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APA Format for List of References

APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences.
Examples of references for some of the more common document types, based on the APA’s Publication Manual, 6th
ed, 2010, are listed below. Consult the Publication Manual at the Reference Desk for further examples of other
document types. The reference list should be double-spaced throughout. Begin each entry flush with the left
margin and Indent subsequent line(s) five spaces. Italics are used rather than underlining in the 6th edition of the
Publication Manual. Remember that all references cited in the text must be listed alphabetically by the first
author’s last name in the list of references. If author is unknown, alphabetize by the title.

PRINT SOURCES
BOOKS

Single Author:
Bernstein, N. (2001). The lost children of Wilder: The epic struggle to change foster care. New York, NY: Pantheon.

Citation in text: (Bernstein, 2001)

Book by More than One Author:

Okuda, M., & Miller, D. (1993). Star Trek chronology: The history of the future. New York, NY: Pocket Books.

Citation in text: (Okuda & Miller, 1993)

Editor or Editors:
Ehrenreich, B., & Ehrenreich, J. (Eds.) (1971). The American health empire: Power, profits, and politics. New

York, NY: Vintage.

Citation in text: (Ehrenreich & Ehrenreich, 1971)

Edition Other Than the First:

Helfer, M. E., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R. D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago, IL: University of

Chicago Press.

Citation in text: (Helfer, Keme & Drugman, 1997)

A Work in an Anthology or Chapter in a Book:

Rubenstein, J.P. (1997). The effect of television violence on small children. In B.F. Kane (Ed.), Television and

juvenile psychological development (pp. 112-134). New York, NY: American Psychological Society.

Citation in text: (Rubenstein, 1997)

No author Identified:
Experimental psychology. (1938). New York, NY: Holt.

Citation in text: (Experimental psychology, 1938)

Encyclopedia:
Bergman, P. C. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica. (Vol. 26, pp. 201-208). Chicago, IL:

Encyclopedia Britannica.

Citation in text: (Bergman, 1993)

Articles in Reference Works:

Procyonids and pandas. (1990). In Grzimek’s encyclopedia of mammals (Vol. 5, pp. 90-116). New York, NY:

McGraw-Hill.

Citation in text: (Procyonids and pandas, 1990)

Multivolume Work:
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1-4). New York, NY: Scribner's.

Citation in text: (Wiener, 1973)

MAGAZINES, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS

Note: Italicize both the journal name and the volume number. Issue numbers are not required if continuously
paged. If paged individually, the issue number is required and is in regular type in parenthesis adjacent to the
volume number.

Article in a Journal Paginated by Volume:

Schino, G. (2001). Grooming, competition, and social rank among female primates: A meta-analysis.

Animal Behaviour, 62, 265-271.

Citation in text: (Schino, 2001)

Article in a Journal Paginated by Issue:

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.

Citation in text: (Scruton, 1996)

Article in a Monthly Magazine:

Wilson, E. O., (1998, March). Back from chaos. Atlantic Monthly, 281, 41-62.

Citation in text: (Wilson, 1998)

Article in a Weekly Magazine:

Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won’t help most kids. Science News, 159, 292.

Citation in text: (Raloff, 2001)

Article in a Newspaper:
Anderson, D. (2002, September 13). A new day dawns: chronic wasting disease. The Minneapolis

Star Tribune, p. 2S.

Citation in text: (Anderson, 2002)

One Author:
Williams, J. H. (2008). Employee engagement: Improving participation in safety. Professional

Safety, 53 (12), 40-45.

Citation in text: (Williams, 2008)

Two to Seven Authors [list all authors]:

Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E. (2007). Approaching the transition to adulthood:

Distinctive profiles of adolescents aging out of the child welfare system. Social Services Review,

81, 453-484.

Citation in text: (Keller, Cusick, & Courtney, 2007)

Eight or More Authors [List the first six authors,….and the last author]
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,...Griffin, W. A.

(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of

divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856.

Citation in text: (Wolchik et al., 2000)

OTHER SOURCES

Personal Interviews, Lectures, and Emails:

No reference to a personal communication is provided in the list of references. You may cite the communication
within the text as a personal communication.

For example:
Citation in text: (J. Smith, personal communication, August 15, 2006)

Film and Video Recordings:

Capra, F. (Producer). (1996). It’s a wonderful life [Motion picture]. United States: Republic.

Citation in text: (Capra, 1996)

Television Broadcast:
Garwood, S. (Producer). (1998, December 18). EastEnders [Television program]. Clarksville, MD: BBC America.

Citation in text: (Garwood, 1998)

DVD:
American Psychological Association. (Producer). (2008). Responding therapeutically to patient expressions of grief.

[DVD] Available from http://www.apa.org/videos/

Citation in text: (American Psychological Association, 2008)

IMAGES
From a Library Database:
Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Retrieved from

ARTstor database.

Citation in text: (Rousseau, 1896)

Free Web:
Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Retrieved from

http://www.uwm.edu/~wash/rousseau.jpg

Citation in text: (Rousseau, 1896)

Printed source:
Rousseau, H. (1896). The ship in the storm [Painting]. Musee de l'Orangerie, Paris. Henri Rousseau:

Jungles in Paris. By Claire Fresches et al. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. 232.

The plate/image number (or, if this number is not available, the page number on which the image is printed)
should follow the name of the publisher as shown.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES
ONLINE MAGAZINE AND JOURNAL ARTICLES

Many scholarly publishers have been assigning unique identifiers to each published article. The DOI (Digital
Object Identifier) is an alpha-numeric code registered to each scholarly article in order to assign a persistent
link to the article. The DOI has replaced the database name and URL in the list of references. Because the
link is to the final version, do not include a retrieval date. Since DOI numbers are complex, copy and paste
DOI into the reference. APA recommends that the DOI be included for print and online citations if available.

Where do I find a DOI?

• It may be part of the citation or abstract of a record.

• It may be found on the first page of an article, especially if in pdf format.
• Use DOI Lookup (http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/).
• Cut and paste a citation into CrossRef Simple Text Query (http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/)
• Verify a known DOI by using CrossRef DOI Resolver (http://www.crossref.org/05researchers/58doi_resolver.html)

Articles with DOI

Magnavita, J. (2008). Toward unification of clinical science: The next wave in the evolution of

psychotherapy? Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 18, 264-291. doi:10.1037/a1300490

Citation in text: (Magnavita, 2008)

Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitated

communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist,

50, 750-765. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.750

Citation in text: (Jacobson, Mulick & Schwartz, 1995)

Articles without a DOI

If no DOI has been assigned, provide the home page URL of the journal, book or report publisher. If you are
accessing through a database, you may need to do a web search to locate the URL. It is not necessary to include
the name of the database. There is no period at the end of a reference citation ending with a URL.

Francis-Smythe, J., & Robertson, I. (1999). Time-related individual differences.

Time & Society, 8, 273-292. Retrieved from http://intl-tas.sagepub.com

Citation in text: (Francis-Smythe & Robertson, 1999)

Senior, B. (1997). Team roles and team performance: Is there really a link? Journal of

Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 241-258. Retrieved from

http://bpsjournals.co.uk/journals/joop

Citation in text: (Senior, 1997)

Albrecht, T. & Danice, J. (2000). Development, ethics and prenatal health outcomes. Journal

of Social Philosophy, 36(2), 376-381. Retrieved from

http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0047-2786

Citation in text: (Albrecht & Danice, 2000)

Journal article with no DOI, retrieved from an open-access URL

If there is no DOI number, then include the URL of the journal.

Fuegen, K. & Endicott, N. F. (2010). Evidence of shifting standards in judgments of male and female

parents’ job-related ability. Current Research in Social Psychology, 15(5), 53-61. Retrieved from

http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp15_5.pdf

Citation in text: (Fuegen & Endicott, 2010)

If there is no volume, issue or page number for an open access, online journal, then use a period after the journal
title and provide additional information for locating the article in the retrieval statement.

Anders, M. (2010). Using intraday data to gauge financial market responses to Federal
Reserve and ECB monetary policy decisions. International Journal of International Banking. Retrieved from

the Bank of International Settlements website: http://www.ijcb.org/journal/ijcb10q2a5.pdf

Journal article retrieved from a difficult source to locate online via JSTOR
NOTE: Some archival documents can only be found in electronic databases such as ERIC and JSTOR. When the
document is not easily located through its primary publishing channels, give the home or entry page URL for the
online archive or the subscription database if it is only available in that format. Note that in the example below,
the article was published in 1913.
Jennings, B. (1913). Lessons learned in the trenches: The experiences of an urban middle principal.
Leadership, 4, 12. Retrieved from JSTOR database.

Non-routine information in journal, retrieved online

Non-routine information that is important to the identification and retrieval should be included in brackets after
the title.

Hawn, M. T. (2010, June 23/30). Surgical care improvement: Should performance measures have
performance measures [Editorial]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303(23), 2519-
2520. Retrieved from http://jama.ama-assn.org/

Baker, B. (2010, June 23/30). King Tutankhamun's family and demise [Letter to the editor]. Journal of
the American Medical Association, 303(23), 2471-2471. Retrieved from http://jama.ama-
assn.org/

Supplemental data that is not included in a journal article, available online

Supplemental data may include additional figures, materials, and methods, tables, or other items that add to the
topic of the article but cannot be included within the body of the article. They may include files that are not
printable, such as videos or long gene sequences. The supplemental information is important to the identification
and retrieval should be included in brackets after the title. For example, [Map] or [Audio podcast]

Harrison, R. E. (1960). [Map supplement]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 50(3),
374. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1902-05.2005

Brown, M. D. (2006). Enterobius vermicularis [Video podcast]. New England Journal of Medicine,
35(13), e12. Retrieved from http://content.nejm.org/

Online Magazine Article

Harder, B. (2002, November 9). Wildfire below: Smoldering peat disgorges huge volumes of

carbon. Science News Online, 162 (19). Retrieved from

http://www.sciencenews.org/20021109/fob1.asp
Citation in text: (Harder, 2002)

Online Newspaper Article

McHugh, P. (2005, March 17). Feeling down? It might help if you just take it outside.

San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from http://sfgate.com

OTHER ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Online Encyclopedia
Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2007 ed.).

Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

Online Dictionary
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from

http://m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic

Government Report
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood

Institutte. (2003). Managing asthma: A guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Retrieved from

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf

Citation in text: (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003)

Newsletter
Gibson, M. (2005, Winter). Care conference tests mobility. Connections: Newsletter of the University of New

Mexico Center for Telehealth, 3(2). Retrieved from

http://hsc.unm.edu/telemedicine/documents/Newsletters/newsletter0105/Winter2005.pdf

Research or Technical Report from a Web Site

NAACP. (n.d.). Juvenile justice fact sheet. Retrieved December 11, 2007, from

http://www.naacp.org/advocacy/research/facts/Juvenile%20Justice.pdf

Citation in text: (NAACP, n.d.)

ACLU. (2007, November 29). FBI Improperly Using Patriot Act Surveillance

Powers, ACLU Charges. Retrieved from

http://www.aclu.org/safefree/nationalsecurityletters/32904prs20071129.html

Citation in text: (ACLU, 2007)

Article from Web Site or E-journal
Takase, A. (2007). Japanese high school students' motivation for extensive L2 reading.

Reading in a Foreign Language, 19(1), 1-18. Retrieved

September 24, 2007, from http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/April2007/takase/takase.pdf

Citation in text: (Takase, 2007)

Television Broadcast
Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour.

[Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

Citation in text: (Crystal, 1993)

Electronic Book from Web Site

O'Keefe, E. (n.d). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from

http://onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135

Citation in text: (O’Keefe, n.d.)

Seton, E. T. (1911). The Arctic prairies: A canoe-journey of 2,000 miles in search of the caribou. New York, NY:

C. Scribner’s Sons. Retrieved from Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6818

Electronic Book from Database

Gates, J.M. (1999). Consider the Earth: Environmental activities for grades 4-8.

Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com

Citation in text: (Gates, 1999)

Wiki
Deferred compensation. (n.d.). In Family business wiki. Retrieved October 8, 2009, from

http://www.familybusinesswiki.org/Deferred+compensation

Citation in text: (“Deferred compensation,” n.d.)

Data Set
Pew Hispanic Center. (2004). Changing channels and criss-crosing cultures: A survey of

Latinos on the news media [Data file and code book]. Retrieved from

http://pewhispanic.org/datasets/

Citation in text: (Pew Hispanic Center, 2004)

Blog post
Kiume, S. (2007, August 17). Loneliness isn't good [Web log message]. Retrieved from

http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2007/08/17/loneliness-isnt-good/

Citation in text: (Kiume, 2007)

Audio podcast
Green, C. D. (Producer). (2006, October 9-15). Thomas Blass on Stanley Milgram's shocking studies

of obedience [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.yorku.ca/christo/podcasts/

Citation in text: (Green, 2006)

Video (YouTube)
Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs

Citation in text: (Norton, 2006)

WEB SITES

Entire Web Site:

If you refer to an entire Web site, you do not need to include an entry for it in your reference list, but must
identify the source clearly in the text of your paper.

For example:
The Sea Turtle Restoration Project homepage presents a wealth of compelling, well-researched information on
the struggle to save the world's sea turtles from extinction. (http://www.seaturtles.org).

A Specific Page within a Web Site:

You will need to include an entry in your reference list. Note: There is no period after the URL at the end of a
citation.

Sea Turtle Restoration Project. (2010). Threats to sea turtles. Retrieved from

http://seaturtles.org/section.php?id=104

Citation in text: (Sea Turtle Restoration Project, 2006)

Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2002, October, 21). Fact sheet: Hurricanes.

http://www.fema.gov/hazards/hurricanes/hurricaf.shtm

Citation in text: (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2002)