Complete Study Guide & Notes On

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
A Formulae Guide By OP Gupta (Indira Award Winner)
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IMPORTANT TERMS, DEFINITIONS & RESULTS
01. Meaning of integral of a function:
d
F x f x , then we say that one integral or
dx
primitive or anti-derivative of f x is F x and in symbols, we write

If differentiation of a function F x is f x i.e. if

f x dx F x .
Therefore, we can say that integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
02. List of formulae for Integral Calculus:

FORMULAE FOR INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

x n 1
x dx n 1 k , n 1
1
x dx log x k
1
x
x
a dx log a a k
1 ax
ax
e dx a e k
1
sin ax dx a cos ax k
1
cos ax dx a sin ax k
tan xdx log sec x k
n

cot xdx log sin x k

sec xdx log sec x tan x k
x
log tan k
4 2

OR
J.

M.

cosec xdx log cosec x cot x k

x
log tan k
2

OR

sec xdx tan x k

cosec xdx cot x k
sec x. tan xdx sec x c
2

N.

cosec x.cot xdx cosec x k

O.

1
x 1

Q.

R.

S.

T.

U.

dx sec1 x k

P.

log cosec x k

OR
I.

L.

log cos x k

OR
H.

K.

1
1
x
dx tan 1 k
2
x
a
a
1
1
a x
dx
log
k
2
x
a x
2a
1
1
xa
dx
k
log
2
a
2a
xa
1
2

x a

1
2

x a

dx log x x 2 a 2 k
dx log x x 2 a 2 k

x
dx sin 1 k
a
a x
1

V.

ax b dx a log ax b k , where a is any constant (and obviously, k

W.

dx x k , where

is the integral constant)

is a constant (and, k is the integral constant)

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Integral Calculus By OP Gupta (INDIRA AWARD Winner, Elect. & Comm. Engineering)
X.

Y.

Z.

x 2
a2
x a 2 log x x2 a 2 k
2
2
x 2
a2
x 2 a 2 dx
x a 2 log x x 2 a 2 k
2
2
x 2 2 a2
x
a 2 x2 dx
a x sin 1 k
2
2
a
x 2 a 2 dx

03. Introduction to the terms and symbols used in Integration:

Terms Symbols

f x dx
f x in
x in

Meaning
Integral of f with respect to x

f x dx

f x dx

Integrand
Variable of integration

Integrate Evaluate

Find the integral

Integral value of f

A function F such that

Constant of Integration

Any real number denoted by C or k

F x f x

04. Methods of Integration:

Though there is no general method for finding the integral of a function, yet here we have considered the
following methods based on observations for evaluating the integral of a function:
a) Integration by Substitution Method

b) Integration by Partial Fractions

In this method we change the integral f x dx , Consider f x defines a rational polynomial
g x
where independent variable is x, to another integral
in which independent variable is t (say) different function.
If the degree of numerator i.e. f x is
from x such that x and t are related by x g t .
greater than or equal to the degree of
du
denominator i.e. g x then, this type of rational
Let u f x dx then,
f x.
dx
function is called an improper rational
dx
function. And if degree of f x is smaller than
Again as x g t so, we have
g t .
dt
the degree of denominator i.e. g x then, this
du du dx
type of rational function is called a proper
Now
. f x . g t
dt dx dt
rational function.
On integrating both sides w.r.t. t, we get
du

dt dt f x g t dt
u f g t g t dt
i.e., f x dx f g t g t dt where x g t .

In rational polynomial functions if the degree

(i.e. highest power of the variable) of numerator
(Nr) is greater than or equal to the degree of
denominator (Dr), then (without any doubt)
always perform the division i.e., divide the Nr
by Dr before doing anything and thereafter use
the following:

Numerator
Remainder
Quotient
.
Denominator
Denominator

x g t in On doing this, the rational function is resolved

into partial fractions. The table on next page lists
f x dx will give us the same result as obtained the types of simpler partial fractions that are to be
by putting g t in place of x and g t dt in place associated with various kinds of rational functions
which will be dealt in our current study:
of dx .
So, it is clear that substituting

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TABLE DEMONSTRATING PARTIAL FRACTIONS OF VARIOUS FORMS

Form of the Rational Function

Form of the Partial Fraction

px q
, ab
x a x b

A
B

xa xb

px q

A
B

x a x a 2

x a

px 2 qx r
x a x b x c

A
B
C

xa xb xc

px 2 qx r

A
B
C

2
x a x a
x b

x a x b
px 2 qx r
x a x 2 bx c

A
Bx C
2
x a x bx c

where x 2 bx c cant be factorized further.

c) Integral By Parts
If and V be two functions of x then,

. V dx Vdx dx Vdx dx
I

II

In finding integrals by this method, proper choice of functions and V is crucial. Though there is no fixed
rule for taking and V (their choice is possible by practice) yet, following rule is found to be quite helpful in
deciding the functions and V :
If and V are of different types, consider that function as which comes first in the word
ILATE .
Here I stands for Inverse trigonometrical function, L stands for Logarithmic function, A stands for
Algebraic function, T stands for Trigonometrical function and E stands for the Exponential function.
If both the functions are trigonometrical, take that function as V whose integral is easier.
If both the functions are algebraic, take that function as whose differentiation is easier.
Some integrands are such that they are not product of two functions. Their integrals may be found by
integrals by parts taking 1 as the second function. Logarithmic and Inverse Trigonometric functions are
examples of such functions.
Follwoing result can be directly applied in case of the objective type questions :
x

f ( x ) f ( x ) dx e

(i) e

f ( x) k (ii) log x dx x log | x | x k

(iii) x e x dx ( x 1) e x k

05. Making the Perfect Square:

STEP1 Consider the expression ax 2 bx c .
STEP2 Make the coefficient of x 2 as unity

i.e., 1

by taking a common, after doing so the original

b
c

expression will look like, a x 2 x .

a
a

b
STEP3 Add and subtract

2a

to the expression obtained in STEP2 as depicted here i.e.,

2
2
2 b
c b b
a x x .
a
a 2a 2a

2
2

b c b
STEP4 The perfect square of ax 2 bx c will be a x

.
2a a 2a

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Integral Calculus By OP Gupta (INDIRA AWARD Winner, Elect. & Comm. Engineering)
06. Various Integral forms:
Integrals of the form

ax

px q
dx ,
bx c

px q
2

px q

dx ,

ax bx c

ax 2 bx c dx :

d
ax 2 bx c B . Then on, obtain the values
dx
of A and B by equating the coefficients of like powers of x and constants terms on both the sides. Then,
d
integrate it after replacing px q by A ax 2 bx c B using the values of A and B.
dx
a sin x b cos x
dx :
Integrals of the form
c sin x d cos x
d
Express Numerator A Denominator B Denominator . Then obtain the values of A and B by equating the
dx
coefficients of sin x and cos x on both the sides and proceed.
a sin x b cos x c
Integrals of the form
dx :
p sin x q cos x r
Note that the previous integral form can be considered as a special case of this form. Express
d
Numerator A Denominator B Denominator C . Then obtain the values of unknowns i.e., A, B and C
dx
by equating the coefficients of sin x , cos x and the constant terms on both the sides and hence proceed.
dx
dx
dx
dx
Integrals of the form
,
,
,
and
2
2
2
2
a sin x b cos x
a b sin x
a b cos x
a sin x b cos x 2
Express the numerator px q as shown here, i.e., px q A

dx
2
: Divide the Nr and Dr both by cos x . Replace sec2 x , if any, in Dr by 1 tan 2 x and
2
x c cos x
then put tan x t and proceed.
dx
dx
dx
dx
Integrals of the form
,
,
and
:
a sin x b cos x
a b sin x
a b cos x
a sin x b cos x
x
x
2 tan
1 tan 2
x
x
2
2
and/ or cos x
. Replace 1 tan 2
in the Nr by sec2
and then put
Use sin x
x
x
2
2
2
2
1 tan
1 tan
2
2
x
tan t and then after proceed.
2
1
Integrals of the form
dx where M and N are linear or quadratic expressions in x :
M N

a b sin

Substitutions

Linear

Linear

t2 N

Quadratic

Linear

t2 N

Linear

Quadratic

Quadratic

Quadratic

1
M
N
1
t2
or t
M
x

Before we go for the questions, here are a few useful Quickies:

f x
a) f x f x dx
n 1

n 1

n 1

f x
c)
dx
n
n 1
f x
f x

k , n 1

b)

f x dx log f x k
f x

1 ax b
d) ax b dx
a n 1
n

n 1

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A Complete Formulae Guide Compiled By OP Gupta (M.+91-9650350480 | +91-9718240480)

f ) dx x k
[ f x g x ]dx f x dx g x dx
g) f x dx f x dx , where is any real constant .

e)

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
01. Meaning of Definite integral of a function:
If

f x dx F x

i.e. F x be an integral of f x , then F b F a is called the definite integral

b

of f x between the limits a and b and in symbols it is written as

a f x dx

or, F x a .

Moreover, the definite integral gives a unique and definite value (numeric value) of anti-derivative of the
function between the given intervals. It acts as a substitute for evaluating the area analytically.
02. Formulae & properties of Definite Integrals:
b

P.01

a f x dx F x a F b F a
b

P.02

P.03

a
b

a
b

P.05

a
2a

P.07

f x dx f x dx f x dx, a m b
a
b

a f x dx a f a b x dx
a

P.06

a f x dx a f t dt
b

P.04

f x dx f x dx

a
2 f x dx, if f x is even function i.e., f x f x
f x dx 0

0, if f x is odd function i.e., f x f x

2a

f x dx f x dx a f x dx
0

f x dx f 2a x dx
0

P.08

2
f x dx

m /2

0 f x dx, if f m x f x
0, if f m x f x

03. Proof of the properties of Definite Integrals:

b

P.01

a f x dx F x a F b F a .

PROOF Let function f x be such that

Then,

d
F x k f x .
dx

f x dx F x k .

That is F x k represents the anti-derivative of a continuous function f x defined on a , b .

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Integral Calculus By OP Gupta (INDIRA AWARD Winner, Elect. & Comm. Engineering)
So, by the definition of definite integral, the definite integral value of f x over a , b is denoted by:
b

a f x dx F x k a .
b

Now, we proceed as follow to evaluate the value of

b

a f x dx :

a f x dx F x k a
F b k F a k
b

f x dx F b F a .

[H.P.]

As the constant of integration k, is cancelled out, so we intentionally leave it while evaluating

the definite integral for a function.
b

a f x dx b f x dx .

P.02

PROOF We know that

f x dx F x a F b F a

(i)

Also, consider

b f x dx F a F b

(ii)
b

By (i) and (ii), we can easily deduce that

a f x dx F a F b
a

f x dx .

[H.P.]

a f x dx a f t dt i.e., value of definite integral is independent of the change of variable.

P.03

PROOF Consider

a f x dx F x a
F b F a

Also,

a f t dt F t a F b F a

(ii)

By (i) and (ii), we observe that

b

P.04

And

[H.P.]

PROOF We know,

f x dx f t dt .

f x dx f x dx f x dx, a m b .
m

Consider

(i)

a f x dx F x a F b F a
m

a f x dx F x a

F m F a

m f x dx F x m F b F m

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Adding the equations (ii) and (iii), we get

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m

a f x dx m f x dx F b F a
b

f x dx .

[ By (i)

Hence,

a f x dx a f x dx m f x dx,
b

amb.

[H.P.]

a f x dx a f a b x dx .

P.05

PROOF Consider

a f x dx .

Let x a b t dx dt .
Also when x a t b and, when x b t a .
b

f x dx f a b t dt

So,

f a b t dt
a

[By using P.02

f a b t dt
a
a

f x dx f a b x dx
a

Hence,

[Replacing t by x, P.03

a f x dx a f a b x dx .

[H.P.]

SPECIAL CASE OF P.05 Take a 0 and b a .

a

Then,

f x dx f a x dx .
0

The proof for the special case is same as is for the P.05, so it has been left as an exercise for you!
a

P.06

a
2 f x dx, if f x is even function i.e., f x f x
.
f x dx 0

0, if f x is odd function i.e., f x f x

PROOF We know that

f x dx

f x dx f x dx (i)

[By using P.04

Consider

f x dx .

Let x t dx dt .
Also when x a t a and when x 0 t 0 .
0

So,

f x dx f t dt
a

f t dt
0

[By using P.02

f t dt
0

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Integral Calculus By OP Gupta (INDIRA AWARD Winner, Elect. & Comm. Engineering)

f x dx f x dt

[Replacing t by x, P.03

Therefore equation (i) becomes,

a

f x dx f x dx f x dx

f x dx f x f x dx

a
2 f x dx, if f x f x
f x dx 0
a

0, if f x f x

a
a
2 f x dx, if f x is even function
i.e.,. f x dx 0
a

0, if f x is odd function

2a

P.07

[H.P.]

2a

f x dx f x dx a f x dx
0

f x dx f 2a x dx .
0

2a

PROOF We know

2a

f x dx f x dx a f x dx
0

(i)

[By using P.04

2a

Consider f x dx .
a

Let x 2a t dx dt .
Also when x a t a and when x 2a t 0 .
2a

So,

a f x dx a f 2a t dt
a

f 2a t dt
0

[By using P.02

f 2 a t dt
0

2a

a f x dx 0 f 2a x dx

[Replacing t by x, P.03

So equation (i) becomes,

2a

f x dx f x dx f 2 a x dx .

[H.P]

2a

P.08

2 f x dx, if f 2a x f x
.
f x dx 0

0, if f 2a x f x

PROOF We know

2a

f x dx f x dx

2a

a f x dx

(i)

2a

Consider

a f x dx .

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Let x 2a t dx dt .
Also when x a t a and when x 2a t 0 .
2a

So,

a f x dx a f 2a t dt
a

f 2a t dt
0

[By using P.02

f 2 a t dt
0

2a

a f x dx 0 f 2a x dx

[Replacing t by x, P.03

So equation (i) becomes,

2a

f x dx f x dx f 2 a x dx
0

f x f 2a x dx
0

2a

Hence,

a
2 f x dx, if f 2a x f x
.
f x dx 0

0, if f 2a x f x

[H.P.]

04. Definite integral as the limit of a sum (First Principle of Integrals):

Take that function whose integral value is to be calculated as f x and then use the given relation,
b

f x dx lim h f a f a h f a 2h ... f a ( n 1)h

h 0

a
b

or,

f x dx lim h f a h f a 2h f a 3h ... f a nh
a

h 0

i.e.,

n 1

f x dx lim h f a rh , such that as n , h 0 and nh b a

n

or,

r 0
n

f x dx lim h f a rh , such that as n , h 0 and nh b a .

n

r 1

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