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Lab manual – Embedded systems (AVR)

Lab manual – Embedded systems (AVR)

Student version

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, PERUMBAVOOR
Koovappady P O, Perumbavoor, Ernakulam – 683544
[Link]
This page is intentionally kept blank to preserve page format.

2|Page
Index
Sl Name of Experiment Date Remarks
Vision and Mission statement
1 Safety Procedures
2 Handling electrostatic discharge (ESD)
3 Familiarization of AVR studio 6
4 Study of ports

5 Port pin as input

6 Software delay

7 Bit manipulation

8 Usage of for loop

9 16 x 2 LCD Display

10 7 Segment LED Display

11 ADC Interfacing
12 External Interrupt
13 Stepper motor interfacing
14 Study of Timer
15 UART
16 PROJECT 1 Temperature Controller
17 PROJECT 2 Bluetooth Controller
18
General Remarks: (For office use only )
Test 1: Test Assign 1: Assign 2
2:

3|Page
VISION AND MISSION

Government Polytechnic College, Perumbavoor Vision and Mission

Vision

Excel as a centre of skill education moulding professionals who sincerely strive for the
betterment of society.

Mission
• To impart state of the art knowledge and skill to the graduate and moulding them to
be competent, committed and responsible for the well being of society.

• To apply technology in the traditional skills, thereby enhancing the living standard
of the community

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Vision

Excel as a centre of skill education in Electronics and Communication Engineering,

moulding professionals who sincerely strive for the betterment of themselves and
society.

Mission
• To impart state of the art knowledge, skill and attitude to the students and
contributing to their sustainable development.

• To merge technologies in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering

with occupational skills, thereby improving quality of living.

4|Page
Exp No. 1 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

PEO, PO and PSOs of the Program

Program Educational Outcome (PEOs)

PEO1: Secure successful careers in manufacturing, testing, maintenance, development

and marketing in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

PEO2: Acquire knowledge and competency in the domain to develop innovative, cost
effective and socially acceptable solutions to engineering problems in a multi disciplinary
work environment.

PEO3: Develop strong fundamental knowledge that prepares them for professional
careers/higher studies with attitude for lifelong learning.

PEO4: Instill the attitude to be sensitive to ethical, societal and environmental issues while
pursuing their professional duties.

PEO5: Possess leadership qualities and be effective communicator to work efficiently with
diverse teams, promote and practice appropriate ethical practices.

Program Outcomes (POs)

PO1: Basic Knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and

engineering to the solution of engineering problems.

PO2: Discipline knowledge: Apply knowledge in Electronics and Communication

Engineering to solve applied engineering problems.

PO3: Experiments and practice: Able to plan and perform experiments and practices
and to solve engineering problems.

PO4: Engineering Tools: Apply appropriate technologies and tools with proper
understanding of their limitations.

PO5: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO6: Environment and sustainability: Understand thye impact of the engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate the knowledge and
need for sustainable development.

PO7: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

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PO8: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member
or leader in diverse multidisciplinary teams.

PO9: Communication: Able to communicate effectively.

PO10: Lifelong learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and lifelong learning in the context of technological changes.

Program Specific Outcome (PSO):

PSO1: Specialization knowledge: Apply concepts and knowledge in the field of

semiconductor devices, communication and networking technologies, embedded
systems.

PSO2: Professional growth: Generate ideas from the knowledge of engineering

specialization leading to professional growth.

PSO3: Entrepreneurship: Apply knowledge and understanding of engineering principles

to initiate entrepreneurship ventures.

6|Page
Exp No. 2 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

SAFETY PROCEDURES
Problem Statement:

The safety instructions are presented to the attention of the students as a mean of
preventing accidents while performing experiments and activities in the communication
lab of the department .The purpose is to draw attention to the risks involved in lab
activities to prevent human suffering and damage to equipment.

Safety in the laboratory:

Working in the lab is not allowed without following electricity precautions displayed.

No individual work is allowed in the lab.

Laboratory in charge is responsible for the arrangements of your lab activities; Listen
carefully to his/her instructions and follow them.

To do and not to do:

Inform the lab in charge about dangerous conditions and faults in the lab or nearby
environment.

Do not do any action that may harm people or equipments in the lab.

Do not misuse any of the tools or instruments belong to the lab.

Strict discipline should be maintained in the laboratory.

Turn off cell phones before entering the lab.

At the end and beginning of laboratory, follow 5S procedures and leave the work table
clean and tidy.

Electrical Safety:

Consult Electrical Engineering section available in the campus for electrical safety
queries.
The lab equipment is powered from electrical sockets installed on the tables. Do not use
equipment that is powered from a damaged socket.

Do not use equipment that is powered from flexible cable with damaged insulation or if it’s
plug is not assembled properly.

7|Page
Do not repair or disassemble electrical equipment including replacement of fuses installed
in the equipment.

Do not open the main fuse box, unless it is an emergency and you need to switch off main
circuit breaker.

Emergency Switches:

The laboratory has circuit breakers, which is located in the main panel. Identify the place.
In an emergency condition, switch off circuit breakers immediately.

Result
Familiarization of safety precautions performed.

Signature of Lab in charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

8|Page
Exp No. 3 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

HANDLING ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE (ESD)

Problem Statement:

Familiarize ESD handling procedures in the laboratory

Theory

In handling electronic devices, datasheets cautions about ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)

precautions. These devices are prone to damage because of electrostatic charges made
by human body. These charges may be up to 4000 volts and cause damage without being
noticed. It is recommended to follow ESD precautions on handling of these devices.

Points for the elimination of ESD damage to electronic components

1. Make sure you have a reliable ground point available near the table.

2. Do not wear clothing which generates static electric charges every time you move.

3. Do not handle static generating objects while working on electronics.

4. Store all chips and other components in appropriate anti-static containers.

5. Keep all ESD sensitive components and spares in anti-static envelopes for

storage.

6. Be sure to turn off the power and remove the power plug from all equipment
before working repairing or assembling.

7. Do not plug in or remove equipments while the power is on.

Result
Familiarization of ESD protection procedures performed.

Signature of Lab in charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment
9|Page
Exp No. 4 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

FAMILIARIZATION OF AVR STUDIO 6

Problem Statement : To familiarize AVR Studio6 for ASM and C coding of ATMEGA 32
and programming software (extreme burner)

Theory

Atmel AVR studio 6 is an integrated development environment by Atmel. It provides a

modern powerful and simple environment to write programs in Assembly, C and C++
language and also helps in debugging programs in windows XP, windows VISTA and
windows 7/8 environments. It supports all AVR ICs by Atmel and also new AVR/ARM
devices. It provides the same platform for 8-bit, 32-bit and ARM series of microcontroller.
Atmel Studio 6 has its own C compiler that’s why there is no need for external C compiler.

Steps for using AVR Studio

Step-1: Download ATMEL studio 6

Step-2: Open atmel studio
Step-3: Create a new project
Step-4: Device selection
Step-5: Write a program
Step-6: Compile the code
Step-7: Open programmer software (extreme burner)
Step-8: Select hex file generated
Step-8: Press write hex menu

Result

Familiarization of AVR studio and Extreme burner performed.

For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

10 | P a g e
Exp No. 5 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

STUDY OF PORTS
Problem Statement : To send one byte of data on to PORTB of ATMEGA 32 there by
understanding the operation of PORT as output.

Circuit Diagram

Theory

ATMEGA ports are 8 bit wide. Each port has 3 eight bit registers associated. Each bit in
these registers configures pins of associated port. Bit 0 of these registers is associated
with Pin 0 of the port, Bit1 of these registers is associated with Pin1 and so on.

These three registers are

– DDRx register
– PORTx register
– PINx register

x may be replaced by A,B,C or D based on the PORT you are using.

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DDRx register

DDRx (Data Direction Register) configures data direction of the port pins. Which, writing 0
to a bit in DDRx makes corresponding port pin as input, while writing 1 to a bit in DDRx
makes the corresponding port pin as output.

example:

• to make all pins of port B as input,

DDRA = 0b00000000;
• to make all pins of port A as output pins :
DDRB= 0b11111111;
• to make lower nibble of port B as output and higher nibble as input :
DDRB = 0b00001111; In hexadecimal representation, it can be written as DDRB =
0x0F;

Algorithm

1. Set PORTB as output by suitably initializing DDRB register

2. Move required value to PORTB register
3. Go to indefinite loop.

Code

Write general comments about the program here

This program demonstrates the working of port

Author : XXXXXXXX
Date : [Link].20XX

Program set LED connected to PORTB alternately on

PB7 -1 PB6-0 PB5-1 PB4-0 PB3 -1 PB4-0 PB1-1 PB0-0
---------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

12 | P a g e
Result

One byte of data moved to PORTB and output verified on LED connected to PORTB.

Value sent to PORTB in hex =

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

13 | P a g e
Exp No. 6 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

PORT PIN AS INPUT

Problem Statement : To read switches connected to PORTD and output the contents to
LEDs connected to PORTB.

Circuit Diagram

Theory

ATMEGA ports are 8 bit wide. Each port has 3 eight bit registers associated. Each bit in
these registers configures pins of associated port. Bit 0 of these registers is associated
with Pin 0 of the port, Bit1 of these registers is associated with Pin1 and so on.

These three registers are

– DDRx register
– PORTx register
– PINx register

x may be replaced by A,B,C or D based on the PORT you are using.

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DDRx register

DDRx (Data Direction Register) configures data direction of the port pins. Which, writing 0
to a bit in DDRx makes corresponding port pin as input, while writing 1 to a bit in DDRx
makes the corresponding port pin as output.

example:

• to make all pins of port B as input,

DDRA = 0b00000000;
• to make all pins of port A as output pins :
DDRB= 0b11111111;
• to make lower nibble of port B as output and higher nibble as input :
DDRB = 0b00001111; In hexadecimal representation, it can be written as DDRB =
0x0F;

Algorithm

1. Set PORTB as output by suitably initializing DDRB register

2. Set PORTD as output by suitably initializing DDRD register
3. Enable internal pull ups by writing 0xff to PORTB
4. Read value of PIND
5. Write the value to PORTD
6. Go to step 4
Code

Write general comments about the program here

/*----------------------------------------------------------------

This program demonstrates the working of ports as input and output

Author: xxxxxxxxx Date: [Link].20xx
Program reads switches connected to PORTD
and output the values to PORTB
---------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

15 | P a g e
Result
One byte of data moved to PORTB and output verified on LED connected to PORTB.

Value sent to PORTB in hex =

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

16 | P a g e
Exp No. 7 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

SOFTWARE DELAY

Problem Statement : To blink LEDs connected to PORTB at 1 sec interval while buzzer
and relay connected to PORTC beeps.

Circuit Diagram (refer to experiment 4)

Algorithm
1. Ensure proper sitting of fuse bits to enable PORTC
2. Set PORTB as output by suitably initializing DDRB register
3. Set PORTC as input by suitably initializing DDRC register
4. Set PORTB and PORTC high
5. Invert PORTB
6. Invert PORTC

Set value of fuse bit as Fuse high = C9 and fuse low = E1 for enabling PORTC and clock at
internal RC 1 MHz

Code

Write general comments about the program here

/*----------------------------------------------------------------

This program blink LED connected to PORTB ON OFF

and relay and buzzer connected to PORTC at 1sec interval

with internal RC oscillator at 1Mhz
author: xxxxxxx Date: [Link].20xx
Ver: 1.0 Modifications made: NIL
---------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

17 | P a g e
Result
One byte of data moved to PORTB and output verified on LED connected to POERTB.

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

18 | P a g e
Exp No. 8 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

BIT MANIPULATION

Problem Statement : To blink LEDs connected to PORTB and buzzer connected to PC5
at 1 sec interval relay connected to PC4 is on using logical operations.

Algorithm
1. Ensure proper sitting of fuse bits to enable PORTC
2. Set PORTB as output by suitably initializing DDRB register
3. Set PORTC as input by suitably initializing DDRC register
4. Set PORTB and PORTC high
5. Invert PORTB
6. Invert PORTC

Set value of fuse bit as Fuse high = C9 and fuse low = E1 for enabling PORTC and clock at
internal RC 1 MHz

19 | P a g e
Code

Write general comments about the program here

/*----------------------------------------------------------------

This program blink LEDs connected to PORTB and buzzer connected to PC5 at 1 sec
interval relay connected to PC4 is on using logical operations.
The program assumes internal RC oscillator at 1Mhz
Author : xxxxxxxxxxxxxx Date : [Link].20xx
---------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

Result
Performed blinking of LEDs connected to PORTB and buzzer connected to PC5 at 1 sec
interval relay connected to PC4 is on using logical operations.

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

20 | P a g e
Exp No. 9 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

USAGE OF FOR LOOP

Problem Statement : Write a program in C using for loop to blink LED connected to
PORTB at 1sec delay 100 tomes

Algorithm
1. Set PORTB as output by suitably initializing DDRB register
2. Set PORTB and PORTC high
3. Use for loop to increment 10 times and send value to PORTB
4. Go to indefinite loop

Code

Write general comments about the program here

/*----------------------------------------------------------------

This is a program to blink LED connected to PORTB at 1 sec interval 10 times

Author: xxxxxxxxxxxx Date: [Link].20xx

Ver: 1.0 Modifications made: NIL

---------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

21 | P a g e
Result
Performed blinking of LEDs connected to PORTB and buzzer connected to PC5 at 1 sec
interval relay connected to PC4 is on using logical operations.

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

22 | P a g e
Exp No. 10 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

16 x 2 LCD Display
Problem Statement : Given lcd.h, write a program in C to display your name in first row
and class number in second row of 16 x 2 LCD display in 8 bit mode.

D0 to D7 connected PB0 to PB7 to RS – PD4, RW – PD5, EN – PD6 (keep RW to GND)

Information given

#define D0 eS_PORTB0
#define D1 eS_PORTB1
#define D2 eS_PORTB2
#define D3 eS_PORTB3
#define D4 eS_PORTB4
#define D5 eS_PORTB5
#define D6 eS_PORTB6
#define D7 eS_PORTB7
#define RS eS_PORTD4
#define EN eS_PORTD6

Lcd8_Init(); // LCD initialization

Lcd8_Set_Cursor(1,1); // set cursor first line first column
Lcd8_Write_String("LINE 1"); // String send to display

Theory

23 | P a g e
LCD display is an inevitable part in almost all embedded projects. It consists of 16 rows
and 2 columns of 5×7 or 5×8 LCD dot matrices. They are available in a 16 pin package
with back light, contrast adjustment. The pin numbers, their name and corresponding
functions are shown above.

LCD Initialization.

The steps that have to initializing the LCD display is given below.

• Send 38H to the 8 bit data line for initialization

• Send 0FH for making LCD ON, cursor ON and cursor blinking ON.
• Send 06H for incrementing cursor position.
• Send 01H for clearing the display and return the cursor.

Sending data to the LCD.

The steps for sending data to the LCD module are given below. Make R/W low.

• Make RS=0 if data byte is a command and make RS=1 if the data byte is a data to
be displayed.
• Place data byte on the data register.
• Pulse E from high to low.
• Repeat above steps for sending another data.

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Algorithm

1. Include lcd.h file

2. Initialize PORTB and D
3. Initialize LCD
4. Set cursor to row0 column 1
5. Sent string to be displayed in row 0
6. Set cursor to row1 column 1
7. Sent string to be displayed in row 1
8. Go to indefinite loop.

Code

Write general comments about the program here

/*----------------------------------------------------------------

This is a program display name in first line and sl no in second line

of 16x2 LCD. D0 10 D7 connected to PB0 to 7, RS – PD4, RW – PD5, En – PD6
Author: xxxxxxxxxxxxxx Date: [Link].20xx
Ver: 1.0 Modifications made: NIL
---------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

25 | P a g e
Result
Values 0x00 0xFF displayed on PORTB at 1sec delay

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

26 | P a g e
Exp No. 11 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

7 Segment LED Display

Problem Statement : To display ‘0123’ on multiplexed seven segment cathode display

with segments connected to PB0 to PBG and digits connected to PD4, PD5,PD6 and PB7
respectively.

Theory

Seven segment displays are available in common anode and common cathode
configuration. They are usually used in multiplexed configuration. One segment from each
of the digits is connected to a common line which is controlled by a single output pin from
the microcontroller. One digit is activated at a time in this method.

Algorithm

1. Initialize ports
2. Send code corresponding to zero to segements
3. Select digit by making digit select low
4. Delay for 10 msec
5. Disable segments
6. Send value corresponding to digit 1
7. Repeat steps 2 to 5 for all four digits
8. Go to step2

27 | P a g e
Code

Write general comments about the program here

/*----------------------------------------------------------------

This program display 0123 on 7 segment LED display at internal RC

oscillator at 8Mhz
author: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Date: [Link].20XX
F
_____ _____ _____ ______

| | A | | | | | |
E | | | | | | | |
_____ ______ _____ _____

D | | B | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
_____ ______ ______ ______
C

DIGIT4 DIGIT3 DIGIT2 DIGIT1

Digit select PD4 PD5 PD6 PB7 segment to PB0 TO PB6

Segments F - PB6 A - PB5 B - PB4 C - PB3 D - PB2 E - PB1 G - PB0
Digit 4 - PD4 Digit 3 - PD5 Digit 2 - PD6 Digit 1 - PB7
---------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

28 | P a g e
Result
Values “0123” displayed on common cathode display

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

29 | P a g e
Exp No. 12 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

ADC Interfacing
Problem Statement : To read temperature sensor connected to AD0 pin of ATMEGA32
at 10 bit resolution and transfer the content in ASCII format to PORTB. Bits should be
sent at an interval of 2 seconds.

Information provided

// ---------------- ADC initialization ---------------------------------

void InitADC()
{
ADMUX &= ~(1<<REFS0); // For Aref=EXTERNAL
ADMUX &= ~(1<<REFS1); // For Aref=EXTERNAL
ADCSRA=(1<<ADEN)|(7<<ADPS0); // ADC enable, Clock/2
}

// ---------------- read adc ------------------------------------------

uint16_t ReadADC(uint8_t ch)
{
ch=ch&0b00000111; //Select ADC Channel ch must be 0-7
ADMUX|=ch;
ADCSRA|=(1<<ADSC); //Start Single conversion
while(!(ADCSRA & (1<<ADIF))); //Wait for conversion to complete
ADCSRA|=(1<<ADIF); //Clear ADIF by writing one to it
return(ADC); // return ACD values
}

Theory

The ADC is multiplexed with PORTA.

ADC Prescaler: The ADC needs a clock pulse to do its conversion. This clock generated
by system clock by dividing it to get smaller frequency. At higher frequency the conversion
is fast while a lower frequency the conversion is more accurate. The prescaler is provided
to produces acceptable frequency for ADC from any system clock frequency. System
clock can be divided by 2,4,16,32,64,128 by setting the Prescaler.

ADC Channels: The ADC in ATmega32 has 8 channels .We can connect up to 8 different
sensors and get their values separately.

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Algorithm

1. Initialize ports
2. Initialize ADC
3. Read ADC
4. Convert to ascii string
5. Send to PORTB at 2 sec
6. Repeat 3 times from 4
7. Call 3 sec delay
8. Clear led
9. Go to step3

31 | P a g e
Code

Write general comments about the program here

/* To read temperature sensor connected to AD0 pin of ATMEGA32 and transfer

* the content in ASCII format to PORTB.
* Least significant 2 bits should be sent at an interval of
* 2 seconds after the most significant byte.
* adc.c
* Author: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Created: XX/XX/20XX
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

32 | P a g e
Result
Values of temperature sensor displayed as string to PORTB

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

33 | P a g e
Exp No. 13 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

External Interrupt
Problem Statement : To toggles BUZZER connected to PC5 when interrupted with INT0
and relay connected to PC4 when interrupted with INT1.

Information provided

Theory

34 | P a g e
The External Interrupts are triggered by the INT0, INT1, and INT2 pins. Observe that, if
enabled, the interrupts will trigger even if the INT0..2 pins are configured as outputs. The
external interrupts can be triggered by a falling or rising edge or a low level (INT2 is only
an edge triggered interrupt). This is set up as indicated in the specification for the MCU
Control Register – MCUCR – and MCU Control and Status Register – MCUCSR. When
the external interrupt is enabled and is configured as level triggered (only INT0/INT1), the
interrupt will trigger as long as the pin is held low

Algorithm

1. Initialize ports
2. Initialize interrupt
3. Indefinite loop

ISR INT0
Toggle relay

ISR INT1
Toggle buzzer

CODE

Write general comments about the program here

/* Program to demonstrate external interrupt0 and 1.

toggles BUZZER connected to PC5 when interrupted with INT0
toggles RELAY connected to PC4 when interrupted with INT1
Author: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Created: XX/XX/20XX
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

35 | P a g e
Result
Buzzer connected to PC5 when interrupted with INT0 and relay connected to PC4 when
interrupted with INT1.

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

36 | P a g e
Exp No. 14 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

Stepper motor interfacing

Problem Statement : To interface stepper motor to port pins PC3, PC2, PC1 and PC0.
To control forward and reverse motion by switches connected to PD0 and PD1
respectively.

Theory

Theory:
A stepper motor is a type of DC motor that rotates in steps. When digital sequence is
applied to it, the motor rotates in steps and the speed of rotation depends on the rate at
which the sequences are applied and the direction of rotation is dependent on the
pattern of pulses that is followed.

The stepper motor is made up of a rotor, which is

normally a permanent magnet and it is, as the name
suggests the rotating component of the motor. A
stator is another part which is in the form of winding.

37 | P a g e
Step A B C D

1 1 0 0 1

2 1 1 0 0

3 0 1 1 0

4 0 0 1 1
In the diagram below, the center is the rotor which is surrounded by the stator

Algorithm

1. Initialize ports
2. Check for key press
3. If forward go to 6
4. If reverse go to 7
5. Wait for key press
6. Send forward sequence with delay
7. Send reverse sequence with delay
8. Goto 2

Code

Write general comments about the program here

/* Program to interface stepper motor to port pins PC3, PC2, PC1 and
PC0. To control forward and reverse motion by switches connected to
PD0 and PD1 respectively.
Author: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Created: XX/XX/20XX
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------*/

Label Instructions Comments

38 | P a g e
Result
Stepper motor interfaced with forward and reverse rotation.
.

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

39 | P a g e
Exp No. 15 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

Study of Timer
Problem Statement : To generate square wave at PORTB using timer in interrupt mode.

Theory
Timers generally have a resolution of 8 or 16 Bits. An 8 bit timer is 8 bit wide so capable of holding
value within 0-255. But these register increment or decrement automatically at a predefined rate
based on the timer clock. This operation does not need CPU’s intervention. That is its counts up to
its maximum value (255 for 8 BIT timers) and rolled back to 0. In this situation timer can issue an
interrupt and you must write an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) to handle the event.

Using 8 BIT Timer (TIMER0)

The ATmega32 has three different timers of which the simplest is TIMER0. Its resolution is
8 BIT i.e. it can count from 0 to 255. The Prescaler is a mechanism for generating clock for
timer by the CPU clock. As you know that CPU has a clock source such as a external crystal
of internal oscillator. Normally these have the frequency like 1 MHz,8 MHz, 12 MHz or
16MHz(MAX). The Prescaler is used to divide this clock frequency and produce a clock for
TIMER.

Algorithm

1. Initialize ports.
2. Initialize timer interrupt.
3. Indefinite loop.
ISR Timer 0
1. Increment counter.
2. If counter value greater than preset toggle PORTB.
3. Else increment count.

Code

Write general comments about the program here

/* This program demonstrate working of timer in interrupt mode to generate

square wave at PORTB

Author: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Created: XX/XX/20XX

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

40 | P a g e
Result
Square wave generated using Timer 0.

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

41 | P a g e
Exp No. 16 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

UART
Problem Statement : Write a program in C to sent ASCII value 'A' to USART at 9600
baud rate. Any value received from USART is reverted back instead of 'A' and displayed
on PORTB with external crystal oscillator at 11.0592 Mhz

Theory

Algorithm

1. The UCSRB register is loaded with the value 08H, enabling the USART trans-
mitter.
The transmitter will override normal port operation for the TxD pin when
enabled.
2. The UCSRC register is loaded with the value 06H, indicating asynchronous
mode with 8-bit data frame, no parity, and one stop bit.
3. The UBRR is loaded with one of the values in Table 11-4 (if Fosc = 8 MHz)
to set the baud rate for serial data transfer.
4. The character byte to be transmitted serially is written into the UDR register.
5. Monitor the UDRE bit of the UCSRA register to make sure UDR is ready for
the next byte.
6. To transmit the next character, go to Step 4.

42 | P a g e
Code

Write general comments about the program here

/* This program sent ASCII value 'A' to USART at 9600 baud rate. Tha value is also
send to PORTB
Any value received from USARt is reverted bacl instead of 'A' and displayed on
PORTB with internal RC oscillator at 1Mhz
Author: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Created: XX/XX/20XX Ver: 1.0 Modifications made: NIL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

43 | P a g e
Result
UART programmed at 9600 baud rate to send and receive values.

For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

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Exp No. 17 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

PROJECT 1 Temperature Controller

Problem Statement : Control Buzzer/ Relay connected to PORTC based on
temperature reading through LM 35 connected to ADO. Display the value on LCD display.

Code

Write general comments about the program here

/* this project read temperature sensor LM35

* and display on LCD
* temp_disp.c
Author: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Created: XX/XX/20XX
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

Label Instructions Comments

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Result
Project implemented to display value of temperature sensor on LCD display and control
buzzer accordingly.

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

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Exp No. 18 Date: D D - M M - Y Y

PROJECT 2 Bluetooth Controller

Problem Statement : Control relay and buzzer connected to PORTC using Bluetooth.

Code

Write general comments about the program here

/* this project Control relay and buzzer connected to PORTC using Bluetooth
* temp_disp.c
Author: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Created: XX/XX/20XX
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------*/

Label Instructions Comments

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Result
Bluetooth controller implemented.

Signature of Lab in
For Office use only charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

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Exp No. Date: D D - M M - Y Y

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Exp No. Date: D D - M M - Y Y

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Exp No. Date: D D - M M - Y Y

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Exp No. Date: D D - M M - Y Y

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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, PERUMBAVOOR
Koovappady P O, Perumbavoor, Ernakulam – 683544
[Link]

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