Group 5

Chapter 5: The Musical Arts

Music is the first of the performance arts. Like all performance arts, music is a time-
bound experience.
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
 Rythm
Made up of beat
-Tempo
-Meter
-Rubato
 Dynamics
Refers to the loudness or softness of a sound
-Pitch
 Melodies
Smooth and flowing
 Harmony
Dissonance is harsh sounding
Consonance is smooth sounding
 Texture
Number of individual melodies and their harmony with one another

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION
 An act of conceiving a piece of music, the art of creating music, or the finished
product. These meanings are interdependent and presume a tradition in
which musical works exist as repeatable entities. In this sense, composition is
necessarily distinct from improvisation

SUBJECT MATTER AND MUSICAL ART FORMS

I. SUBJECT MATTER
A. Sound
1. musical instrument
2. human voice alone
3. human voice with instrumental accompaniment
B. Music Functions
1. Sacred Music - used in religious rights.
a. Chants - is the iterative speaking or singing of words and
sound.
b. Hymns -specifically written for the purpose of adoration or
prayer.
2. Secular Music - is usually for entertainment.
3. Theatrical - there are performers and audience.
C. Singing Styles
1. Monophony - singing with one melody.
2. Polyphony - singing with more than one melody.
D. Musical Genres
1. Folk - music that originates in traditional popular
culture or that is written in such a style.
2. Popular - or pop music is music with wide appeal that is
typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry.
3. Classical - greatly emphasized homophonic melodies,
meaning that there was a single melody that all the instruments played,
instead of the layered melodies.
E. Music According to the Manner it is Played
1. Quartet - with four players.
2. Concerto - involves an entire orchestra where one or more
instruments, usually violin, are featured or played solo.
3. Symphony - involves an orchestra with no solo parts.

II. PHILIPPINE MUSICAL FORMS

A. INSTRUMENTAL
1. Solo - refers to a solo instrument played either by itself
or accompanied by an orchestra.
2. Concerto - is a Western instrumental music for a solo
instrument or a group of solo instruments, accompanied by an orchestra.
3. Sonata - is a work with many movements for a solo
instrument like piano or flute.
4. Symphony - is a work composed for an orchestra with no
single instrument taking precedence through a solo part.
5. Chamber music - is instrumental music for a small ensemble where
one performer plays one instrument rather than many players playing
similar instruments rather than many players playing similar instruments
as in an orchestra.
6. Marcha/Marching - is music with a simple rhythm and regular
phrasing to accompany marching groups.
7. Dance Music - two performing arts genres intersect so that the name of
the music form and the dance form are one and the same.
8. Kumintang - an indigenous dance that enflamed warriors
preparing for war; in short, it was a war dance.
9. Balse/Waltz - it was written in triple time and popular as
ballroom dance. As a dance it has gliding and whirling movements.
10. Habanera/Danza - is accompanied by dance music in duple time. It
is appropriate for social dancing and also as performance piece on stage.
11. Jota - is a festival dance music in time played in a
moderately fast tempo and performed by a couple.
12. Pandanggo - accompanies the dance with the same name. It
has a moderately fast triple time tempo.
13. Polka - accompanies a dance with Bohemian origins.
Polka music has a quick duple meter.
14. Rigodon - music accompanies the rigodon, a formal square
dance performed during prestigious functions.
B. VOCAL
1. Chant - an accompanied song with flexible rhythm and
tempo. It is made to fit the words or lyrics being chanted. Chants are
usually associated with a ritual.
2. Pasyon Chant - narrated the life, passion, death, and resurrection
of Jesus Christ.
3. Song Debate - is a usually done by male and female singers
alternating to outwit each other on various topics, usually about love,
courtship, and marriage.
C. COMBINATION
1. Art Song - is a form of Western solo music in which
instruments and the human voice are interwoven.
2. Ballad - usually sung by a soloist, tells the tale of an important
event in a community.
3. Choral Music - is a western type music for a group of singers.
4. Liturgical - refers to music connected with church services.
5. Opera - it is sung drama accompanied by instruments.
6. Kundiman - is a genre of traditional Filipino love [Link]
melody is characterized by a smooth, flowing and gentle rhythm with
dramatic intervals.
7. Protest Songs - refer more to the content of a music that has a
political agenda sung during rallies, protests, and nationalistic plays.
8. Pinoy pop - refers to popular music influenced by Western
pop music, from rock and roll to heavy metal and techno.

JOURNEY THROUGH TIME: The Christian Era, 4th to 14th Century

I. The reign of Octavian( Augustus Caesar)
a. Rome evolved from a republic to an empire.
b. His reign was characterized by peace in Rome’s growing empire.
c. The Romans controlled all the areas around the Mediterranean.
d. Toledo steel was made into the short Roman sword called gladius.
II. Language
a. The common language and culture of Rome was Greek.
b. Koine (common Greek) was spoken during the Golden Age of Athens.
III. The empire was maintained by force and taxation.
a. Rome had a hard time controlling Judea (homeland of the stubborn Jews).
b. Jews believed in a single God.
c. Romans created a way of living with the Jews as well as with other colonies.
d. The Roman legions was the most organized, disciplined. And well-equipped
army in the Mediterranean.
IV. Roman Legion
a. Legions are groups of between 3,000 and 5,200 soldiers in imperial times,
divided further into groups of 360, called a cohort.
b. The Roman legion did not travel alone.
c. A praefectus castrorum (camp prefect) was in charge of maintaining the
camp and supplies.
d. A castrum is fortified village surrounded by a palisade wall.
e. Cardo (north-south) and the decumanus (east-west) - defined a grid where
the legionnaires’’ tent were laid out.
RELIGION IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE
I. Rome’s traditional religion was based on the Greek Olympian gods.
II. The Romans renamed the Greek gods: Zeus was Jupiter, Poseidon was
Neptune, and Hades was Pluto.
III. Blood sacrifices were the way to commune with the divine.
IV. Fanum (Roman temple), was the primary residence of the god.
V. Templum (temple) - The grounds surrounding the fanum or its precincts.
VI. The highest ranking priest was the Temple of Jupiter’s pontifex
maximus.
VII. It was believed that gifted persons, especially those that rose in stature
and public life were guided by a special spirit known as divus or genius.
VIII. Mystery religions
a. Mystery religions from all over the empire were brought to Rome and
flourished.
b. They were hidden from public scrutiny.
c. Older core of mystery religion: (Eleusinian, Dionysian, and Orphic
Mysteries).
d. Eleusinian Mysteries- celebrated the cult of Demeter and Persephone.
i. Demeter- the goddess of the harvest and agriculture.
ii. Persephone- queen of the underworld.
e. Dionysian Mysteries- centered around Dionysus or in Rome, Bacchus,
and the god of wine.
i. Bacchanalia- Dionysian festival.
f. Orphic Mystery- celebrated the poet and singer Orpheus and this
mystery was associated with Persephone.
g. Mithraic Mysteries- hypothesized as coming from Zoroastrianism.
i. This cult centered on Mithras- slaying bull.
h. Mysteries of Isis
i. Isis- Egyptian goddess of health, marriage, and wisdom who
listened to the prayers of the downtrodden and the mother of
Horus.
ii. Horus- the falcon-headed god and sister-wife of Osiris.
iii. Osiris- lord of the underworld.
iv. Seth- Osiris’ brother.
i. Cybele Mysteries- from Phrygia and was named after an Anatolian
mother goddess.
IX. Judaism
a. Believes in One God.
X. Christianity
a. Believes in One God or monotheism.
b. Christianity emerged in Judea during the 1st century CE.
c. It began with a humble carpenter turned itinerant preacher, Jesus of
Nazareth.
d. In the beginning, both the Christians and the Jews saw the new religion
that originated in Jesus as a reforming branch of Judaism.
e. Jesus was given the Greek title Christos, meaning the anointed one,
the chosen one.
f. The followers of Jesus were persecuted.
g. Stephen- the first Christian martyr.
h. Abomination of the desolation.
i. Christianity first appealed to the slaves, working class, soldiers, and
non-Roman citizens.
j. In the first century, Christians had no churches but met in homes.
XI. In the 2nd century BCCE, no one should be buried inside Rome.
a. Burial niches (catacombs) were found in the volcanic tuff hills along thr
Via Appia.
b. Christians were buried in the above ground sites.
c. Fossores- guilds of diggers.
XII. Persecution of Christians
a. Initiated by Emperor NERO in 64 CE.
b. Mad emperor- the grandson of Augustus Caesar, had Christians
crucified and burnt while on the cross to light Rome at night.
c. The persecution was sporadic and local, arising from the perception
that Christians were engaged in cannibalism and incest.
d. Christians battled wild and hungry animals in the arena and were pitted
against professional gladiators.
e. The persecutions continued until 313 CE when Emperor Constantine
the Great allowed the free exercise of all religions, issuing the Edict of
Milan.
f. Emperor Theodosius in 380 CE made Christianity the official state
religion.
XIII. For the first two centuries of the Christian era, Christian art was largely
clandestine and hidden.
a. It was expressed in frescoes, some found in catacombs.
b. Catacombs of St. Priscilla
c. Scene of the banquet for the departed
d. Murals of the Good Shepherd
e. Using the Roman gods as a substitute or symbol for Jesus kept the
Christians away from suspicious eyes.
f. Christians also used symbols that marked their presence using the
cross and the fish.

EMPIRE OF EAST AND WEST

 One time in its imperial history, central power was divided among more than
one emperor at one time there were four, called tetrarch.
 293 CE- the tetrarchy was established by Emperor Diocletian.
 286 CE- Maximian was raised to the level augustus and took charge of the
empire’s Western Region. Diocletian took the charge of the East.
 Two appointed as junior emperors or ceasars: Galerius and Constantius
Chlorus.
 In second tetrarchy, Galerius appointed Maximinus as ceasar in the East;
Constantius appointed Severus II as ceasar in the West
 Roman Empire had two capitals; Rome in the west and Byzantium in east.
 The tetrarchy did not last long after the death if Constantius in 306 CE.
 Galerius promoted Severus to augustus while Constantine (Constantius son)
was proclaimed augustus by his father’s troops.
 308 CE- there were four claimants to the rank of augustus: Galerius,
Constantine, Maximian, Maxentiu; but one ceasar Maximinus.
 Between 309-313 CE most of the claimants to the title augustus had died
either through natural causes or in war.
 312 CE- Maxentius was defeated by Constantine. They came to a decisive
battle at the Milvian Bridge. It was also decisive for Christianity.
 Constantine had a vision of a cross, gleaming in the sky and the message “In
hoc signo vinces” means “With you will conquer”. Also had the cross inscribed
in the shields of his army and carried the labarum as the signal banner.
 313 CE- there were two emperors; Constantine in the West and Licinus in the
East.
 324 CE- Constantine defeated Licinus in a battle and united two halves of the
empire and declaring himself sole augustus.
 Constantine made the bold move of establishing the capital of the Roman
Empire at Byzantium.
 May 11, 330 he renames Byzantium as Constantinople (Constantine’s City).
 Constantinople lasted until 1453, divided into two periods 330-1204 and 1261-
1453 with a brief Latin period 1204- 1261.
 Three-eights of the empire went to Venice and the remaining was constituted
as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, this was after Constantinople fall to the
Crusaders in 1204.
 Constantine and his mother Helena were converted to Christianity.
 Helena travelled to Palestine to locate places associated with Jesus, she
marked the Calvary and the nearby cave pf the Holy Sepulchre also said she
found the True Cross were Jesus was nailed.
 According to Eusebius of Alexandria, was where a temple to the goddess
Aphrodite and Venus was built by the Roman Emperor Hadrian to bury the
cave where Jesus was entombed.
 By order of Constantine, the temple was demolished and a church was built
(325/326 CE)
 He ordered also that a basilica in honor of St. Peter be built on Vatican Hill,
the traditional site of Peter’s martyrdom and burial place.

CHURCH AND EMPIRE

 The association with Christianity and the Roman Byzantine empire changed
the course of Church history.
 In the 4th century, Christianity was growing as a world religion from being a
local church centered in Jerusalem.
 Apostle Paul saw that the church was being called to become a religion for all
and not just for the Jews.
 First century, the Catholic Church was not organized the way it is known
today.
 The church is governed by laws called canon law which covers all aspects of
a believer’s life.
 Episkopos- a federation of communities organized under an overseer of the
church in the first century.
 The English word church translates in Latin ecclesia after the Greek ekklesia
means primarily a community, not a large organization nor a building.
 Paul’s letters or epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians,
Colossians, and Thesalonians indicate the places where Paul had established
communities of believers.
 Paul wrote letters to encourage, correct, and guide the communities he
founded.
 These communities under an episkopos, had a community of elders – the
presbyteros.
 The church saw the need for unity- the Council of Jerusalem was called to
settle the question whether converts to Christianity also had to convert the
followers of Judaism; and wether males where to be subjected to
circumcision.
 Paul’s influence was strong in the Council for he saw that in the Church,
which he called the body of Christ, there was neither Jew nor gentile, slave
nor freeman, for all were one in Christ.
 From Rome, the Church learned the importance of a tight organization
controlled by laws.
 Five major episcopal sees, whose central head was known as a patriarch and
namely the patriarchs of Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and
Constantinople.
 This structure came about because of the laws of Emperor Justinian I
regarding Church relations and administration.
 Pope sent letters to ecclesiastical authorities to clarify issues and answer
questions.
 The decretal of Pope Siricus sent to Himerius was the earliest surviving
example at Spain in 385 CE.
 Pope Damasus sent the document “Canoes synodi Romanorum ad Gallos
episcopos” to bishop of Gaul.
 Decretals of Gratian (c.1150) – an early compilation
 In 1234 the compilation was promulgated and know as the Decretals of
Gregory.
 There are almost 2000 decretals and the antecedent of the Code od Canon
Law that governs the modern Catholic Church.
 The last major revision of this code was made under St. Pope John Paul II in
1983.

COUNCIL OF NICAEA
 325 CE- Constantine called for a council of patriarchs and bishops at his
summer resort at the Bithynian City of Nicaea
 Arius- a person who taught that Jesus was not God but became God.

-Arius was a presbyter or priest under the patriarchs of Alexandria in Northern Egypt.
-Council of Constantinople or known as "Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed".
-The council declared Arianism as heretical
 Arianism- an influential heresy denying the divinity of Christ, originating with
the Alexandrian priest Arius.
 Nestorianism- a Christian theological doctrine that upholds several distinctive
teachings in the fields of Christology and Marialogy.

SPLENDOR of BYZANTIUM
 Byzantium- an empire of Byzantine, an ancient city of Thrace on the site of
present day Istanbul, Turkey, it is founded by Greeks in seventh century and
taken by the Romans in AD 196.
 Chasuble- a priest's ceremonial dress or vestments at Mass.
 Stole- a narrow but long scarf worn around neck and draping from the
shoulder was used by magistrates when setting in an official function.

- Byzantium came to practice of using candles and incense in mass. Candles had
the very practical purpose of illumination; but because they were expensive being
made from beeswax, and were not as common as oil, candles were used in limited
circumstances, usually associated with tge emperor.
 14th Century- christianity dominated Western and Middle Eastern culture
from the time of constantine to the 14th century that it penetrated Roman
culture later.

CHRISTIANITY AND ART

ARCHITECTURE
Christian architecture became public through building churches and
chose “BASILICA” as model.
4TH CENTURY Basilica is the main worship of Eucharist who celebrated in the midst
of people.
As church worship evolve, they change lot of features of church
specially the raised platform for preaching that was placed in the nave
called “ambo”
BYZANTUM- it is were church architecture took another turn where plan was
dominated by the Dome. The Dome was used extensively by Hagia
Sophia built by Justininian 1 between 532 and 537.
HAGIA SOPHIA

Was designed by Isidorus of It was dedicated to Hole It feast was on Christmas Day,
Miletus and Anthemius of Wisdom or the Logos, made December 25 and it served as
Tralles. human in Jesus of Nazareth. an Eastern Orthodox until
1453.

VISUAL ARTS
Byzantium Emperor Justinian I ordered the construction of the Hagia Sophia which was
called as the CHURCH OF HOLY WISDOM at the Constantinople, currently known as
Istanbul, Turkey.

 The mosaics of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey and San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy
speak eloquently of the mosaicist’s art.
 Ravenna- was the capital of the Western Empire from 402 and ended in 476, just
before the empire’s fall—when the northern tribesmen, once Rome’s oppressed
subject attacked and overran Italy.
 “Dark Ages” – it has been called Dark Ages when empire’s fall ushered its collapse.
However, it was only “dark” in the West not in the East because the empire lasted for
another millennium.
ICON- comes from Greek word “icon” means images or likeness and refers to any images
made in mosaic or painted on panel or textile using tempera and gold leaf, and finally
varnished over for protection.

Iconography or icon painting

depicted the images of Jesus, Mary,
the Apostles, saints, martyrs, and
Church icons were biblical scenes. The iconostasis, the WALL, has
independent works or were its uppermost register, below
integrated into a screen built the deesis, representing the
to separate sanctuary from enthroned Christ flanked by
nave in Byzantium. Virgin Mary.
Coptic Icons- simplified version of Byzantine style. Ethiopian Church in northeastern Africa developed
its own architecture and style of iconography.

Important historic churches are the underground churches of Lalibela dug into red sandstone
of the area. Ethiopian Churches are painted with icons in a naif style.

MUSIC
Neumes- notes of Gregorian Chants. It was recorded on the four line staff, the timing of the
notes was free.
 In an organum, plainchant was supplemented at fix intervals by another melodic line
resulting in a combination of monophony and polyphony.
 Motet - was more sophisticated form and first appeared in sacred music but by the
end of the 13th century, it had taken a secular turn.
 Instrumental music – was played by flutes (of metal or wood blown either form the
side or from the end) including recorder and the pan flute with pipes of graduated
lengths.
 Stringed instruments – lute, mandora, gittern, citole, and psaltery.
 Dulcimer – was initially plucked, but by the 14th century, it was struck with tiny
hammers and metal replaced animal gut for strings.
Common forms of dancing:
1. Ring – dancers form a circle and danced around the center.
2. Chain – dancers were linked by hand.
“The ring dance was known as rondet, rondel and rondelet (in France) and reigen (in
Germany).”
Greco-Roman – plays persisted through the early Christian era in which stories from
classical antiquity about Roman gods and heroes were portrayed.
Quem quaeritis? – earliest known liturgical drama, a dramatization of the Easter trope or
sequence where the angels address the women who are looking for the bodt of Jesus at the
tomb.
Some Well-known examples od medieval play:
1. Everyman (late 15th century) – narrates the story of Everyman called by death.
2. Hildegard von Bingen’s, Ordo Virtutum – sung piece that depicts the struggle of the
human soul, Anima, against the devil.
Liturgical Drama – spread throughout Europe and Russia, with the exception of Muslim
occupied Spain. Plays were mounted on wheeled platform, allowing for quick scenes called
“pageant wagons”, this type of staging made moving to different locations possible.
SHIFTS AND TURNS
Iconoclasm – came after the period of the proliferation of icons under Emperor Justinian I.
The iconoclasts were denounced by the Church Fathers or theologians as Judaizers. The
controversy was resolved in favor of those who defended the icons, the iconodules.
JOHN DAMASCENE/JOHN OF DAMASCUS

A theologian and iconographer and

a defender .

As a consequence of his defense, the iconoclasts were said to have cut his painting arm; but the
Virgin, the Theotokos, Mother of God, restored it. This gave rise to strange icon of the Theotokos
with three arms.
The artistic consequence of iconoclasm was the destruction of many icons, Mosaics
did not suffer much because most were merely whitewashed or plastered over; some
were gouged out and lost beyond repair. Small, portable icons painted on panel and
textile were particularly destroyed.

GREAT EASTERN SCHISM

 Great East-West Schism which involved power and authority. It had
theological foundations on doctrinal disputes between the East and West.
•1503 - Constantinople Patriarch Michael Cerularius ordered the closure of all
Latin or Western churches in Constantinople in response to Pope Leo IX order.
•1504 - Pope Leo IX sent a legate to Constantinople to take from the Patriarch the
title "Ecumenical" in response the leader of the Papal legation to Constantinople,
Cardinal Hubert of Silva Candida a Benedictine excommunicated the patriarch.
 Ecumenical - means encompassing all communities and insisting that he
recognize Papal authority of all churches.
 set the stage for the break of schism between Eastern and the Western
Church.
MONASTICISM
 a religious movement of men called monks and woman called nuns who
denounced the world totally to devote themselves fully to spiritual pursuit.
TWO WELL KNOWN HERMITS:
 In East Abbot Anthony the Great - temptations were depicted by Martin
Schongauer and Matthias Grünewald and Pachomius who organized the first
communal or cenobitic monasteries in 318.
 In West St. Basil- the first rule for cenobites however it was the Monastery of
Benedict and his rule written c.529 in Monte Cassino, Italy who proved to be
most successful.
 They brought the ancient wisdom of Greece and Rome and the Judeo-
Christian tradition to the tribes of northern Europe and beyond and preserved
the culture despite the demise of Rome which resulted to the light of Dark
Age.

 Scriptorium - Monasteries had where ancient texts were copied, especially the
Bible.

 Illuminations (images) Illuminated manuscripts (Text) - text were lavishly

illustrated and decorated with polychrome images, decorative borders of plants
and animals, real and imagined and adorned with gold that made the images
shimmer.

 Celtic Monks - Community of monks in Ireland

 Book of Kells - Irish Monk's most illuminated manuscripts it is illustrated not in
the manner of other Western Illuminations but incorporating Celtic Art.

 Celtic Art- known for its use of braids, whorls and complex but stylized depiction
of animals.
MONASTIC ARCHITECTURE
 Romanesque- monasteries own version of architecture relying on the
strength of the Roman arch, built tall, it uses building lrinciple from Roman
Engineering.

 Monastery Churches and Residence- built of local stone, vaulted and

roofed with timber armature covered with flat stones or tiles.

 Romanesque Church - generally dark with a few windows in the upper

register and solid walss built for strength and durability.

 Cistercian Style - recognized as a distinct style of monastic architecture

known for its clear and distinct lines and its geometry.
LATE MIDDLE AGES AND A NEW SPIRITUALITY
Francis of Assisi baptized as Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone
Parents: Father Pietro (a wealthy merchant)
Mother Pica de Bourlemont (Frenchwoman from Provence)
 1201 - he and his brothers joined military expidition agains rival city state
Perugia but unfortunately imprisoned for a year and returning home in 1203.
 1204 - a life threatening illness struck him. While recovering he sought a more
spiritually enriching life by strictly following Jesus in poverty, he stripped
himself of all wordly wealth.
 After Pilgrimage to Rome he stopped at a village chapel of San Damiano
where he heard the icon of Christ " Francis, Francis go repair my house
which, as you can see, falling into ruins." So, Francis took it literally to repair
the village chapel.
 He was never ordained as a priest however be was ordained as a deacon.
 For him world speaks of God's presence in his Canticle of the Sun or
Laudescreaturarum (Praise of creatures) calling all natural elements such as
sun, moon,wind, earth, water , fire and earth as all brothers or sisters. He
embraces even death calling it his sister.

DOMINIC de GUZMAN
Born : Old Castile
Parents: Felix Guzmàn and Joan of Arza.
 1215 - He saw the need for a new form of religious life that would bring
together systematic education and organizational flexibility so he sought for
approval of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse to preach in the city after getting it
he and the bishop went to Rome to secure the approval of Pope Innocent III
and gets the approval and then ratified by the approval of succeeding pope
Honoria III that is when the Order of Preachers but more popularly known as
Dominicans made.
 The Dominicans were all in university to get the highest level of academic
achievement but still preaching in urbanities and villagers.
 Dominicans produced the greatest Philosophers and Theologian of the late
Middle Ages namely Thomas Aquinas where he combined biblical
knowledge with Greek Philosophy coming up with synthesis called
scholasticism.
 Aquinas Summa Theologiae (Summa Theologica) was standard and basis
of theological education for many generations.
 Domincan Jacobus de Voragine his compilation of stories appealed in the
masses like Legenda Aurea, he sourced his stories from the writings of the
Father and Mother of the Church from the late 3rd to the 5th Centuries.
Another one is The Golden Legend it is an important literary reference for the
artists from the Middle Ages to the Baroque Era.
 Dominic and the Dominicans preaching about God (the father), the Biblical
figures, Jesus, Mary the close to people and made them household names.

 The familiarity fostered by Francis and Dominic brought a naturalism to the

visual arts by the time Giotto di Bondone (Gioto) was painted in 14th century it
already breaking away from Byzantine formality and introducing scenes of
immortal intensity.

 Another example is Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi's Annunciation with St.
Margaret and St. Ansanus (1333) it is painted for the Cathedral of Sienna before
bought to the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

 4th Century- Naturalism was slowly creeping into visual arts; what the
Renaissance contributed was the incorporation of the naturalism of Classical Art.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE AND ART

 Abbot Suger - French Monk Historian, he earned the position of counselor in
Priority of Saint-Denis de I'Estree because of his lifelong frienship with King Louis
VI.
 1137- He rebuild the Abbey Church of Saint Denis in the emerging Gothic
style because it was the burial place of French Kings.
 1140- He rebuilt the West Front with triple arches in the style of the Arch of
Constantine in Rome to relieve congestion.
 When Suger rebuilt Saint-Denis he filled the ambulatory with stained glass
windows. Stained glass was made by glass blowers who blew blob of molten
glass from silica. Color was achieved by adding metal oxides to the otherwise
colorless glass blob.
 The new style first expressed in Suger's spread throughout:
 Spain- produced Gotico Isabelino (Isabelline Gothic) decorative style
imposed on Medieval Romanesque structures.
 Italy- did not fully embrace the new style producing only few bulidings like
Cathedral of Siena.
 Germany and Flanders- applied new style to public buildings like townhall
and private buildings.
 England- used the fan vault which ribs intersect to form geometric and
floral patterns.
 15th Century- a new movement called Renaissance was gestating in Italy to
explode in Europe a period called quattrocento by the Italians.

Members:
Auxillo, Jona
Elements of Music- Principles of Composition
Namoc, Rosemarie
Subject Matter and Musical Arts Forms- Philippine Musical Forms
Pizon, Danica Mae
Journey through Time: The Christian Era, 4 th to 14th Century- Religion in the
Roman Empire
Garnette, Kliest
Council of Nicaea, Splendor of Byzantium
Suril, Pia
Christianity and Art, Shift and Turns
Guitones, Arjane
Empire of East and West- Church and Empire
Soronio, Caren
Great Eastern Schism- Gothic Architecture and Art