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    CHEM31.1 ATQ3 Santos

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    Claire Santos
    The organic layer washed with 6.M NaOH removes unwanted acids by having the strong base rip protons off the weak acids and turn them into salts, which then go into the NaOH-water layer. Distilled water is used to remove excess NaOH. After extraction, the solid was dark, showing impurities, while after purification via sublimation the solid was a pure white powder. Sublimation involves two phase changes of the solid caffeine directly to gas and then back to solid without passing through the liquid phase. It has advantages over recrystallization of requiring fewer steps and yielding a higher percentage of pure product. Limitations are that the substance must be pure and volatile to sublimate effectively.

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    CHEM31.1 ATQ3 Santos

    Uploaded by

    Claire Santos
    146 views2 pages
    The organic layer washed with 6.M NaOH removes unwanted acids by having the strong base rip protons off the weak acids and turn them into salts, which then go into the NaOH-water layer. Distilled water is used to remove excess NaOH. After extraction, the solid was dark, showing impurities, while after purification via sublimation the solid was a pure white powder. Sublimation involves two phase changes of the solid caffeine directly to gas and then back to solid without passing through the liquid phase. It has advantages over recrystallization of requiring fewer steps and yielding a higher percentage of pure product. Limitations are that the substance must be pure and volatile to sublimate effectively.

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    The organic layer washed with 6.M NaOH removes unwanted acids by having the strong base rip protons off the weak acids and turn them into salts, which then go into the NaOH-water layer. Distilled water is used to remove excess NaOH. After extraction, the solid was dark, showing impurities, while after purification via sublimation the solid was a pure white powder. Sublimation involves two phase changes of the solid caffeine directly to gas and then back to solid without passing through the liquid phase. It has advantages over recrystallization of requiring fewer steps and yielding a higher percentage of pure product. Limitations are that the substance must be pure and volatile to sublimate effectively.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    146 views2 pages

    CHEM31.1 ATQ3 Santos

    Uploaded by

    Claire Santos
    The organic layer washed with 6.M NaOH removes unwanted acids by having the strong base rip protons off the weak acids and turn them into salts, which then go into the NaOH-water layer. Distilled water is used to remove excess NaOH. After extraction, the solid was dark, showing impurities, while after purification via sublimation the solid was a pure white powder. Sublimation involves two phase changes of the solid caffeine directly to gas and then back to solid without passing through the liquid phase. It has advantages over recrystallization of requiring fewer steps and yielding a higher percentage of pure product. Limitations are that the substance must be pure and volatile to sublimate effectively.

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    1. What is the purpose of washing the organic layer with 6.0 M NaOH? How about with distilled water?

    After the extraction process, unwanted byproducts of the reaction are present in the crude reaction
    mixture. In order to remove these water-soluble impurities from the organic product, aqueous washings are
    done. The organic layer washed with 6.0 M NaOH, a basic wash, to remove unwanted acids. The strong base is
    needed to rip the protons off the weak acids and turn them into salts. Then they’ll go into the NaOH-water layer.
    To remove excess NaOH in the solution, it is washed with water.

    2. Compare the physical appearance of the solid products obtained after extraction and purification.
    Account for the observed difference between the physical appearances of the two solids.

    After extraction, the solid extracted was very dark in color that shows the high amount of impurities still
    present. While the solid extracted after purification was in white powdered form. It shows a pure, refined form
    of caffeine after sublimation.

    3. What are the other applications of solvent extraction?

    There are a lot of industrial applications of solvent extraction for both upgrading and purification of
    chemicals. This has a lot of applications as varied as ore processing, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, industrial
    chemicals, petrochemicals, the food industry, purification of base metals, and refining of precious metals. One
    good example is the wastewater treatment, high boiling organics-phenol, aniline, nitrated aromatics, etc. are
    extracted from wastewater.

    4. What are the different phase changes that occur during purification using sublimation?

    There are two phase changes that occur during caffeine sublimation: (1) solid phase to gas phase transition,
    and (2) gas to solid phase transition, without melting/condensing the compound or turning into liquid phase.
    Solid caffeine turned into gas when it reached its vapor pressure. This gas then turned to solid after heat was
    applied - pure caffeine crystallized into white solid.

    5. Give two advantages of sublimation over recrystallization as a purification technique.

    Sublimation requires fewer steps than recrystallization. Sublimation has a higher percentage yield because
    recrystallization only gives off the pure solid-relying on partial precipitation of the solid.

    6. Give at least two limitations of sublimation as a purification technique.

    Sublimation needs the substance to be pure and volatile to work. If the substance is not volatile, it will not
    sublimate. If the substance is not pure, other substances may join in sublimating.
    Reference:
    El-Nadi, Yasser. (2017). Solvent Extraction and Its Applications on Ore Processing and Recovery of Metals:
    Classical Approach. Separation & Purification Reviews. 46. 10.1080/15422119.2016.1240085.

    Knutson, Zak. (2015). Sublimation of Caffeine. The University of Oklahoma,


    www.ou.edu/englhale/pronarmode.doc.

    Kunduru, Konda Reddy & Nazarkovsky, Michael & Farah, Shady & Pawar, Rajendra & Basu, Arijit & Domb,
    Abraham. (2017). Nanotechnology for water purification: Applications of nanotechnology methods in wastewater
    treatment. 10.1016/B978-0-12-804300-4.00002-2.

    Mohrig, Jerry R., et al. Techniques in Organic Chemistry: Miniscale, Standard Taper Microscale, and Williamson
    Microscale. 3rd ed., W.H. Freeman, 2010.

    Mohrig, Jerry R. Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry: Supporting Inquiry-Driven Experiments. 4th ed.,
    Freeman, 2014.

    Zubrick, James W. The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual: a Students Guide to Techniques. 9th ed., Wiley, 2012.

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