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An American National Standard

Designation: D 4740 – 02

Standard Test Method for

Cleanliness and Compatibility of Residual Fuels by Spot
Test1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4740; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method

1.1 This test method describes separate procedures for 4.1 Cleanliness Procedure—A drop of the preheated and
determining the cleanliness of residual fuel oil and the com- thoroughly mixed sample is put on a test paper and placed in
patibility of a residual fuel oil with a blend stock. It is an oven at 100°C. After 1 h, the test paper is removed from the
applicable to residual fuel oils with viscosities up to 50 cSt (1 oven and the resultant spot is examined for evidence of
cSt = 1 mm2s) at 100°C. suspended solids and rated for cleanliness using the D 4740
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Adjunct Reference Spots.
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for 4.2 Compatibility Procedure—A blend composed of equal
information only. volumes of the sample fuel oil and the blend stock is tested in
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the the same way as described in 4.1 and rated for compatibility
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the against D 4740 Adjunct Reference Spots.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 5.1 The two procedures in this test method are used alone or
in combination to identify fuels or blends that could result in
2. Referenced Documents excessive centrifuge loading, strainer plugging, tank sludge
2.1 ASTM Standards: formation, or similar operating problems.
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and 5.2 A spot rating of Number 3 or higher on a finished fuel
Petroleum Products2 oil by the cleanliness procedure indicates that the fuel contains
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and excessive suspended solids and is likely to cause operating
Petroleum Products2 problems.
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers3 5.3 Although a fuel may test clean when subjected to the
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts: cleanliness procedure, suspended solids may precipitate when
Reference Spot Sheet (D 4740)4 the fuel is mixed with a blend stock. Evidence of such
incompatibility is indicated by a spot rating of Number 3 or
3. Terminology higher in the compatibility procedure.
3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 blend stock, n—a finished residual fuel oil or fuel oil 6. Apparatus
component, including petroleum streams ranging from kero- 6.1 Test Paper—Chromatographic paper cut or divided into
sine to residuals and asphalt. appropriately sized squares, strips, or circles. Store the paper,
3.1.2 cleanliness, n—of residual fuel, the absence of sus- without folding, rolling, or bending, in a tightly closed con-
pended solids in a finished sample. tainer.5
3.1.3 compatibility, n—of residual fuel, the absence of 6.2 Test Paper Support—Fig. 1 shows a suitable support for
suspended solids when equal volumes of a sample and a blend multiple samples spotted on the same test paper which shall be
stock are mixed together. supported in a horizontal position so nothing touches test areas
of the paper.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
5
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002. Originally The sole source of supply of Whatman paper No. 2 known to the committee at
published as D 4740–92. Last previous edition D 4740–95. this time is Whatman, Inc., 9 Bridewell Place, Clifton, NJ 07014. If you are aware
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03. Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
4
Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD4740. responsible technical committee 1, which you may attend.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
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D 4740 – 02
first drop to fall back into the conical flask. Allow the second
drop to fall onto the test paper which is supported horizontally
in the oven heated to a temperature of 100°C.
8.6.1 A number of samples may be spotted on the same test
paper. The spot centers must not be closer than 50 mm and at
least 25 mm from the edge of the test paper.
8.7 Dry the test paper in the oven maintained at 100 6 2°C
for 1 h. The test paper must be kept level and supported in such
a manner to prevent the spotted portion from coming into
contact with any surface.
8.8 After 1 h, remove the test paper from the oven. Refer to
the reference spot adjunct and to the reference spot descriptions
given in Table 1. Compare the spot with the standard spots on
the adjunct and record the spot number having the closest
resemblance. If the sample spot is rated between two consecu-
tive spots on the adjunct, record the larger number.
NOTE 2—Ignore differences in overall darkness, color, size, and appear-
ance of the outer edges.

9. Compatibility Procedure
9.1 Pour 30 mL of test sample in an appropriate container,
heating if necessary.
9.2 Add an equal volume of blend stock to the test sample
and mix the contents thoroughly.
9.3 The equal volume of blend is generally the most severe
condition for measuring compatibility. If in actual practice an
FIG. 1 Support for Test Paper application requires a blending ratio other than equal parts,
conduct the test using the actual blend ratio for the test results
6.3 Oven—Any convection oven capable of maintaining an to have a good probability of being indicative of the final
air temperature of 100 6 2°C. blend.
6.4 Reference Spot Sheet—Adjunct for D 4740. 9.4 Immediately test 50 mL of the mixture as described in
6.5 Conical Flask, 100-mL capacity. 8.3-8.8.
6.6 Heating Bath or Hot Plate, capable of heating sample to
a temperature between 90 and 95°C. 10. Report
6.7 Thermometer, general purpose Specification E 1 or 10.1 Report the cleanliness or the compatibility rating as an
equivalent. integer from 1 to 5 as determined in 8.8. Report the blend ratio
7. Sampling when other than 50:50 is used to determine the capability
rating.
7.1 Samples for this test can come from tanks, lines, drums,
or small containers. Use the applicable apparatus and tech- 11. Precision and Bias
niques described in Practices D 4057 or D 4177.
11.1 Precision and bias statements have not been deter-
8. Cleanliness Procedure mined for the preparation of the spots; however, a precision
8.1 Heat the sample in the original container in the heating statement regarding how different individuals rate spots was
bath or on a hot plate to above 90° to ensure the sample is in determined by a modified round robin test. The need for
a fluid state. statements pertaining to the preparation of the spots is being
8.2 Mix thoroughly. considered.
NOTE 1—Mechanical shaking or mechanical mixing is recommended.
8.3 Pour approximately 50 mL of the sample into a 100-mL TABLE 1 Reference Spot Description
conical flask and place the flask in the heating bath or on a hot Reference
Characterizing Features
plate. Spot No.
8.4 Heat the sample uniformly by stirring and maintain the 1 Homogeneous spot (no inner ring)
sample temperature between 90 and 95°C for 15 to 20 min. 2 Faint or poorly defined inner ring
3 Well-defined thin inner ring, only slightly darker than the back-
8.5 Position the test paper so the test portion is clear of any ground
support (Fig. 1) and place in the oven for a minimum of 5 min 4 Well-defined inner ring, thicker than the ring in reference spot No. 3
allowing the paper temperature to attain the oven temperature. and somewhat darker than the background
5 Very dark solid or nearly solid area in the center. The central area is
8.6 Preheat the glass rod by dipping into and stirring the much darker than the background
heated sample for about 20 s. Withdraw the rod and allow the

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D 4740 – 02
11.1.1 The precision of the procedure in Test Method the same spot viewed under the same conditions would, in the
D 4740, for different individuals using the same D 4740 long run, not exceed one rating number only in one case in
Adjunct Reference Spots in conjunction with Table 1 to rate the twenty.
same spots prepared in accordance with Test Method D 4740 11.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
from field samples, as determined at a common site is as suitable for preparing the spots used in the spot rating
follows: procedures in Test Method D 4740, bias has not been deter-
11.1.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive mined.
ratings of the same spot by the same individual viewed under
same conditions would, in the long run, not exceed one rating
12. Keywords
number only in one case in twenty.
11.1.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two 12.1 cleanliness; compatibility; residual fuel; spot test
single independent ratings obtained by different individuals for

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