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UNIT-I MATRICES
PART – A
1. If 1 and 2 are eigen values of a 2 x2 matrix A, what are the eigen values of A2 and A-1.
Solution: Eigen values of A2 are 1 and 4
Eigen values of A-1 are 1 and ¼ .
 1 0 0
 
2. Given A   2  3 0  , find the eigen values of A2.
1 4 2 

Solution: A is a triangular matrix. Therefore its eigen values are the diagonal elements, i.e.,
the eigen values of A are -1, -3 and 2. Hence the eigen values of A2 are 1, 9 and 4

3. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of a 3 x 3 matrix A are equal, find the value of |A|.

Solution: Let 1 , 2 , 3 be the eigen values of A. Then we have 1  2 = trace of A

 1  2  1  2  3  3  0 . Hence |A| = product of eigen values = 12 3  0

4. For a given matrix A of order 3, |A| = 32 and two of its eigen values are 8 and 2. Find the
sum of the eigen values
Solution: Let the third eigen value be . Then (8)(2)() = |A| = 32 = 2
Hence the sum of the eigen values = 8 + 2 + 2 = 12
8 1 6
 
5. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the square matrix A   3 5 7  using the
 4 9 2
 
properties
Solution: Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements = 8+5+2=15
Product of the eigen values = Det (A) = 360

 2 5  1
1
 
6. Find the eigen values of A of the matrix A   0 3 2  .
0 0 4 
 
Solution: A is a triangular matrix. Therefore the eigen values of A are 2, 3 and 4 and hence
the Eigen values of A-1 are ½, 1/3 and 1/4.
 8 6 2 
 
7. Find the sum of the eigen values of 2A if A    6 7  4 
 2 4 3 
 

Solution: If 1, 2, 3 are the eigen values of A, then 1 +2 +3 = 18. We know that

21, 22, 23 are the eigen values of 2A. Therefore the sum of eigen values of 2A = 2 (1

+2 +3) = 2 (18) = 36

 4 1
8. Find the eigen values of 2A2 if A   
 3 2
Solution: Eigen values of A are given by

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| A   I | 0   2  6  5  0    1, 5
Hence the eigen values of 2A2 are 2(1)2, 2(5)2 . ie, 2, 50

 3 1 4
 
9. Find the sum of the squares of the eigen values of A   0 2 6 
0 0 5
 
Solution: A is a triangular matrix. Therefore the eigen values of A ae 3, 2 and 5. The sum
of squares of the eigen values of A2 = 32 + 2 2 + 52 = 9 + 4+ 25 = 38

 4 1 
10. Find the eigen values of 2A – I, given A   
 3  2
Solution:
 8 2   1 0   9 2 
2A  I     
 6 4   0 1   6 5 
The Characteristic equation of 2A - I is given by
9   2
2A  I  I  0  0
6 5  
  2  14  33  (   11)(  3)  0
   3, 11
1 2
11. For what values of ‘c’ the eigen values of the matrix A    are real and unequal, real
c 7
and equal, complex conjugate?
Solution:
1 2  1 0  1   2 
A I     
 c 4 0 1  c 4

| A   I | (1   )(4   )  2c  0
  2  5  (4  2c)  0

Hence the eigen values are real and unequal, real and equal, complex conjugates
according to   b 2  4ac is , ,  zero.

i.e., (5)2  4(1)(4  2c ) > or = or < 0 i.e, 25-16+8c > or = or < 0

9 9 9
i.e., c  , c , c
8 8 8

12. Prove that A and AT have the same eigen values

Solution: | AT   I || A  ( I )T || ( A   I )T || A   I |  A and AT have the same
characteristic equation and hence they have the same eigen values.

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13. Similar matrices have the same characteristic roots – Prove
Solution: Let A and B be two similar matrices, then there exists a matrix P such that
B = P-1AP. Hence | B   I || P 1 AP  P 1 IP || P 1 || A   I || P | | A   I || PP 1 |
| A   I |

i.e, A and B have the same characteristic equation. Therfore, they have the same
characteristic roots.

14. Define similar matrices and orthogonal matrices

Solution: Two matrices A and B are said to be similar, if there exists a matrix P such that B
=P-1AP
A real matrix B is said to be orthogonal if BBT =BTB = I
 cos sin  0 
 
15. Is the matrix B    sin  cos  ` 0  orthogonal? Justify.
 0 0 1 

 cos  sin  0   cos   sin  0  1 0 0 
Solution: BB    sin 
T
cos  0   sin  cos  0   0 1 0  = I
 0 0 1   0 0 1  0 0 1 
T
Similarly, B B = I. Hence B is orthogonal.

16. If D  P 1 AP , then find the matrix Ak, where k is a positive integer and A, D, P are square
matrices of same order.
Solution:
D  P 1 AP  PDP 1  PP 1 AP 1 P  IAI  A
Therefore, A2  A. A  PDP 1 PDP 1  PDIDP 1  PD 2 P 1
Proceeding in this manner we have Ak  PD k P 1

17. State Cayley-Hamilton theorem

Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

18. Give two uses of Cayley-Hamilton theorem

Solution: i) If A is non-singular we can find A-1
ii) Higher positive integral powers of A can be computed.

1 2
19. Use Cayley-Hamilton theorem to find A 4  4 A 3  5 A 2  A  2 I where A    .
 4 3
Solution:

1  2
| A   I | 0   0   2  4  5  0  A2  4 A  5 I  0
4 3  (By CH Theorem)

 A2 ( A2  4 A  5 I )  0  A4  4 A3  5 A2  0
4 3 2 1 2   2 0   3 2 
 A  4 A  5 A  A  2I = 0 + A + 2 I =    .
 4 3  0 2  4 5 

20. To what type of matrices the diagonalisation by orthogonal transformation is possible?

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Solution: Real symmetric matrices

1 0
21. Can A    be diagonalised? Why?
0 1
Solution: Yes. Even if the eigen values of A are equal, namely 1, 1, it is possible to find
two linearly independent eigen vectors corresponding to the eigen value 1.

22. Find the matrix of the quadratic from 2 x 2  2 y 2  3z 2  2 xy  4 xz  4 yz

 2 1  2
 
Solution: The required matrix A   1 2  2
 2  2 3 
 

23. Write down the matrix corresponding to the quadratic form x 2  y 2  z 2  2 zx  4 2 yz

1 0 1 
 
Solution: The required matrix A  0 1 2 2
1 2 2 1 

 2 1  2
 
24. Write down the QF corresponding to the matrix A   1 2  2
 2  2 3 
 
Solution: The QF of the matrix is 2 x 2  2 y 2  3z 2  2 xy  4 yz  4 zx

25. Define index and signature of a quadratic form. Fin the index and signature of the quadratic
form x12  2 x 22  3 x32 .
Solution: The number (p) of positive terms in the canonical form of a QF is called the index
of the QF. The number of positive terms minus the number of negative terms is called the
signature of the QF
Index = 2 , Signature = 1

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Chapter 2
Differential Calculus

Two Marks
Problem 1. Find the curvature of the curve given by s = c tan ψ at ψ = 0
ds ds
Solution: s = c tan ψ ⇒ = csec2 ψ. At ψ = 0, = csec2 0 = c(1)2 = c
dψ dψ
dψ 1
Therefore, the curvature of the curve at ψ = 0 is =
ds c

Problem 2. Find the curvature of the curve 2x2 + 2y 2 + 5x − 2y + 1 = 0

5 1
Solution: Given curve is the circle x2 + y 2 + x − y + = 0. Hence the Radius
s 2 2 √
2 2 r r
p
2 2
5 −1 1 25 + 4 − 8 21 21
= g +f −c= + − = = =
4 2 2 16 16 4
Radius of the
√ Circle = Radius of curvature.
21 1 4
Hence ρ = and therefore curvature = = √
4 ρ 21

Problem 3. Find the curvature at (3, −4) to the curve x2 + y 2 = 25

Solution: x2 + y 2 = 25 is a circle of radius 5

1
Therefore, the radius of curvature is 5 and hence the curvature at (3, −4) is .
5

Problem 4. For the curve ay 2 = x3 , find the curvature at (a, a)

Solution: ay 2 = x3 ⇒ 2ayy 0 = 3x2 and 2a[y 0 y 0 + yy 00 ] = 6x

Therefore, at (a, a), 2a(a)y 0 = 3a2 and 2a[y 02 + ay 00 ] = 6a or y 02 + ay 00 = 3
2
0 3 3 00 00 1 9 3
⇒ y = and + ay = 3 ⇒ y = 3− =
2 2 a 4 4a
3/2
9
02 3/2 1+ 3/2 √ ! √
(1 + y ) 4 4a 13 4a 13 13 13 13a
Hence ρ = = = = √ =
y 00 3/4a 3 4 3 4 4 6
1 6
Therefore, the curvature at (a, a) is = √
ρ 13 13a

1
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Problem 5. What is the radius of curvature of the curve x4 + y 4 = 2 at the point (1, 1)?

Solution: Differentiating x4 + y 4 = 2 w.r.t x ⇒ 4x3 + 4y 3 y 0 = 0

x3
⇒ y0 = − 3 −→ (1)
y
Differentiating x3 + y 3 y 0 = 0 we get 3x2 + 3y 2 y 0 2 + y 3 y 00 = 0
⇒ y 3 y 00 = −3x2 − 3y 2 (y 0 )2
00 −3x2 − 3y 2 (y 0 )2
⇒y = −→ (2)
y3
0 00 −3 − 3(−1)2
At (1,1), from (1), y = 1 and from (2), y = = −6
√ 1 √
3/2
(1 + y 02 ) (1 + 1)3/2 −2 2 − 2
Therefore ρ = 00
= = =
√ y −6 6 3
2
⇒ρ= (numerically)
3

Problem 6. Find the radius of curvature for y = ex at the point where it cuts the y-axis

Solution: At the point where y = ex cuts the y-axis, x=0

x=0 ⇒ y = e0 = 1. Therefore y = ex cuts the y-axis at (0,1)
y = ex ⇒ y 0 = ex and y 00 = ex
Therefore, at (0,1), y 0 = e0 = 1 and y 00 = e0 = 1
3/2
(1 + y 02 ) (1 + 1)3/2 3/2
√
Hence,ρ = = = 2 = 2 2
y 00 1

Problem 7. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy = c2 at (c, c)

c2 −c2 2c2
Solution: xy = c2 ⇒ y = ⇒ y 0 = 2 and y 00 = 3
x x x
2 2
−c 2c 2
At (c, c), y 0 = 2 = −1 and y 00 = 3 =
c 3
c c
3 3
(1 + y 02 ) 2 (1 + 1) 2 c(2) 2 √
Therefore ρ = = = = 2c
y 00 2 2
c
π
Problem 8. Find the radius of curvature at x = on the curve y = 4sinx
2
Solution: y = 4sinx ⇒ y 0 = 4cosx, y 00 = −4sinx
π π π
At x = , y 0 = 4cos = 0 and y 00 = −4sin = −4
2 2 2
3/2
(1 + y 02 ) −1 1
Therefore, ρ = = i.e., ρ = (numerically)
y 00 4 4
π
Problem 9. Find the radius of curvature of x = on the curve y = 4sinx − sin2x.
2
Solution: y = 4sinx − sin2x, ⇒ y 0 = 4cosx − 2cos2x, ⇒ y 00 = −4sinx + 4sin2x
π π
Therefore at x = , y 0 = 4cos − 2cosπ = 4(0) − 2(−1) = 2
2 2
π
y 00 = −4sin + 4sinπ = −4(1) + 4(0) = −4
2 √ √
3/2
(1 + y 02 ) (1 + 4)3/2 53/2 −5 5 5 5
Hence ρ = = = = i.e., ρ = (numerically)
y 00 −4 −4 4 4

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Problem 10. Find the radius of curvature for the curve y = log(secx) at any point on
it.
1
Solution: y = log(sec x) ⇒ y 0 = sec x tan x = tanx and y 00 = sec2 x
sec x
3/2 3/2 3/2
(1 + y 02 ) (1 + tan2 x) (sec2 x) sec3 x
Therefore ,ρ = = = = = sec x
y 00 sec2 x sec2 x sec2 x

x
Problem 11. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y = ccosh( ) at (0, c)
c
x 0 x 1 x 00 1 x
Solution: y = ccosh( ) ⇒ y = csinh( ) = sinh( ) and y = cosh( )
c c c c c c
0 00 1 1 1
Therefore at(0, c), y = sinh(0) = 0 and y = cosh(0) = (1) =
c c c
02 3/2 2 3/2
(1 + y ) (1 + 0 )
ρ= 00
= =c
y 1/c

Problem 12. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in terms of parametric
co-ordinate system
3/2
(ẋ2 + ẏ 2 ) dx dy
Solution:ρ = where ẋ = , ẏ =
ẋÿ − ẍẏ dt dt

Problem 13. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x = t2 , y = t at t = 1

Solution: ẋ = 2t, ẏ = 1, ẍ = 2, ÿ = 0 ⇒ At t = 1, ẋ = 2, ẏ√
= 1, ẍ = 2
2 2 3/2 3/2 3/2
(ẋ + ẏ ) (4 + 1) (5) 5 5
Hence ρ = = = ⇒ρ= numerically.
ẋÿ − ẏẍ 2(0) − (1)(2) −2 2

0 0
Problem 14. If
the center of curvature of a curve at a variable point t on it is
c 3 −c 3
cos t, sin t , find the evolute of the curve.
a b
c −c 3
Solution: x̄ = cos3 t and ȳ = sin t
a b
ax̄ −bȳ
⇒ cos3 t = and sin3 t =
c c 2/3
ax̄ 2/3 −bȳ
3 2/3 3 2/3

⇒ (cos t) = and sin t =
c c
ax̄ 2/3 2/3
bȳ
⇒ cos2 t = and sin2 t =
c c
ax̄ 2/3 bȳ 2/3
Therefore, cos2 t + sin2 t = 1 ⇒ + =1
c c
⇒ (ax̄)2/3 + (bȳ)2/3 = c2/3
Hence the evolute is (ax)2/3 + (by)2/3 = c2/3

Problem 15. Define the circle of curvature at a point P(x1 , y1 ) on the curve y = f (x)
Solution: Equation of the circle of curvature at(x1 , y1 ) is (x − x̄)2 + (y − ȳ)2 = ρ2 , where
(x̄, ȳ) is center of curvature and ρ is the radius of curvature of the curve y = f (x) at
P(x1 , y1 )

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Problem 16. Find the co-ordinates of the center of curvature of the curve y = x2 at the
point (1, −1).
Solution: y = x2 ⇒ y 0 = 2x and y 00 = 2
Therefore at (1, −1), y 0 = 2 and y 00 = 2
y 0 (1 + y 02 ) 2(1 + 4)
Hence x̄ = x − 00
=1− = −4
y 2
(1 + y 02 ) (1 + 4) 3
ȳ = y + 00
= −1 + =
y 2 2

Problem 17. Define the evolute of a curve in two ways.

Solution:
(i) The evolute of a curve is defined as the locus of the center of curvature.
(ii) The evolute of a curve is the envelope of the normals of that curve.

Problem 18. Define the envelope of a family of curves

Solution: The locus of the limiting position of the point of intersection of consecutive
members of a family of curves is called the envelope of the family.

Problem 19. Find the equation of the envelope of the family Am2 + Bm + C = 0 where
m is a parameter and A, B, C are functions of x and y
Solution:Given family is Am2 + Bm + C = 0 −→ (1)
Differentiating with respect to m,
2Am + B = 0 −→ (2)
−B −B
From (2), m = . Substituting m = in (1)
2 2A 2A
B2 B2

−B −B
A +B +C =0⇒ − +C =0
2A 2A 4A 2A
⇒ B 2 − 2B 2 + 4AC = 0 ⇒ B 2 − 4AC = 0

Problem 20. Find the envelope of ycot2 α + x − acosec2 α = 0 where α is the parameter.
Solution: ycot2 α + x − acosec2 α = 0 ⇒ ycot2 α + x − a(1 + cot2 α) = 0
⇒ (y − a)cot2 α + (x − a) = 0, a quadratic equation in cotα.
Envelope is B 2 − 4AC = 0 ⇒ 02 − 4(y − a)(x − a) = 0
⇒ (x − a)(y − a) = 0 ⇒ xy − ax + ay + a2 = 0, the required envelope.

√
Problem 21. Find the envelope of the lines y = mx ± a2 m2 + b2 , where m is a
parameter √ √
Solution:y = mx ± a2 m2 + b2 ⇒ y − mx = ± a2 m2 + b2
On squaring, (y − mx)2 = a2 m2 + b2 ⇒ y 2 − 2mxy + m2 x2 − a2 m2 − b2 = 0
⇒ (x2 − a2 )m2 − (2xy)m + (y 2 − b2 ) = 0, a quadratic equation in m
Envelope is B 2 − 4AC = 0 ⇒ (−2xy)2 − 4(x2 − a2 )(y 2 − b2 ) = 0
⇒ 4x2 y 2 − 4(x2 y 2 − x2 b2 − a2 y 2 + a2 b2 ) = 0
⇒ x 2 b 2 + a2 y 2 − a2 b 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 b 2 + a2 y 2 = a2 b 2
x 2 b 2 a2 y 2 x2 y 2
⇒ 2 2 + 2 2 = 1 ⇒ 2 + 2 = 1, an ellipse.
ab ab a b √
Note: The envelope of the lines y = mx ± a2 m2 − b2 , where m is a parameter, is the
x2 y 2
hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1
a b

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1
Problem 22. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y = mx + , where m is
m
a parameter
1
Solution: y = mx + ⇒ my = m2 x + 1 ⇒ xm2 − ym + 1 = 0, a quadratic equation in
m
m.
Therefore envelope is B 2 − 4AC = 0 ⇒ (−y)2 − 4(x)(1) = 0 ⇒ y 2 = 4x

Problem 23. Find the envelope of the family of (x − a)2 + y 2 = 2a, where a is a
parameter.
Solution: x2 − 2ax + a2 + y 2 − 2a = 0
⇒ a2 − 2(x + 1)a + (x2 + y 2 ) = 0, a quadratic equation in a
Therefore the envelope of this family is given by ”b2 − 4ac = 0”
⇒ [−2(x + 1)]2 − 4(1)(x2 + y 2 ) = 0
⇒ x2 + 2x + 1 − x2 − y 2 = 0 ⇒ y 2 = 2x + 1

Problem 24. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines xcosθ + ysinθ = 6 where
θ is a parameter.
Solution: Given xcosθ + ysinθ = 6 −→ (1)
Differentiating (1) w.r.to θ we get
−xsinθ + ycosθ = 0 −→ (2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2),we get
(x cos θ + y sin θ)2 + (−x sin θ + ycosθ)2 = 62 + 0
⇒ x2 + y 2 = 36, the required envelope.

x y
Problem 25. Find the envelope of cos θ + sin θ = 1 where θ is the parameter.
a b
x y
Solution:Given : cos θ + sin θ = 1 −→ (1)
a b
Differentiating with respect to θ,
−x y
sin θ + cos θ = 0 −→ (2)
a b
Squaring and adding (1) and (2),
x y 2 x y 2
⇒ cos θ + sin θ + − sin θ + cosθ = 12 + 0
a b a b
x2 y2 2xy 2xy
⇒ 2 (1) + 2 (1) + sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ = 1
a b ab ab
x2 y 2
⇒ 2 + 2 = 1, the required envelope.
a b

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THREE DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

TWO MARKS
1. Find the centre and radius of the sphere 2(x2+y2+z2)+6x-6y+8z+9=0
Solution: Dividing by 2, x2+y2+z2+3xy+4z+9/2=0 is the equation of the sphere. Comparing this equation
with x2+y2+z2+2ux+2vy+2wz+d=0,we get 2u=3, 2v=-3, 2w=4, d=9/2
Therefore, the centre = (-u,-v,-w) = (-3/2, 3/2, -2)

and the radius = = = = 2.

2. Find the equation of the sphere concentric with x2 +y2+z2-4x+6y-8z+4=0 and passing through the point
(1, 2, 3).
Solution: Equation of the concentric spheres (spheres with same centre) differ only in the constant term.
Therefore, the equation of the sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  4 x  6 y  8z  k  0 . (1) The sphere passes through (1,
2, 3). Hence, 12+22+32-4(1) +6(2)-8(3) +k=0 => k=2.
Therefore, from (1) the equation of the required sphere is x2+y2+z2-4x+6y-8z+2=0.

3. Find the equation of the sphere having the points (2, -3, 4) and (-1, 5, 7) as the ends of a diameter.
Solution: Equation of the sphere is (x-x1)(x-x2)+(y-y1)(y-y2)+(z-z1)(z-z2)=0 where (x1,y1,z1)=(2,-3,4) and
(x2,y2,z2)=(-1,5,7).Hence the equation of the sphere is (x-2)(x+1)+(y+3)(y-5)+(z-4)(z-7)=0
 x2+y2+z2-x-2y-11z+11=0.

4. Find the equation of the sphere passing through the points (0,0,0),(1,0,0),(0,1,0)and(0,0,1)
Solution: Let the equation of the sphere passing through the given points be x2+y2+z2+2ux+2vy+2wz+d=0 --
(1)
Then, o2+02+02+2u (0) +2v (0) +2w (0) +d=0 => d=0
12+02+02+ 2u (1) +2v (0) +2w (0) +d=0 => u= -1/2
02+12+02+2u (0) +2v (1) +2w (0) +d=0 => v= -1/2
02+02+12+2 u (0) +2v (0) +2w (1) +d=0 => w= -1/2
Therefore, from (1) equation of the sphere is x2+y2 +z2-x-y-z=0.

5. Find the equation of the tangent plane at the point(1,-1,2) to the sphere x2+y2+z2-2x+4y+6z-12=0
Solution: Equation of the tangent plane at(x1, y1, z1)
is xx1+yy1+zz1+u (x+x1) +v (y+y1) +w (z+z1) +d=0
where 2u= -2, 2v=4, 2w=6, d= -12, (x1, y1, z1) = (1, -1, 2)
 x(1)+y(-1)+z(2)-1(x+1)+2(y-1)+3(z+2)-12=0
 y+5z = 9.

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6. Find the equation of the sphere which has its centre at (6, -1, 2) and touches the
plane .
Solution: Radius= Length of the perpendicular from (6, -1, 2) to the plane .
= .

Therefore, the equation of the sphere is .

0.

7. Find the equation of the sphere having the circle , as a great circle?
Solution: Equation of the required sphere is (1)
Its centre is = ( ), which lies on the plane
(since the given circle is the great circle of the required sphere).
Therefore,

λ=

Hence from (1), the equation of the sphere is

8. Find the length of the tangent from (1, 2, 3) to the sphere

Solution: Length of the tangent = , where

9. Find the equation of the circle lying on the sphere and having its
centre at (1, 3, 4).
Solution: Circle is represented by the equation of the sphere and the intersecting plane. Centre B (1, 3, 4) of
the circle is the foot of the perpendicular from A (0, 1, -2), the centre of the sphere, to the intersecting plane.
Direction ratios of AB (normal to the intersecting plane)
are 1-0, 3-1, 4+2, i.e., 1, 2, 6. Hence the equation of the plane
is which passes through (1, 3, 4).
Therefore, . Hence the
equation of the circle is .

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10. A tangent plane to the sphere makes intercepts a,b,c on the coordinate axes prove
that
Solution: Equation of a tangent plane is .Therefore, the
length of the perpendicular from the center (0,0,0) of the sphere to the tangent plane radius of the sphere
=> =r . On squaring both sides and taking reciprocal we get

11. Write down the general equation of a right circular cone with vertex at (i) (α, β, ),(ii) (0,0,0)
Solution: (i) Equation is a general second degree homogeneous equation in x-α, y-β, z-
i.e. a(x-α)2 + b(y-β)2 + c(z- )2 + 2u(x-α)(y-β) + 2v(y-β)(z- ) + 2w(x-α)(z- )=0
(ii) Taking (α, β, ) =(0,0,0) we get the general equation of the cone as

12. Find the equation of the right circular cone of revolution with vertex at the origin, axis the y- axis and
semi-vertical angle 30°.
Solution: Direction ratios of y-axis are 0,1,0.
Let (x, y, z) be any point on the cone
Then the direction ratios of the generator through (x, y, z) are x-0,y-0,z-0 .
i.e x, y, z. Therefore,
Cos = => cos 30° =

= => on squaring and cross multiplying 3x2+3y2+3z2=4y2

i.e 3x2-y2+3z2=0,the required equation.

13. Find the equation of the cone whose vertex is the origin and guiding curve is , x+y+z=1.

Solution: Equation of the cone is obtained by homogenising using x+y+z=1.Thus the

equation of the cone is

=> 9x2 + 4y2 + 36z2 =36 (x2 +y2 +z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx)
=> 27x2 + 32y2 + 72xy + 72yz + 72zx = 0

14. Prove that the equation x2 -2y2 +3z2 + 5yz -6zx-4xy+8x-19y-2z-20=0 represents a cone with vertex(1,-2,3).
Solution: The given equation can be written as
(x-1)2 - 2(y+2)2 + 3(z-3)2 + 5(y+2) (z-3) - 6(z-3)(x-1)-4(x-1)(y+2)=0
This is a homogeneous equation of degree 2 in x-1, y+2, z-3.
Therefore, the given equation represents a cone with vertex(1,-2,3)

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15. Prove that the equation represents a cone if

Solution: Substituting in

we get + =0

=> =0
=> = 0

16. Find the equation of a cone whose vertex is the origin and the base curve is y2 + z2 =b2 ,x=a.
Solution: The equation of the cone is obtained by homogenising y2 + z2 =b2 using x=a (i.e )
Therefore the required equation is y2 + z2 =b2 => a2 y2 +a2z2 = b2x2

17. Find the equation of the right circular cone whose vertical angle is , which has its vertex at the origin and
whose axis lies along the line x=-2y=z.
Solution: Let(x,y,z)be any point on the cone. Then

Squaring and cross multiplying,

(x2+y2+z2)=2(x- 2

=>9 (x2+y2+z2)=2(2x-y 2

18. The direction ratios of a generator of a cone with vertex(1,1,1) satisfy the relation l2+m2 =3n2.Find the
equation of the cone
Solution: Equation of the generator is = = =r which implies

=l, =m, =n. Hence l2+m2 =3n2 => 2

+ 2
=3 2

=> (x-1)2+(y-1)2=3(z-1)2,the equation of the cone.

19. State the general equation of the cone passing through the coordinate axes and define a quadric cone?
Solution: is the general equation of the cone passing through the coordinate axes.
A cone that passes through the coordinate axes is called a quadric cone.

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20. Find the semi-vertical angle of the right circular cone having its vertex at the origin and passing through the
circle
Solution: OA = Length of the perpendicular from
O to the plane

=> OA = 4
AB= radius of the circle = 5
Hence the semi-vertical angle is given by = .

21. If , find the equation of the cone whose generator is .

Solution: Let . Then
Therefore,
=>
=> , is the required equation.

22. Show that the cones and intersect in the coordinate axes?
Solution: Both equations are homogeneous equations of degree 2 in x and y. Hence both have the same vertex,
the origin.
Further, both pass through the points (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1), which lie respectively on the x,y,z
axes.
Therefore, both pass through the coordinate axes. i.e., they intersect in the coordinate axes.

23. Define a right circular cylinder?

Solution: A right circular cylinder is a surface generated by a straight line which is parallel to a given fixed
straight line and is at a constant distance from it.

24. Define an enveloping cylinder of a surface?

Solution: The cylinder whose generators touch a given surface is called the enveloping cylinder of the surface.

25. Find the equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is the z-axis and whose guiding curve is a circle
of radius in the xy-plane?
Solution: Equation of the z-axis is .
Let ) be any point on the cylinder.
Then the equation of a generator is of the form .
Therefore any point on this generator is .
For a suitable value of , this point lies on the guiding
curve and .
Hence, and . i.e, .
Therefore, the locus of is ,the required equation.

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Unit V
Multiple Integrals
2
1. Evaluate   xy dx dy taken over the positive quadrant of the circle x  y2  a 2 .
 a a2  x2 
Soln:  xy dx dy   x   y dy  dx
A x 0  y 0 
a a2  x 2 a
 y2  a2  x2
    dx  0 2 dx
x 0  2 0
a
1 2 x3  1 3 a3  1  2a 3  a3
  a x     a       .
2 3 0 2 3 2 3  3
x2 y2
2. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse  1
a2 b2
Soln: Area of the ellipse is
b 2 2
a x a
a a b
a2  x2
4 
x 0

y 0
dy dx  4   y a
x 0
0
dx

a a
b 2 2 4b a2 x x 
 4 a x dx   sin 1    2
a x 2

0
a a 2 a 2 0
4b  a 2  4ba 2 
  sin 1 1  
a 2  2a 2
  ab
3. Evaluate  dxdy
R
, where R is the shaded region in the figure.

Soln: Equation of the circle is x 2  y2  4

 dx dy R , the area of the semi-circle

R

1
   22   2
2
1 x
4. Evaluate  xy  x  y  dx dy
0 x
x
1 x
 x  1 1
 x2 y2 xy 3 
Soln:  xy  x  y  dx dy      x 2 y  xy 2  dy  dx   2  dx
0 x  y x
x 0   x 0 
3  x

5
 2  x  x 2 x   x 4 x 4  3 4 
1
 1 2
 x  x  5 x  dx
   x        dx   2 3
x 0   2  3   2 3   x0 
6 
 
1
 7 
 x 4 x2 5 x5  1 2 1 21 16  28 9 3
           .
 8 3  7 5 6  8 21 6 168 168 56
 2  0

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2 x
1
5. Evaluate :  x
1 0
2
 y2
dy dx

x
 x
2
1  2
1 1  y  
Soln:    2 2
dy  dx    x tan  x   dx
 y 0 y  x
x 1   x 1    0
2 2
1 1 1  1  2
 x 1 x  tan 1  tan  0   dx  
x 1
4 x
dx 
4
 log x 1
 
  log 2  log 1   log 2
4 4
 
2 2
6. Evaluate :   sin 
0 0
   d d

  
2 2 2 
Soln:   sin     d d 
0 0

0
 cos     2 0 d

 
2 2
   
   cos      cos   d 
0  2  
  sin   cos   d
0

   
   cos   sin  02    cos  sin     cos 0  sin 0   1  1  2
 2 2 

1 z yz
7. Evaluate :   dz dy dx
0 0 0

1 z  yz  1 z
yz
Soln: z  0 y 0  x 0 dx  dy dz     x 0
dy dz
  z0 y 0

1 z 1 z
 y2 
    y  z  dy dz     zy  dz
z0 y0 z0  2 0
1 z 1 1
 z2  3z 2  z3  1
    z 2  dz  0 2 dz  2  2
z0  2 0  0

  x dy  y dx  where C is the path y = x from

2 2
8. Evaluate  0, 0  to 1,1 
c

Soln: y  x  dy  dx Therefore,
1 1 1
 x3  2
  x dy  y dx    x 2 dx  x 2 dx 
2 2 2
  0 2 x dx  2   
c x 0  3 0 3

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b a
dx dy
9. Evaluate : 
1 1
xy
b a
dx dy
b
1  a 1  b
1 a
Soln: 1 1 xy  
y 1 y

 x 1 x
dx  dy 
 y 1
 y  log x  1
dy

b b
1 1 b
 y 1 y  log a  log 1 dy  log a  y dy  log a  log y 
1
1

 log a  log b  log 1   log a log b

10. Write down the double integral to find the area between the circles r  2 sin  and r  4 sin 
2 4sin 
Soln: Required area is =   r dr d
  0 r  2sin 

11. Find the limits of integration in the double integral  f  x , y  dx dy

R
, where R is in the first quadrant bounded by x  0 ,

y  0 , x  y 1
Soln: Consider a vertical strip as shown in the figure.
Then y varies from 0 to 1  x and x varies from 0 to 1
(OR)

If we consider a horizontal strip then x  0 to 1  y and y  0 to 1 .

 sin 
12. Evaluate  r dr d
0 0

Soln:
 sin   sin   
 r2 
r dr d     d 
1
sin 2  d 
1 1  cos 2  d

0 0 0
2 0 
2 0 2 
0
2

1  1  1 

4   2 sin 2   4    4
0

13. Express the integral  f  x , y  dx dy

R
in terms of polar coordinates

Soln:

 f  x , y  dx dy   f  r cos , r sin   r dr d
R R

14. IF x  x  u , v  and y  y  u , v  , express dx dy in terms of dudv using Jacobian.

  x , y
Soln: dx dy  J du dv where J 
  u, v 
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1 x
15. Sketch roughly the region of integration for the double integral   f  x, y  dy dx
0 0

Soln: y  0 to y  x and x  0 to x  1
 The region of integration is the triangle OAB

16. Sketch roughly the region of integration  f  x , y  dx dy , where R is in the first quadrant and bounded by
R
x 1 ,

2
y  0 , y  4x
Soln: The region of integration is the shaded area OAB .

a
b b
b  y 
17. Sketch roughly the region of integration   f  x , y  dx dy .
0 0

a
Soln: x  0 to x   b  y ,  i.e, x 1 y  x  y  1  y  0 to b
b  a b a b 
The region of integration is the triangle OAB.

sss
a a2  x2

18. Sketch roughly the region of integration for   f  x , y  dy dx

0 0

Soln: y  0 to y  a2  x2  i.e, x2  y2  a2  and x  0 to x  a

 the region of integration is the area of the circle in the first quadrant .

1 x
19. Change the order of integration for the double integral   f  x, y  dx dy
0 0

Soln: y  0 to y  x and x  0 to x  1
 the area of integration is the triangle OAB with vertical strip considered .
To change the order of integration, consider the horizontal strip.
In this case the limits are x  y to x  1 and y  0 to y  1
1 x 1 1
Thus:   f  x , y  dy dx    f  x, y  dx dy
x 0 y 0 y0 x  y

1 2 x
20. Change the order of integration in I    f  x, y  dx dy
0 x2

Soln: y  x2 to y  2  x (or) x  y  2 and x  0 to x  1

 The region of integration is OAB with vertical strip considered.
Therefore, to change the order of integration consider the horizontal strip.
1 y 2 2 y
Hence, I    f  x , y  dx dy    f  x , y  dx dy
y0 x 0 y 1 x  0

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1
 y
21. Change the order of integration in   f  x , y  dx dy
0 0

1
Soln: x  0 to x   i.e, xy  1 and y  0 to y  
y
 the shaded region is the region of integration with horizontal strip considered.
1
If we consider vertical strip, then the limits are y  0 to y  and x  0 to x  
x
1 1
 y  x
Thus,   f  x , y  dx dy
y0 x 0
   f  x , y  dy dx
x  0 y 0

1 2 y
22. Change the order of integration in   f  x , y  dx dy
0 y

Soln: x  y and x  2  y  i .e , x  y  2  ; y  0 to 1
 the region of integration is the triangle OAB with horizontal strip considered.
To change the order of integration, consider vertical strip. Therefore,
1 2 y 1 x 2 2 x

  f  x , y  dx dy   
y0 x y x0 y0
f  x , y  dy dx   
x 1 y  0
f  x , y  dy dx

23. Express the volume integral  xyz dx dy dz

V
in terms of cylindrical polar coordinates

Soln:

 xyz dx dy dz   r cos r sin  z

V V
r dr d dz

3
  r sin  cos  dr d dz
V

24. Express the transformation from 3 dimensional Cartesian to spherical polar coordinates
Soln:
x  r sin  cos  , y  r sin  sin  , z  r cos 

25. Express the elementary volume dv in spherical polar coordinates.

Soln: dv  r 2 sin  dr d d

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Chapter 4
Functions of Several variables

Two Marks
du y
Problem 1.Find , if u = tan−1 where y = tan2 x
dx x
Solution
∂u ∂u du ∂u ∂u dy
du = dx + dy ⇒ = +
∂x ∂y dx ∂x ∂y dx

1 −y 1 1
= 2 2
+ 2 .2 tan xsec2 x
y x y x
1+ 2 1+ 2
x x
2
−y 2xsec x tan x 2xsec2 x tan x − y
= 2 + =
x + y2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2

y2 x2 ∂(x, y)
Problem 2.If u = ,v= find
x y ∂(u, v)
Soln
∂(x, y) 1
=
∂(u, v) ∂(u, v)
∂(x, y)
∂u −y 2 ∂u 2y ∂v 2x ∂v −x2
= , = , = , =
∂x x2 ∂y x ∂x y ∂y y2
∂u ∂u −y 2 2y

∂(u, v)
= ∂x ∂y = x2 x 2 = 1 − 4 = −30

∂(x, y) ∂v ∂v 2x −x
∂x ∂y y y2

Problem 3. Using Euler’s theorem, given u(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n,

prove that x2 uxx + 2xyuxy + y 2 uyy = n(n − 1)u
Soln
By Euler’s theorem

xux + yuy = nu (1)

Diff. (1) Partially w.r.t. x

ux + xuxx + yuxy = nux (2)

Diff. (1) Partially w.r.t. y

1
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2

xuxy + uy + yuyy = nuy (3)

x × (2) + y × (3) gives

xux + yuy + x2 uxx + xyuxy + xyuxy + y 2 uyy = n (xux + yuy )

⇒ nu + x2 uxx + 2xyuxy + y 2 uyy = n (nu)

⇒ x2 uxx + 2xyuxy + y 2 uyy = n2 u − nu

= n(n − 1)u

−1 y

2
Problem 4. Given u(x, y) = x tan , find the value of x2 uxx + 2xyuxy + y 2 uyy
x
Soln
u is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x, y

⇒ x2 uxx + 2xyuxy + y 2 uyy = n(n − 1)u

= 2(2 − 1)u
= 2u

du x
Problem 5. Find if u = sin where x = et ,y = t2
dt y
Soln

du ∂u dx ∂u dy 1 x t −x x
= + = cos .e + 2
cos (2t)
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt y y y y
t
et
t
1 e t e
= 2 cos 2 .e − 4 cos 2 (2t)
t t t t
t
e
t
t t
t cos 2
e e 2e e t 2 t
= 2 cos 2 − 3 cos 2 = 1− e
t t t t t2 t

y2 x2 + y 2 ∂(u, v)
Problem 6. If u = ,v = find
2x 2x ∂(x, y)
Soln
∂u −y 2
=
∂x 2x2
∂u 2y y
= =
∂y 2x x
∂v 2x(2x) − (x2 + y 2 ) (2) 2 (x2 − y 2 ) (x2 − y 2 )
= = =
∂x 4x2 4x2 2x2
∂v 2y y
= =
∂y 2x x

−y 2

y
−y 3 y x2 y2

∂(u, v)
2
= 22x 2 x = − −

∂(x, y) x −y y 2x3 x 2x2 2x2
2x2

x
3
−y xy y3 y
= 3
− 2 + 3
=−
2x 2x 2x 2x

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du
Problem 7. If u = x3 y 2 + x2 y 3 where x = at2 and y = 2at then find
dt
Soln
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= 3x2 y 2 + 2xy 3 (2at) + 2x3 y + 3x2 y 2 (2a)

= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
= xy (3x + 2y) (2at) + x2 y (2x + 3y) (2a)
2

= 4a3 t4 3at2 + 4at (2at) + 2a3 t5 2at2 + 6at (2a)

= 8a4 t5 3at2 + 4at + 4a4 t5 2at2 + 6at

= 24a5 t7 + 32a5 t6 + 8a5 t7 + 24a5 t6

= 32a5 t7 + 56a5 t6 = 8a5 t6 (4t + 7)

∂(u, v)
Problem 8. If u = 2xy, v = x2 − y 2 , x = rcosθ , y = rsinθ then compute
∂(r, θ)
Soln
∂(u, v) ∂(u, v) ∂(x, y)
= × (1)
∂(r, θ) ∂(x, y) ∂(r, θ)

∂u ∂u


∂(u, v)
∂x ∂y

2y 2x

2 2
= −4r2

= = = −4 x + y

∂(x, y) ∂v ∂v 2x −2y
∂x ∂y


∂x ∂x
∂(x, y)
∂r ∂θ

cos θ −r sin θ

2 2

= = = r cos θ + sin θ =r

∂(r, θ) ∂y ∂y sin θ r cos θ
∂r ∂θ

∂(u, v)
From (1) = −4r3
∂(r, θ)

du
Problem 9. Using the definition of total derivative, find the value of given
dt
u = y 2 − 4ax; x = at2 , y = 2at
Soln
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
= −4a(2at) + 2y(2a) = −8a2 t + 2(2at)(2a)
= −8a2 t + 8a2 t = 0
∂u ∂u ∂u
Problem 10. If u = f (x − y, y − z, z − x), find + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Soln
u = f (p, q, r) where p = x − y, q = y − z, r = z − x .
Therefore
∂u ∂f ∂p ∂f ∂q ∂f ∂r
= + +
∂x ∂p ∂x ∂q ∂x ∂r ∂x

∂u ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
⇒ = (1) + (0) + (−1) = − (1)
∂x ∂p ∂q ∂r ∂p ∂r
(2)

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Similarly,
∂u ∂f ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂f
= − , = − (3)
∂y ∂q ∂p ∂z ∂r ∂q
∂u ∂u ∂u
(1) + (2) + (3) ⇒ + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z π
Problem 11. Find Taylor’s series expansion of ex siny near the point −1, upto the
4
first degree terms.
Soln
Let f (x, y) = ex siny . Then fx = ex sin y and fy = ex cos y
π e−1
f −1, = √ ,
4 2
π −1
π 1
fx −1, = e sin = √ e−1
4 4 2
π −1
π 1 −1
fy −1, = e cos =√ e
4 4 2
Hence,
π 1 h π π π i
f (x, y) = f −1, + (x + 1)fx −1, + y− fy −1, +···
4 1! 4 4 4
e−1 e−1 π e−1

⇒ ex sin y = √ + (x + 1) √ + y − √ +···
2 2 4 2

du
Problem 12. Find ,when u = sin (x2 + y 2 ) and x2 + 4y 2 = 9
dx
Soln
∂u ∂u du ∂u ∂u dy
du = dx + dy ⇒ = +
∂x ∂y dx ∂x ∂y dx

du 2 2
2 2
−2x
⇒ = 2x cos x + y + 2y cos x + y
dx 8y
2 2
x 2 2

= 2x cos x + y − cos x + y
2
3x 2 2

= cos x + y
2
∂(x, y)
Problem 13. If x = u(1 − v) and y = 2uv, find
∂(u, v)
Soln

∂x ∂x
∂(x, y) ∂u ∂v 1 − v −u

=
∂(u, v) ∂y ∂y = 2v
2u = 2u − 2uv + 2uv = 2u
∂u ∂v

du
Problem 14. If u = xey z where y = 2x and z = sinx, find
dx
Soln
du ∂u ∂u dy ∂u dz
= + +
dx ∂x ∂y dx ∂z dx
du
⇒ = ey z + xey z.2 + xey cos x
dx
= ey (z + 2xz + x cos x)

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= e2 x (z + 2x sin x + x cos x)
∂(x, y)
Problem 15. If x = rcosθ, y = rsinθ find
∂(r, θ)
Soln

∂x ∂x
∂(x, y) ∂r ∂θ cos θ −r sin θ

= sin θ r cos θ = r cos2 θ + sin2 θ = r

= ∂y ∂y
∂(r, θ)
∂r ∂θ

∂(u, v, w)
Problem 16. If u, v, w are functions of independent variables x, y, z and = 4,
∂(x, y, z)
∂(2u,2v,2w)
find the value of ∂(x,y,z)
Soln
∂u
2 ∂x 2 ∂u 2 ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u

∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂(2u, 2v, 2w) ∂v
∂v ∂v
∂v ∂v ∂v

2
= ∂x 2 ∂y
2 ∂z
= 8
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 8(4) = 32
∂(x, y, z) 2 ∂w 2 ∂w 2 ∂w



∂w ∂w ∂w


∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂(x, y)
Problem 17. If u = x + y and y = uv, find the Jacobian
∂(u, v)
Soln
u = x + y ⇒ u = x + uv ⇒ x = u − uv
Therefore
∂x ∂x
∂(x, y) ∂u 1 − v −u
u = u − uv + uv = u
∂v
= ∂y ∂y = v
∂(u, v) ∂u ∂v

Problem 18. Find the stationary points of x2 − xy + y 2 − 2x + y

Soln
Letf = x2 − xy + y 2 − 2x + y. Then fx = 2x − y − 2 and fy = −x + 2y + 1
Stationary points are given by fx = 0 and fy = 0. Therefore,
2x − y = 2 (1)
−x + 2y = −1 (2)
2 × (2) → 2x + 4y = −2 (3)
(1) + (3) → 3y = 0 ⇒ y = 0 ⇒ x = 1
(1, 0) is a stationary point.

Problem 19. Find the stationary points of the function f (x, y) = x3 + y 2 − 12xy
Soln 2
fx = 3x − 12y and fy = 2y − 12x
Stationary points are given by fx = 0 and fy = 0 ⇒ 3x2 − 12y = 0and2y − 12x = 0
⇒ x2 = 4yandy = 6x
⇒ x2 = 24x ⇒ x2 − 24x = 0 ⇒ x(x − 24) = 0 ⇒ x = 0(or)x = 24
x = 0 ⇒ y = 0 and x = 24 ⇒ y = 144
Therefore stationary points are (0, 0) and (24, 144)

Problem 20. Write the sufficient condition for f (x, y) to have a maximum value at (a, b)
Soln
At (a, b), fx = fy = 0, A = fxx < 0 and ∆ = AC − B 2 > 0 where B = fxy and C = fyy

Problem 21. Write down the Taylor’s series expansion of f (x + h, y + k) in a series of

(i) of h and k (ii) powers of x and y

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Soln

1 ∂f (x, y) ∂f (x, y)
(i)f (x + h, y + k) = f (x, y) + h +k
1! ∂x ∂y
2 2 2

1 2 ∂ f (x, y) ∂ f (x, y) 2 ∂ f (x, y)
+ h + 2hk +k +···
2! ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2

1 ∂f (h, k) ∂f (h, k)
(ii)f (x + h, y + k) = f (h, k) + x +y
1! ∂x ∂y
2 2 2

1 2 ∂ f (h, k) ∂ f (h, k) 2 ∂ f (h, k)
+ x + 2xy +y +···
2! ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2

Problem 22. Write down the Taylor’s series expansion of f (x, y) near the point(a, b)
Soln

1 ∂f ∂f
f (x, y) = f (a, b) + (x − a) (a, b) + (y − b) (a, b)
1! ∂x ∂y
2
∂ 2f 2

1 2∂ f 2∂ f
+ (x − a) (a, b) + 2(x − a)(y − b) (a, b) + (y − b) (a, b) + · · ·
2! ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2

Problem 23. State any three properties of Jacobians.

Soln
(i)If u and v are functions of x and y,
∂(u, v) ∂(x, y)
× =1
∂(x, y) ∂(u, v)
(ii)If u and v are functions of x, y and if x, y are functions of r, θ ,
∂(u, v) ∂(u, v) ∂(x, y)
= ×
∂(r, θ) ∂(x, y) ∂(r, θ)
(iii)If u, v, w are functionally dependent functions of three independent variables x, y, z
then
∂(u, v, w)
=0
∂(x, y, z)
Note (1) The functions u, v, w are said to be functionally dependent of F (u, v, w) = 0.
(2) Converse of Property(3) is also true.

Problem 24. Define the relative maximum and relative minimum of a function if two
variables.
Soln
A function f (x, y) is said to have relative max. at (a, b) if f (a, b) > f (a + h, b + k) for all
small values of h and k
A function f (x, y) is said to have relative min. at (a, b) if f (a, b) < f (a + h, b + k) for all
small values of h and k
Problem 25.State the conditions for the stationary point (a, b) of f (x, y) to be (i) a
maximum point (ii) a minimum point (iii) a saddle point
Soln
Let A = fxx (a, b), B = fxy (a, b), C = fyy (a, b) and ∆ = AC − B 2
Then
(i) (a, b) is a max.point if ∆ > 0 and A < 0
(ii) (a, b) is a min.point if ∆ > 0 and A > 0
(iii)(a, b) is a saddle point if ∆ < 0

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