. Respect and honor
3. Recognition of leadership
4. Sexual fulfillment
5. Friendship
6. Physically attractive
7. Lifelong commitment
8. Domestic support, with respect
9. Understanding professional pressures
10. Recreation al companionship
Women (wife’s need)

1. Affection and tenderness
2. Non-Sexual intimacy
3. Trust, openness and honest
4. Emotional protection
5. Lifelong commitment
6. Support of personal development
7. Financial security
8. Family commitment to parenting and house-keeping
9. Communication(to be talked to and listened to 10. Sexual fulfillment
Problems of Family Life
• There are eight reasons why marriages encounter problems:
1. The incompatibility of the marriage partners.
2. The infidelity of the marriage partners.
3. Irreconcilable differences between marriage partners.
4. The mounting stress of problems and financial difficulties.
5. The interference of family members or friends.
6. A breakdown of communication between marriage partners.
7. Sexual problems between marriage partners.
8. Religious differences between marriage partners.
Singleness
• People experience singleness at least once in their life. They experience

different durations and qualities of singleness. Singleness is not a social
stigma. Both being single and married is acceptable in society. There are
several reasons why people experience being single:
Why singleness
1. They have not yet found a life-mate.
2. They have chosen to remain unmarried.
3. They have experienced a break-up of their marriage.
4. Their life-mate has died.
5. Stress and frustration.
6. A loss of direction in life.
7. Loneliness.
8. Low self-esteem.
9. Emotional problems.
10. Sexual problems.
11. Financial and tax problems.
seven ways to counsel singleness
1. Recognize the problem of singleness being experienced.

2. Let them experience comfort, love and acceptance.
3. Let them do realistic life planning for their future.
4. Encourage them to take the steps that are needed.
5. Let them patiently wait for change to take place.
6. Encourage activities that will alleviate loneliness.
7. Assure them that the Lord is always with them.

Parenting and Child rising
• There are four different parenting styles, based on two dimensions, the
ability to control and support. Control is the parent’s ability to manage
their child’s behavior and support is the parent’s ability to make the
child feel loved. The relationship of the four styles to control and support
children. These are;
1. Authoritarian:-Authoritarian parenting is characterized by strong,
disciplinary, and rigid control.
2. Permissive:-Permissive parenting is the opposite of the
authoritarian style as to control. There is no control but an attempt to
give some suppor
3. Neglectful: Neglectful parenting is the extreme opposite to the
authoritarian style. There is little or no control and little or no
support. Parents say such things as, please go away and work it out
for yourself, that’s your problem. The effect on the child is similar to
that of the permissive style.
4. Authoritative:- Authoritative parenting, the recommended parenting
style, and the most biblical, is the one which research has proved to
be the most successful. It is characterized by being loving, merciful
and just.
Family Communication
Family Communication Patterns Theory

Family Communication Patterns Theory concerns the basic communication
practices of families. These patterns originate from the ways by which
families establish shared social reality for themselves. For reasons both
pragmatic and psychological, families can use two basic processes to
establish shared social reality.

Importance of Family Communication
1. Respectful Communication
2. Understandable Communication
3. Situation Appropriate
4. Circumstance Appropriate

Types of Family communication
• There are four common types family communication. The types are
Consensual (high conversation & high conformity), Pluralistic (high
conversation & low conformity), Protective (low conversation & high
conformity) and Laissez-Faire (low conversation & low conformity).
Communication between Children and Parent
• There are five:-

1. Dependence
• In some families, adult children are financially dependent on their
parents because of college or other short-term reasons. As a result, the
parents and their adult children continue to relate to one another as
parents and children rather than two equal adults. Adult children may
also remain continually dependent on their parents because of mental
health reasons
2. Egalitarian
• The relationship between parent and child may grow increasingly
egalitarian as the child matures into adulthood. In an egalitarian
relationship, the parents treat and view their children as equals despite
disparity in years of experience. The parents recognize that their
children are not only free to make their own decisions but have their
own life experiences that contribute to and enrich the relationship
between them
3. Estranged
• Estrangement may result between adult children and their parents for a
variety of reasons. Parents who have abused their children may find the
children no longer wish to speak to them in adulthood. Likewise, parents
may cut themselves off from children over disagreements or due to
destructive behaviors such as drug addiction.
4. Manipulative
• Manipulation techniques may include guilt trips, shunning, lying, denying
reality or having a personal crisis when any change occurs in the family.
Manipulative relationships between parents and their adult children can
create tension in relational bonds with their peers.
5. Infantilizing
• In some parent and child relationships, the parent refuses to let her child
grow up. The parent may behave in a manner that never recognizes the
child's own growth into adulthood. The adult child may, as a result,
continue to identify more closely with childhood toys, tastes and
attachments than with tastes, toys and attachments discovered in
adulthood.

Family budgeting and finance
• Financial problems in marriage are very common and are a major area
where help and growth is needed in the marriage. Conflict occurs over
issues of spending or saving, use of credit, making decision on major
purchases, budgeting economic status, and who manages the finances.
Some of them are; distorted value and unwise financial decisions, such
as
1. Materialism
2. Covetousness and greed
3. A desire to get rich quality
4. Pride and resentment
5. Impulse buying
6. Carelessness

7. Speculation
8. Cosigning
9. Laziness and wasted time
10. Neglected of property and credit buying
Family planning issues
• All over the family life it is one of the difficulties that families face every
stage of family life. As A person who study counseling the counselor has
to understand the about family planning and it effectiveness at the
same time how families has to have and practice it wisely.
What is Birth control
• Birth Control or Contraception, deliberate prevention of pregnancy using

any of several methods.
• Birth control prevents a female sex cell (egg) from being fertilized
by a male sex cell (sperm) and implanting in the uterus. In the United
States, about 64 percent of women aged 15 to 44 years practice some
form of birth control. When no birth control is used, about 85 percent of
sexually active couples experience a pregnancy within one year.
• There are a variety of birth control methods to choose from, although
most options are for women. Selecting a method is a personal decision
that involves consideration of many factors, including convenience,
reliability, side effects, and reversibility (whether the method is
temporary or permanent).
Effectiveness of Birth Control
• No birth control method, other than abstinence from sex, is 100 percent
effective in preventing pregnancy. Some methods are more effective
than others, and scientists use two types of pregnancy rates when
describing effectiveness. Method effectiveness, or perfect use, is the
percentage of pregnancies that occur when a particular method is used
correctly and consistently with each act of sexual intercourse.
Types of Birth Control
• Birth control methods work in different ways to prevent pregnancy.

Some methods prevent sperm from meeting eggs. Others affect a
woman’s hormones, altering her reproductive cycle. Other birth control
methods involve behaviors that alter sexual activity in ways that lessen
the chance for pregnancy.
1. Barrier Methods of Birth Control
• Barrier( wall, fence) or stumbling block methods are physically blocked of

sperm from entering the uterus to unite with an egg. Barrier methods
must be used with each act of sexual intercourse. While they are easy to
use, some people feel barrier methods are inconvenient because they
interfere with sexual spontaneity. Barrier methods include male and
female condoms, the diaphragm, the cervical cap, and spermicides.

1. Male Condom
• The male condom is a thin sheath made of latex, polyurethane, or less
commonly, animal membrane, that fits over an erect penis. During
ejaculation (when semen ejects from the penis), the condom catches
and holds sperm before it can travel into a woman’s uterus. With typical
use, male condoms are 86 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
2. Female Condom
• The female condom, available without a prescription, is an elongated
polyurethane sac. A woman inserts the closed end of the sac into the
vagina to cover the cervix (the opening of the uterus) and prevent sperm
from entering the uterus. With typical use, the female condom is 79
percent effective in preventing pregnancy. It also reduces the risk of
many STIs.
3. Diaphragm

• The diaphragm is a shallow, molded cup of thin rubber with a flexible
rim. Before intercourse, spe-rmicide must be placed inside the cup and
around the inside of the rim of the diaphragm. The woman then inserts
the diaphragm into her vagina so that it covers the cervix, preventing
the passage of sperm from the vagina to the uterus. The spe-rmicide
kills any sperm that are able to pass by the diaphragm. Diaphragms
come in various sizes to fit the cervix. They are available only from
health-care professionals who ensure that the device fits properly. With
typical use, the diaphragm is about 80 percent effective in preventing
pregnancy.
• 4. Cervical Cap
• The cervical cap is made of flexible latex rubber and shaped like a
thimble. It is smaller than a diaphragm and fits more tightly onto the
cervix, where it is held in place by suction. Like the diaphragm, the
cervical cap must be fitted by a health-care professional and it should

also be used with a spermicide. 60 percent effective in those who have
given birth.
5. Spermicides
• Spermicides are jellies, creams, foams, suppositories, tablets, or films
that block the entrance to the cervix and contain a sperm-killing
chemical. They can be purchased without a prescription and used alone
or with a condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap. Spermicides used alone
must be inserted deep into the vagina before each act of intercourse
and a woman should not douche for six to eight hours after intercourse.
With typical use, spermicides used alone are effective in preventing
pregnancy about 74 percent of the time. They may cause an allergic
reaction such as irritation of the vagina or penis
Intrauterine Device
• The intrauterine device (IUD) is a small plastic device inserted into a

woman’s uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUDs prevent pregnancies

through a number of mechanisms: they interfere with the movement of
sperm and egg, they decrease the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg, or,
rarely, they prevent a fertilized egg from implanting in the lining of the
uteru

With typical use, the IUD is about 96 percent effective in preventing
pregnancy. The device may increase menstrual bleeding or cause irregular
bleeding or cramping. The IUD has also been associated with an increased
risk for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of the reproductive
tract. In rare cases an ectopic pregnancy occurs, a serious medical
complication in which a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus.
3. Hormonal Contraceptives
• Hormonal contraceptives deliver doses of female sex hormones that alter

a woman’s reproductive cycle in one or more ways. When absorbed by
the body, these hormones may interfere with ovulation to prevent the
maturation and release of an egg from the ovaries; thicken the cervical
mucus, which interferes with sperm movement; alter the rate at which
the egg moves through the fallopian tubes to prevent sperm from
meeting the egg; or change the condition of the uterine lining to prevent
fertilized eggs from implanting in it.

1. Birth Control Pill
• The birth control pill, or oral contraceptive, was first approved for use
in the United States in 1960. These early pills contained high doses of
female sex hormones that have since been found to cause long-term
health problems, such as blood clotting. The birth control pills available
today have much lower doses of hormones. The most common type of
birth control pill is the combination pill, which contains low doses of
both estrogen and progestin (a synthetic form of progesterone).
• To prevent pregnancy a woman takes one birth control pill each day for
21 days, after which she takes no pill or a placebo (a pill containing no
active ingredients) for 7 days. With typical use, the pill is 95 percent
effective in preventing pregnancy. In addition to its effectiveness as a
birth control method, the pill can relieve menstrual pain and reduce
menstrual bleeding. It may also offer some protection against PID,
endometrial and ovarian cancer, endometriosis (growth of uterine tissue
outside the uterus), and uterine fibroid tumors (benign growths).

• Adverse side effects can include breakthrough bleeding (bleeding
between periods), headache, hypertension, weight gain, mood change,
decreased sexual desire, blood clotting disorders, cardiac complications,
breast tenderness, and galactorrhea (discharge of milk from the breast).
2. Hormonal Implant
• With typical use, hormonal implants are the most highly effective form
of birth control except for continuous abstinence and surgical
sterilization. A health-care professional implants a matchsticksized tube
filled with a synthetic progesterone-like hormone called etonogestrel
(progestin) just under the skin of a woman’s upper arm. The implants
can remain in place up to three years
• Adverse side effects include irregular intervals between menstrual
periods, breakthrough bleeding, headache, acne, weight gain or loss,
depression, breast tenderness, and infection or skin discoloration at the
implant insertion point. The only long-term hormonal implant approved
for use in the United States is sold under the brand name Implanon

3. Contraceptive Injection
• Contraceptive injections contain synthetic hormones that a health-care
professional injects into the muscles of a woman’s buttocks or arm. This
form of birth control requires regular visits to a clinic so that a health-
care professional can administer the injection. With typical use,
contraceptive injections are about 99 percent effective in preventing
pregnancy.
• There are two types of contraceptive injections: DepoProvera and
Lunelle. Depo-Provera contains the synthetic hormone progestin and
protects against pregnancy for 12 weeks. Lunelle contains a
combination of estrogen and progestin and must be injected once a
month. The most common side effect of contraceptive injections is
irregular bleeding. For most women periods become lighter and less
frequent, and they may stop altogether. Some women may develop
heavier and longer periods. Other adverse side effects include

breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, headache, sore breasts,
depression, nausea, vaginal dryness, and acne.
4. Contraceptive
• The contraceptive ring, sold under the brand name Nuvaring, is a small
flexible ring containing a combination of estrogen and progestin. Each
month a woman inserts a new ring deep into the vagina, leaving it in
place for three out of four weeks. Unlike a diaphragm or cervical cap,
the contraceptive ring does not require fitting by a health-care
professional or the addition of spermicide. With typical use, the
contraceptive ring is 95 to 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy.
Adverse effects include increased vaginal discharge and vaginal
irritation or infection.

5. Contraceptive Patch
• The contraceptive patch, sold under the brand name Ortho Evra, is a
thin, plastic patch containing a combination of estrogen and progestin.
A woman applies the patch to the skin of the buttocks, stomach, upper
arm, or upper torso once a week for three out of four weeks. The skin
absorbs the hormones, which alter the woman’s reproductive cycle to
prevent pregnancy. Some adverse reactions from the patch include a
skin reaction at the application site. Like the contraceptive ring, the
patch is effective in preventing pregnancy 95 to 99 percent of the time
with typical use.
4. Surgical Sterilization
• Methods of surgical sterilization-vasectomy for men and tubal

sterilization for women are almost 100 percent effective in preventing

pregnancy. These procedures are permanent forms of birth control.
Although surgical techniques may be used to reverse vasectomy or tubal
sterilization in some cases, no one should undergo sterilization with the
expectation that it can later be reversed. A vasectomy or a tubal
sterilization does not protect against STIs.
• A vasectomy is performed in a doctor’s office or clinic using local
anesthesia. In this minor surgical procedure, each of the two vas
deferens (ducts that carry sperm from the testes to the penis) is cut and
the ends are tied off to prevent sperm from reaching the penis. Tubal
sterilization is a more complicated surgical procedure performed under
general or spinal anesthesia or local anesthesia with a sedative. In this
procedure the fallopian tubes are cut and tied, blocked, or sealed to
prevent eggs from descending from the ovaries to encounter sperm.
5. Emergency Contraceptive
• Emergency contraception refers to methods that a woman can use after

unprotected intercourse to prevent fertilization of the egg or

implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. Two methods are
available: emergency contraceptive pills or emergency insertion of an
IUD.
Emergency contraceptive pills, commonly called morning-after pills, are
similar to birth control pills but they contain a higher dose of hormones.
• The pills are usually taken in two doses, 12 hours apart. With typical
use, emergency contraceptive pills are 79 to 85 percent effective when a
woman takes the pills within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse.
Depending on where a woman is in her menstrual cycle at the time she
takes these contraceptives, the pills will either inhibit or delay ovulation,
or they may alter the uterine lining, preventing implantation of a
fertilized egg. The insertion of an IUD within seven days of unprotected
intercourse is 99 percent effective in preventing pregnancy with typical
use

6. Fertility Awareness methods
• Fertility awareness methods are a collection of practices that help a

woman know which days of the month she is most likely to get
pregnant. A woman is most fertile during a period that ranges from five
days before ovulation to two days after ovulation. A woman can learn
when she is ovulating by observing her body and charting physical
changes. During the days surrounding ovulation, she can then abstain
from sexual intercourse (known as periodic abstinence or natural family
planning) or use a barrier method of contraception during intercourse.
• With typical use, fertility awareness methods are generally about 80
percent effective in preventing pregnancy. Fertility awareness methods
are most reliable for women with regular menstrual cycles. As a woman
becomes more familiar with the signs of ovulation and the pattern of
her menstrual cycle, fertility awareness methods become more effective.
Fertility awareness methods require a high level of commitment to
consistently and accurately monitor ovulation.

1. Calendar Charting
• In calendar charting a woman uses past menstrual cycles as a guide to
predict ovulation dates. Over a period of 8 to 12 months she keeps a
record of the dates of her first day of menstruation. From this record she
can calculate the average number of days in her menstrual cycle, and
estimate the day in her cycle when she is most likely ovulating
2. Basal Temperature Measurement
• In the basal body temperature method a woman takes her temperature
at the same time each morning before getting out of bed. In most
women, body temperature rises about one degree on the day of
ovulation and stays raised for several days. A woman can keep a record
of her basal body temperature over a period of 8 to 12 consecutive
months to determine the time in her cycle when she ovulates. The
primary drawback of using this method by itself is that many factors can
raise body temperature, including illness, lack of sleep, and alcohol or
drug use.

3. Cervical Mucus Monitoring
• The cervical mucus method of determining fertility requires a woman to
monitor the consistency of her cervical mucus. Cervical mucus changes
consistency during the menstrual cycle and plays a vital role in
fertilization of the egg. Mucus that is clear, wet, and sticky or elastic
appears in the days preceding ovulation and aids in drawing sperm into
the fallopian tubes where fertilization usually takes place. It also helps
maintain the survival of sperm inside the woman's body. Cervical mucus
that is dry, cloudy, or yellowish indicates that ovulation is not occurring.
One drawback of this method is that the consistency of cervical mucus
can be altered by the use of douches or spermicides, making it difficult
for a woman to identify changes.

7. Withdrawal
• Withdrawal is the deliberate removal of the penis from the vagina before
ejaculation so that sperm is not deposited in or near the vagina. This
method of contraception is not recommended, because drops of fluid
secreted by the penis when it first becomes erect can contain enough
sperm to cause pregnancy. In addition, a man may not withdraw in
time. With typical use, withdrawal is effective in preventing pregnancy
81 percent of the time.
Withdrawal does not protect against STIs.
8. Continuous Abstinence
• Abstinence is the avoidance of any sexual activity that could cause

pregnancy. This includes intercourse and other sexual activities in which
semen may come in contact with the vulva (external female genitals) or
vagina. Abstinence is completely effective in preventing pregnancy as
well as STIs, and it poses no health risks.

Chapter Three
Exploring Crisis Interventions
• Def:-
• Caplan (1964) initially defined a crisis as occurring when individuals are
confronted with problems that cannot be solved.
• James and Gilliland (2005) define crises as events or situations perceived
as intolerably difficult that exceed an individual’s available resources
and coping mechanisms.
characteristics of crisis
1. The event precipitating the crisis is perceived as threatening.

2. There is an apparent inability to modify or reduce the impact of
stressful events.
3. There is increased fear, tension, and/or confusion.
4. There is a high level of subjective discomfort.
5. A state of disequilibrium is followed by rapid transition to an active
state of crisis
examples of crisis:
1. An accident (automobile or in home)

2. Death/loss of a loved one
3. Natural disaster
4. Physical illness (self or significant other)

5. Divorce/separation
6. Unemployment
7. Unexpected pregnancy
8. Financial difficulties
Intervention
• Crisis management is familiar to all in primary care both supporting

those with exacerbations of severe mentalillness and helping other
patients to weather difficult times. Crises are more common in those
with severe mental illness and personality disorders. There are many
potential causes of a crisis, including:
Adolescence.
Menopause.
Retirement.
Redundancy.

Becoming homeless.
Changes of role - e.g. getting married, having a child, a more demanding
job.
Relationship problems - e.g. with partners or a child.
Serious injury or loss of a limb.
Bereavement.
Post-traumatic stress.
Steps of handling crisis(incidents)
• There are six steps to handling an incident most effectively
• 1. preparation
• 2. identification
• 3. commitment

• 4.eradication
• 5. Recovery
• 6.Lessson Learned
Phase of crisis
1. Acute Phase
• Initial crisis reactions in response to a traumatic event usually
encompass the physiological and psychological realm. Reactions include
overwhelming anxiety, despair, hopelessness, guilt, intense fears, grief,
confusion, panic, disorientation, numbness, shock, and a sense of disbelief.
In this acute stage of crisis, the victim may appear incoherent,
disorganized, agitated, and volatile.
1. Integration Phase

• In this phase, the victim attempts to make sense of what has happened.
An important task of this phase is to resolve one’s sense of blame and
guilt. Individuals who can recognize and identify the assumptions about
their world and others that have changed because of the trauma develop
a sense of integration sooner. Most importantly, clients should begin to
make the changes necessary to minimize the recurrence of a crisis. Some
clients will cycle and recycle through these phases as they attempt to
come to terms with their trauma.
Models of Crisis Assessment
• There are three primary methods of assessing clients in crisis:

• 1. standardized inventories,
• 2. general personality tests interpreted in the light of the crisis,
• 3. client interviews. The interview is the most commonly used method

• A according to Model of Gilliland’s three are divided to six steps:• 1.
listening
defining the problem
ensuring client safety
providing support
• 2.action
examining alternatives
making plans
obtaining commitment
Empowering Model of Crisis
Intervention
• There are three such as,
1.preintervention,2.assessmen
t

3.disposition.
Skills of listening
• There are steps 10 to develop effective listening skills

• 1. Face the speaker and maintain eye contact
• 2. Be attentive, but relaxed
• 3. Keep an open mind
• 4. Don’t interrupt and don’t impose your solutions
• 5. Listen to the words and try to picture what the speaker is saying
• 6. Wait for the speaker to pause to ask clarifying questions
• 7. Ask questions only to ensure understanding
• 8. Try to feel what the speaker is feeling
• 9. Give the speaker regular feedback

• 10. Pay attention to what isn’t said to nonverbal cues
Types of Listening
• Different situations require different types of listening.

1. Informative Listening
• Informative listening is the name we give to the situation where the
listener’s primary concern is to understand the message.
understanding what the speaker means.
• A. vocabulary
• B. Concentration
• C. memory
2. Relational listening
• A. Attending

• B. Supporting
• C. Empathizing
3. Appreciation listening
• A. presentation
• B. perception
• C. previous experience
4. Critical listening
• A. Ethos
• B.Pathos
5.Discrimination listening
• A. hearing ability
• B. Awareness of sound structure
• C. Integration of non-verbal cues

Cross-Cultural Communication
• Cross-cultural communication is imperative for companies that have a

diverse workforce and participate in the global economy. It is important
for employees to understand the factors that are part of an effective,
diverse workforce. Crosscultural communication has become
strategically important to companies due to the growth of global
business, technology and the Internet.
Types of cultural Communication
1. International Communication
International Communication can include all aspects of international
communication. It all begins with adapting your own communication for
international audiences.

2.Multicultural Communication
Multicultural Communication is when your communication speaks
effectively across a wide scope of cultures.

3.Cross Cultural Communication
Cross Cultural Communication is about targeting your communication to
one particular culture.
4. Cultural Values
• There are major values of culture in any community, such as;
• A. Individual and family wellness: this refers to a positive health state
with better relationship showing that the individual is in a supportive
relation with his or her environment where needs are met. Wellness
may refer to physical and psychological health, including personal

wellbeing and attainment of personal goals. Wellbeing may be
manifested in terms of personal control, choice, self-esteem,
independence, competence, political right and positive identity.
2. Sense of Community:
perception of belongingness, interdependence, and mutual commitment
that links individuals in collective unity. This is the glue that connects
people together. Sense of community is one of the most studied issues in
community psychology.

3. Respect for human diversity: honoring the variety of social identities
and communities based on gender, ethnic group, ability, religious
group, socioeconomic status, nationality, color, physical condition…etc.
4. Social justice and accountability: refers to fair and equitable allocation
of resources, opportunities, obligations, and power in a society as a
wholes

5.Empowerment and Citizen Participation: it refers to the democratic
process of making decisions, where the community has meaningful
decisions on issues that affect them. Fundamental to a community
psychology perspective is the consideration of power dynamics in
individual relationships, organizations, and communities.
6.Collaboration and community strengths: the relationship between
community psychologists and citizens should be a genuine collaboration.
There should be authentic dialogue. Manipulation and cooptation
should be avoided. People should be involved from problem
identification to planning for intervention.
7.Empirical grounding: this refers to integrating research with community
action mainly basing (grounding) action in empirical research findings.
Researches may involve quantitative or qualitative or mixed methods.
Participatory research is appreciated and community members are
considered as partners.

Chapter four
Developing and Implementing Clients support Plan
• Crisis management is the application of strategies designed to help an

organization deal with a sudden and significant negative event. A crisis
can occur as a result of an unpredictable event or as an unforeseeable
consequence of some event that had been considered a potential risk
• crisis management best practices include:
1. Planning in detail for responses to as many potential crises as
possible.
2. Establishing monitoring systems and practices to detect early
warning signals of any foreseeable crisis.

3. Establishing and training a crisis management team or selecting an
external crisis management firm with a proven track record in your
business area.
4. Involving as many stakeholders as possible in all planning and
action stages
• Feminists, community activists, and survivors of rape and domestic
violence responded with three primary goals:
• 1. Securing shelter and support for victims and their children
• 2. Improving legal and criminal justice responses
• 3. Changing the public consciousness about domestic violence
Community based violence
• principles to advocate
1. Safety for victims and their children;

2. Victims' rights to self-determination, which includes their decision to
either remain with or leave their abusive partner;
3. Accountability for perpetrators of domestic violence through societal
and criminal sanctions;
4. Systemic change to combat social oppression of victims and to
promote victims' rights.
Community based service
• community-based domestic violence programs provide service
1. Shelter and safe houses
2. National, State, and local emergency hotlines
3. Crisis counseling and intervention
4. Support groups
5. Medical and mental health referrals
6. Legal advocacy

7. Vocational counseling, job training, and economic support referrals
8. Housing and relocation services
9. Transportation
10. Safety planning
11. Children's services
protective strategies
1. Complying, placating, or colluding with the perpetrator;
2. Minimizing, denying, or refusing to talk about the abuse for fear of
making it worse;
3. Leaving or staying in the relationship so the violence does not
escalate
4. Fighting back or defying the abuser
5. Sending the children to a neighbor or family member's home

6. Engaging in manipulative behaviors, such as lying, as a way to
survive
7. Refusing or not following through with services to avoid angering the
abuser
8. Using or abusing substances as an "escape" or to numb physical pain
9. Lying about the abuser's criminal activity or abuse of the children to
avoid a possible attack
10. Trying to improve the relationship or finding help for the
perpetrator.
• There are principles of responding domestic violence.
1. Increase the mother’s and child safety
2. Respect the authority and autonomy of the mother to direct her own
life
3. Hold victimizer, not the victim responsible for his/her behavior

4. Practice the models of domestic violence responses, such as;
1. Safety
2. Screening
3. Assessment
4. Case coordination
5. Resource access
6. Education and support service
7. Treatment services
8. Safe home and shelter
9. Financial and emergency
10. Housing and daycare
5. Also domestic violence response should facilitate
1. Community resource
2. Advocacy service for women
3. Intervention service ,like education group, restorative parenting

4. Education and support service
5. Education about impact group like, individual support and family
support
The impact of domestic violence …..
• Emotional withdrawal
• Denial or minimization of the abuse
• Impulsivity or aggressiveness
• Apprehension or fear
• Helplessness and Depression
• Anger and Suicide
• Anxiety or hyper vigilance
• Disturbance of eating or sleeping patterns
• Substance abuse
• Post-traumatic stress disorder.
Strategies Victims use to protect themselves and their Children

1. Minimizing, denying, or refusing to talk about the abuse for fear of
making it worse
2. Leaving or staying in the relationship so the violence does not
escalate
3. Fighting back or defying the abuser
4. Sending the children to a neighbor or family member's home
5. Engaging in manipulative behaviors, such as lying, as a way to
survive
6. Refusing or not following through with services to avoid angering the
abuser
7. Using or abusing substances as an "escape" or to numb physical pain
8. Lying about the abuser's criminal activity or abuse of the children to
avoid a possible attack
Thank you End of the lecture

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Counseling Foundation

By GAS _MY_MLC 2019Gender Department

By GAS _MY_MLC 2091 Gender Dapartment 2

• The main purpose of counseling in each person is for;

• Several skills need to be brought into a one-to-one counseling session.

1. Not paying attention

Verbal communication is one of the most skill in counseling session.

Some of these principles are;

1. Gain the attention of the Counselee.

• Counseling attempts to understand and help people who have

• Counseling is the application of mental health, psychological or

By GAS _MY_MLC 2091 Gender Dapartment 10

• To be a good counselor you must possess the following qualities

• Those qualities are main foundation of the practice of counseling in

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• Counselors facilitate client growth and development in ways that foster

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• Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive and assaultive behaviors that

• There are different types of domestic abuse or violence, including ;

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• Because of violence and domestic abuses there are different or

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• Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on

• Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent

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• Arid conditions leading to irregular production in the agriculture sector.

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• Commercial sex is the exchange of money or goods for sexual services. It

• There are many inter-related, complex factors that contribute

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• Corruption and inadequate laws contribute to the growth of child

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• The cross-cultural exchange of ideas and values has caused the

New technologies have facilitated the commercial sexual exploitation of

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• The commercial sexual exploitation of children is a business of supply

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• Sexual transmitted disease is also one of the effects of violence. Sexually

• Infections (STIs), formerly known as venereal diseases, more than 25

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• The most common STIs is approximately there are about 20 different

• Violence is the widespread effects of life. As mention above there are

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• The human immune deficiency virus (HIV) which causes Acquired

• The Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as a specific

• HIV is transmitted through:-

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1. Through having sex (anal, vaginal, or oral) with someone infected

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• Group I (Acute infection) is defined as like syndrome with or without

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