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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 5182-23 (2006): Methods for Measurement for air

Pollution, Part 23: Respirable suspended particulate matter
(PM 10), cyclonic flow technique [CHD 32: Environmental
Protection and Waste Management]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

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है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006

Indian Standard
METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
PART 23 RESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MAITER (PMIO),
CYCLONIC FLOW TECHNIQUE

Ics 13.040.01

0 BIS 2006

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

March 2006 Price Group 3

Environment Protection and Waste Management Sectional Committee, CHD 32

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 23) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the drafi finalized by-the
Environment Protection and Waste Management Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division
Council.
Particulate matter (PM), is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid
droplets. Particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. Total suspended particulate (TSP) includes
part icles of various sizes. A significant fraction of TSP consists of particles too large to enter the human respiratory
tract, Fig. 1 shows typical particulate penetration in the human respiratory system, therefore, TSP is not a good
indicator of health-related exposure. There is now an increasing amount of scientific evidence which indicates
that respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) or PM,0 portion of the TSP is correlated to health impacts of
particulate matter.
Almost all fine particulate are generated as a result of combustion processes, diesel fuelled engine combustion,
and various industrial processes, including incineration. Emissions from these anthropogenic sources tend to be
PM,0 and/or PM, ~. Their chemical and physical composition, vary depending on location, time of the year and
meteorology. He;ith effects short-term exposure to PM ~(}can irritate the lungs and perhaps cause immune responses;
lung constriction, producing shortness of breath and cough may result. The materials dissolving from the particles
can also damage cells. Larger particles deposit in the upper respiratory tract, while smaller inhalable particulate
travel deeper into the lungs and are retained for longer periods of time. Long-term, lower level PMIOexposure
may cause cancer and premature deaths. Both PM,0 and PMZ~can accumulate in the respiratory system and are
associated with numerous health effects.
United States EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (US NAAQS) has set an air quality standard of
50 pghns for long-term l-year average concentrations of PM IO,short-term, 24 h PMIOconcentrations should not
exceed 150 yg/ms more than once a year. Long-term (annual) PM2,5 concentrations should not exceed
“1s~g/m~ more than once a year and the short-term (daily) PMZ,5concentrations should not exceed 65 pg/m3 more
than once a year. The WHO has a 50 ~g/m3 annual average guideline limit.
The sampling and analysis of any pollutant is of fundamental importance. There are large number of sampling
system available for PM,0 measurement each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Since the inlet determines
which particles are excluded and which pass through the collection system, the inlet is actually defining the
particle cut-off size and thus the species captured. The correct use of the inlet, the flow rate and the general
operation of the system is vital to the accuracy of PM lodetermination. Other methods for measurement of RSPM
are in the consideration of the Committee for formulation as separate Indian Standard.
There is no 1S0 Standard on the subject. The standard is prepared based on the measuring techniques available
and use in India.
The composition of the Committee responsible for formulation of this standard is given at Annex A.
In-reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed or
ca Iculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with 1S2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical
values (Yev2.wci)’.
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006

Indian Standard
METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION
PART 23 RESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (PM,,),
CYCLONIC FLOW TECHNIQUE

1 SCOPE filter. The mass of these particles is determined by the

difference in filter weights prior to and after sampling.
This standard (Part 23) prescribes methods for
The concentration of PMIOin the designated size range
measurement of respirable particulate matter PM,0 in
is calculated by dividing the weight gain of the filter
the ambient air with the help of an appropriate cyclonic
by the volume of air sampled.
particle fractionating device.
NOTE — The method of PM ,{,sampling is non-destructive and
2 REFERENCE the sample is available further analysis of other components.

The standard listed below contains provisions which, 5 RANGE AND SENSITIVITY
through reference in this text, constitutes provisions
5.1 Lower Quantifiable Limit
of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions
indicated was valid. All standards are subject to For a 24 h sample duration at about average
revision and parties to agreements based on this 1000 l/rein, the lowest detection limit is determined
standard is encouraged to investigate the possibility by the reproducibility of the filter weight difference
of applying the most recent edition of the standard which shows a standard deviation (cr) of
indicated below: approximately +2 mg. The three c detection limit is
then approximately 3.5 Lg/m3. The three o lower
1SNo. Title
quantifiable limit depends on the filter used and may
4167:1980 Glossary of terms relating to air be even 5 ~g/m3.
pollution @rst revision)
5.2 Upper Quantifiable Limit .,, ,
3 TERMINOLOGY
For a 24 h sample duration at about average
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions 1000 l/rein, the upper quantifiable limit is 1 000pg/m3.
given in IS 4167 and the following shall apply. However, the exact value depends on the nature of the
aerosol being sampled; very small particles will clog
3.1.1 Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
the filter at a relatively low mass loading while larger
(PA41J, PM,, size convention closely resembles
particles will bounce off during sample transport at high
the thoracic size distribution (see Fig. 1) and has a concentrations.
50 percent penetration at 10 micron equivalent
diameter/aerodynamic diameter. Figure 1 shows the size 6 INTERFERENCES
distribution of particulate penetration in different
portions of the human respiratory tract and the 6.1 Passive Deposition
PM,O size distribution adopted by the international Passive deposition occurs when windblown dust
community. deposits on a filter both prior to and after sampling.
3.1.2 Inhalable Particles (1PM), are particles that can 6.2 Re-circulation
be breathed through the nose or mouth — or all particles
that enter the human respiratory tract. Re-circulation occurs when the blower exhaust, which
contains carbon and copper particles fi-omthe armature
3.1.3 Thoracic Size Distribution (TPM), includes and brushes, is entrained in the sample air. Positive
particles that travel past the Larynx and reach the gas biases of 0.15 pg/m3 have been measured, which are
exchange region of the Lungs. insignificant mass interference but which may affect
carbon and copper measurements. Re-circulation can
4 PRINCIPLE
be minimized by assuring a tight seal between the
Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet and blower and the sampler housing or by ducting blower
through a 20.3 cm x 25.4 cm filter at an flow rate of exhaust away from the sampler. If the cyclone walls or
about 1 000 l/rein. Particles with aerodynamic diameter the cup below are not cleaned and have accumulated
less than the cut-point of the inlet are collected by the too much particulate some of these may get re-entrained

I
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006

100 L I I I I I I Ill I I I I I I I I [1

o
1 2.5 4 10 20 50 100

Aerodynamic Diameter ( ~m)

A- PMIo
● - 1PM
■ – TPM
0- RPM .,
V -PM 2.5

FIG. 1 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE PENETRATIONIN DIFFERENT POSITIONS OF

THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT

and reach the filter paper causing erroneously high 6.5 Shipping Losses
PM,0 values to be reported. Particle loss during transport occurs when filters are
6.3 Filter Artifact Formation heavily loaded with large dry aerosols. It is more
prevalent on membrane than on glass fibre filters.
Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitric acid and organic Particle loss is minimized by shorter sample duration
vapours can be absorbed on the filter medium along in heavily polluted environments, use of fibre as
with the suspended particles thereby causing positive opposed to membrane filters, folding the filter prior to
biases. Samples taken in the presence of high transport and careful shipping procedures.
SOZconcentrations have been shown to yield up to
10 ~g/m3 of excess sulphate on glass fibre filters. 7 APPARATUS
7.1 Sampler — The essential features of a typical
6.4 Filter Conditioning
cyclonic fractionating sampler for respirable particulate
Filter conditioning environments can result in different matter are those of a compact unit consisting of
mass measurements as a fimction of relative humidity protective housing, blower, voltage stabilizer, time
(RH). Hydroscopic particles take on substantial totalizer, rotameter and filter holder capable of
quantities of water as RH increase, especially above supporting a 20.3 cm x 25.4 cm glass fibre filter. A
the deliquescence point of approximately 70 percent typical schematic sampler is shown in Fig. 2.
RH. Increased mass deposits of 50 percent or more
7.2 Cyelonic Size SelectiveInlet for PMIOSampling
have been observed as RH increases to 100 percent.
Twenty four hours at a constant temperature and RH is 7.3 Volume Flow Controllers — For a PMIOSampler
considered adequate for sample equilibration. flow rate is maintained within 15 percent of the

.7
IS 5182 (Part 23): 2006

r
SECTION 1 AIR INLET

Q-y
7
FILTER COVER

GASKET

. . . . . . . . .. .

I 1

I
\

LL A T
CYCLQNE ASSEMBLY

SAMPLE BOTTLE
\ TO SUCTION DEVICE

lE&w.. .,,

FIG. 2 A TYPICAL SCHEMATIC SAMPLER

designed flow rate (1 000 l/rein) for the cyclone 7.9 Psychrometer
separating device. An automatic flow controller with
7.10 Filter Media — A 20.3 cm x 25.4 cm glass fibre
flow sensing device and feedback should be provided
filter.
to constantly monitor the flow rate and compensate for
decrease in flow rate due to filter choking by dust load NOTE — Glass fibre filters meet requirements in most
or flow rate changes on account of voltage fluctuation. categories with the exception of artifact formation and blank
levels. Sampling efficiency is very high for all particle sizes.
A voltage stabilizer may be provided to compensate Blank levels for several elements of interest are high and
for voltage fluctuation. variable. Glass tibre filters may exhib]t organic carbon artifacts,
Appropriate filter media should be used in case filters are
NOTE — The flow rate decreases as-thefilter deposit increases.
subjected to chemical analysis.
Sampling should be stopped and the filter paper should be
replaced when the flow rate decreases to 850 litre/m in. 7.11 Filter Jacket — A smooth, hea-vy paper folder
or envelope is used to protect the filter between the lab
7.4 Analytical Balance — having a sensitivity
and field and during storage. Filter and sampling data
of 0,01 mg.
are often recorded on the outside of the jacket, but this
7.5 Elapsed Timer — accurate to + 1 min. should not be done while the filter is in the jacket to
prevent damage.
7.6 Flow Metering Device — accurate to +5 percent.
7.7 Equilibration Rack— The rack to separate filters 8 PROCEDURE
from one another so that the equilibration air can reach 8.1 Calibration of Sampler
all parts of the filter surface.
The sampler shall be periodically calibrated at least
NOTE — A photograph record rack serves this purpose well
once in six months or whenever a major repair/
7.8 Numbering Machine — An incrementing replacement of blower takes place, by using top loading
numbering machine that prints 4 to 8 digit ID numbers. calibrator traceable to national standard.

3
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006

8.2 Filter Inspection check-weight value from the corresponding routine

weigh. lf any cheek-weight differs by more than 4.0 mg
Clean the light table surfaces. ”Filtersshould be handled from the routine weight, re-weigh all the filters. Seal
with clean hands to prevent contamination. Clean lands
filter jackets and ship blank filters to the field or place
each filter on the light table and examine it for pinholes,
exposed filters into storage.
loose particles, tears, creases, limps or other defects.
Loose particles may be removed with a soft brush. 8.6 Field Sampling
Filters not meeting the above visual criteria shall not
Tdt back the filter house cover and secure it according
be used.
to manufacturers instructions. Loosen the faceplate
If chemical analyses are to be performed, one or two wing nuts and remove the faceplate. Remove the filter
filters from each lot shall be analyzed for blank levels. from its jacket and center it on the support screen with
the rough side of the filter facing upwards. Replace the
8.3 Filter Identification face-plate and tighten the wing-nut to secure the rubber
Apply an ID number to the upper right hand comer on gasket against the filter edge. Gently lower the inlet.
the smoothest side of each filter with the incrementing Inertial jet and cyclonic inlets must have their seals in
number machine. Gentle pressure is to be used to avoid contact with the top of the faceplate. Look underneath
damaging the filter. Record this number in a chain of the inlet just as it is coming into contact with the
the custody log-book and on a filter jacket. The chain faceplate to assure that this contact is being made. It
of custody log-book contains columns opposite every may be necessary to re-adjust the position of the filter/
filter ID to record dates and technician initials for filter motor assembly in the sampler housing to obtain such
inspection. Equilibration, pre-weighing, shipment to a seal. Excessively windy and wet conditions should
field, receipt from field, re-equilibration, post-weighing be avoided when changing samples. Pre-loading in a
and storage. filter cartridge assembly, temporary removal of the
-sampler to a protected area, or a wind or rain shield
These records identify the disposition of each sample may be used it the sample must be changed in inclement
and prevent the creation of two samples with the weather. Set the timer for the desired start and stop
same ID. time. Replace the chart paper in the flow recorder, if
there is one, set the proper time and mark the time and
8.4 Filter Equilibration
date on the chart. For a manually flow controlled
Place blank or exposed filters in air tight desiccators sampler turn on the motor for 5 min and measure the
having active desiccant in the control temperature 15 to exhaust pressure with a pressure gauge or rotameter.
27°C and Oto 50 percent relative humidity environment Read the flow rate corresponding to its exhaust pressure
for 24 h prior to weighing. The rack should separate from the calibration curve and record it on the data
filters such that all surfaces are exposed to the sheet. Turn off the motor and assure that the timer is in
equilibration environment. Measure the temperature its automatic mode. For automatically flow-controlled
and relative humidity of the controlled environment and units, record the designed flow rate on the data sheet.
record the values in the equilibration column of the Record the reading of the elapsed time meter. The
chain of custody log-book. specified length of sampling is commonly 8 h or 24 h.
During this period several reading (hourly) of flow rate
8.5 Filter Weighing
should be taken.
Weigh filters in-groups of 10 to 50. Use clean hands
After sampling is complete, record the final flow rate
for all filter handling. Stack filter jackets with data
and the elapsed time in the same manner. Subtract the
forms printed on them in the same order (in ascending initial elapsed time from the final elapsed time to
order of filter ID number, if possible) as the order of determine the sample duration. Remove the faceplate
filters in the equilibration rack. Adjust the balance tare by removing the wing nuts. Fold the filter in half
to read zero with nothing in the weighing chamber and lengthwise by handing it along its edge with the exposed
adjust the span to read (or verifi that it read) 30000 g side inward. Insert the filter in its jacket. Note the
* 0.0003 g with the 3 g standard weight on the presence of insects on the deposit, loose particles, non-
weighing pan. Place a filter on the weighing pan and centered deposits, Evidence of leaks, and unusual
obtain a stable reading. Record the weight on the data meteorological conditions on the data sheet. Mark the
form in the blank or exposed filter column. Veri~ the flow-recorder chart, if any, and return it with the data
zero and span every ten filters. Place each tilter in its sheet.
filter jacket when weighing is complete, but do not seal
NOTE — In order to avoid the loss of weight due to potential
the jacket opening. A separate technician randomly loss of volatile particles, the sampled filter media should be
selects four filters or 10 percent of all filters in the batch weighed as early rN possible after conditioning as mentioned
(whichever is larger), re-weigh them and subtract this in 8.5.

4
IS 5182 (Part 23) :2006

9 CALCULATION lVl = initial of filter, in g

W2 = final weight of filter, in g;
9.1 Calculation ofvolume ofair sampled:
v = volume of air sampled, in m3; and
V=Qt
106 = conversion of g to ~g.
where
10 PRECISION AND ACCURACY
V = volume of air sampled, in m3;
Mass of the filter deposit, flow rate .through the filter,
Q = average flow rate, in m3/min; and
and sampling time have typical precision of +2 mg,
t = total sampling time, in min. +5 percent and *1 rein, respectively, as determined
9.2 Calculation of PMIOin ambient air from performance tests. The accuracy of those
measurements can be well within these tolerances when
(w’,-~)xlo’ determined with independent standards. These
PM,O (as pg/m3)= ~
uncertainties combine to yield a propagated precision
of approximately *13 percent at 10 pg/m3. The filter
where
deposit mass, measurement precision dominates at low
PM IO=mass concentration of particulate matter concentrations while the flow rate precisiomdominates
less than 10 micron diameter, in @m3; at high concentrations.

ANNEX A
(Foreword)

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Environment Protection and Waste Management Sectional Committee, CHD 32

Organization Representative(s)

In personal capacity (40/14, C.R. Park, New Delhi - L100/9) PROFDrLrPBISWAS(Chairman)

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai DR .(SHRIMATI)G G PANOIT

DR L V. SARAOHI(Mfernafe)

Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, Hardwar DR N. G SHRIVASTAVA

Cement ‘Manufacturers’ Association, New Delhi DR K. C. NARANG
Central Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad DR L. C. RAM

Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai DR S. RAJAMANI

Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi DR S. D. MA3CH3JANI
DR C. S. SHARMA (Alternate 1)
DR S. K. TYAOi(Aliernate 11)
Confederation of Indian Industries, New Delhi Srnu A. K. GHOSE
Sr-m R. P. SHARMA(A1/ernate)
Crop Care Federation of Indi~ New Delhi Smu P. N. PARMSSHAWARAN
Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi DR R.ARESHMEHROTRA
SHRIV. K. MINGCHA (,4fternafe I)
DR (Ssrrm+mr)A. MANOAL(Ahernate II)
Directorate General Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute, SW S. S. GAUTAM
Mumbai Smu BRUMONAN(Alternate)
Directorate General of Health Services, New Delhi DR (SHIUMATS)
MAOHURI
SWRMA
Engineera India Limited, New Delhi SEWB. B. LAL
Smu SUSHEELSAGH(Afternate)

5
IS 5182 (Part 23): 2006

Organizufkwr Representative(s)

Envirotech Instruments Private Limited. New Delhi Smu RAXESHAGARWAL

DRRAIENDRAPRAsAo(,4/terrra/e)
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI), Ms ANTARAROY
New Delhi
Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Ahmedabad Swu D. C. DAVE

Hindustan Lever Limited, Mumbai Simi B. B. DAVS

Smu ADITVAJHAVAR
(Alternate)

Indian Chemical Manufacturers’ Association, Mumbai Smu V. N. DAS

“SsuuA. A. PANJWANS
(Alternate)

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi DR R. C. MAHESHWARI

Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi DR H. N. SAIYAD

Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, DR MOXSSHKM

New Delhi DR A-rrn MDTAL(Alternate 1)
DR ARVINDNEMA (Alternate 11)

Indian 011 Corporation L:mited, Faridabad DR M. P. SINGH

lPCL. Vadodrrra Smu ANWAM DESAI
Ssuu Mum BANEIUr
(Alternate )

Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow DR S. K. BHA.RGAVA

Ministry of Defence (R&D), DRDO, New Delhi SW J. C. KAPOOR

Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi REPRESENTATWE

Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, New Delhi Smu VINODKOMARJAIN

Town and Country Planning Organization, Ministry of Urban SW K. K. JOADOER

Development, New Delhi DR SANTOSHVIDHVADHARAN(Akernate)

Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Mumbai DEP~Y Cmv ENGINEERCWTL

DEPUIY’EXECUTIVE
ENGrNSER
(Alternate)
,,, ,
National institute of Occupational Health (lCMR), Ahmedabad DR V. KRISHNAMummy
DR A. K. MUKHERIEE
(Alternate)

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur DR V. I. PANDIT

DR TAPANNANDY(A/[errrate )

National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, New Delhi SHU R. GOPAL

NCCBM, New Delhi SHRIM. S. BHAGWAT

DR S. N. PAII (Ahernafe)

Reliance Industries I.imited, Mumbai DR E. SUNDERASAN

DR U. K. S,mooP (Alternate)

Shrii-am Institute of Industrial Research. New Delhi Swu V. G K. NAIR

DR JAGDISHKuma (Alternate)

SGS India Limited, Chennai SHRI

s.RAW
Steel Authority of India Limited, New Delhi SHW V. M. .%msrru
Smu K. B. LAL (Alternate)

ThaparCentre for Industrial Research & Development, Patiala DR MAHESHWAR ROY

DR S. K. CHAXRARORTY
(Allerrrde)

The Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi DR (SHRIMATI)B. SWAMINATHAN

DR S. NAND (Alternate)

131SDirectorate General .DR U. C. SRIVASTAVA, Director and Head (CHD)

[Representing Director General (E-r-officio)]

Member Secretary
SHRI N. K. PAL
Director (CHD), BIS

6
Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed, if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS CataIogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. CHD 32 (1217).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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