WRITTEN REPORT

GROUP 3

THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS

AND
THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
(The Katipunan, Outbreak of the Revolution, Bonifacio in Cavite, Truce
of Biak-na-Bato, Aguinaldo in Hongkong and Singapore, Spanish
American War, Battle of Manila Bay and the Siege of Manila, Dictatorial
Government of Aguinaldo and the Declaration Independence,
Revolutionary Government, Mock Batlle of Manila, The Malolos
Congress and Republic, The Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898,
Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation)

Submitted to:
Mr. Francisco Felipe S. Bacang

Submitted by:
Waminal, Angela E.
Rodriguez, Kaye
Palumar, Cristal
Anasario, Reon
Tenorio, Suzette B.
Faeldan, Czarina
I. The Campaign For Reforms

Reform Movement- a movement brought by the unjust execution of the three filipino
priests namely Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora. Also known as
“GOMBURZA”.

The Role of the Middle Class

Middle Class- Spanish and Chinese mestizos and the insulares.

Three Social Classes of Spanish Period:

1. Peninsulares- Spaniards born in spain
2. Insulares- Spaniards born in the philippines
3. Indios- natives or indigenous people

On 1869, Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre a very down to earth person became
governor who they saw as an ally and on July 12, 1869 they marched and serenade
him. During 1872-1882, The filipino inteligenstia(a segment of middle class) took
over the leadership from the wealthy sector.

The Nature of the Reform Movement

The movement has no clamor for independence it only aims for the assimilation
of the Philippines to Spain(to make the philippines a province of spain) so that the
filipinos:
 would become spanish citizens
 Would be represented in the Spanish Cortes to be able to participate in the
making of laws that may benefit the country
And that goal has to be attained by peaceful means-using the power of words.

The Great Reformists

 Graciano Lopez Jaena “The Great Orator”- born in Jaro Ilo-ilo, on December
17,1856 son of Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena. He was the Author of a
Fray Botod a tale that deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of a certain
friar named Botod (the average friar of the period). In February 15, 1889 he
became an Editor at the first circulation of La Solidaridad and on January 20
1896 he died of tuberculosis.

 Marcelo H. Del Pilar “Political analyst and Editor”- born in Barrio Kupang,
Bulakan, Bulakan on August 30, 1850 son of Julian H. Del Pilar and Blasa
Gatmaitan. In 1882 he founded Diariong Tagalog. He left for Spain in October
1888. In December 1889 he took over the editorship of La Solidaridad and in July 4,
1896 he died.

 Jose Rizal “Great Thinker and Writer”- born in Calamba Laguna on June 9 1861
to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo. He wrote the poem “Sa Aking Mga
Kababata” at the age of eight. He finished Noli Me Tangere at the age of 26 which
gained popularity but the Spanish authorities prohibited its reading. In 1891 he
finished El Filibusterismo and in December 30, 1896 he was shot to death.

The Pro-Filipino Societies

 Circulo Hispano-Filipino- the purpose of this newspaper was to bring the
attention of the Spanish authorities in Spain the condition that the Philippines work
for the introduction of reforms which would benefit the Filipinos.
 Associacion Hispano-Filipino- the purpose of this newspaper was to bring the
attention of the Spanish authorities in Spain the condition that the Philippines work
for the material and moral improvement of the philippines.

La Solidaridad- a news paper that rises as an answer to the needs of bringing to the
attention of the Peninsular Spaniards the so-called Philippine problem.
IOn February 15, 1889 the first number came out in Barcelona with Lopez Jaena
as Editor and on December 1889 Marcelo H. del Pilar took over the editorship.
The aims of La Solidaridad
 During Jaenas editorship- to combat reaction, to stop all retrogressive steps, to
extol and adopt liberal ideas, to defend progress and to be a propagandist of
democratic ideas.
 under Del Pilars editorship- the aims of the sol was expanded to include: the
removal of the friars and secularization, active participation in the affairs of
government, freedom of speech of the press and the assembly,a wider social and
political freedom, equality before the law, assimilation and the representation in
the Spanish Cortes.
Pen Names used by the Reformist:
 Rizal- Dimas Alang and Laong Laan; Mariano Ponce-tikbalang,Naning and
Kalipulako; M.H. del Pilar as Plaridel; Jose Ma. Panganiban as Jomapa.

The Hispano Filipino Association

The society, conceived as early as July 1888, was inaugurated on January
12,1889 in Madrid. Their campaigns resulted in the passage of law in the Cortes which
would have been of benefit to the Filipino if it had been carried out. In1893, the society
secure the passage of Maura Law, a law for the compulsory teaching of Spanish and
initiation of reforms in the judiciary. In February 21 1895 representative Emilio
Junoypresented a petition in the Cortes that urged no less than 52 towns to favor
parliamentary representation of the Philippines.
To make the propaganda work effective the society was divided into three
sections:
 The political section under Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 The literary section under Mariano Ponce; and
 The sports section under Tomas Arejola

The Role of Masonry

In April 1 1889, G. Lopez Jaena established the Masonic lodge revolucion in
Barcelona and in 1890 the lodge La Solidaridad was established in Madrid.
Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Antonio Luna established Masonic Lodges in the
Philippines which is Nilad and Walana and some other 33 lodges. It became the focus
of propaganda activities and became responsible in the maintenance of unity it also
served as a pattern for the methods and organization of the Katipunan because Andress
Bonifacio was a Mason.

La Liga Filipina was founded by Rizal on July 3, 1892 at a house in Tondo.

It aims to unite the archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body; for
mutual protection of every want and necessity;defence against all violence and injustice;
encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce; study and application of
reforms. All this aims are to be carried out through the creation of governing body
composed of the Supreme Council, Provincial Council and Popular Council.

The Failure of the Reform Movement

1. The intensive campaign of La Solidaridad for reforms did not yield any tangible
result in the form of changes in the administration of the philippines.
2. The societies established in the philippines whose purpose was to campaign for
reforms did not sufficient means with which to carry out their aims.
3. The propagandists were divided against themselves by petty jealousies.

II. The Philippine Revolution

The Philippine Revolution began in 1896 and ended only in 1901.At first it was
only a war of independence against the spain but later on, it turned into a war of
independence against the united state.

The Revolution Begins

After the discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of
balintawak. Balintawak was the place north of Manila which was then a secret meeting
place of the katipuneros. On August 26,1896 the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking
and angrily tore his residence of certificate(cedula) which is the caused for the
revolution and the katipuneros led by Bonifacio started the Revolution.

Causes of the Revolution

1. The abuses of Spanish officials and priests
2. Persecution of Filipino Leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen
3. Filipinos desire to regain their independence
4. Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call for revolution

The Execution of Rizal and Other Martyrs

The Spanish officilas terrorized the filipinos and executed many of their famous
leaders.Many filipino patriots were arrested and put in prison at Fort Santiago and
about 1000 filipinos were exiled to Guam, Africa and other Spanish prisons abroad.The
martyrdom of their leaders made the Filipinos more angry at the Spanish Officials.
The famous martyr of the Philippine revolution 1896 was Dr.Jose Rizal.He was
allowed to leave Dapitan and go to Cuba as a volunteer doctor in the Spain army.He
was arrested and taken back to manila and was put in prison at Fort Santiago and tied by
the Military Court.He was found guilty of being a traitor to Spain and sentenced to
death.At dawn of December 30,1896 rizal was shot dead by a firing squad at the
Luneta.
Aguinaldo and Filipino Victories in Battle
The filipinos freedom fighter fought with crude weapons. The greatest victory in
the battle of the filipino was won by Emilio Aguinaldo in the battle of Binakayan,
Cavite on November 9 to 11, 1896.

Rivalry between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo

The revolutionaries was divided into two, The Magdalos-Aguinaldo’s group
and The Magdiwangs-Bonifacio’s group.Aguinaldo win his battles while Bonifacio
lost hi battles.Aguinaldo’s followers, did not help the magdiwang when they fought the
spaniards.
Tejeros Assembly
Both rival groups decided to meet at tejeros,Cavite on March 22,1897. They
wanted to settle the controversy on Leadership because a revolution must have only one
leader.They decided to elect the officers of a Revolutionary Government. Bonifacio
was over confident, his followers outnumbered the followers of Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo
wasn’t able to attend the election because he was fighting the spanish army at Imus.
Bonifacio was elected as the new leader,he did not know that the filipinos no longer
wanted him as the leader.
Aguinaldo won the majority vote for new President of the first Revolutionary
Government.Bonifacio lost even the position of Vice President and the other lower
positions. As a consolation, Bonifacio was elected to the last office of secretary of the
interior but even the lowest position was protested by Daniel Tirona.
The Death of Bonifacio
At the battle of Limbon, Bonifacio and his men lost the fight and were taken
prisoners. Bonifacio was wounded and his brother Ciriaco was killed. His wife
Gregoria Jesus was one of the prisoners. The Revolutionary Government tied Bonifacio
and his brother Procopio by military court martial at Maragondon on May 5, 1897 and
they were found guilty and were sentenced to die. Aguinaldo reduced their sentence to
life imprisonment but was able to cancel that order and execute Bonifacio.
On May 19,1897 Andres and Procopio were shot by a firing squad of
Aguinaldo’s soldiers in near Marigondon under the command of Major Lazaro
Makapagal.
The Biak na Bato Republic
On November 1, 1897 the filipinos revolutionaries leaders approved a
constitution for a new government.This became became a Biak na Bato Republic. On
Novemnber 1 to December 30, 1897 Aguinaldo was again elected as President of the
Biak na Bato Republic.
Truce of Biak na Bato
No side could win the revolution.The Filipinos could not win. The Spanish
Governmnet could not win. Spanish Governor Primo de Rivera told the Spanish
Cortes(Parliament) “I can captured their Biak na Bato headquarters. So he sent the olive
branch peace to Aguinaldo. He offered to end the fighting on both sides. Aguinaldo
decided to accept the peace offering of Governor Primo de Rivera. Dr.Pedro A. Paterno,
a prominent Filipino acted as the go-between in the peace negotiations. He succeeded
in negotiating the agreement to end the fighting between the Filipinos and the Spaniards.
This was historic Pact of Biak na Bato,it was signed by General Aguinaldo and
Governor General Primo de Rivera on December 14 and 15,1897.

Women of the Revolution

 Melchora Aquino(popularly known as ‘Tandang Sora’)
 Gregoria Montoya(Joan Arc of Cavite)
 Agueda Kahabagan(Joan Arc of the Santa Cruz Laguna)
 Tersa Magbanua(Joan Arc of the Visayas)
 Trinidad Tecson(Mother of Biak na Bato)
 Nazarai Lagos(Florence Nightingale of Panay)
 Patronicia Gamboa(Heroine of Jaro)
 Marcela Agoncillo(Wife of filipino diplomat Felipe Agoncillo)

V. Aguinaldo in Hongkong and Singapore

Aguinaldo in Hong Kong

➢ Aguinaldo exile in Hong Kong in exchange for 400,000 indemnity
➢ Isabelo Artacho demanded Aguinaldo to divide the 400,000 pesos indemnity
➢ Aguinaldo was sued by Isabelo who wanted his share of the loots
➢ Aguinaldo fled to Singapore

Aguinaldo in Singapore
➢ E. Spencer Pratt wanted an interview with Aguinaldo
➢ They persuaded Aguinaldo to side with the Americans against the Spaniards.
➢ Pratt assured Aguinaldo that the American had no intention of making the
Philippines a colony of U.S.A
Aguinaldo back in Hong Kong
➢ Rousenville Wildman, the American consul at Hong Kong, told Aguinaldo to
establish a dictatorial government, a government similar to that of the United States,
in the Philippines.
➢ Aguinaldo asked Wildman to purchased arms and ammunition for the Filipinos, but
the arms never arrived.

Aguinaldo and the Hong Kong Junta

➢ Hong Kong Junta is composed of Filipino patriots in Hong Kong. It is a
Revolutionary government in exile developed bu Aguinaldo. It is the highest council
that decides for revolutionaries and war.
➢ May 4-The Filipino who composed the Hong Kong Junta met to discuss the steps
to be taken in the face of the new developments.
➢ The Junta as one decided that Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to lead the
Filipinos against the Spaniards.

Aguinaldo Returns
➢ Aguinaldo returned to Cavite on May 19, 1898 aboard the McCulloch ship.
➢ It was dewey who provided transportation to Aguinaldo back in the Philippines.
➢ He was taken to Olympia, where he was accorded honors due general.
➢ Gen. Aguinaldo alleged that Commodore George Dewey assured him that the U.S
would recognize the Philippines Independence which Dewey denied.
VI. Spanish-American War

The US Helps Cuba

One year before the historic Cry of Pugad Lawin, a revolution broke out in
Cuba another Spanish Colony that rose against the rampant abuses of the Spaniards. It
became independent in 1898 after three years of revolt, with the help of United States.

The Americans were supportive of the Cubans for various reasons:

▪ First- the US is a free country and Advocated democracy and freedom.
▪ 2nd- the US wants to protect its huge economic interest in Cuba, in the amount of
$50,000,000.
▪ 3rd- a lot of stories reached the United States about Spanish maltreatment of
Americans living in Cuba and this greatly angered the US citizens.
▪ Finally, since Cuba was located very near the US it was deemed covered by the
protective mantle of the Monroe Doctrine.

The US interest in the Philippines

Theodore Roosevelt
At that time, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, wanted a war
to erupt between the US and Spain so he could strengthen and expand the US Navy,
he immediately put his plan into place. On February 25, 1896, he ordered Commodore
George Dewey to make Hong Kong the headquarters of the American Asiatic
Squadron. He also directed Dewey to attack Manila Bay and destroy the Spanish fleet,
the moment hostilities between Spain and US break out.

Spain did not relish American intervention in its affairs. However, with the
Philippine and Cuban revolutions going on, it could not afford to add the Americans
to its enemy list, especially since the United States had more advanced technology
and weaponry. In the face of Spain’s declining power, it tried to repair its rift with the
US in order to avoid a disastrous war. On February 15, 1898, how ever a fateful event
accrued in Cuba. The American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbor,
resulting in the death of its 260 officers and crewmembers. Although it was not
proven that the Spaniards had sunk the Maine, the Americans called for war against
Spain. Roosevelt was one of many US officials who considered the destruction of the
Maine as act of treason and supported the declaration of war.

Spain declared war on the United States on April 23, 1898. The United Sates
declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898. On May 1, 1898, the United States
Navy lead by Commodore George Dewey crushed the Spanish squadron in Manila
Bay and the Spanish naval base at Sangley Point in Cavite. By June, 1898, the
American had control of portions of the Philippine islands. The Spanish-American
War ended with the Treaty of Paris signed on December 10, 1898. The treaty
conferred ownership of the Spanish colonies of Guam, Puerto Rico and the
Philippines to the United States. In turn, the U.S. paid Spain US$ 20 million.

VII. Battle of Manila Bay and the Siege of Manila

George Dewey then a commodore in United States Navy's Asiatic squadron was
waiting in Hongkong. Theodore Roosevelt stated that the war had begun between the
US and Spain. Dewey sailed from Hongkong on board his flagship Olimpia with 6
other heavily armed flagships. Dewey entered Manila bay almost undetected . When
he saw the Spanish ships, which were under command of General Patricio Montoya.
He ordered his men to fire. The battle began at 5:41 in the morning and 12:30 at the
same day. The Spaniards raising white flag in surrender. Spaniards lost 167 men and
214 others wounded. As for the Americans, no ships were destroyed and no soldiers
were killed. the battle of manila bay is considered as one of the easiest encounters
ever won in the Philippine history. On June 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo had
captured the whole Luzon and ready to storm Manila with the help of Gregorio Del
pilar, Artemio Ricarte, Pantaleon Garcia and many others. At that time the term
Manila referred to the walled city of intramuros. Aguinaldo started planning the
declaration of Philippine independence.

VIII. Dictatorial Government of Agguinaldo and the Declaration Independence

 The dictatorial government lasted for only a month, may 24 to June 23, 1898.
At the instance of Mabini, Aguinaldo delivered on June 23, a message penned
by Mabini, giving his reason for changing the forms of government to a
revolutionary one.
 Aguinaldo issue a degree setting up the revolutionary government
The chief of state was change from dictator to president and defined the object
of the government as the “struggle for the independence of the Philippines
until all nation, including the Spanish.
 Department of foreign affairs, navy and commerce, the department of war and
public works, the department of police and internal order, justice education
and hygiene, the department of finance, agriculture and manufacturing
industry
So this four department was created to help the president to his duties, and
also the president appointed the department secretaries and the personnel of
each department.
 July 15 1898, Aguinaldo made his first cabinet appointments.
 Mabini accepted the position and thereby became a member of the president
official family.
 September 28, Aguinaldo increase the number of department to six namely,
foreign affairs, war interior welfare justice and treasure
IX. Revolutionary Government
The Dictatorial Government lasted for only a month, from May 24 to June
23,1898.At the instance of Mabini, Aguinaldo delivered on June 23 a message,penned
by Mabini, giving his reasons for changing the form of government to a revolutionary
one.It changed the Title of the chief state from Dictator to President. To help the
President in his duties, four departments were created namely, the Department of
Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce, the Department of War and Public Works, the
Department of Police and Internal Order , Justice, Education and Hygiene,and the
Department of Finance, Agriculture and Manufacturing Industry.The Department
secretaries were not responsible for the decrees of the President, but they were to sign
them “with the President to give them authority”.
On July 15,1898, Aguinaldo made his first cabinet appointment.On September
28, Aguinaldo increased the number of departments to six, namely, foreign affairs,
war, interior, welfare,justice and treasury.
X. Mock battle of Manila
The mock battle of Manila was staged on August 13. At 7:30 a.m., with
American and Spanish commanders unaware that a peace protocol had been signed
between their governments a few hours earlier, the battle
for Manila commenced. Admiral Dewey had cut the only cable that linked Manila to
the outside world on May 2nd; news of the war's end reached neither General
Jaudenes or Admiral Dewey until August 16th.
The periodic sniping from the Filipinos at the outskirts made the Spanish wary
of an American double-cross, while Admiral Dewey wondered if the Spanish were
about to pull some kind of quick trick when the surrender flag failed to rise over the
city. A huge Spanish flag continued to float over the city walls near one of the
heavy batteries. Flag Lt. Thomas Brumby took the largest American flag on the ship
and went aboard the launch. The launch steamed away toward Manila, 1,500 yards
away.
Terms of capitulation were promptly agreed upon between American and
Spanish commanders and the occupation of the Spanish capital of the Philippines was
complete.
XI. The Malolos Congress and Republic

 June 18 to 28, Aguinaldo convoked to the revolutionary Congress at Barasoain

malolos.
Peace and order conditions in some province were such that Aguinaldo was
compelled to appoint their delegates to congress.
 September 4 he appointed fifty delegates to Congress
 September 15, the basilica of Barasoain was filled with delegates and spectator.
The band pasig played the national anthem. The cream of Filipino
intelligentsia, spread out and gave way when Aguinaldo and his officers
arrived.
 8 committee’sof Congress were constitute: committee on felicitation,
committee on message, committee on internal regulations, the receptions
committee, the budget committee, the committee for drafting the Constitution
 On September 29, of the independence proclaim at kawit on june 12

XII. The Treaty of Paris of December 10,1898

-was treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10,1898, that ended
the Spain-American War.
- in the treaty, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignity over and title to Cuba, and
ceded Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States.
-The cession of the Philippines involved a compensation of $20 million from United
States to Spain.
-The treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire
-It marked the beginning of the age of United States as a world power.

XIII. Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation on December 21,1878

-This proclamation was the first official indication of American Policy regarding the
Philippines.
- It expeessly indicated the intention of the United States to stay in the Philippines by
exercising right over sovereignity over Filipinos.
- The proclamation was sent to General Elwell Otis (US Military Commander in the
Philippines)
- June 12, 1898 proclaimed Philippine Independence Day
-June 23, 1898 changed the dictorial government to a revolutionary
Bibliography

Agoncillo,T.(n.d.) History of the Filipino People.839 EDSA South Triangle,Quezon

City Philippines:C&E Publishing Inc.

Blount,J.(1898/1912)American Occupation of the Philippines