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WELLCONTROL
CERTIFICAflON
PROGRAM

I
t
PTTCO
WELLCONTROLMANUAL

a
a
u*. e.!l Gc)rabA
' PAT'TAYA,("1AE; LAFJN
7"t April 2077

t-
r
r
r
H
r
r COMMEilNt
rr AND INTRODUCTIOT{
r TO
#
# THIS
#
ba TRAIT{II{G
MATIUAT
b PTTGoLtd management and
+ team
As a group' we are obligated
are dedicated to providing
a high standard of training.
+ to deliverthe best and cater

to our ctient,s demands and
expectationsin
+ the areas of drilling and weft
interventions.
+
+ ffi;:HIil::::T.,:"7rADG certirication
course
inrhairand,
Brunei,
+
+=
singdpore,
vietnam,
+ The contents of this manual

have been compiled and prepared
+ participant to gain full
understandingof instruction
in a way to try and herpthe
course
+ we befievethe knowledgegained
materiarsin therwcF/fADC
at our course, where participants
certification program.
wourd bring back with them into
the work place where the
+ conductingtheir operations
training we trust wilf help provide
additional informationto assist,
while
ry in the working environment.
ry
=-:
- Sararit pongpitak(Daeng)
President,PTTCOLtd.
54/3 Moo 13, NavaminZO,
=- Bangkok!O24O,Thailand
Mobite:+6681920 3318
Tel: +662 947 g25g
+662 510 3808, +662
.Fq: S1O 6195
+
+?
[email protected]
www.pttco.org
+-
g
#
s
g
H
)
,
t
t
t
t
t TABLEoF coNTENTS
t
t chapter 1 ANDCALCUIATION
: BASIGTERM,DEFINITIONS
t
I Chapter2 CALCUTATION
: WELLVOLUME
t
I ghapter3 : SLOWpUMPRATE,LEAKOFFTESTANDMAASP
t
' Chapter4 PRESSURE
IN FM)ROSTATIC
: REDUGTION
t
I
chaptet5 PROOEDURES
: KICK& sHUT-lN
i
t
Ghapter6 DATA
: SHUT-IN
,
t
t Ghapter7 OFGASINFLUX
: BEHAVIOR
t
t Ghapter8 MEIHODS
: WELLKILLING
t
, Chapter9 OPERAIION
lN WELLKILLING
: PROBLEM
)
t Ghapter1O EQUIPMENTS
: WELLCONTROL
t
) Ghapter11 : SUSEAWELLCONTROL
t
t Appendixes
ANDCALCUIATION
: BASICMATHEMATICS
t
t WELLKILLSHEET(APlUt{lTS)
BOPVERTICAL
: SURFAGE
t
t WELLKILLSHEET(APIUNITS)
: SUBSEABOPVERTICAL
)
I
a SHEEInPl UNITS)
: FORMULA
t
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ChapterL
I
I Well ControlManual
b
5 Chaptert BasicTerms,Deflnitions,and Calculation
PAGE
1of33
I
I LL INFORMATION
GENERAL
I
I The functionof well controlcan be sub-dividedinto 3 phases,namely primarywell
well controlandtertiarywell control.
control,secondary
I
I himary Well Control
!!
PrimaryWellControlis hvdrostaticpressureprovidedby drillingfluid morethan
!lr formationpressure but lessthanfracturegradientwhiledrilling.lf hydrostatic
pressure
is
I lessthanreservoirpressure, reservoir
fluidmay influxintowellbore. Thissituationis
!' called"Lossof PrimaryWellControl".
|:'
Notonlyis hydrostatic pressure morethanformationpressure, but alsohydrostatic
I pressure must not exceedfracturegradient.lf yourmud in holeis too heavycausing
I brokenwellbore, youwill facewith losscirculation problem(maybe partiallylostor total
rl- fiostcirculation).
Whenfluidis losingintoformation,mud levelin well borewill be
decreased pressure.
that will resultin reducinghydrostatic In worstcasescenario,you
,lt
will losethe primarywell controlandwellboreinfluxor kick will enterintowellbore.
e
t Typically,
slightlyoverbalance pressure
of hydrostatic pressureis normally
overreservoir
desired.
Youmust keepin mindaboutthe basicof maintaining primarywell controlthat
t youmustmaintainholewith drillingfluidthat will be heavyenoughto overbalance
a formationpressure but notfractureformation.
I
columnof drillingfluidis the primarywellcontrolin
Note:BHPcreatedby hydrostatic
? drilling.
--
? lf BHPis morethan FP(formationpressure),

this situationis called"Overbalance".
? lf BHPis equalto FP(formationpressure),
this situationis called"Balance".
I
? lf BHPis lessthan FP(formationpressure),

this situationis called"Underbalance".
t-
I rt
? Secondary
WellControl
I-
I- Whenprimarywell controlfailed,it causeskick (wellboreinflux)comingintowellbore.
? Therefore,
thissituationneedsspecialequipmentwhichis called"BlowOutPreventer"
? (BOP)to controlkick.We can call that 'Blow Out Preventer"or BOPis SecondaryWell
? Control.Pleasealsorememberthat BOPmust be usedwith specificprocedures
to
: controlkick suchas driller'smethod,wait and weight,Concurrent,
Volumetric,
lubricate
: and bleedand bull heading.Withoutwellcontrolpractices
for usingBOPs,it willjust be
: onlyheavyequipmenton the rig.
!
:
:
!
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7
Well GontrolManual 7
PAGE 7
Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
2 of33 -
F
TertiaryWell Gontrol
/
(BOP)performing
Thereareseveraltypesof "BlowOutPreventer" differentapplications.
Canyou imagineif primaryandsecondary wellcontrolfailed?lf well is flowinghow do

we dealwith it? Forthis situation,you must useTertiaryWell Control.
TertiaryWell Controlusesspecificmethodto controlwell in caseof failureof primary

andsecondary are examplesof tertiarywellcontrol:
well control.Thefollowings
. Drillreliefwellsto hit adjacentwellthat is flowin$and kill the wellwith heavy

mu d .
,
Dynamickill by rapidlypumpingof heavymud to controlwellwith Equivalent
,
Density(ECD)
Circulating
,
Pumobariteor gunk to pluBwellboreto stopflowing
,
Pumocementto PluElwellbore
,
,
,
,
D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
t\
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?
Well ControlManual
? PIT PAGE
? Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
3 of33
?
?
? L2 PRESSURE
?
Definitionof Pressure
? Pressure is forceexertedper unit area.In APIunit pressure in poundper
is expressed
? s q u a r ei n ch(p si ).
?
Forcein Pound
?
a API Unit
rt
't Pressure- Pound per SquareInch (psi)
rl
Et
-t
1 unit area(sq.in)
-
t
-
I-3 HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
-
- pressure(HSP)is the pressureexertedby a column of fluid at rest.This
Hydrostatic
pressure
dependsonlyon the densityof the fluidand its trueverticaldepth.
-
{ HSP E 0.052 x MW x WD
-
In API unit,whereHSPis hydrostatic pressurein psi,MW is fluid weightin ppg,TVDis
-
constant(psy'ft./ppg).
tnueverticaldepthin feet,and 0.O52is a conversion
-
-
rl
The0.052conversion
factoris derivedas follows:
t
- ! cubic foot contains7.48 US gallons

- f pp€ hasa weightequivalentto 7.48 pounds
i
7 cubic foot hasa basearea of ! squarefoot
rl Square 7 squarefoot equalsto 744 square inches
lnch Therefore,the pressure exerted by a fluid of 7
= foot heightover the area of its basewouldbe
7.48 + 744 = O.O52pound persquareinch(psi).
-
Ihis ts the same as saying,the PressureGradient
i
of 7 ppS,fluid = O.O52psi/ft.
-
-
-
-
-
a:
CopyrightReserved
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Well ControlManual
PAGE
Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,
and Calculation
4of33
re Effects:
HydrostaticPressu
SingleFluid Density
HydrostaticPressure= O.O52x 7! x 8,OOO

f
1l-0 ppg
= 4,576 psi
9,000ft.
Hydrostaticpressureis affectedby densityof fluid and its verticaldepth:
Density Depth,TVD Hydrostatic Pressure

@pA (ft.) (psi)
9.O 8,OOO 3,744
MW 70.o 9,OO0 4,680

(ppg)
70.5 lo,ooo 5,460
ps 75,OOO 9,750
Differentfluid densitiesin the well:

HydrostaticPressure(HSP)at different fluid columns
(in Annulus)
HSPof fluid columnt = O.O52x 7Ox 3,5OO= \82O psi
HSPof fluid alumn 2 * O.052x 9 x 4,OOO = 7,872 psi
HSPof fluid column 3 = O.O52x 7! x 5OO = 286 psi
Total HydrostaticPressure = !,82O + !,872 + 286

7,500ft. (at 8,OOO'TVD) = 3,978 psi
D r i l l i n eW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
Well GontrolManual
PAGE
5of33
DEPrH(MD)
DEPTHCrVD)VSMEASURED
TRUEVERTTCAL
The hydrostaticpressure in the well is

calculatedbasedon the TrueVerticalDepth
WD).This is due to gravitypullingstrai$ht
downor verticallydown.Therefore, from the
given diagram,the hydrostaticpressureat
the bottomof the well is calculatedby using
the verticaldepthof 1O,000ft. (WD).
pressure= 0.052x 10 x 10,000

Hydrostatic
= 5,2OOpsi
The MeasuredDepth(MD) is the depth alongthe well path if well drilleddirectionally.

Thisdepthis derivedfrom the sum of drill stringslengththat the drilleraddsor makes
whlledrilling.Thismeasureddepthis usedfor the wellvolumecalculations.
connection
1,.4 GRADIENT
PRESSURE
of fluidof knowndensitymeasuredovera $ivenunitdepth.

gradientis pressure
Pressure
Sampleof PressureGradient
Freshwaterhas a densityof 8.33 pp€,in a foot columnit shouldexerta pressureof

(0.052x 8.33 x 1) = 0.433 psi.
We then call pressuregradientof freshwater= 0.433 psi/ft'
Saltwaterhasa densityof 8.94 ppg,in l foot columnit shouldexerta pressure

of
=
(0.052x 8.94 x 1) 0.465 Psi.
We then call pressure$radientof salt water = 0.465 psi/ft.
Typeof Influx(Kick)Gradients
Gas = lessthan 0.156 psi/ft.(lessthan 3 ppg)

Mixtureof Gas,Oil,Water = 0.156 - 0.465 psi/ft. ( 3 - e PPg)
SaltWater = 0.465 - 0.520 psi/ft. ( e - 10 ppg)
D r i l l i n gW e l l C o n t r o lM a n u a l
Well ControlManual
PAGE
of 33
1.5 HOLEPRESSURE
BOTTOM
Bottomholepressure exertedat the bottomof the hole'

(BHP)is the sum of all pressures
Bottomhole pressurewill be varieddependingon the operations. In $eneral,bottom
hole pressurecan be expressedas follows:
BHP - HydrostaticPressure+ SurfacePressure+/'Dynamic Pressure
Hydrostaticpressureis the pressureexertedby drillingfluid,the surfacepressureexerted

ni tne shut in pressurewhen well was closedby BOPand the dynamicpressureis the
pr"..ut" exerted due to fluid movement(i.e. Annular FrictionLosses)and pipe
movement(i.e.Surgleand Swab).
1.5.1 BHPwhen not circulating

= 0.052 x PPgx TVDwell
L.5.2 BHPwhiledrillingor circulating

= (0.052x ppg x TVDwell)+ AnnularFrictionLosses(AFL)
1.5.3 BHPwhiletriPPingin hole

= (0.052x ppg x TVDwell)+ Surgepressure
L.5.4 BHPwhiletrippingout of hole

= (0.052x ppgx TVDwell)-
Swabpressure
1.5.5 BHPwhenwellwas shut in
when the well wasshut in due to kick and the Bit on bottom,the
bottomholepressureequalsfo the Formationpressureatthe
initial shutin sta$e.The bottomhole pressurecan be determined
by:
Total HSPin Drill strin{,

BHp = HSpof mud in drillstring+ srDPP
= (0.052x pp{XTVDwell) + S|DPP
TotalHSPin Annulus
BHP = HSPof mud in annulus+ HSPof influx + SICP
= (O.O52x pp| x ft. columnof mud) + HSPof influx + SICP
Note; The correctBHPdeterminedon the annulusside should

be basedon the assumptionthat the influx is not
mi$ratin$upward.
W e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l
Drilline
Well GontrolManual
PAGE
7of33
Bottom HolePressureRelationship
Thebottomholepressureis the sum of all the pressures

actingon the bottomhole.We
candescribethe statementbeforeas the followin$equation;
Bottom HolePressure(BHP)= SurfacePressure(SP)+ HydrostatlcPressure(HSP)
of bottomholepressure.
the relationship
Theimagebelowdemonstrates
Pressure
Surface tSP)
r.J BottomHolePressure
{BHP)
BHP=SP+HSP
SurfacePressure(SP) = Bottom HolePressure(BHP) - HydrostaticPressure(HSP)
0 psi 920psi
:
#
\''' .J
rF .ll
i IL 'd 'fi
ul U}
r! EL llIL
D=8000ft q tn Ff
o1 t
B
o
t o
L, o
u
+,
r[
a! g (5
=
Formatio
Reserved I W e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l
Drilling PTTCOLtd.
Well ControlManual
PAG E
Ghapter1: BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
8of33
-
-
We assumethat formationpressure is normalpressure gradientof water(0.465psi/ft)
=
so formationpressureat 8000' TVD 8000 ft x 0.465 psi/ft = 3720 psi.Thefirst case:
Hydrostaticcolumnis waterwhichis equalto formationpressure gradientso Surface
(SP)
Pressure is equalto 0 psi
Thesecondcase:BHPis to be watergradientbutfluid columnis oil (0.35psi/ft)whichis

lowerdensitythanwatergradient(0.465psi/ft).Therefore,
in orderto balanceBHP,we
= -
needSurfacePressure(SP)of 920 psi (SP 3720 (0.35x 8000)).
Thethirdcase:BHPis to be watergradientbutfluidcolumnis gas(0.1 psi/ft)whichis

evenlowerdensitythanwatergradient(0.465psi/ft).Therefore,in orderto balance
BHP,we needSurfacePressure = -
(SP)ot 2,920 psi(SP 3720 (0.1x 8000)).
Accordingto the example,SurfacePressure(SP)will compensatethe lackof hydrostatic

pressure(HSP)in orderto balanceformation pressure(FP).
SURGE& SWABPRESSURE EFFECTS

surgepressures are additionalpressures exertedon
the well by the movement of the pipein the hole.As
andthefr iction
p i p ei s r u ni n toh o l emu di s d i splaced
effectof the mud followin$up aroundthe bit andthe
bottomholeassemblycausesa pressure surgebelow
the bit.surgepressure cancauselostcirculation and
the formation to fracture.
Swabpressure is the reductionin the hydrostatic

pressure whichmayoccurat anypointbelowthe bit.
Thisreduction of pressure is causedby an upward
movementof drill string in the holewhichcreatesa
suctioneffectbelowthe bit.Thesuctioneffectis STIRGE S\1lB
createdbecauseit is difficultfor mud to fall belowthe

b i t a s r ap i d l ya s th e p i p ei s p u l l ed.
Themaximumswab
pressureis occurredwhen the bit isjust liftedoff
bottom.Swabcan reducethe BHPsufficientenoughto
allowinfluxflowsintothe well bore.
for Surgeand Swab

1.6.1 Conditions
Swaband surgepressures may occurif:

. Mudviscosity and gel strengthis high. a
o Pipemovementis fast.
. T h i ckw a l lca ke(mu dcakeon wellbor e) .
r A n n u l acl
r e a ra n cea gainstBHAis small.
o is balledup.
B i t,re a me ro r sta b i lizer
C o p y r i g hRt e s e r v e d I D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
Well GontrolManual
Ghapter1: BasicTerms,Definitions,
andCalculation
L.6.2 Swab indicationat surface
Swab can be detected by using 'TRIP

SHEET", by checkingif the hole takes a
properamountof mud when pullingthe
pipeout of holeor if the rightamountof
mud return (not over return) when
Swnbbing in a kick
runningthe pipe in hole due to the pipe
metal displacesthe mud in the hole. Swab is also clearlyindicatedat surfacewhile
trippingout pipeby:
. Overpull.
. No dropin mud levelin the annulus.
o Risein mud levelin annuluswhendrillstringis beingpulledout of hole.
Pullingout the pipe througha horizontalreservoirsectionwhere the formationhas a

highpermeabilitycancompoundthe amountof fluidswabbedin.
EquivalentMud Weight(EMW)
The equivalentmud weight can be definedas the total pressureof a mud column
exertedat a givendepthexpressedin poundper gallon( ppg) equivalent.
An exampleof EMWis fracturemud weightin ppg(Maximumallowablemud weight).
g npte ConvertShoeFracturepressure 3858 psi ( Shoe TVD45OOft) into Equivalent

tilud WeiSht(EMW):
Maximum allowablemud weight
3 8 58psr
= 16.49ppg
(0.0s2x 4500ft)
Answer:Maximumallowablemud weight = !6.4 ppg(roundeddown)
Reserved I D r i l l i n gW e l l C o n t r o lM a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
Well ControlManual
BasicTenns,DEfinitions,and Calculation
Chaptert 7
L.7 EQUIVALENT DENSIW(ECD)
CIRCULATING
r l
in ppg whichwould ts
The equivalentcirculatingdensity,ECD,is a calculatedmud wei$ht pressure
t l
generatehydrostaticpreisureat a point in the well bore,equivalentto the total F-

from the sum of the
from ail sourcesat that point.whire driiling,the ECDis carcurated Fl
andthe annularpressurelossesin the well'
: l
hydrostaticpressures -.J
rr
-J
Mu d H yd rostattcpTessur elAnr utlar pr .essuTelosses i
ECD(ppg)- ( 0.052xTVD well) I
or l-
Attrutlar pr es slrre losses
ECD(ppg) - Origtnal MW (0.052 xTVD well)
ts
11
Bottomhole Pressurein static condition F

!
= ilO,0OO
x !0 x O.O52
= 5,2OOpsi
-
Friction
Losses CircuI atin!, (dynamic) bottom hole pressure -
!
in Annulus = 5,2OO+ 72O -

Mud in use 120 psi = 5,32Opsi
1o ppg
EquivaIent Circut atin{, Density(ECD) l-
5,320 F-
0 . 0 5 2x 1 0 , 0 0 0
= 7O.23pp€
-
or
Equ ivalent CircuI atin$,Den sity (ECD) -
10,000 ft. t20
:10+(
0 . 0 5 2x 1 0 , 0 0 0 -
= 7O.23PP€ -
,4
,-
-
spm of a well with well
Example:Calcutatethe BHPwhen circulatin$,72pp€ mud at 45 /
TVDSOOO lossesof 72O psiat 45 spm,bit nozzlespressurelossesof
ft, annularpressure l-
2O0Opsi at 45 sPm.
-
= 72 pp€,x0.052 x SOOOft
Mud hydrostaticpressurein annulus 4
= 4992 psi
(
= 4992 psi+ 72O Psi= 5772 Psi
Answer:BHPat 45 sPm /
at constantpump spm)'
(Mud density and APLmay affect BHPwhile circutatinS, F
/
,t
D r i l l i n eW e l l C o n t r o lM a n u a l
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Well GontrolManual
t PIT PAGE
t Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculatlon
11of 3il
t
t
t I-8 PRESSURE
CIRCUI.ATING
t pressureor pumppressure is producedby mud pumpwhichis requiredto
Thecirculating
t overcomethe frictionbetweenthe drillingfluid and whateverit contactsas it moves
t throughthe circulationsystem.This pressurewill be at hi$hestat the pump discharge
t and will graduallyreduceto zeroat the mud returnline.Generally,the frictionlossesin
systemare considered
the circulation intofour distinctparts:
,
)
, L Frictionlossin surfaceequipment(standpipe, rotaryhose,swiveland Kelly.)
2. Frictionlossin the drillstring,bothin drill pipeand drillcollars.
)
3. Frictionlossin bit nozzles or jets.
e 4. Frictionlossin annularspaceoutsidedrillstring.
]
s
] or PumpPressure:
Pressure
Girculatin$
)
s = FL (standRipe;* FL lorlllstrlng)
+ FL (bItnozles)+ FL (annulus)
q
WhereFL denotesFrictionLoss.
1'
,
e Fxample:
t FL. Drill tir,nt
t CirculatinSPressure= 2,5OOpsi
t
Surfacelines, Standpipe,Kelly hose 50 psi
1t Drill pipe 45O psi
e FL. lnnulut
Collars 7O0 psi
Q Bit nozzles 7,7OOpsi
Annulus 200 psi
t
t Total Friction Losses 2,5OOpsi
t
,
t FL. 8it no?rle3
q,
1t
,
t
,
,
,
t CopyrightReserved
t
t
Well GontrolManual
Ghaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
LossComponents
Pressure
Frictional Svstem
in the Ri{ Circulating
FrictionalpressureLoss:FrictionalPressureLossis pressurelosscreatedby fluid flowing

throughthe flow path.lt is a functionof fluidproperty(density, gelstrength)'
viscosity,
velocityof fluid,characteristic pressure
of flow path(holesizeldrillstringsize).Frictional
!
lossaffectson pumppressurebecausehigherfrictionalpressure loss,higherpump

is requiredto maintainthe pumprate.
pressure
the pressure
In orderto clearlydemonstrate losscomponentin the drillingri$system'
the diagrambelowdescribes pressure lossacrosseachflow pathof drillingfluid in the
sYstem.
total rigcirculation
Parametersthat affect pump pressureare as follows:
1. Fluidpropertiesespeciallymud weight,viscosity,gel strengthand yieldpointaffect

directlyon pumppressure. Thehigherthe mudweight,viscosity, gelstrengthandyield
point,the higherthe pumppressurerequirement to maintainpumprate.
2. pump rate is anotherfactorthat affectsdirectlyon pumppressure.

Thisis a basic
conceptsuchthat whenhigherpumprateis needed,higherpumppressure is required.
3. Holesize/drillstringsize:Smallerinternaldiameterof bothholeanddrillstring,higher
velocityof fluidflow is createdat samepumprate.Hi$hervelocitycreatesmore
frictionalpressure loss.Highpumppressure is requiredin orderto maintainpumprate
becausethereis additionalpressurelossdueto smallerholesizeand drillstrin$'
4. BHAand Bit Dueto smallinnerarea,BHAand bit can causemajorityof pressure

and bit nozzleselectionare criticalfor hydraulic
loss. Hence,BHAdesign/selection
design.
losswill occur. lt meanswe

5. Well Depth:Thedeeperof the well is,the morepressure
needmorepumpcapacityto achievethe drillinggoal. Depthof the well is basedon
geologicaltargetsunderneath Thispartwill influence
the earthby $eologists. on howto
of the wells.
objectives
selectthe properrig capacityin orderto meetsoundhydraulic
D r i l l i n eW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l
t
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Well ControlManual
PIT PAGE
Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitlons,and Galculation
lil of 33
l-9 FORMATION
PRESSURE
Formationpressureor porepressureis the pressureexertedby naturallyoccurringfluids

trappedin the porespacesof the formation.Thesefluidsincludewater,oil and gas.This
pressurecan be affected by the weight of the overburden(rock layers)above the
formation,whichexertspressureon bothgrainsand porefluids.lf porefluidsare freeto
moveor escape,the grainslosesomeof theirsupportandwill moveclosertogether.This
processis calledcompaction.
Theformationpressure is dividedintothreecategories:
In termsof gradient,
o Subnormalpressure ( Gradient< 0.433 psi/ft)
o Normalpressure (0.433< Gradient<0.465 psi/ft)
. Abnormalpressure (0.465< Gradient< 1.0 psy'ft)
UnderstandinEl
AboutFormationPressure
Formationpressure is the pressure

of fluidcontainedin porespaceof rockand thereare
threecategories
of formation pressurewhichare normalpressure,abnormalpressure
andsubnormalpressure.
1- NormalPressure:Normalpressureis the hydrostaticof watercolumnfrom the surface

to the subsurface
formation.Theconcentration of salt in wateraffectsthe normal
pressure.Highersaltconcentrationin water,higherspecificgravityof waterwill be.
Therefore,the normalpressurecan varyfrom slightlysalt 0.433 psirzft(8.33 PPG)to
highfyconcentratedsalt 0.478 psy'ft(9.2 PPG)basedon salt concentration in water.
2. SubnormalPressure:Thesubnormalpressure is the pressure

that is lessthan normal
pressure
and it possiblycauseslostcirculation
problems.
3. AbnormalPressure:The abnormalpressureis the pressuregreaterthan the pressure

columnof water.Generally,the abnormalpressurezonesare good reservoirwhich oil
companiesare lookingfor.Thiskindof pressure
can createwell controlproblem.
Question;Whatis abnormal pressurerelatingto fluid pressurein the formation?
Answer:Abnormal formation pressureis any formation pressurethat is Sreater

than'normal'pressure.
I
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Lookingat the drawingbelow,it demonstrates the comparisonof formationpressure t
whendrillingintoeachpressureregime.At the sameTrueVerticalDepth(TVD), lf

i
subnormalpressure showsleastpressure in comparisonto others.However,abnormal l-

pressuregivesthe highestpressureat the samelevelof TVD.
,-
l-
lJ
l-
ffmalrcn
s
l-t
b
,-
S
for abnormalpressures
Someof the Gauses canbe categorized
as follows:
L. UnderCompaction ShaleFormation f-
2. Faulting
b
3. Artesian Effects
4. GasCap b
5. ChargeSands
6. Salt Dome
-
\
1) UnderCompactionShaleFormation
The rapid depositionof shale sedimentscausesa high compactionrates under the

weightof materialsabove.The fluidsin shalecannotescapequicklyenoughwhilethe
sedimentscompactionprocess being continued,the shale fluids will bear the
overburden weightfrom above.At this point,pressurewithinshaleformationincreases l-
due to overburdenpressurenot increasedue to the rate equalto that of a columnof
formationwater.UnderCompactionShaleFormationis causefor most of the abnormal -
pressurezones(Oiland gas fields)worldwide. 11
-
The r apid bur ialof the shalecompac ti on l-
during the shale sediment deposition
createsentrapmentof the formationfluids. (
Thus,the trappedfluids will supportthe l-
overburden weights which results in
abnormalpressure withinformation.
-
C
(
IJ
L
-\-
/b
CopyrightReserved I DrillingWell Control Manual PTTCO
Ltd.
(
(
Well GontrolManual
PAGE
15 of 33
2) Faulting
The up-thrustingfault zonescreate the "chargeup"

formationof shallowdepthwhich containsfluid at r",*w
pressuremuch greaterthan normalfor their depth /
or the fault itselfmay allowfluid seepageoverpart
7'r/^r^'^nFnnsr.on
of its extent.
Fromadjacentfigure,the left side of the fault zone

is a normalpressurelocation.The rightsideof fault
zone is an abnormal pressurelocation.This is
becauseof the up-thrustingfault which movedthe
formations upward when the shifted formation
carriedits sameformationpressure.
3) ArtesianEffects
An aquifer or water bearing permeable layer

outcrops in the hills creates differential fluid
pressure.The drive pressurefrom such a reservoir
equalsthe waterheadat any point.
T he dr illingintothe aquiferout on the plainswher e

its locationis at a lowerlevelthan the levelof water
outcropup the hili,relatively creatinga shortcolumn
HYDROTIATIC
of well fluid is availableto balancea longcolumnof
?R€38URE formationwater.Hencean abnormallyhighpressure
7ROil
gradientwill be expectedwhendrilledinto the water
zone.
Questron What hascreatedthe abnormalpressureby an artesianeffect?
Answer:A reseruoirwater source locatedat a higher levelthan the rlgfloor.
CopvrishtReserved I OrillineWell Control Manual PTTCO

Ltd.
Well GontrolManual
4) GasCap
In dippingor folded(anticline),sealedreservoirs, from the deepestpart of the
pressure
reservoiris transmittedto the shallowersections.Pressureat deep end of the reseruoir
maywell be normalfor that depth.However, if the gaswhichhasa lowerdensitythan oil
and water presentinsidethe cap rock,the gas will transmitits pressureto the shallow
depthin lowergradientthan that of a normalgradientpressure, thus abnormalpressure
is alwaysseeninsidethe gascap reservoir.
Antlcllno
2125prl
GasGapsurounded by a normal prcssureFormation
To determinethe Formationpressurebelow the top of cap rock or anticline:
From the fisure of SascaPabove;

=
Theformationsurriunding anticlinecontentswith salt waterof $radient o.465 psi/ft.
(Normat$radient).Trapped$as Sradient= O-IOOpsi/ft'
pressureat 5,000' = O.465x 5,OOO = 2,325 psi
7. Formation
2. Pressureof Gasinside anticlinecap,roek = 2,ooo x 0.7= 2oo psi
3. Formationpressureat the top of the anticlinebelowthe cap rock
= 2,325 - 2OO= 2,725 Psi
4. The2,l2;psi is abnormalpressure,comparewith a normalpressureof 1'395 psi
outside an anticlineat the same depth (we have 73O psi hi$her pressurethan
normalin this examPle).
W e l l C o n t r o lM a n u a l
Drilline
I
a
t Well GontrolManual
t PAGE
t Ghaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
17 of 38
t
t
t 5) ChargeSands
t On drillingnearbyliveproductionwell,somesimilareffect
t of a downhole communication or "Underground Blowout"
) may haveoccurred. The high pressuregas in the deeper
t depth sand formation communicatesto the shallower
sand formation,thus creatingthe abnormalpressureat
t shallowdepth.
t
f Thiscan happenwhenthe producing well haspoorcement
jobs and or down hole equipmentleakagesor corrosion
)
damages.
,
t
t
) 6) Salt Dome
I
In manyareas,a thick,pure layersof salt may be present.Saltformationis a creeping
t formationand often forcedupwardinto the overlaying formationsto form salt domes.
t Salt is an impermeableformation,it exhibitsplasticflow ability,not allowingporefluids
) the formationsbeneathand
to migratethroughit. Becauseof this salt characteristics,
besidethe salt layer are commonlyexhibitingthis abnormalpressuredue to its
t supporting Piercedformationlayersare usuallysealedby the salt and lifted
overburden.
t up. leadingto migrationof oil and gas, later trappedin there and have pressurein
t exoessof the surroundingformations.
)
f
)
) - a
t .-
, J - -
- - - NormalPrassure.
t . Norrnal Pressure-
t
t
)
,
,
,
I
,
,
, ':-_-_
Salt is a CreepingFormation
t
,
t
)
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-
Well GontrolManual -
PAGE -
18 of 33 4
/
1.10 FORMATION
FRACTURE
PRESSURE
-
The formationfracturepressureor the formationbreakdownpressureis the pressure ,1
requiredto rupturea formation,so that the wholemud can flow Into it. Thisformation
breakdownpressureis usuallydeterminedfor formationsjust belowa casingshoe by
meansof a Leak-offtest.The casingshoe depth is recognizedas the weak point in the tJ
well becauseit is not protectedby casing,and generally,the formationsat deeperdown :

belowshoehavemorecompactionthus they becomestrongerand hardercomparedto rJ
formationat shoedepth.
-
t4
1.11 GAS4UTMUD
Most commonly,the oil companydrillsa well by keepinga small amountsof the over -
balancedpressure. Theobjectivefor thls is to maximizethe drillingratesand to saverig
times.Whendrillingwith minimumoverbalance, small slugsof gas may enterthe well
-
bore during connections.After the connection,pumps are turned back on, this gas
becomesin gas-cut mud."Connection Gas/Gas-cut Mud"is the relatively smallamount -
of gas that entersa well when the mud pump is stoppedfor a connectionto be -
made. SinceBHPdecreases whenthe pumpis stopped,gas may enterthe well. l-
(Note:"TripGas"is the gas that entersthe wellborewhen the mud pump is shut down
and pipeis beingpulledfrom the wellbore.Thegas may enterbecauseof the reduction -
in bottom hole pressurewhen the pump is shut down,becauseof swabbing,or because t4
of both). l-
l-
Gas-cutis the situationwhen gas from formationsor a well bore mixedwith l1
mud,causinga reductionof mud hydrostatic pressurein the well.

,-
Therewill be a smalldropin the bottomholepressure,but no kick as longas
the hydrostatic headof mud still maintainedoverbalance
or well is kept full -
o f mu d . -
Gas-cutmud will reducebottomholepressurethe mostwhenthe gas bubble

is circulated
up and nearsurfacedueto its tremendous
expansion. -
-
The precautionwhen encountered gas-cut.mud in a hole is to controlthe
-
gas is in the holeat anyone
drillingratesso that onlyoneslugof connection
time. -
t-
time shouldbe minimized,itpossible.

Theconnection -
-
Thesurfaceequipmentusedto removeElasin mud is vacuumdegasser.
Gasshow:lt is gasthat appearsin drillingmud and it indicatesthe presence

of gas I
zonesor solublegas in oil. a1

-
a.-
-
C o p y r i g hRt e s e r v e d I D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
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I Well GontrolManual
t
t Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
PAGE
19 of 33
t
t gas:lt is a relatively
Connection smallamountof gasthat enterswellwhenmud pumpis
t stoppedbecauseECD(equivalentcirculatingdensity)decreaseswhenstop pumping.
t gasindicatesthat mud weightin holeis lessthanformationpressure.
Connection
t 'Connection
Gas"is distinctincreaseof gasabovea normalbackground gaslevelwhen
I
bottomsup occursafter a connection.lf youseea small highgas peak in short periodof
t
time andwhenyoucalculatebackyouwill seethat it comesfrom everyconnection,
you
t
cansuspectthat this is the Connection
Gas.
t
t Theconnectiongasoccursbecausetotal pressure(hydrostaticpressure+ friction
t pressure)
temporarily
decreases
duringmakingconnection. Basically,it meansthat you
t
loseequivalent densitydue to pumpsoff. In addition,connection
circulating gascould
t
happendueto swabbingeffectwhenthe drillstringis workedoff bottompriorto making
t
t connection.
t
Theconnectiongascan indicatethat pressurebetweenhydrostaticpressureexertedby
I
drillingfluidandformationpressureis almostin balancecondition. whenyou
Therefore,
I
seethe connection gas,youshouldconsiderweightingup mud in the systembefore
I
t resumingdrillingoperationor trippingoperation.
t
t
t Thedifferenceof Easshowand connectiongas: lf there is connectiongas,gas shownin
I
a mud loggerscreenincreases sharplylikesmallElaspeak;however,
and decreases gas
,
showdemonstrates the smoothercurvethanconnection gas.Lagstroke,lagtimesare
,
gasor gasshowcomesfrom.Especially,
usedto findwherethe locationof connection
t
gas presents,
whenthe connection lagtime of gas peakwill be relativeto the time when
t
pumpsareoff.
t
,
Tripgas:lt is gasenteringto well borewhentrippingout of hole.Thereareseveral
t factorsas balled-upbit,fast pullingout rate,biggerdiameterBHA,etc cancreateswab
t effectthat can reducehydrostatic pressurewhiletrippingout of hole.lf too much
) reductionin hydrostaticpressure is present,
formationgascan influxintothe well bore,
called"Tripgas".
)
t
)
t Question.'What may causeTrip Gas?
)
t Answer: A reductionin BHP.
,
,
,
PIT {; Well ControlManual
and Calculation
PAGE
Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitions, 20 of 33
Example:
Calculatethe pressure
droP 11ppg
in BHPwhilecirculating = 4OOpsi
gascut mudin
thiswell: 12ppg +.
1500 = 499 psi

1 2 . 5p p g +
7000
AnnulussflP = 447tt psi
:700 x llx.052 '- 400 pti
HSP Surfaceto 700 feet
:800x12x0.052 -* de9 pri

HSP frour 700 - 1500ft
ft :5500x12.5x0.052 =. J5r 5 pr i
HSPfrom 1500- 7CI00
'.ilotnl
arntnltts F{5F = {{)ll * {99 + 3575 : 44?4psi
IISP of original mud :7000x12.5x0.052 - .[550psi
Reductionin BHP = 4550- 447,1 = 76 psi
gascut will causea smalldropin BHP)

(Mudwhichis sufficiently
1.12 TRIPMARGIN
D u r i n gp u l l i n go u t o f h o l e ,th er eis a chanceof swabbing in the well,causin$a dec r eas e

in the bottom hole pressureand the well may flow. An extra mud weightshouldbe
a d d e dto p e rmi ta sa fetri p p ingand connection An incr eased
oper ations. mudw ei ght( i n
ppg)is called.TripMargin".Thereis a misconception that a trip marginand a slu$ are
the same.However, thereare importantdifferences betweenthe two:
o the BHPpr iorto the tr ip as longas the slugi s s ti l l i n

A sl u gw i l l n o t i n c r ease
th e d ri l lstri n g .
o Trip marginwill certainlyincreasethe bottom hole pressuredue to mud

weight increaseto compensatefor the loss of mud hydrostaticpressure
causedbYswabbing.
CopyrightReserved D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
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?
? P i T (s Well ControlManual
I Ghaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
PAGE
I 2Lot 33
?
A
? I
I
a
To determine a new mud weight to be circulated
? throuSh the well prior to pulling out of hole with
regard to addingthe safetyTrip MarSin;
?
? Given:
? Well depth to,ooo ft. $/D)
MW !O.O pp€,
? An extra pressure required at the bottom of the
t well = lOO psi
a
t 7. Hydrostaticpressureat bottom holedue to MW
= O.O52x 7Ox IO,OOO= 5,2OOpsi
t 2. Total BHPincludingan extrapressure
t = 5,2OO+ 70O = 530O psi
t 3. New MW to be fully circulatedprior to POOH
5,300
t 0 . 0 5 2x 1 0 , 0 0 0
= 10.Zppg
t
e
t
2
n
,
L13 SHALLOW
GAS
2
t In the top hole section,drillingrate is normallyvery fast, hole sizesare very large,
porosityis very high.The carrying-upcuttingscapacityand annularvelocityis relatively
2 low.Thisleadsto largeaccumulated cuttingsin annulus.Theformationstrengthis also
2 commonlylow,moreso in offshoredrillingwellssincethe partof overburden consistsof
2 seawaterratherthan a wholeformation.
2
n
2
2 Variousproblemsmay be encountered
while drillinga top holesection:
t o Theformationbeingweakis vulnerable to bulkmud losses.
? a Fastdrlllingin soft formationat top holesectiongenerateslargevolumeof
rl
cuttingsthat tendto accumulatein the borehole.
1 o Shallow gas kick occurs quickly and shallow reservoircan have high
t permeability, time for actionis verylimited.
: . Formationis weakand riskof craterwhenshallowgaskick.
:
r lt can leadto blowoutcausingseriousdamageto personnel, rig and
eq u i p me n t.
t
:
: CopyrightReserved
I
J
\
t
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,t
Well GontrolManual ,-
PAGE l-
Chapter* BaslcTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
of /
,J
rJ
PreplanninEto preventthe shallowhazards:
/-
'sparker surveys"if availablecan be useful i n
Shallowseismic informationfrom /-
detectingsmall shallowgas accumulations.Occasionally these "bri$htspots"may be la
gas at high pressure,thoughmorecommonly they are low pressure and low volume.
l-
Normalpracticeto avoidshallowgas kick: l-
/
o Drillwithpilothole.
-
. Pumpingout whiletripping(POOH).
-
o Controldrillingrates.
-
Principlesof handlingshallowgas: -
F
a Activatethe divertersystemif it is in place. /
o Increasethe pump speedwith maximumrate to keep as much fluid in the
well as possibleand let gasthroughthe diverter. t-
lf mud finished,pumpseawateron offshoreri$s. C'
Do not closethe BOP,onlydiverterto be usedin orderto avoidanyformation -
F
fractureand losses.
r
ShallowGas F
?'
-
t-
-
ShallowGasGontrolProcedures: r
r
-
WhileDrilling:
-
lf flow checkconfirmedthat the wellis flowing:
r
. Opendiverterlinevalves(depending
on winddirection).
r
o Closediverterpacker. F
o out the kickat maximumpossiblepumpratewith availabledrilling
Circulate F
fluid.lf mudfinished,pumpseawateron offshorerigs. -
-
o Removenonessentialpersonnel
from the ri$.
s
F
F
F
W e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l
Drilline €
I
c |
I
I
Well ControlManual
I
'l'
PlT I; PAGE
23 of 3if
!'
r' WhileTrippinE:
I
t o Spacetooljointaboverotarytableandset the pipeon slip.
t a Installthe full openingsafetyvalve(FOSV),
thencloseit.
t Opendiverterlinevalvesto the downwinddirection.
t o Closethe diverterpacker.
a
a, a Makeup the kellyor circulating
head.
,1, a OpenFOSV.
a a Circulate
out the kick at the maximumpumpratewith available
drillingfluid.
1' Removenonessentialpersonnelfrom
the rig.
,
,4,
e
e LL4 . BASICPRESSURE
AND PUMPSTROKE
CALCULATION
1'
1)
e PressureGradientand MudWeightrelationship:
t
e
t From the HydrostaticPressure Formula: Example:
s
e Pressure = O.O52x ppgxfr.WD) Find the Pressure,column Height and
t Mud Wei{ht from given fluid gradients:
; rearranSingformula; aabulate MW (pp€)
s O.33psi/tt = 6.35 ppg
=
s i) psi/ft O.O52x ppg O.46psi/ft = 8.85 pp(,
t ii) ft. 6/D) = psi + (O.OS2x ppE) B. Calculate Gradient(psi/ft).
, 0.756 psi/ft = 3.0 ppg
iii) ppg = (psi/ft) + o.o52 :8.94 pp!
t 0.465 psi/ft
]
C. CalculateColumnheight(ft)
q ToconvertppStoGradient-> multiptyby O.OS2 O.45psi/ft with2,5OOpsi = 5,556ft.
t ToconvertGradientto pp€-> dividedby O.OS2 O.35psi/ft with3,OOOpsi = 8,57I ft.
t
I
a
I
t
t yrightReserved D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
,
t
-
-
PAGE
Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Galculation -
24ot33
-
effectsdueto pumpspeedandMWchange:
(Pump)pressure
Clrculating
MW2
P2: PLx -
*r,
Where : W her e: -
PL = Old circulationPressure PI = OId circulationPressure
P2 = New circulation Pressure P2 = New circulationPressure
SPML = OIdpump Stroke MW! = OIdmud Wei$ht
SPM2 = Newpump Stroke MW2 = New mud Wei{ht
11
-
*amples: -
Example2: -
Example7:
A pump pressureof !,0OOPsi was A pump pressureof 7,OOOPsi was -
recordedat pump speedof 4OSPM'What recordedwith mud densityof 77 pp$at a -
is the Pumppressureat a sPeedof 3O speedof 4OSPM.Whatis the PumP
pressureat 40 SPMif mud densitYis -
SPM?
increasedto 73 pP$? -
-
Newpump Pressure= P2 Newpump Pressure= P2
PZ = 1000x P2:1000x (ii) -

-
= 562.5 psi - t,l82psi
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
D r i l l i n eW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l
C
/
I
t
Well GontrolManual
t PIT
t Chaptert BasicTerms,Definitions,and Calculation
PAGE
25of 3(|
t
t
t Example At 35 spm,with 1t ppg mud,the pump pressureis
,
t 900 psi.calculatenew pump pressurewhen pump rate was
t changed to 25 spmwith L2 ppgmud ?
,
t 9. I.IEWPUMPPRESSURE(PSi)WITH NEW PUMP RATEAPPTOX|MAIC
=
t
t otd PumpPressure(psi)t (
t )'
,
t25tz
,
- 900 x (-l
NewPumppreSSUre - 459psi
,
, 10.NEWPUMPPRESSURE
(psi)wlrH NEWMUDDENS|TY
approximate=
,
New Mud Density(ppg)
t }Id PumpPressure(psi) x
t Old Mud Densi.ty(ppg)
t
,
t
NewPumpPressure- 459
"(i?) - 5 0 0p s l
,
Answer: NewPumpPressure= 500 psi
,
,
,
t
, P O R O S I W: T h ep e rce n ta gthe a tth e volum eof the por espacebear sto thetotalbulk
I
a
' clume (Thepercentage of spacebetweenthe grainsof rock).Theporespace
Ia
l e t e r m i n e sth e a mo u n to f sp a cea vailablefor stor ageof fluids) .
Ia
t
I
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
Ia
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Well ControlManual
PAGE
Chapter1:BasicTerms,Definitions,andCalculation 26 of 33 )
>J
PERMEABILITy: Theabilityof a rockto transmitfluidthrou$hthe porespaces
- A key >)
fluid'Thereis no necessary )
influencein the rateof flow,movementanddraina$eof the
relationbetweenporosityand permeability. A rockmay be hi$hlyporousandyet 2
impermeable if thereis no communication betweenpores.A highlyporoussandis
u s u a l l yh i g h l YP e rme a b l e .
Fluids fJ
tJ
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
andstatements related of Pressure,
to BasicDefinitions
1. Belowarewordings -
-
to the blank(a h):
Matchthe nuriber(1 - 7) correctly -
1. pressure
exerted Oya stiticcolumnof fluidbyvirtueof itsdensity
-
of fluid whichmeasured
2. Pressure overa givenunitdepth
l-
3. Forceexerted Perunitarea
4. Sumof all pressurearebeingexerted at the bottomof the hole -
5. 0.465Psi/ft. .., , e ---r. /

the poreof the Formation
exertedby fluidwhichtrapped"in
6. Pressure
7. UnderComPacted Shale's /
/
a) Pressure
-
b) BottomHolePressure -
-
Pressure
c) Formation
-
Gradient
d) Pressure -
-
Gradient
e) NormalPressure a
F
f)Causeofabnorma|FormationPressurewor|dwide aa
Pressure
g) Hydrostatic :
/
CopyrightReserved D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o lM a n u a l F
F
Well GontrolManual
PA(3E
Ghapter1: BaslcTemrs,Definltions,andCalculatlon
27 sl33
2. Determinethe Bottomholepressure,
MudweightandPressure from
Gradient
givendatabelow:
a) TVD= 10,000' MW= 9.6ppg BHp= , psi
b) TVD= 14,000' MW= 12.0ppg BHp= psi
c) WD = 8,500' MW= 9.5 ppg BHp= . psi
d) BHP= 4,850psi at 7,000'WD MW= ppg
e) BHP= 6,840psi at 12,000'WD MW= ppg
0 BHP= 7,230psi at 12,000'TVD MW= ppg
g) BHP- 4,430psi at 8,000'WD Gradient= psi/ft
h) Gradient= 0.455psi/ft. MW= ppg
3. the BottomHolePressure
Calculate whenwellhasmixtureof differentmud
weightsasfollows:
TVD = 6,000ft.
Fromsurface to 500ft, MW = 10.0ppg
-
From500 1,300ft, MW = 11.0ppg
From1,300- Bottomhole,MW = 11.5ppg
Answer:BottomHolePressure=
4. Calculate
theCirculatingBHPandEquivalent density(ECD)from
circulating
givenwelldata:
TVD = 10,000ft. MW = 10.5ppg
Annularpressureloss= 150psi
Answer:Dynamic =
BottomHolePressure
Equivalent Density =
circulating
CopyrightReserved I DrillingWell Control Manual PTTCOLtd.
tt
.z
Well GontrolManual /
PAGE I
28 of 33 /
/
5. pressure
the newcirculating
Calculate dueto changein pump
(pumppressure) -
strokeandmudweight:
(psi) /-
OldMud NewMud Pressure NewPressure
I
a) 9.7 ppg 10.0ppg 1,850psi I
aJ
b) 11.5ppg I2.2 ppg 2,500psi
-
c) 11.0ppg 12.6ppg 300psi I
OldStroke NewStroke Pressure (psi)

NewPressure -
d) 75 spm 40 spm 2,450psi
e) 30 spm 60 spm 400psi

/
0 20spm B0 spm 180psi
/
F
la
6. Determine pressure
Mudweightrequiredto balanceFormation for the
followingbottomholepressure
andTVDdepth:
a) 4,850psiat 7,000' Answer: ppg F
F
b) 6,840psiat L2,000' Answer: PPg
/
c) 9,900psiat 15,000' Answer:
. ppg ;
d) 3,560psiat 7,000' Answer: ppg

C
e) 4,430psiat 8,000' Answer: ppg F
F
0 7,230psiat 10,000' Answer: PPg -
gradient
pressure is basedon a fluidweightof: -
7. formation
Normal
l-
a) 6.93ppg -
b) 7.18ppg -
c) 8.34ppg /
@ a.s+pps
/
/
/
Reserved I orillineWell Control Manual PTTCOLtd.
/
/
)
I Well GontrolManual
I PIT
I Chaptert BasicTerms,
Definitions,
andCalculation
PAGE
t 29 of 33
) Whichof the followingsituations

is likelyto inducethe greatestswabbing
) duringtripping?
)
) a) Whenpullingfirst few standsoff bottom
b) Whendrillcollarsare passing intocasing
)
c) Whendrillcollarsare liftedout of hole
)
) 9. will probablyresultin Swabbing?
Whichof the followingsituations (Select3
) answers)
,
a) The mudpumpis runningwhilepullingout of holewiththe drill
) string
) b) The mudviscosityis too high
) c) Pullingthe drillstringthroughtightspotswithoutpumping
I d) Pullingout the drillstringtoo fast
e) Pullingthe drillstringthroughtightspotswhilepumping
t f) Pullingon the drillstringslowly
10. pressure
In the Oilfieldthe hydrostatic is a functionof:
a) Drillstringlength
b) Pumpoutputper minute
c) Theverticaldepth
d) Formation porosity
11. Whendoesexcessive
Surgingoccur?(Select2 answers)
a) out the pipetoo fast

Pulling
b) Largeannularclearance
c) Impropercirculating density
d) Running in too fast
e) Lowmudviscosity
f) Tighthole
12. The equivalent

circulatingdensity(ECD)is considered the effectivemud
weightwhilecirculating.
Which pressure
lossin the circulatingsystemis added
to staticmudweightto find it?
a) Surface pressure
loss
b) Drillpipepressure
loss
pressure
c) Drillcollar loss
d) Bit nozzlepressure
loss
ei) Annularpressure
loss
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Well ControlManual lJ
PAGE -
30 of 3il -
-
1 3 . Whatis theeffecton bottomholepressure
whencirculating
compared
to static /
situation?
a) Bottomholepressure
is greater
b) Bottomholepressure
is lesser
c) Nochangein bottomholepressure
-a
14. Whichof thefollowing

alternatives pressure?
doesnotcauseabnormal l-
I
a) Anexcessive overburdenweight
b) Upward Faulting
c) Anincrease in shaledensity
d) A gascapeffect
e) A artesian
effect
15. to 9,000'WDwith9.5ppgmud.WellB is drilled

WellA is drilled to 9,000'MD
(8,500'T/D)withthesameMW.Whatis thedifferencein hydrostatic pressure -
at the bottomof thetwowells? l-
ta
a) 180psi
l-
b) 225psi
c) 247 psi l-
d) 325psi l-
,-
16. To adda 200 psitrip marginto yoursystemcontaining

MW 13.5ppg at a -
depthof 2,900'.Whatwouldbe the requiredmudweight? -
-
a) 14.8ppg -
b) 15.0ppg
13.2ppg -
c)
d) 12.5ppg -
-
-
17, The 3,500'TVD 9.5 ppgMudweight.Whatis the hydrostatic
wellcontains
pressure -
at the 2,900'WDcasingshoe?
-
a) 1,500psi -
b) 1,650psi -
c) 1,433psi Fl
d) 1,350psi
I
7J
ar-
-
Reserved I OrillinsWell Control Manual PTTCOLtd.
I
Ib l
r'
PAGE
Ghaptert BaslcTerms,Definltlom,and
"ru
Calculation
vr'Yrr Il l srca3
18. Whatshouldbethevalueof Gasinfluxgradient?
a) Lessthan0.156psi/ft
b) Equalto 0.465psi/ft
./ c) Morethan0.465psi/ft
d) Equalto 0.433psi/ft
19. the minimum

Fromthedrawingbelow,calculate mudweightrequired
to
pressure
theformation
balance whendrill.at2,200ft:
1341psi
Mudweight(PPg)=
ightReserved I orillingWellControlManual I PTTcoLtd.

-
C
Well GontrolManual (
PAGE
Chaptert BasicTerms,
Definitions,
andGalculation €
32 of 33
(
(
20. Fromthedrawing below,theGaswastrappedunderCaprock(Anticline
(
Structure). the pressure
Calculate at topof thegascapandthe minimum
mud
to drillintothetopof thegascap;
weightrequired C
-
Pressure
Given:Assume Gradientat OilandGascontact= 0.447'
psi/ft.
-
= 0.104psi/ft.
GasGradient
-
e
e
F
F
F
F
-
3000 ft e-
-
F
F
F
-
-
-
at top of gascap =
Pressure ,: . psi -
-
Mudweight=
required
Minimum ppg -
-
-
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
-
CopyrightReserved I DrillingWell Control Manual PTTCOLtd. -

,1
?
Well GontrolManual
Definitions,
Chapterft BasicTerms, andCalculation
Erercbe- 1.Answerkey
D
l - a 3
, b 4
t c
d
6
2
t e 5
I t
g
7
7
f
b z a
b
4992
8736
psi
psi
b c 4199 psi
b d
e
13.3
11.0
ppg
ppg
f LL.6 ppg
6
o O.5s3 psy'ft
h 8.8 ppg
BottomHolePressure= 3528.20 Psi

b DynamicBottomHolePressure= 5610 psi
b 4.
Equivalent Density= 10.8 PPB
Circulating
b L9O7 psi
b 5. a
b 2652 psi
b c
d
344 psi
697 _--psi
b e 1600 psi
b t 2880 psi
b 6. a 13.4 ppg
b b
c
L1-
L2.7
ppg
ppg
b d 9.8
to.7
ppg
ppg
b e
f 13.9 ppg
b 7. o
b 8. A
b 9. b.c.d
b 10.
Il. d.f
b ll.
b li. d
b I -1.
b 15.
16. 2
b 17.
b 18.
19.
a
Mud weight: 11.72 ppe
20 Pressureat top ofgas cap : 1315psi

Minimum requiredMud weight:9.2 ppg
CopyrightReserved
Chapter2
\
a
t
Well GontrolManual
t PIT
I Chapter2: WellVolumeCalculation
t
t VOLUMEORCAPACITY
CALCULATION:
t
I on the drillingrigs,therearetwo commonshapesof objectwhichhavebeen
deployedeitheras facilitatedequipments
or as drillingequipments.
t
t
) Square
The squareshapedobject is similar to the
'
I
m u dt a nk a n dth e tri pta n k.
I
t Clinder
t
It The cylindershapedobjectis similar to the
It
, e d ri l l p i p e and the dr ill
w e l l . t he ca si n g th
collars.
It
I
t T h ev o l u meo f th esq u a resh a p ecanbe
|l
-a determinedby simplymultiplyits lengthby its
w i d t ha n d b y i ts h e i g h t.
= L x W x H
T h ev o l u meo f th e cyl i n d esh

r a p ecanbe
d e t e r m i n ebdy u si n gfo rmu l a :
TTXD2XH
rExRzxH or
Where,
1 (pi)= 3.1,4L6(theconstant,is a ratio
betweenthe diameterandthe circumference)
R = Radiusof circle(distance from the centre
to the outeredge).
D = Diameterof the circle(distance through
the centrefrom edgeto edge).
T h ec o m mo nu n i tso f vo l u mea recubicfeet,

cubicmeters,USgallonsand barrels.
t Reserved D r i l l i n eW e l l C o n t r o M
l anual PTTCOLtd.
lr
l-
Well ControlManual l-
PAGE lf
Chapter2: WellVolumeCalculation
2otT t4
-
l-
2.2 STRINGCAPACITY
ANDMETALDISPI.ACEMENT
CALGUHTION:
lr
lr
To findvolumeor capacityof a
cylindershapeor hole;
Capaci$= Baseareax Lenglth

or Depth
Theterms of baseareaare expressed tj

in the followingdrawings: -
Annuhrrpocobctncrn
rffng and crring
Annuhrrplcr brlt*n
drilldringendholr
0rill *ing Crproty
Dtill lbing llchl Ditphcamrnt

Dilfihahcshr Ihf @hryordc
StringCapacity:
StringCapacityis determinedby:
a -
Dilllstdng
lTXD2XH
Capacily 4
Inputthe conversionnumbers:
D = inch
D2 1sq. feet = L44sq. inch
bbl/ft = l- cubicfeet= 0.1781bb|
m
In 1ft. columnheight,the capacity
will be:
3.1416xDzxO.I7BL pz
bbl/ft =
4xL44 1029.4
C o p y r i g hRt e s e r v e d I D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual PTTCOLtd.
\
a
:
:
Well ControlManual
: Chapter2: WellVolumeCalculation
I
t
I MetalCapacity: StringMetalDisplacement
can be determinedby:
t
oDz - IDz
I bbl/ft =
ro29.4
t
t Inputthe conversion numbers:
t ODandlD of dr illstr ing= inch
1 sq.feet = L44 sq. inch
t = 0.1781bb|
l cubicfeet
2 In 1ft. columnheight,the capacitywill be;
,
t oDz - IDz
hbl I ft
LO29.4
t
t Alote; The metal displacement calculated by this
t formula is valid only for drill strinSs not including
upset or tool joinb.
;
t
t
1'
Example: Example:
t hlculate internal capacity(bbl/ft) of Calculatethe metal displacement(bbl/ft) ot

e 5' Dritl Pipe.#79.5\bs/ft, 6-3/4" Drill Collar,lD = 2-7,/2"
=
lD 4.276'
,
4.2762 6 . 7 5 2- 2 . 5 2
, bbllft= = 0.0382
LOZ,-.4=0.0178 L029.4
,
,
, 23 STRINGCAPACITY
IN THEWELL
,
t
In th e o i l wellther ear e inter nalcapacity
of dr illstr ingas
t follows:
,
. DrillPipeCapacityx Lengthof Drillpipe
,
. HWDPCapacity x Lengthof HWDp
) . DrillCollarCapacity
x DCLength
t
, Volumeof Drill pipe(bbls)= DP cap.(bbl/ft)x DP.LenSth
(ft)
)
Volumeof HWDP(bbls1=HWDPcap.(bbl/ft)x HWDp tengtn6t)
t
t Volumeof DC = DC cap. (bbl/ft) x DC tenstn(ft)
t
)
t CopyrightReserved D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual
t
)
I
Well ControlManual
PAGE
Ghapter2: WellVolumeCalculation
4ot7 -
CALCUI.ATION
2.4 ANNUI.ARCAPACITY
-
by :
Annularcapacitycanbe determined
StringMetalDisplacemenl
lD is the insidediameterof the outerstring

or holesize.
OD is the outsidediameterof the insidestring
Inputthe conversion numbers:

OD and lD of dr illstr ing= inch
1sq. feet = L44 sq. inch t
l cubicfeet = 0.1781bbl
In 1ft. columnheight,the capacitywill be;

IDZ _ ODz ODz_ IDz
bbl/ft = bbl/ft =
to29.4 LO29.4
Fs<ample: Example:
Calculateannular capacityof 5" drill pipe, Calpul?teannular capacityof 6-t/2" drill

#79.5\bs/ft. inside9-5/8' Casin!,,#4O.O collar,# 99lbs/ft inside8-7/2" hole;
Ibs/ft,N-80,(lD= 8.687");
B .6 B t2 - 5 2 9 . 5 0 2- 6 . 5 0 2
bbl/ft - : O.O4892L bbl/ ft - : O.O29t
to29.4 to29.4
-
-
-
-
-
/
-
-
/
D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual 1
/
I
a
aa
Well GontrolManual
I
a
Iat
PIT PAGE
Ghapter2: WellVolumeCalculation
q 5of7
a
I
a
I
a IN THEWELL
2.5 ANNUALRCAPACITY
fl
t
q Annularcapacitiesin the wellarevaried
a
depending on the sectionof casing,drillpipeand
I
a drillcollars.In general,the surfaceBOPstack
a
a will consistof threesectionsof the annular
||tt capacities;
a- Casingand drill pipe
. Annularcapacityof drillpipein casing.
rl . A n n u l aca o f d ri l lp i p ei n open
r p a ci ty
-
.l h o l e.
. Annularcapacityof drillcollarsin open
a holeand drill pipe
h o l e.
rl
a
.l Annularvolume betweendrill pipein casin$
= DP/6G. cap. (bbl/ft) x Casin$length(ft).
rl
holeand drill Collar
rl Annularvolume betweendrill pipe/ openhole
= DP/ OH.cap. (bbl/ft) x DP/OH Len$th(ft)-
al
a Annularvolume betweendrill collar in openhole
.l = DC/ OP.cap.(bbl/ft) x DC Len€th(ft).
a
a
Forthe subseaBOPstack,thereis an extraannularcapacityof drillpipein
rl
for fillingthe kill mud
marineriser.Thiscapacityshouldbe considered
a *right afterkillinEwell.
-
a
it
a 2.6 PUMPSTROKE CALCULATION
rl the totalstrokescan be determinedby relationship
Afterhavingthe volumein barrels,
a as follows:
a b<ample:
Pump Strokes
a Volumein DrillString= 175 barrels.
Pump Odtput = O.7O9Obbl/stroke.
rl Volume(bbls)
a Pump output (bbl / str o ke) Total strokesto pump from surfaceto bit
rl t7s
:-:L.6O6strokes
rl 0.1090
rl
?
2
2
2 W e l lC o n t r o M
Drilline l anual PTTCOLtd.
t
a
Well GontrolManual
-
PAGE
Chapter2: Well VolumeCalculation -
6of7
-
2.7 TIMETO PUMPCALCULATION -

-
Afterobtainingthe pumpstrokes,the pumpingtime in minutescan be determinedby
relationship
as follows: -
Times to pump
Example:
Strokes Total strokestopump in drill string= 1606
strokes
Pump r ate (Str oke / minute) Pump rate = 3O strohes/minute.
-
Total times to pump in drill strin{, -

L606 -
=
-
-
-
VOLUME
GENERAL . SURFACE
CALCULATION BOP -
-
Well Data:
Hofesize 8-1,/2"
HoleDepth 11,536ft.(M TVD)
9-5/8" Casing 9,875 ft. (M TVD)
5' HWDP 600 ft.
G1,/4"DrillCollar 880 ft.
DrillStringCapacity;
5" DriffpipeCapacity O.OL741,bbl/tt -
5' HWDPCapacity 0.00874bbl/tt
-
G1,/4"DCCapacity O.OO492bbl/tt
-
-
-
AnnulusCapacity;
DCIOpenHole o.0322Lbbt/tt -
HWDP&DPlOpen Hole o.o447Obbt/tt -
DPlCasing 0.04891bb1/ft
-
Note: -
-
Drill pipe len{th = Well depth- DC- HWDP
-
Hole length= Welldepth - DC - CasingShoedepth

HWDP&DP/Open
l-
,J
Well ControlManual
PAGE
Chapter2: WellVolumeCalculation
7 otT
2.8 GENERAL
VOLUME - SURFACE
CALCULATION BOP(Continued)
Drill StringVolumeCalculations(Drill pipe length= Well depth- DC- HWDP)
DilSthgtfrmnir DrlSuh6V*rtF&bb)
Len$h(fl)x Capaeitv
ibbfft)
Vdumen OdNpin (tib)
@xl =
ont74l
Vdune in l-ftfDP(trbb)
F]xFoosal = l-;l
VotureintE (Hs)
ExFq=|J3 l
Tffil voftrnem m (tbb) =
AnnulusVolumeCalculations
tMPt{Fx0mll*S{
=l-lqsll
,ruxl oo4fil
lf xOpcl&& 6U{
IqrFq =lzffi4l
Isdorruohyksu$ =[ffi2fl
TotdArrx-fusVdnre(bb)
=
Hole length= Welldepth - DC - CasingShoedepth)

(HWDP&DP/Open
CopyrightReserved
Chapter3
\
t
I
I Well ControlManual
t- PAGE
Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate,Leak Off Test and MAASP
tJ Lol37
I
-
3.1 SLOWCTRCULATTON
PUMPRATE
t-
Wellcontroloperationsare performedat reducedpumpspeed.Kicksmust be circulated
t al
Rate(SCR)with kill ratecirculating
out at SlowCirculation pressure.
Theobjectives
are:
I
-
I- . To ensurethe slowcirculation pressure plusthe SIDPPis convenient for pump
I and doesnot exceedthe surfacelinerating(MudGasSeparatorlimits).
-
. To allow mud returnsto be weightedup and re-circulated within the mud
rl
I
mixingcapacity.
- o To preventthe dangerof fracturingthe formationat the casingshoe.
rl . To allowlongerreactiontime for chokeadjustment.
rt . To allowsufficienttime for disposalof kick at surface,especially
the critical
conditionwhen gas influx at surface reachesthe maximum pressure
t
especiallywith mud seallimitationof MudGasSeparator(MGS).
rt o To reduceannularpressureloss for a better control of the bottom hole
rl pressure.
rt
r To reducechokelinefrictionloss.Thisgreatlyaffectsthe killingoperations on
the subseaBOPstack,in the deepseawateroperations.
rt
Gooddrillingpracticesrequirethe Slow Pump Rate Pressure(SCRP)be checkedand
-
necordedregularlyby the driller.TheSCRPmust be recorded:
? e With bit nearbottom
rl . Onthe drillpipepressure gaugeon the chokepanel
rl r At the beginning of eachshiftor tour.
- . Afterchangein drillingmud density.
rl o Afterchangesto the bit nozzlesizeor BHAconfiguration.
o Afterdrillinga longsectionof hole(i.e.500') in a shift.
t
o Aftermud pumprepairsor equipmentchanges.
aa
o At changeswhichcausea differentcirculation, or fast drillingsectionwhere
rt d ri l l i n gp a ra me te rs
ma y be changed.
O
Ie SCRPressureshouldbe recordedfrom the gaugethat is to be used for well killing

rl
operationwhichis on the drillpipepressure gauggon tlie drillerrsremotechokepanel.
a
I Example WaitandweightMethod.TVDof well:5538 ft
e
rl SCRpressure:24O psi at 30 SPM,MW = 12.6 ppg

o
rl SIDPP: 610 psi,SICP:7LO psi,MW in the well : 10.43 ppg
e Calculate
the FCPat 30 SPM?
t
J
14.KIIL MUDDENsITY(ppg) = =-3T3-(pt=')' ^ * orisinal Mud.Density(pps)
I
a TVDut) x 0.052
q
- 610
KILL MUDDENSITY= + 1 0 . 4 3: 1 2 . 5 4 p p g
I
- 5 5 8 3x 0 . 0 5 2
I
- 16. FINALCIRCULATING
PRESSURE(psi)
I
KtlI Mud Density (ppg)
I
a x Ktll Rate Ctrculating Pressure(psi.)
}rigtnal Mud Denstty(ppq)
I
- 1.2.54
I FCPat 30 SPM : x 240 = 289psi
10.43
I
?
ll
-
Well ControlManual
IT PAGE
-
-
2ot37
-
-
3.2 (LOT)
LEAK-OFFTEST
-
Leak Off Test is conductedto determinethe pressureat which a formationbeginsto
leak. In anotherword, the leak off test is to determinethe potentialof exposed -
formationcan withstand,an exertedpressurein excessof mud hydrostatic untilthe next
casingsettingdepth.lt is usuallyconductedafterdrillingout the shoeand 10 to 15 ft. of -
rat hole.Forlongopenholesectiondrillingwhenevera weakerformationhasapparently -
beendrilled.Someoil companiespreferanothertest,namelya FormationIntegrityTest -
(FlT).lt is madeto determinewhetherthe formationcansupportmud of higherdensity.
-
LeakOffTest(LOT)- youpressure
test shoeandformationuntilformationbreaksdown. -
-
Leakoff Testis conductedin orderto find the fracturepressure(fracturegradient)of
f o r m a t i o na n dsh o e Wh
. e nco n d uctingthe LOT,youwillpum pdr illingfluidto untilyou
-
seethe fracturetrendof formation. Once the first pressure
formationis fractured, that
deviatedfrom a trendis typicallycalledLeakOff Pressure. We usethe leakoff pressure -
t o c a l c u l a te mudweightthatcanbe appliedto a welldur i ng
th e ma xi mu me q u i valent -
drillingoperations.
FormationlntegritvTest(FlT)-youteststrengthof shoeandformationto designed -
(or its mud wei$htor gradientequivalent).

pressure -
-
FormationIntegrityTestis typicallyusedfor testingstrengthof formationand shoeby -
BottomHolePressure
increasing (BHP)to designedpressure. Whenyoudo the FITtest, -
youwill increasesurfacepressureuntilit reachesthe requiredpressure only.Thereis no -
intentionto breakthe formationwith FlT.Youwill do FITto ensurethat youwill be able -
to drillto sectiontargetdepthandwill be ableto controlthe well in caseof wellcontrol

blowout.
situationwithoutunderground
Thenecessityof the LeakOffTestis:
o To ensurethe strengthof cementbondaroundcasingshoe.

. To determinea MaximumAllowableAnnularSurfacePressure (MAASP).
o To controlkickswithoutfracturing
the formation
at casingshoe.
Equipmentsand Materialsrequiredfor obtainingthe correctedLeak-OffTest:
. Cementpumpunit(lowvolume-high pressure). -
. Calibratedpressuregauges.(Preferably with easyto read pressurescaleor -
ca l i b ra ti o n ).
-
o Calibrated volumemeasuring gaugeor tank.
o L i n eu p o f p i p i n g& va lvefr om pumpto well.
. BOP.
o Wellcontentscirculated and containgoodhomogeneous mud.
o Correctedcasin$shoeTVD.
r i e h tR e s e r v e d I Orilline
W e l l C o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd.
-
Well ControlManual
PAGE
Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate,Leak Off Testand MAASP
3 of37
teak Off Test Procedures:
a Drillingout the casingshoeand 10 to 15 feet of newformation.

a P u l lth e b i t i n si d eca si n g .
a Conditioned mud beforedoingLOT.
a Closethe preventer on drillpipeand openannulusbetweencasingstring.
a Pumpintowellwithselectedpumpin increments of 0.25 to 0.50 barrel,
in controlled stageswaitingfor pressureto stabilize graduallypumpsmall
(or
amountof drillingfluid intowellwith constantpumpstrokeand
recommended pumpstrokesare 5 to 1Ostrokesperminute.Recordtotal
pumpstrokes,drillpipepressure and casingpressure. Drillpipepressureand
c asi n gp re ssu re w i l l i n cre ase whilepumpingdr illingfluidin hole.
continually
Whenplottinga graphbetweenstrokespumpedand pressure, if formationis
not broken,a graphwill demonstrate a straightlinerelationship. When
pressure exceedsformationstrength,formationwill be brokenand let drilling
fluidpermeateintoformation,thereforea trendof drillpipepressureand
casingpressure will deviatefrom the straightlinetrend.Thefirstcasing
pressure that deviatesfrom the straightllnetrendis calledas leakoff test
pressure).
Simultaneously plot stabilizedpressureversustotal volumepumpedfor
eachincrement.
Continuepumpinguntil the plotted curve beginsto flatten or when first
deviationawayfrom the straightline.Stoppumping.
Releasepressureand measurethe volumeof mud lostto the well.
Recordedpressuresusedto calculateFormationstreng[h.
FinalPumping
Pressure
After
I_ EachVotumeIncrement
,r FinatSiaticPressure
Alter
uJ
ar
EachVolumeIncrement
l
a E-'- Leak-offPoinr
TU
I
CUMULANVE
VOLUME
CopyrightReserved I DrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.

-
WellGontrolManual -
PAGE FJ
Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP
4o137
t t t t l
Formation ryprcarHressurel.rot ror

Breakdown Formation Breakdown and
Pressure Fracture Prooaoalion
I
4)
r
u
E
6
o
U
E
A
F
a
u
F
l!
()
u
E,
@
I
FIOTE:Cofficm plotlng prcw6

and pumpGd Yolum alicr
p rosu rl ng u p to Ano psl
Maxtmum
o'"* -
LOTpressure(pst) -
:"*T::;::^,1,*J,
!,'* r^ . 0.052x ShoerVD(f t) -
-
Fracture pressureat shoe(psi)
Fracture pressuregradient at shoe(pst/ft) =
Casing
Example: -
-
Leakoff test pressure= 1600 psi
-
CasingshoeTVD= 4000 ft -
-
Currentmud weightin wellbore= 9.2 ppg
-
1600 -
M a x i m um A IIo w a b IeMu d Weight ( ppg) = 9.2 I = L6.g ppg ,fl
0 . 0 5 2x 4 0 0 0
-
1
--
C o p v r i e hRt e s e r v e d I Orilline
W e l lC o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd. L
11
\
t
t
I
I
WellGontrolManual
I PAGE
t Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP
t 5 of37
t
q
t
3.3 M$OMUMALLOWABLE ANNULARSURFACE PRESSURE (MAASP)
t MAASPis the highestsurfacepressurethat can be allowedat the top of casingand, if
l exceeded,is likelyto causemud lossesto the open holeformationat the casingshoe
I depth.Thereare threefactorsdecidingthe initialMAASP.
I
t r Themaximumpressure that the surfaceequipmentcan handle.
I
) . Themaxlmumpressure the casingcan handle.
t ' The maximumpressurewhichthe formation,at the casingshoe,(or a weak
t
I
pointin the well)canwithstand.
I
t
a
blAAsP= Shoestrength- Hydrostatic
pressureheadof fluid abovethe casingshoe
ta
NIAASP= Maximumshoepressure- ( O.OS2x ppgx TVDshoe)
ta
v arimumMw(pps) = m".## "
I
. :?:;:;:; i
i
a afterwellshutin) = (Max.MW -CurrentMW ) x 0.052x TVDshoe.
InitialMMSP (MAASP
I
) IAASPafter kill well = ( Max.MW - KillMW ) x 0.052x TVDshoe
I
)
As the maximumshoepressure remainsconstantthe hydrostatic
pressureinsidecasing
t. is the determining
factorfor MAASpat anygiventime;
t,
I
,
I
)
I
a
I
)
I
)
I
)
i
)
t)
t
)
t
)
= TestMW + LeakOff TestPressure
Ia
10.052x ShoeTVDI
I
I
I
Question; Whenis MAASPchanged?

Answer: After mud weight changed.
D r i l l i n eW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual PTTCOLtd.
-
-
WellGontrolManual 14
PAGE
6 of37
rJ
-
Example:
SurfaceCasingShoe = 3,500 ft. MD/TVD -
Leakoff test Pressure = 1,350 ft. MD/TVD -
TestMW = 8.5 pp8
-
Drillingcontinueuntildepth5,000ft MD/TVDwith 9.5 ppgMud.
Whatis the maximumallowablesurfacecasingpressure at that depth? -
ALLOWABLE
11.MAXIMUM (ppg)=
MUDDENSITY tF
-
LOTMud Densi.ty(ppg)
1350 -
+ 8.5 = 7.4L+ 8.5 l-
( 3 5 0 0x 0 . 0 5 2 )
= \s.gtppg
-
(psi)=
l2.MAASP
l-
fMaximumAllowableMud Density(ppS)- Current Mud Density(pp7)l x 0.052x ShoefVD(f t) -

= [15.91- 9.5]x 0.052x 3500: ' l- L66pst
-
-
-
3.4 FRACTURE INTHEWELL
PRESSURE
l-
The fracturepressureof a formationis the total pressureat which the formation
materialwill break down, thus allowingfluid to escapefrom the wellboreinto the
surrounding formation.Duringthe well planningstage,the casingshoedepthplacement
will be advised,with relationto the formationstrength.Practically, whiledrillinga well,
the formationstrengthis recordedby meansof a LeakOffTest,meaningthat the weak -
p o i n ti n th e w e l li s g e n e ra l layt theshoedepth. -
-
- [ Max.MW - DrillingMW I x ShoeWD x 0.052
-
-
DrilllngMW Pressurein Casing

Hydrostatic -
= (O.O52x MWx ShoeTVD) -
-
Maximum(Fracture)
Pressure
at Shoe -
= MAASP
+ [0.052x MWx ShoeWDI -
-
-
-
t-
,J
CopyrightReserved I DrillingWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. v
/
PIT I1 WellGontrolManual
PAGE
7 o137
Erample:
hole. Find the fracture pressure

at the casing shoe (shoe
Strength)?
LOT : I.05tl psi
HSP: 12 ppg X O.O52X 45OOft A

F
qfi
tlr
= ZStlB psi lll
tJ
f
Frac pressure = 1O5Opsi + 2BOBpsi 3
{t,
I
= 3a5a psi
Formation strength gradient at shoe= : 0.8S7 psi/ft

;#
But, PressureGradientof 7 ppg fluid = O.O52psi/ft.
Thus,
o' 857
Ma xi mu mmu d.tvetght: : 16.4 ppg
b,g
= Fracture
mudweightat shoe(ppg)
Eemple:Calculate
the maximumallowablemuddensityof abovedata?
11.MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE (ppg)=
MUDDENS|TY
Surf ace LOTPressure(psi)

+ LOTMud Density (ppg)
ShoeTVD (f t) x 0.052
10il
MaxMW : -.r.12 : L6.49ppg
4500x0.052'--
Answer: Max MudWei.ght : L6.4ppg
2noCalculationMethod:ConvertFracturepressureto EquivalentMud Weight(EMW)

EMWis fracturemud weightin ppg (Maximumallowablemud weight)
Max MW = 3858 psy'(0.052x 4500 ft) = 16.49 ppg
Answer:Max MW = L6.4 ppg (roundeddown)
Question:How to receivean accurateLOTpressure?
Answer:- Goodhomo{eneousmud
- Calibratedpressureg,augeCalibratedvolume measuring
- CorrectedCasin!,ShoeTVD Saugeor tank
- Incrementin$Pump mud into hotewith no return until formation
beginsto
Ieak
D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r oM
l anual
-
€
Well Gontol tanual €
Ghapter3: Slow Rrmp Rfr, le* ffiTGCf Nrd I ASP

PAGE
?
a{gf
(
?
Question;Why do we do LOT?
-
Answer: Becausewe needto calculate FormationStrengith(UsingLOTpressureto -
catculatethe maximumpressurethe formationcantemporarilyhandle,suchas -
circulatingout a kick)
-
Example Casingis set at = 6,000 ft. WD -
Formationstrengthat the shoe = 4,500 psi €
Currentmud densitY = 11 ppg
-
-
MAXIMUMALLOWABLEMUDDENSITY(ppg)=
F
ShoeStrength (psi) 4500
-
sh o e T V D( ft) x 0.052 6000x 0.052
-
= L4.42ppg= Max MW
(Psi)=
12.MAASP F
F
lMaxtmum Allowable Mud Density (ppil- Current Mud Density (ppdl x 0.052 x ShoefVD(f t)
-
V+.+z- LLppslx 0.052x 6000ft = L067psi e-
Example:
Fisue820.ffl3FU
F
F
-
-
r2s0
?
3e , * -
t
-
S s m
q
c
-
€
@
e m
-
40{)
-
F
-
o [.8 1 1.5 2 2,5 i 3.S 4 4.5 5 5,5 6
Voht'|c PDrnpBd [hbl3 ]

-
@
t , " " " J -
-
-
El A B75psr.
-
E B 975psi
E c l.0}0 psi. -
E D l.125psi
E E 1"175 gsi.
-
Detailed -{nahsis:
-
Tbeco'rrectansrer ts 8?5 psi.

-
-
l-
OrillingWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. -b

CoovrishtReserved I
/
t
t WellGontrolManual
I PIT PAGE
I Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP
9 of37
t
t 3.5 SAFETYMARGINAFTERWELLSHUT.IN
t
t
t :l
I
DR,ILLPIPEPRESSURE CASINGPRESSURE a
t
t lnitlalMAASP
(Calculated
flgure)
t
t
t
I Shutln Pressures
(Readon Gauge)
I SafetyMarSn afterwellshut-in = MAASP-SICP
t
t
I The safetymarginafter well shut-inis the amountof surfaceannuluspressurethat can
be allowedto increasewhen start circulatingkick out of the well,withoutfracturingor
)
mud injectingintothe formationat a shoe.In anotherword,the safetymarginafterwell
) strutin is the amountof the pressureon casin$pressuregaugethat can be allowedto
I increasebeforereachingMAASPwhilecirculating kick out of holewhichis equalto the
differencein pressure
between MMSP and SICP.
t (ttotq Safetymargin is more relevantas the influx travelsin the open hole and until it is
t insidethe casingshoe).
t
I ttft The conditionthat would provide the hi$hest MAASPis;
t Whenthe formation shoe strenSthis a lot hi$her than mud HSP.
t
t 3"6 BOPSTACKKILLSHEETCALCULATION
SAMPLEOFSURFACE
t
3"6.1 DetermineInitialCirculatingPressure(lCP)
t
lnitialCirculating Pressureis the drill pipegaugepressurewhichwill be achievedwhen
t pumpwas broughtup to a desiredkill rateor a selectedslowpump rate.Thispressureis
t expressed as follows:
t
t (lCP)= SlowPumpRatePressure
Pressure
InitialCirculating (SCR)+ SIDPP
,
t 3.6.2 DetermineFinalCirculatingPressure(FCP)
t Whilea kill mud is circulateddownfrom surfaceto the bit,the drill pipegaugepressure
I shoulddecreasedue to a heavykill mud replacingold mud in the drillstring.The Final
t Pressure
Circulating as follows:
can be calculated
t
t tKMWt'
Final CirculatingPressure(FCP)= x Slow Pump RatePressure(SCR)
\ ** )
)
t
I
)
WellControlManual
PAGE
Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP -
1O of 37
3.6.3 DetermineKill MudWeiBht(KMVU

At the initialstageof well shut in when kick and the bit is on bottom,the bottomhole
pressure will be equalto the formationpressure oncethe surfaceshut in pressures have
beenstabilized. Thisis becauseof well balanceitselfat the bottom.Thekill mud weight
(KMW)is determinedbasedon the formationpressurein orderto balancethe wellwhen
carryout the killingoperations:
SIDPP
KMW= MW+l ( 0.052x TVDW eIl)
for the SurfaceBOPstack:

Thefollowingis a sampleof KillSheetCalculation
Well KickData:
Holesize 8-L/2"
Ho l ed e p th 12,860ft. TVDIMD
9-5/8" Casingshoedepth LO,2O5ft. WDIMD
5" DrillPipecapacity 0.0178 bbt/tt.
5' HWDP(558 ft. long)capacity 0.0088 bbt/tt
6-7-/4"DC(722 ft. long)capacity 0.0060 bbt/ft
MW 13.9 ppg
AnnularGapacity:
DCl OH o.0322bbt/ft.
oH/DP&HWDP o.0473 bbt/tt.
DP/ Casing 0.0493 bbt/tt.
FormationStrengthtest data:
LeakOffTestpressure 2,020 psi -
TestMW 13.0 ppg -
Pu mp sOu tp u t 0.1070 bbllstroke
-
SlowPumpRatePressure 600 psi,at 30 SPM
(DYNAMICPRESSURE
LOSS)
Shutin data;
SID P P 450 psi
SIC P 680 psi
P i tGa i n L2 bbl
-
-
-
-
C o p y r i g hRt e s e r v e d I D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual PTTCOLtd. t
11
\
a
I
I WellControlManual
I Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP
PAGE
tLot37
t
t
t International Well Control Forum
t SurfaceBOP VerticalWellKill Sheet (APl Field Units)
t
t
t FOR{A fK) N S TR E N GT H DATA :
S-q,=A3E LEAK -OFF PRESSURE FROM

) 1
t : : R T I . A T O N S T R E N G T HT E S T
t t.r- I ,',E GHT AT TEST ppg

CURRENTDRILLINGMUD:
t Lr ,r, r.., r.l TLOWABLE MUD WEIGHT =
(A)
WEIGHT ppS
-
t E-
S r c E T V D E P T Hx 0 . 0 5 2
= PPg
t riH7lrrl IAIASP =
C - :,RR:\T
t M U D W E I G H T )x S H O E T . V .D E P T H x 0 0 5 2
CAS'I{G SHOEDATA:
t SIZE
, M DEPTH
= ' _ r . f =\ r 3 1 D I S P L \
t T,V DEPTH
t HOLE DAIA:
t (PL) DYNAMIC PRESSURE LOSS [psi]
SIZE inch
t s_:i ruMP
;":-i ]ATA: M DEPTH feet
t T,V DEPTH feet
t
t -- =-A=-UKUtrU
t , ]--I.IE DATA:
LENGTH
feet
CAPACIry
bbls/ foot
VOLUME
barrels
PUMPSTROKES
slrokes
TIME
minutes
t i1580 x0'0178 = 206.12 i PUMP STROKES
VOLUME
t 558 x 0.0088
-'
4.9t +
P U M PDISPLACEMENT SLOWPUMPRATE
t x
722 0,0060 = 4.33 +
t D R I L L S T R I N GV O L U M E (D) 215.36 (E) 20L2. strokes
t
t lP HWDPx OPEN HOLE
1071 strokesll
t 35.7 Min
t DP x CASING 10205 x 0"0493 =(c) 503.11 ' ll srroKes

t TOTALANNULUS
VOLUME
t TOTALWELLSYSIEM VOLUME = 1r1

I 1o+xy 833.14 bbts 7786
t ACTIVESURFACE
VOLUME (J) strokes
t TOTALACTIVEFLUID SYSTEM I (l +J) Dr No SV 04/01
t,
{FieldUnits}
27-01-2000
t)
t)
I
)
t
a
t D r i l l i nW
g e l lC o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd.
l
aJ
-
WellGontrolManual -

PAGE ts
t:2ot37 tJ
-
r Surface ,1
lnternationalWellGontrolForum rJ
SurfaceBOPKill Sheet- VerticaltVell(APl FieldUnits)
-
-
KICKOATA:
Ptt CRttt j 12
-
KILL MUD WEIGHT CURRENTMUD WEIGHT
SIDPP -
TVDx 0.052
450 = 14.57 -
KMW 12860x o.osz 14.6 pps
-
INITIALCIRCULATING 1 DYNAMIC PRESSURE LOSS + SIDPP
PRESSURE
=
..... ...{5..Q....... -
tcP -
KILL MUD WEIGHT ''-- lfl
FINAL CIRCULATING x DYNAMIC PRESSURE LOSS
CURRENT MUD WETGHT
PRESSURE
FCP = 630.22
x ...Y.YY-,.,. -
630 psi
x 100 -
(K) = ICP- FCP = = 2 1
-
-
STROKESPRESSURE
-
1;;
0 1oqo -
100 1029 -
200 r008
300 987 -
tfr
400 966 o
-
500 945 ul
t
600 924 3
at,
-
tt.
700 903 ul -
E
800 882 A
ul
900 861 o- -
E
1000 84t) -
J
r100 819 0t
a
1200 7q8 I -
1300 Tl7 -
z -
1400 756
E
1500 7iq .!i -
(J
1500 7L4 -
1700 5S3 o
1800 572 -
1900 65r F
20r2 630 /-tl
FA
,1
STROKES.---.+
,'-
DrNoSV04/02(FieldUnits)27{1-2000 tJ
,-
J
!
-1
CopvriehtReserved I orillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. lD
t4
I
t
t P IT {-; WellGontrolManual
I Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP PAGE
t lil of 37
I 3.7 DETERMINE CHOKELINEFRICTION LOSSES ONFLOATTNG RtcS (suBsEABOp)

I On floatin$rigs,the effect of long choke line in deepsea water depth is verysignificant
I to the killingoperations.Thefrictionpressurein the chokelineand the kill lineappliesto
I all pointsin the well boreand is especiallycriticalat shalldwor weakcasingdepth.
Thb problemcan be handledby measuringthe choke line friction pressurebefore
I driNlingout of casin$.Thecasingpressurecouldthen be reducedby the amountof choke
t linetrictionpressurewhile bringingthe pump up to kill speed.The procedure to reduce
I casing pressureby reducingSICP down equal to choke line friction pressurewhile
bringngpumpup to kill speedby meansof manipulating
l choke.
Anotherway which normallyutilizedis to maintainkill line pressuregaugeconstant
I whenstartup the killingoperations.
) Tlrcreare three methodsto determinethe choke line friction pressure:
) 1) Performa Slow Pump Ratesby pumpingup throughMarineRiserand then up
) throughchoke line (chokefully openedwith well shut in). The differencein
pressuresis the ChokeLineFrictionpressure.
I 2) Performa Slow Pump Ratesby pumpingdown the choke line and up to the
I MarineRlser.Thepumppressureis the ChokeLineFrictionpressure.
) 3) Performa Slow PumpRatesby pumpingdownthe kill line and up to the choke
fine (close Annular/upper ram and lower ram, with choke fully opened).The
I ChokeLineFrictionPressureis 50% of the pump pressure. Thismethodwiil only
) applyif insidediameterof the kill lineand the chokelineare the same.
)
) Choke line frictiontesf rnefhod I
l
i
I
)
I
)
I
I
ht Reserved D r i l l i n gW e l l C o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd.
/
-
WellControlManual -
PAGE (
Ghapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP
L4ot37
-
(
Thispagefor SubseaBOPStackOnlY (
-
-
-
-
lJ
b
-
-
-
-
-
-
-: -
-
-
-
"1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
€
-
-
-
-
-
-
marineriserat 45 spmthe drillpipepressurereads450psi. -
up the chokeline?
Calculatethe drillpipepressureat 45 spm ile circulating
-
PUMPNO, 1 -
SLOWPUMP
l{rser renOKe Gt ot{e
RATE D,ATA: Line Urre -
Frta]tn
SPM 450 ", 400 Answer:850psi -

-
,-
b
,J
!
aa
l anual b
/
t
t
t P1T i,; WellControlManual
t Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate,Leak Off Testand MAASP PAGE
t 15 of37
t
t SAMPLEOFSUBSEABOPSTACKKILLSHEETCALCUI.ATION
t Thefollowin$is a sampleof KillSheetCalculation
for the SubseaBOpstack:
,
WellData:
t Holesize L2-t/4"
t Air Gap(RKBto MSL) 80 ft.
t Waterdepth(MSLto Sea Bed) 770 tt.
We l lMDfro m R K B 13,000ft.
t WellTVD 12,500ft.
t L3-5/8"Casingshoedepthfrom RKB 9,200ft. MD
t t3-5/8" Casingshoedepthfrom RKB 9,200 ft. TVD
t l n te rn aCl a p a ci ti e s:
t 5 ' D r i l lp i p e o.ot72bbt/tt.
5" HWDP 4g2tt. 0.0088 bbt/tt.
t 8" DrillCollar820 ft. o.oo77 bbt/tt.
t 2 ' C h o k el i n e7 8 8 f t . 0.0061bbt/tt.
t 20" MarineRiser 756 ft. 0.3892 bbl/ft.
Mu dP u mpto ri gfl o o rvolum e 6.29 bbls
t
A n n u l aC r a p a ci ti e s:
t D ri l lC o l l a irn Op e nh o l e 0.0837 bbt/tt.
t Drillpipe/ HWDPin Openhole o.L2O4bbt/tt.
t Drilfpipe/ HWDPin Casing o.L292 bbt/tt
D ri l lp i p ei n R i se r 0.3638 bbt/tt.
t
t P u mpD a ta :
t PumpOutputat95o/o
efficiency O.L2bbl/Stroke
t SlowPumpRateData:
t ThroughRiser@30 SPM 450 psi
t T h ro u g C
h h o kel i n e@30 SPM 600 psi
t Formation
Strength:
t Formation
StrengthGradientfrom Rotarytableto TVD= 0.750 psi/ft
t Otherrelevantinformation:
t ActivesurfaceMudvolume 440 bbls
I SeaWaterDensity 8.6 ppg
I
KickData:(wellkick and wasshut in @13,000'MD(12,500'TVD)
t
I S ID P P 350 psi
srcP 450 psi
t PitGain 10 bbls
I Mud Weight in use L2.7 ppg
I
'
t
t
I CopyrightReserved D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual
I
Well ControlManual
PAGE
Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate,Leak Off Test and MMSP
16 of 37
Subsea
lnternational Well Control Forum DATE:
SubseaBOP VerticalWellKill Sheet (APl Field Units) NAME: ffTCO Ltd.
FORMATION STRENGTH DATA:

.. CURRENTWELLDAIA:
S U R F A C EL E A K . O F F P R E S S U R EF R O M
FORMATION TEST
STRENGTH i SUBSEABOPDATA:
MUDWEIGHTATTEST i MARTNE
RISER feer
] LENGTH
FORMAIION GMDIENT= 0.75 psilft
STRENGTH
ALLOWABLE
MAXIMUM =
MUDWEIGHT ] CHOKELINE [lRR I t""t
tB)+ r{A)
^, = PPS ] LENGTH
SHOE TV. DEPTH x 0 052 -
INITIAL MAASP = -
( ( C ) - C U R R E N TM U D W E I G H T )x S H O E T . V .D E P T H x 0 0 5 2 ) : DRILLING MUD:
] WEIGHT PPg -
= psi
-
-
PUMP NO. 1 DISPL. I PUMPNO. 2 DISPL
CAS"VGSHOEDATA: / \
srzE i-T3-5/Bl in"n
0,120 bbls/ strokei bbls/ stroke
M. DEPTH
T.V DEPTH
(PL) DYNAMIC PRESSURE LOSS [psi]
SLOW PUMP PUMPNO 1 PUMPNO 2

HOLEDATA:
Riser UNOKE Choke Riser Choke Choke
RATE DATA: Line Line Line Line SIZE
M-DEPTH
30 SPM 450 600 1 5 0
SPM
T.V DEPTH 1250d lreet-
PRE-RECORDED LENGTH ICAPACIry VOLUME PUMPSTROKES ] TIME

VOLUMEDATA: feet ibbls/feet: barrels Strokes ] Minutes
D R I L LP I P E l 1 6 8 8 x 0 . 0 1 7 2= 201.03
H E V I W A L L D R I L LP I P E 492 x 0,0098 = 4.33
(E) 1764 strokesj 5B.S Min
820 x0,0837= 68.63

2 9 8 0 , 0 . 1 2 0 4= 3 5 8 . 7 9
DP x CASING
CHOKELINE 7BB x 0.0061 = 4.81 + stroKes Min
TOTALANNULUS/CHOKELINE
VOLUME (F+G+H| - {t) 1523.19 oots 12693 strokes 423.1 Min
TOTALWELL SYSTEMVOLUME tD+t)= {Jt l/J{.$$ uutr
(K) 440 bbrs
Dr No SSV 04/01
TOTALACTIVEFLUID SYSTEM tJ+K) 2I74.BG bbrr 18124 strokes (FieldUnits)
27{1-2000 -
i uenrrue
RrsER
x DP i 756 x 0.3638= 275.03
-
-
--
ht Reserved t
€
I
!r
I
b PIT {-; Well ControlManual
PAGE
5 Ghapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Otf Test and MAASP
L7 ol37
b
b
b
b
b Intemational Well Control Forum
b Subcea BOP Kill Sheet - VerticalWell (APl Field Units)
I
t (Jf,( DA-A
350 'pri
SICP ] 450 i psi PrrcArN 10 banetsI
t SIOPP
{L- trlD WEGHT MUDWEIGHT +
CURRENT
I 12.7 + 350
TVDx 0.052
t3.24
I {tfo 12500x o.osz 1 3 . 3 pps l
I _ = : : \ G
DYNAMIC PRESSURELOSS + SIDPP
=
-459. .-15_q.
I 800 psi
I x DYNAMIG PRESSURE LOSS
)
ll
b
t
t
b STROIGS PRESSURE l N l T l A L D Y N , \ N I l C N l r \ A S P = I N l T l , \ L N I A A S P- ( I H O K E L I N E F R I C T I O N
= 822 - 150 = 672 psi
t 800
lpsil
,l
I 781
t 762
743
I
I 734 b
CL
705
t 686
r u !
E
f
b 657
648
ch
tt I
u l r
b
L
o-
629 lu
g
b 1000
1100
610
59r
o-
J
J
b 1200 577
d
o
()
\
b 1300
1400
553
534
= :
b 1500 515
z
o ,
.a
b 1600
1700
495
477
()
b 17u 471 o
qrXe S,sygg02lE!98u!!!tsI4-a-!
:2(p-0_,
plT w e l lC o n t rM
o la n u a l
I
PAGE
Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate,Leak Off Testand MAASP I
| 7Aot37
Thispagefor SubseaBOPStackOnly
Why? ICP= SlDpp+ Oynamic

PressureLossThruRiser
Shutin kill { 5?o)sl Killlin* {. 9?0 { , Pumpet
giurr ki|| r.r*
fin*
I stcp
tm
etFL 150psi
l', 't rt,tloo

* $HP * ,lSI^Hf rltrr
$fiPstlopri
ATsnr.fTlff
milDrnofls AT KILL RATE CONDITIONS
DP calculation
BHP = ICP+HSP-DPPL
8HP=$IOPF+*f$P 5720 = ICP+5200-400
* 5IO* 51fr1 ICP = 5720-5200+400
= II2O# = 520 + 400 = 920 osi
AnnularCalculation AnnularCalculation
700=5720-HSP CP= SKP-CLFL = 700-150= 550psi
HSP= 5020asi BHP=CP+CLFL+HSP
= 550 + 150 + 5020psi
Assume: No APL at kill speed.
rl{ "{)
= 5720psi
Note:DPPL: DP Dynamicpressure
Lossthru riser:400 psi
i 9?0 !:,,,.il.:Pump at Kill speed

' ICP = 520+ -{00
= 920 psi
\ *ra lrdl
*tt
t*d
tu
'
StaticBHP = 5720psi Btrp= col{srAxT Dynamic BHP = 5720psi
At shut in conditions At kill speed conditions
(Assutnc:r\PL=Opsi) t
l]
WellControlManual
PTT
Chapter3: SlowPumpRate,LeakOffTestandMAASP |I :1:i
tgotgz
1. FromWelldiagrambelow,calculate the drillstringVolume(bbls)and

annulusVolumein variouslocations:
Givendata:-
WellDepth 12,000'MD
Drillpipe Holesize B-t12"
Casingsize 9-s18"
Casingshoedepth 9,850'MD
Ce:ingrhoe 5" DrillpipeCap. 0.0173bbl/ft
5" HWDPCap. 0.0088bbl/ft
5" HWDPlength 450'
6-Ll4"DCCap. 0.0060bbl/ft
drill pipe 6-L14"DClength
Hevi-well 900'
Openhole
DC/OHCap. 0.0323bbl/ft
Drillcoller DP,HWDP/OHCap. 0.0473bbl/ft
DP/Casing
Cap. 0.0493bbl/ft
Ignoresurfacelinevolume
a) Totalinternal of 5" drillpipe

Capacity bbls
of 5" HWDP
Capacity
b) Totalinternal bbls
of 6-Ll4"DC
Capacity
c) Totalinternal bbls
Capacity
d) TotalDrillstringinternal
in openhole
of annulus
e) Totalcapacity bbls
in casedhole
of annulus
f) Totalcapacity bbls
g) Totalannulus
Capacity bbls
CaPacitY
h) Totalwellsystem bbls
l anual
Well GontrolManual
IT PAGE -
2Oot37 -"J
2. datain question
Fromcalculated 1, if TriplexPumphasbeenusedandit had
pumpoutput= 0.10892 calculate
bbl/stroke, totalstrokefor pumping
mudto
thefollowing
sections:
a) Stokesfrom Surfaceto the Bit
b) Strokesfrom Bit to Casingshoe t
c) Strokesfrom Casingshoeto Surface
3. WellData:
WellDepth 7,560ft. MD. 7,050ft. TVD
L3-3l8"Casingshoe 6,000ft. MD. 5,820ft. TVD
= 1,400psiwith testedMW10.0ppg.
A leakoff test (LOT)Pressure
Bit size tz-r14"

Drillpipe s" (19.slbift) Cap.- 0.01776bbl/ft
Drillcollars 8" x2-t31I6",530ft. Cap.- 0.0080 bbl/ft
Drillpipe/casing
Annulus Cap.= 0.1293 bbl/ft -
Drillpipe/openholeAnnulus Cap.- 0.1215 bbl/ft
Drillcollar/open
holeAnnulus Cap.- 0.0836 bbl/ft -
-
Mudweightin use = 1 1 . 0p p g -
-
Pumpoutput = 0.119bbl/stk
= 150psi -
SCRat 30 SPM
-
the volume,totalstrokesandtimein minutes
Calculate to circulate
at -
varioussections: -
-
a) Internalvolumeof 5" drillpipe bbls
-
b) Internalvolumeof B" DC bbls -
c) TotalDrillstringvolume bbls
of annulusin openhole
d ) Barrels bbls
of annulusin casedhole
e) Barrels bbls
-
f) TotalAnnulus
volume bbls
-
s)Totalwellsystemvolume bbls
h ) Strokesfrom surfaceto the bit stks

!
C o p v r i s hRt e s e r v e d I OrillinW
e e l l C o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd. lr
-__--
Y
WellGontrolManual
PIT PAGE
2tot37
shoe
frombitto casing
i) Strokes
j) Strokefromshoeto surface stks
k) Timeto circulatewith 30 SPMfrom sufaceto the bit; -minutes
l) Timeto circulatewith 30 SPMfrom bit the casingshoe;-minutes
with30SPMfromshoeto surface;
m)Timeto circulate minutes
n) Whatis the maximumMWthat can be usedwithoutincurringlossesat

shoe?
Answer ppg
at shoe?-7'vxq-)
pressure
o) Whatis the Formationbreakdown
Answer psi
p) Whatis the initialMAASP

whenshutin wellwith currentmudweight
(MW= 11.0ppg)?
Answer psi
4. throughoutthe system,whatwould
If the currentmudweightwas increased
the MAASP be?
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) MAASP neverchange
5. be recalculated?
WhenshouldMAASP
a) Startingeachshift
b) Every500ft. drilled
c) Everymudweightchange
d) zone
Whendrillingin transition
e) All of above
6. Ratesmustbe takenwhen;
SlowCirculating
a) At the beginning of eachshift

b) Afterchangein drillingmudweight
c) Afterdrillinga longsectionof hole(i.e.500')
d) Afterpumpend repair
e) All of above
l anual PTTCOLtd.
t1
,;t-
Well ControlManual -
PAGE ,--
22ot37 --
-1
7. The casingshoeat 7,500ft. wastestedfor Leakoff with 12.5ppgMud.If the --

leakoff pointwasequivalentto a 0.91psi/ft.fracturegradient,how much ,-J
pressure wasappliedor allowedat surface?
arJ
a ) 1250psi 1
b) 1500psi -
tb
c) 1700psi -J
1950psi
-
B. Whatwouldthesurface timebewitha 95 bbls.Drillstring

to bit circulating -
pumpoutputof 0.123bbl/stkand26SPM?
capacity,
a) 20 minutes
-
b) 30 minutes
c) 40 minutes
d) 50minutes
9. Thegreatestpressure to thecasing
is reached casing
shoewhenthesurface
pressure
is at itshighest.
a) True
b) False
1 0 . The fracturegradientof a surfaceholeformationat 4,500ft. is 0.606psi/ft. -

The drillingmudgradientis 0.495psi/ft.Howmuchpressure
canbe closedin -
beforefluidis lostto the formation?
a) 1000psi
b) 450 psi
c) 499 psi ,-
d) 600Psi l-
l1
1 1 . Whatmudweightwouldbe requiredto balancea formationpressure
of 3,L20
psiat a depthof 6,000'TVD.?
F
a) 8.9 ppg -
b) 10.0ppg -
c) 9.5 ppg /
d) 10.2ppg
the mostwhenthe gas?

1 2 . Gascut mudreducesbottomholepressure ,-
F
a) is nearthe surface /
b) is at or nearthe bottom
c) is abouthalfway uPthe well \
d) all of the above /
t
i
I
i
t-
I
I
Well ControlManual
, PIT PAGE
I Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate,Leak Off Testand MAASP 23ot37
t
i r3. Of allthesystempressure in a circulating
losses whichoneis exerted
system,
I ontheformation?
!
! a) lossin thesufaceequipment
Pressure
b) lossin theannulus
Pressure
t c) lossthroughthe drillstring
Pressure
t d) lossthroughthe bit nozzles
Pressure
t
Severalindications theformation
signaling
at sudace pressure
is approaching
t of theseis?
the bottomholepressure.
Themostcommon
t
t break
a) A drilling
t b) Connection gas
t c) Larger thannormalor crescent cuttings
shaped
d) Totalmudlosses
t
t if pumpstrokes
aredecreased, in the
to thefrictionlosses
whathappens
annulus?
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Staythesame
A pumppressureof 1,200psiwasrecorded at a pumpspeed What

of 35SPM.
pumppressure
willtheapproximate beat a speed of 30SPM?
a) 1,029psi
b) BB2psi
c) 1,600psi
d) 1,400psi
Surface
information:
Glventhe following casingshoeat 3,640ryD;MW8.4 ppg;
leak Off TestpressureL,270psi(at test MW = 8.4 ppg).
Answerthe questions17to 19;
fi. Whatis the formationfracturepressure?
a) 1270 psi
b) 2,860psi
c) 3,250psi
d) 1590 psi
t Reserved D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual
cI
Well @ntrol Manual
T eac e
Ghapter3: SlowPumpRate,Leak(Xf Testand MAASP I
I z+agt
18. Whatis the maximum mudweightthatcanbe usedwithout

allowable
formationfractureat shoe? I
I
a) 13.6ppg I
b) 14.8pps
€
!) ts.t ppg
d) 16.0ppg €
€
19. Drilling downto 4,500TVD/MD
continues witha mudweightof 9.0ppg. I
Whatis the.maximumallowable casingpressure
surface at thatdepth?
I
i) r,tsopsi F
b) 1,550psi CI
c) 1,750psi c-
d) 1,830psi F
20. Whendrillingwith10.3ppgmudat 11,600 pressure
ft TVD.Theannular loss c.
psi. pressure?
at 195 Whatis the bottomholecirculating
is estimated C-
F
, a) 6,213psi
I
b) 6,408psi
t) 6,530psi C
d) 6,810psi 4
F
I
€
4
?/
Ir
?/
F
I
c
1
Reserved I DrillinsWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.

WellGontrolManual
PAGE
Ghapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak (Xf Test and MAASP
25at37
Exercise- 2 Answer
1 . a t84.2 bbls
b 3.96 bbls
c 5.4 bbls
d 193.6 bbls
e 88.2 bbls
f 485.6 bbls
I 573.8 bbls
h 767 bbls
2 . a t778 strokes
b 810 strokes
c 4458 strokes
3 . a L24.9 bbls
b 4.24 bbls
c L29.I bbls
d 169.5 bbls
e 775.8 bbls
f 945.2 bbls
I L074.4 bbls
h 1085 strokes
i L424. strokes
j 6519 strokes
k 36.2 minutes
I 47.5 minutes
m 2L7.3 minutes
n L 4 .6 ppg
o 4428 psi
p 1099 psi
4 . b
5 . c
6 . e
7. d
8 . b
9. b.
10. c
11. b
12. a
13. b
14. b
15. b
16. b
17. b
18. c
19. a
20. b
Reserved I OrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.

.
\ l
/*
a l
WellControlManual --
/-at
Chapter3: SlowPumpRate,LeakOffTestand MAASP |l 2 :::i

6of37 ---E
l*
- l
KillSheetExercise'1 BOPStack]
[Surface ,--'
- t
-
- l
-
- l
Well Data -
Holesize (Vertical
8-L12" Well) - l
12,860ft. (MDrfvD) ,-
Holedepth I
Casingshoe,9-518" 10,205ft. (MD/TVD)
I
Capacities
Drillpipe,5" 0.0178bbl/ft
Length 558ft. --/
HWDP 0.0088bbl/ft
4"
Drillcollars,6-Lf 0.0060bbl/ft Length 722 fr.
-)
Annulus CaPacitiesbetween:- /-/
Drillcollarsin oPenhole 0.0322bbl/ft
F/
Drillpipe/HWDP in oPenhole bbuft
0.0473
Drillpipein casing 0.0493bbl/ft -
-
Mud pump data ,-l
Displacement efficiency 0.107bbUstroke

at 98%volumetric ,-a
-
Slow pumprate data
@30spm 600Psi
-
FractureMud Weight at Casingshoe 16'8ppg
Kick Data
The well kickedat 12,860ft. (MDffVD) a-
-
SIDPP = 450 psi
= 680 psi -
SICP
Pitgain = 12 bbls -
MuddensitY= 13.9ppg -
-
The well will be killed using the wait and weight method at 30 sPM'
F
Ignore suface lines volume.
/
l-
-
-
F
:
/
:
F
CopyrightReserved D r i l l i n sW e l lC o n t r oM
l anual 5
/
WellGontrolManual
PAGE
Ghapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak (Xf Test and MAASP
27 st37
QUESTIONS:-
1. How manystrokesto circulatefrom surfaceto Bit?
fromBitto Shoe?
2. Howmanystrokesto circulate
fromBitto Surface?
3. Howmanystroketo circulate
4. Whatis the KillMudDensityin ppg.?
(ICP)?
Pressure
5. Whatis the InitialCirculating
(FCP)?
Pressure
6. Whatis the FinalCirculating
with currentMud?
7. Whatis the MAASP
afterKillingwell?
B. Whatis the MAASP
dropper100strokes?
9. Whatis the Pressure
10.Howmanyminutes circulation?
to complete
11.Whatis the SafetyMarginafterwellShut-in?
I Reserved I DrillingWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.

I
4
Well@ntrolManual
I
T I
PAGE
I
I
Chapter3: Slow Rrmp Rab, Leak Off Tet and MJIAFiP I
I zsorsz -u--
I
KillSheetExercise-1 BOPStack]Answer
[Surface I
I
2,0L2(t ts1 I
-- -
I,07L(tts1 ---
a
tt-
5,773(LLs)
I
14.s7(14.6) I
I
1050 I
a
--
630
I
- 1,538
1,538.9 cI
ct
1,183-L,L67 a
2L e!
CI
259.3(tro; I
Bs9 4
C!
c-
C-
4
c-
e
CJ
c
I
c
ight Reserved I OrillineWell ControlManual I pTTCOLtd.

WellControlManual
PAGE
29 of37
Exercise-2
KillSheet BOPStack]
[Surface
DATA
KICKEXERCISE.WELL
.'/ellDepth 7,560ft. MD. 7,050ft. TVD.

13-3/8^CasingShoeat 6,000ft. MD. 5,820ft. TVD.
A eakofftestwascarriedoutat the 13-3/8"shoeusinga mudweightof 10.0ppg.A

of 1400psiwasrecorded.
s.lrfacepressure
B -.size 12-114"
rl r nino 5" (19.5lbs/ft) Cap.- 0.01776bbl/ft
lr I aollars 8 " x 2 1 3 1 1 6 ' x5 3 0f t . Cap.- 0.0080 bbl/ft
l - p r p e / ca si nagn n u l u s Cap.- 0.1293 bbl/ft
D' plpe/open h o l ea n n u l u s C a p . - 0 . 1 2 1 5b b l / f t
D r c o l l a r /o o ehno l ea n n u l u s Cap.- 0.0836 bbl/ft
It.ludPumpto rig floorvolume - 6 bbls
is shut-inwith the followingdata:-

."/ei1
SilDPP 5 5 0p s i
Si l C P 6 8 0 p si
K c k Vo l u me 25 bbls
[ , l u dw e i g h it n u s e 1 1 . 0p p g
Punnpoutput 0 .119 bbl/stk.

ratePressure 500psi at 30 SPM
Slowcirculation
For Drill Leveland SupervisorLevel:

Complete thenanswerthefollowing
KillSheetcalculation (onnextpage)
questions
For Supervisor Level:

\,r/ell
is to be killedusingthe Waitand Weightmethod.Usethe availablekillsheet
andcomplete a graphshowing pipe
thechangein drill as killmudis pumped
pressure
1tothe bit,andthenanswerquestions on theseparatedGaugeproblemquestions
lvill be carriedoutwhengettingthroughtheWellKillingMethods Topic).
CopyrightReserved
/aa'
Well GontrolManual /
PAGE
Ghapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP 3{) of 37 /-A
,tt/
-
-
QUESTIONS:-
-
to balance
1. Whatisthekillmudweightrequired pressure?
theformation -
ppg -
-
to pumpkillmudfromthemudpumpto bit?
2. Howmanystrokeswillbe required -
-
strokes
-
to pumpfromthe bitto the casingshoe?
3. Howmanystrokesarerequired -
-
strokes
-
4. Whatis the MAASPat thetimethewellis shutin? -
-
psl
-
5. What is the totalannularvolume? -
-
barrels
aroundthewell?
6. Whatis the newMAASPoncethe killmudhadcirculated -
-
p sl -
7. What is the finalcirculatingpressure,oncethe kill mud has reachedthe bit? -

-
p sl -
,,1
pressure?
8. Whatis the initialcirculating
-
psl ,1
g. Approximately killmudaroundthewellat 30
howlongwillit taketo circulate -
spm? -
-
Minutes t4
,-
dropper 100strokesas kill
10.Thewellis shutin.Whatis thedrillpipepressure
mudis beingPumPed to the bit? -
,-
psi/ 1OOstroke
/-
11.Whatis the SafetyMarginafterwellshutin?
-
-
D r i l l i n eW e l lC o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd.
t1
WellControlManual
PAGE
Ghapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak fff Test and MAASP II srogz
lfl SheetExercise-2 BOPStacktAnswer

[Surface
1- 12.5 ppg
Z 1135 strokes
3- '|.424 strokes
L 1090 psi
5- 945.26barrels
G- 635 psi
l- 568 psi
& 1050 PSa
9- 3m.9 minutes
- lO- 4 psi/100str
11- 410 psi
DrillineWell ControlManual
-
-
WellControlManual
PAGE
Chapter3: Slow Pump Rate, Leak Off Test and MAASP -
32o137
-
-
-
Exercise-l
KillSheet BOPStack]
[Subsea -
-
Well Data: -
Holesize t2-L14"(Veftical
Well) -
Air Gap(RKBto MSL) 76 ft.
724ft. -
Waterdepth(MSLto SeaBed)
WellMDfrom RKB 10,500 ft. -
WellTVD 9,900ft.
t3-5l9" Casingshoedepthfrom RKB 6,500ft. MD -
13-5/8"Casingshoedepthfrom RKB 6,300ft. TVD
-
Internal Capacities: -
5" Drillpipe 0.0L77bbr/ft. -
5" HWDP 400ft. 0.0088bbr/ft. -
800ft.
B" DrillCollar 0.0060bbr/ft.
-
2-I3lt6" Chokeline820ft. 0.0088bbr/ft.
20" MarineRiser 800ft. o.3886bbr/ft. -
Mudpumpto rig floorvolume 5.0bbls -
-
AnnularCapacities:
-
DrillCollarin Openhole 0.0829
bbt/ft.
-
Drillpipe/ HWDPin Openhole 0.1194
bbr/ft.
Drillpipe/ HWDPin Casing 0.1288
bbr/ft -
Drillpipein Riser 0.3626
bbr/ft, -
-
Pump Data:
Pumpoutputat97o/o efficiency 0.119bbt/stk.
ThroughRiser@ 40 SPM 750psi -
ThroughChokeline@ 40 SPM BB0psi -
-
Formationstrength: Casing at 1,200psiwith 10 ppgmud.
shoeLeaked
-
Kick Data: -
SIDPP 400 psi -
SICP 600psi
-
PitGain 20 bbls
10.5ppg -
Mudweightin use
F
SeaWaterweight 8.6 ppg
ActiveSurfacemudvolume 460 bbls
-
the KillSheetCalculations
Complete questions:
andanswerthe following
-
t-
-
C o p y r i g hRt e s e r v e d I D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd. \
-
WellGontrolManual
PTT PAGE
3:l of 37
(pESTTONS:
safetymarginat shoeafterkick
1. Pressure psl
Z t{nd pumpto Bitstrokes strokes
3. Elitb Shoestrokes strokes
4. KillMudweight ppg
(ICP)
Pressure
5. f*Ual Grculating psi
(FCP)
Pressure
6. FnalGrctrlating psi
Choke(casing)
7. InitialDynamic Pressure psi
8. Riserdisplacement
strokes strokes
9. f,lMSPafterkill psi
drop/100strokes
10.Pressure psi
- Choke)
11.Cydetimes(surface minutes
12.Elitto surfacestrokes strokes
Reserved I OrillineWell ControlManual I pTTCOLtd.

Well @ntrcl
T ild ffAP
Chapter3: SlowPumpRate,Led(trTd IJ ::=
{t:rl
(
Exercise-l
KillSheet BOPStacklAnswer
[Subsea (
€
1. 435 PSi
-
2. 1495 strokes C
?
3. 3768 strokes F
4. ( 1 1 . 3P) P g
11.28 ?
?
5. 1150 PSi -
€
6. 806 PSi
?
7. 470 PSi c.
?
B. 2437 strokes ?
9. 780 PSi
F
F
10. 24 PSi F
F
11. 286.3 minutes
F
12. 9998 strokes F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
?
?
4
e
a
L
a
I
F
cr
cl
l anual
a
Drilline II
q
WellControlManual
PAGE
Ghapter3: Slow Pump Rate,Leak Off Testand MAASP
35 of37
Exercise-2
KillSheet BOP Stack]
[Subsea
lYell Data
-''{oe size B-r12"
*o e deoth 11,850ft. (TVD/MD)
C;singshoe,9-518" B,BB0ft. (TVD/MD)
C-apaciUes
t- i l 3 t D e .5 0.0172bbr/ft
-lea'"n/
lveightdrillpipe,5" 0.0088bbl/ft Length 837 ft.
l- coltars,6-112"x2-l3lL6" 0.0077bbl/ft Length 1,116ft.
lro,ke|tne,2-112" ID 0.0061bbl/ft Length 5s3 ft.
'.1anneriser 0.3892bbl/ft Length 540ft.
Clos€dEnd Displacement
Dr olpeclosedenddisplacement 0.0254bbl/ft
AnnulusCapacitiesbetween:-
l" collars
in ooenhole 0.0292bbr/ft
f- pipeiHWDP in openhole 0.0447bbl/ft
-r" pipeiHWDP in casing 0.0478bbl/ft
l- oioein riser 0.3638bbr/ft
l.lud pump data

D sclacement volumetric
at 98o/o efficiency 0.12bbl/stroke
Slow pump rate data

345 spmthroughRiser 880psi
345 spmthroughChokeline 1,000psi
Other relevantinformation
Activesurface
volume 460 bbls
Formationleak off test data

with 10 ppgMud
leakoff testpressure
Surface 2,100psi
Kick Data
-tr'he
well kickedat 11,850ft. (TVD)
SIDPP = 580psi
SICP = 870 psi
P i tg a i n = 1 5b b l s
MuddensitY= 10 PPg
The well will be killed using the Wait and Weight method at 45 spm
I' ftt
C
e
€
Chapter3 tu EE L-CTd rd IIISP
PAGE
$d37
e
4
e
QUESTIONS: 4
(
the amountof extrapressure
1. Calculate thatcanbeapplied,
in thisstatic €
condition,
beforethecasingshoebreaksdown. e
?
2. Howmanystrokes to pumpkillmudfromsurface
arerequired to the Bit? e
F
?
3. Howmanystrokes to pumpfromthe Bitto Casing
arerequired shoe?
?
?
4. Howmanyminutes
is required
to circulate
thetotalwellsystem? F
?
5 . Howmanystrokesare requiredto displace
the marineriserto killfluidbefore 7
openingthe BOP? -
-
Whatis the kill mud density?

-".
7
pressure
7. Whatis the initialcirculating (ICP)? -
;
pressure -
8. Whatis the finalcirculating (FCP)?
-
-
9. Whatis the initialdynamiccasingpressure
at killpumprate? -
-
10.Whatis MMSPaftercirculation
of the killmud? F
-
-
the pressure
11. Calculate dropper 100strokeskillfluidpumpedinsidethe drill
string. C
C
-
-
-
-
-
C
-
-
CopvrishtReserved W e l lC o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd. a
!
?
WellGontrolManual
PIT Is PAGE
37 ol37
XillSheet
Exercise.2
[SubseaBOPStack]Answer
1,226psi
1,536strokes
962 strokes
130 min
I,637 strokes
11 ppg
1,460psi
962 psi
750 psi
1,662psi
32 psi
l anual PTTCOLtd.
Chapter4
)
-t
WellGontrolManual
t PIT
t Chapter4: Reductionin HydrostaticPressure
PAGE
1of2O
t
t 4.t U-TUBE
CONCEPT
t
t
- Drill string in a well bore can be
- comparedto a U-tube,wheredrillstringis
= one limb of U-tubeand annulusis another
limb. This U-tubeconceptdescribesthe
? well system where the bit is on bottom
? o
E o
t0n
and it is possibleto circulate.
- V'
As illustratedin the drawing,the left side
-
of U-tuberepresentsthe drill stringand
- the rightsiderepresents the annulus.lf U-
? tubecontainsmud densityof 9.6 ppgand
t? has the columnheightof 1O ft. thus the
Edlon ltrle fnssrE @lP)
Iheq SIP =0.052rg 6r l0 =5 psi hydrostaticpressureat the bottom of U-
a?
tubewill be balancedat 5 psi.
4
4
1
1
1 lf we filleda heavierdensityof fluid intothe
drill string,we shouldsee a lighterdensity
2 f l u i d d r a i n e do ff th e w e l l o n a n annulus
4 side.The certainvolumeof pit gain can be
El
a noticed after stop pumping the heavier
El densityfluid into drill string.The certain Lightermudwillbedmined
a
emptypipe is also noticedat top sectionof offin orderlo balarttthe
Il
a t h e d r i l ls tri n g . lqflnstalicprcssunat thc
E bsnomin flaliccondilion.
a
E This is becausethe well stabilizesitself at
a
the bottom of the well. Therefore,the
E
a bottom hole pressurestays the same as
E
tt longas the heavydensityfluid is still in the
E drillstringafterstop pumping.
a
E Blttrn HolcPnrun
a
T h i s p r a cti cei s si mi l a rto a p u mpingslug
F into holepriorto comingout of hole. il6iliz:d
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
t?
-
hl
t
rT Well ControlManual
Chager 4: Reduc{ionin HydrostaticPrcssure
PAGE
-
-
-
When shut in well, there is no escapeof

fluid out of the well.Thewell balancesitself -
at the bottomhole.
lf well containsthe same fluid densityin

both dr ill str ing and in annulu s , the
hydrostaticpressureat the bottom on both
sides will be the sam e and is bal anc ed.
Therefore,the shut in pressuresat the
surfacewill be equalto zeroon bothsides.
-
Bdlomhde tressre (BlP) hdetressreFlP)

-
BtF m brlh d&s = 0.052r 10r 6,000 = 3,120psi
BHP= 3,120
psi(balanced)
-
-
-
lf the well containsa differentfluid
densities, the bottomholepressure -
equalizes itselfandwill be balancedat -
the hydrostatic pressure of the higher
-
fluiddensitycolumn.Therefore, the
hydrostatic pressureon lighterfluid
rti4.t2s
densitycolumnwill createan extra -
pressureon surfacepressuregauge,in
-
orderto compensate for the lossof
hydrostatic pressurein that column. -
-
-
EoumHprsr(E?} m(HrR
-
8HP : 0.052x 12.5x 6000: 3900psi
BHP balanceon bothside: -
BHP= 3,900
psi(balanced)
0.052x 12.5x 5,000: (0.052x 10 x 6,000)+ 780 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
h\
t
E
E WellControlManual
E PAGE
t Ghapter4: Reductionin Hydrostatic
Pressure
EI 3 of2o
t
h
t
42 REDUCTION
PRESSURE OUTDRYPIPE
DUETOPULLING
E
t
E
t
ts Whenpullingout pipein dry
t
E,
condition, the volumewhichis taken
t out of the holeis the volumeof pipe
rhi
t
metaldisplacement only.
lF,
t
lr\
l f th e h o l ei s n o tfilledthe fluidin the
well will dropat nearsurfaceor at
E
belowthe rotarytable.
l-
Before After pulling pipe dry
Thedroppinglevelof fluidhappensin
rrr. pulling withoutfilling hole
the spacebetweencasing(or marine pipe
lr
riseron floatingrig)andthe pipe
r- metaldisplacement (Casi
ngllRiser
>- :rg )ry
t-
Gapacity- Pipemetaldisplacement).
r-
l-t
-
Thepressure reductiondueto pullingout pipedrycan be determined
from a formula
rF
as follows:
F
r-r
l-
Pressuredrop per foot (psi/ft)=
!-
PipeMetal Disp.(bbl/f t)
iv'lw(ppg)x 0.052x
!-
fCsg / Riser Capaci.ty(bbl/ f t) - Pipe lriletal Di.splac
ement (bbl/ f t)l
t-
r-
Example:
r- Determinethe hydrostaticpressuredecreasewhenpulled DRYpipeout of the hole;
r-l
No.of standspulled = 5
IE
Averagelen$thper stand = 92ft.
r- PipeMetal Displacement = 0.0O75bbl/ft.
Casin!,Capacity = 0.O773bbl/ft.
F
Mud Wei$ht = 77.5 pp€,

r-
r- 0.0075
psi/ft=1L.5x0.052 x = 0.0643
rr- ( o . 0 7 7 3- 0 . 0 0 7 5 )
r-
- Thus,total pressuredrop due to pull out pipedry = 0.0643 x 5 x 92 = 29.56 psi

rr.
r-
ts
WellGontrolManual
PAGE
Ghapter4: Reductionin FfydrostaticPrcssure
4of 2O
4.3 DUETO PULLOUTWETHPE

REDUCTION
PRESSURE
Whenpullout pipewet condition, the

volumewhichis takenout of the hole
is the volumeof pipemetal
displacement andthe volumeof mud
insidepipe.Thepullingwet condition
occurredwhenthe BHAequipped
with a downholemotor,turbineor a
restrictorsubfor the MWDwhich -
preventmud to fall downfreely. -
-
Thedroppinglevelof fluidhappensin
the spacebetweencasing(or marine
riser on floatin$ rig) and the pipe
HuidGnnotFa'
closedend displacement.
Pulling
Wet
Thepressure reductiondue to pullingout pipewet can be determined

from a formula l-
as follows:
Pressuredropper foot (psi/ft)=
PipeClosedEnd Disp.(bbl/ft)
Mw(ppg) x 0.052x - Pipe ClosedEnd Disp.(bbl/f t)l
lCsg/Riser Capacity(bbllf t)
Example:
Determinethe HydrostaticPressuredecreasewhenpulled WEf pipeout of the hole:

No.of standspulled - 5
Avera$elenSthper stand = 9 2 f t .
PipeCapacity = O.O!776bbl/tt.
PipeMetal Displacement = 0.OO75bbl/ft.
CasingCapacity = O.O773bbl/ft.
Mud Wei$ht = 71.5 ppg
+ 0.00751
10.01,776
p si /ft = 1 1 .5x 0 .052x = 0.2903
-
10.0773(0.0177
6 + 0.007s)l
Thus,totalpressuredrop due to pull out pipewet = O.29O3x 5 x 92 = 733.54 psi

-
-
while pickin$ up the bit to shutin
Question:Shouldthe pumpsbe kept runninS, t-
on a kick? -
I
Answer:Yes,to maximize the pressureon the bottom of the hole with ECD.
,-t
PTTCOLtd.
,r'
-z
-
E
Well GontrolManual
rf
E
PIT PAGE
Pressure
Chapter4: Reductionin Hydrostatic
5 of20
E
rr
E
Example:
E
Casingcapacity 44 bbl/tt
: O.O7
E
Drillpipecapacity :0.0188 bbl/tt
-{
Drillpipesteeldisplacement:O.OO77 bbl/tt
E
Fluiddensity11.6 ppg
E
in BHP?
lf pulling670 ft DP"wet",Whatis the reduction
E
- WETPIPE(psi/ft)=
DROPPERFOOTTRIPPING
21.PRESSURE
'-
(bbl/f t)
Drtlting Mud Density (ppg) x 0.052 x closedEnd Di.splacement
-
Ri.seror CasingCapactty(bbl/f t) - ClosedEnd Displacement(bbl/f t)
-t
'- I t . 6 x 0 . 0 5 2 x ( 0 . 0 1 8 8+ 0 . 0 0 7 7 )
= 0 . 3 3 3 6p s t / f t
-t -
0.074 (o.o1BB
+ 0.0077)
-t in BHP : 0 . 3 3 3 6p s i / f t x 6 7 0f t
Answer: Reduction
E
- 2 4 4p s i
-
rt
-t
DUETOSTRIPPED
CHANGE
4.4 PRESSURE AND
PIPEBACKONBOTTOM
-t OPERATION
ONSTRIPPING
CALCULATION
VOLUME
-,
4
4
-t When well is shut in after kick durin$
ra tripping out, the bit is off bottom.
Commonpracticeis to strip the bit back
- on bottom in order to allow circulating
- kick out of the well.
-
-, In this case,the pressurechangein the
well shouldbe noticeddue to movement
- of pipeand the changein colum nhei ght
r' of kick. The bottom hole pressureand
r' shutin casingwill increaseas a result.
ts lf the kick doesnot migrateupwardthen
-t the formationpressurewill be constant.
H Thisformationpressure will be usedas a
referencepressure for the determination
- of the pressurechange in the well and at
I' surface.
-
b'
l anual
ba
\
a
WellControlManual
PAGE
Chapter4: Reductionin llydrostatie Pressure
6 of2o
When strippingthebit back on bottomwhen well was shut in

with Annular BOP,it is common practiceto bleedoff mud in
the well throu!,hthe choke in order to compensatefor the
new volumeof new pipeat surface.
Volumeof Mud to be bled off:

= PipeClosedEnd Displacement x StrippedLenSth
Volumeof Mud to be filled in Pipe:

= PipeCapacityx StrippedLength
Note;Thiscalculationis appliedto all BHAruns evenlf there

is a float valveinstalledor withoutfloat valveinstalled.
Seeadjacentdiagram.
Example:
WellTVD 10000ft
CapacityDC/OH0.0299bbl/ft
Shrn in wilh
CapacityDP/OH0.0456bbl/ft &rx.dar tlOP
CapacityDP/C0.0555bbl/ft IiJ
Drillcollar1250ft longx 6-1/2inchOD
DC capacity= 0.00777bbl/ft
DC metaldisplacement = 0.0323bbUfr
Drillpipe5000ft long4.5 inchOD

DPcapacity= 0.01667bbl/ft
DP metaldisplacement = 0.0071bbl/ft
Calculatethe volumeto bleedoff if

1120feet of drillpipeis strippedbackinto the hole?
Closeend displacement= 0.01667+ 0.0071

= 0"02377bbl/fr
Answer:Volumeto be bled off = fi24 ft x 0.02377 bblJfi
= 26.6bbl
\
t
Well GontrolManual
h
I
PIT I1 PA(=E
t Chapter4: Reductionin HydrostaticPressure
h
7 ol20
.t
I
I
-t
Example:
E
t
E
WellTVD 10000ft
I CapacityDC/OH0.0299bbl/fi
ShLt irulh
I CapacityDP/OH0-0456bbUft ArnlrAOF
Il
CapacityDP/C0.0555bbl/fi
II
Drillcollar1250ft longx 6-112inchOD
IT
DCcapacity= 0.00277bbvft
rt DCmetaldisplacement = 0.0323bbl/fi
E
- Drillpipe5000ft long4.5inchOD
DPcapacity= 0.01667bbl/ft
il
DPmetaldisplacement = 0"0071bbl/ft
-l
Lengthof a stand= 92 ft
il
tl lf 15standsof pipewithan installed

floatvalveare
how
stripped, many barrelsof mud must be pumpedto keepthestringfull?
-
- Lengthof strippedDP = 15X 92 = 1380fi
= Answer:Mudbe pumped= 1380fi X 0.01667bbl/fi= 23 bbl
rl
ll
rl
-
-
4.5 PRESSURE DUETO PULLING
REDUCflON OUTREMAINING
COLI-ARS/BHA
rl
!l Theremainingdrillcollarsor BHAare the lastfewjointswhen

!l
it was completelypulledout,it meantthat thereis notingleft
the mud leveldropin the well at surface
in the well.Therefore
!l
happened insidecasingor marineriseronly.
rl
- Thedetermination dropdue to pullingout the

of the pressure
remainingDCor BHAcan be carriedout as follows:
-i
- Volumeof DCIBHA(bbls):Pull Drycondition:

- = DCIBHAMetalDisp.(bblft) x DCIBHALength(ft)
- Mud LevelDrop(ft)
- = Volumeof DCIBHA(bbls)+ Casin€i(Riser) (bbllft)
Capacity
-
il
Pressuredrop (psi)dueto pullingout remainingDCIBHA
= 0.052 x MW (ppg) x Leveldrop(ft)
-
IT
CopyrightReserved
I
\
t
/
WellGontrolManual
IT PAGE
Chapter4: Reductionin tlydrostatic Pressure 8 of20
E<ample:
Deterrninethe leveldrop when comptetelypulledDRYcollar out of the hole:

-2
No.of Collarioints
Avera$eCollar lenSthPer ioint =3Oft.
6-7/4' CollarMetal DisPlacement= O.O298bbl/ft
9-5/8" Casin{,CaPacitY = O.O773bbl/ft
Mud Wei$ht = 77.5 pp€
-
LevelDrop in feet = 2 x3O xO.O298
o.o773
= 23 ft.
Iotal PressureDroP = O.O52x 71.5 x23 = !3.75 psi

-
from
euestion: During POOH,the wettboretake improper holefill-up. The bit ts 9OOft
bottom.Whatrs the bestpracticeto do in this case? -
-
Answer:
-Runa flow check
-lf flowin$, the well will be shut-in immediately -
Jf no flow,run backto bottom& monitorpit Sains
-Circulatebottoms up and record returnsfor any swabbedkicks
4.6 PRESSURE
LOSTOFOVERBALANCE OUTPIPE
DUETOPULLING
-
Overbalancepressure
= Bottomholepressure- Formationpressure
For normal drillingoperations,oil company

has a specificoverbalancepressureto work
on in orderto maximizethe drillingefficiency.
SbticBHP= 5,408psi -
Formation For instance,150 to 200 psi over balance
0verBalancing
by208psi
Pressure pressure.
From drawin$,the over balancepressureis

as follows:
determined
t0,000nwD -
Overbalancepressure -
= (0.052x 10.4 x 10000) - 52OO -
= 208 psi.
-
-
PTTCOLtd. -
Drilling l anual
-
WellGontrolManual
PIT PAGE
Ghapter4:Reductionin lfydrostatleprcssure
9 of2o
I'
Example: PumpfailedwhilePOOHresultedin mudleveldropof 700fi and
b wellstartsto flow.
b MW:11.7ppg,TVD:11500ft
rf
Whatis the BHPwhenttrewell startsto fl ?
r" what is the heightof mud levelwhenthe well startsto frow?
-t
- 1. HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE(psi)
-t Mud Density(ppg) x 0.052 x TVD (ft)
-
- HSP= 11.7X 0.052X (11500
- 700)
1 = 6571psi
1 Answer:TheBHP= 6571psi
1
1 Answer:Theheightof mudlevel= 11500- 700
= 10800ft
1
1
1
1
4
4 consideronlythe caseof pullingout pipewithoutfiilingthe wert:
4 Themaximumlengthin feet of pipethat couldbe pulledout beforeloosingoverbalance
4 pressure
shallbe determined
as follows:
4
Lengthof Pipe pulledDRYto loseOverbalance
(ft)
4
-
_ overbalance(psi) x (Riser/casing cap - Metar Displacement)
4 MW x 0 .052 x Metal Displacem ent
-
And Lenglthof PlpepulledWETto toseOverbatance
(ft)
4
-
_ ouerbalance(psi) x (Riser/casing cap - closed End Displacement)
- MW x 0.052 x ClosedEnd Displacement
-,
-
-t
rt
=
=
=
? D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual
?
\
t
;tJ
Well ControlManual
PIT ) PAGE
Chapter4: Reductionin HydrostaticPressulre
10 of20
E<ample:
Amountof Overbalance = !5O psi
CasingCapacity = O.O773bbl/ft
PipeCapacity = O.O!776bbl/ft
PipeMetal Displacement = O.OO75 bbl/ft
Mud Wei$ht = 77.5 pp€,
DetermineLen{th(ft) of Pipe pulledto lose Overbalance
on bothPulled DRYand
Pulled WEI conditions;
L50x ( 0.0773- 0.0075)

Lengthof PipePulled DRY
11.5x0.052x0.0075
= 2,334 ft.
- -
Lengthof PipePulledWET _ 150 x10.0773 ( 0.01776 0.007s) l
1 1 . 5x 0 . 0 5 2x ( 0 . 0 1 7 7 6 +0 . 0 0 7 5 )
= 576.8 ft. -
-
4.7 PUMPINGSLUGPRIORTO PULLOUTOF HOLE
Main lssues:
ffi
Lengthof slug
Level&op <
Pum ping slugis the same
conceptof a "U-Tube". Oncethe
pumpingstoppedandthe Kelly
Lengthofslug {
I or TopDrivedisconnected,
-
I Triptmtircrew therewill be leveldropin dry -
pipein the dr illstr ing whi l ea -
pit gainoccurredin the TriP -
Tank.
Leveldropin drillstringis
affectedby the differencein
densitybetweenslu$and
dr illingm ud,andvolum eo f
pumpedslug.
Oncethe slughas beenin positionafterstoppumping,therewill be no changein the

BottomHolePressure.Thewell "U-tube" itselfand balancedat the bottomhole.
-
-
-
-
C o p y r i g hRt e s e r v e d I D r i l l i n gW e l lC o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd.
-
b\
t
E
t
\ Well GontrolManual
t
E, PAGE
, Ghapter4:Reductionin ltydrostaticPressure
h, Lloe 20
t
\
t
\
t
h
t 4.7.L Barrelsof Slug Requiredfor a DesiredLenglhof Dry Pipe
E,
,
h
t
E Length of dry O,O"_
t
E
t
- Length
,
of slt'tg
rtt +
t
E
,
Drilling
E
, tucc__
E
t
n
I
- ,
of SlugRequired
Barrels lengthof drypipe
for a desired
- Stept
Fl drop(psi)required
Pressure
Hydrostatic insideDrill Pipe h1
E
= 0.052x DrillingMW(ppg)x Lengthof drypipe(ft)
-
Step2:
- Difference Gradient(psy'ft)betweenSlugweightandMudweight
in Pressure
-
= (slugyvt.ppg- mudwt. ppg)x 0.052
E
,
-
t
E
a
E Step3:
,
Slug Lenglh h2 (ft)
E
,
F
, Hydrostatic pressure drop required" iLnsid.e
Drilt pipe(psi)
t
, Dif f erencetnpressuregradient(pst.f t)
E
,
E
t Step4:
t
I
SlugVolume(bbls)= Slug Length(ft) x Drill PipeCapacity(bblft)
h
,
E
) SlugVolume(bbl)for a givenlengithof DryPipe
E
,
T Length of Dry Pipe(f t) x Pipe Capacity(bbl/f t) x Mw(pps)
:'
E SIug Density(ppg) - Mw(ppg)
E
n
t
11
t
E
t
h\
t
/
aJ
Well ControlManual
Chapter4: Reductionin HydrostaticPressure |t :oo=
lJ2st2f. 1
-
Example: Determine for thefollowingdesiredlengthof
the barrelsof slugrequired
DryPipe:
DryPipe(2 stands)= L84' , MW- 9'2 ppg, SluEWeight= L3.2 ppg,
Driffpipecapacity= O.OL422bbl/ft I
Pressure
Step-l Dropin Hydrostatic t-
= 0.052x 12.2x 184 = Lt7 psi
Lengthof DryPipe*
Step-2 Differencein PressureGradient
Length
of slug = (13.2- 72.2)x 0.052 : 0.052psi/f t
-
Step-3SlugLength(f0-h2
Drilling LL7 -
Mud = 2250ft'
0^052 -
Step-4SlugVolume(bbls) -
= 2250 x 0.0L422 = 32.0bbls -
-
-
SlugVolume(bbl)for a givenlengthof Dry Pipe -

-
184x0.0].4ZZxL2.2 -
L3.Z- L2.2 -
-
-
-
E x a m p l e : 2 5 b b l o f h e a v ys l u gw a s p u m p e d ,f o l l o w e d -
-
b y 1 5 b b l o f d r i l l i n gm u d :
-
WellTVD 10000 feet
-
D r i l l i n gM W 1 2 . 6p p g -
H e a v ys l u g d e n s i t y1 4 . 9 p p g -
D r i l lp i p ec a p a c i t y0 . 0 1 7 7 6b b l / f t
-
S u r f a c el i n ev o l u m e 1 0 b b l
C a l c u l a t teh e m u d l e v e ld r o p i n t h e s t r i n gw h e n t h e w e l l -
h a se q u a l i s e d ? -
-
(bbl)=
28.PJTGAINDUETO SLUGU-TUBING
-
Slug Denstty (ppg) -1) -
Stusvotume(b$ x (
Drilling Mud Density (ppg) -
-
,s x (H- 1)= 4.ssbbt
-
4.56 -
Answer : Mud Level Drop = :257 feet
0.0r776 -
-
-
WellControlManual
Ghapter4:ReductlonIn lfydrcstaticRessure
4.7.2 for a DesiredLenglhof DryPipe

Weightof SluERequlred
Steel
Lengthof Slugin DrillPipe(ft)
Slug Volume(bbl)
Drill PtpeCapacity(bbl/f t)
Step-2
Ilillirp
iid HydrostaticPressurerequiredto givedesireddrop
insideDrillPipe(psi)
- Mw(ppg) x 0.052x f eetof Dry Ptpe
Weightof Slugrequiredfor a Step-3

desiredlengthof DryPipe. Weightof Slug(ppg)
Hy dr ost ati.cPr es sure(psi)

- MW(pps)+
0.052x Slug Length(ft)
Weightof Slugrequlredfor a desiredlengthof dry pipe:
b SlugVolume(bbl)for a given lenglthof dry pipe

b Length of dry Pipe(f t) x Ptpe Capactty(bbllft) x MW(ppg)
SIug Denstty(ppg)- Mw(ppg)
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b D r i l l i n eW e l lC o n t r o M
l anual
b
b
.J
-
Well GontrolManual
-
PAGE
Chapter4: Reductionin Hydrctatic Pressure -
14of 20
-
-
Weightof slug requiredfor a desiredlengthof pipe with a set volumeof slug (continued) -
-
Example:
Determinethe weightof slugrequiredfor the followingdesiredlengthof dry
pipe: -
Drypipe(2 stands) = 184 feet -
MudWeight = L2.2 ppg -
Volumeof slug = 25 bbl
Drillpipecapacity = O.OL422bbl/tt -
lfl
Step-1Lengthof Slugin DrillPipe(ft) -

l1
Length , 25
of dy pipe :M'= ! 7 5 8f t -
Volume
-
of slt,lg Step-2 HydrostaticPressurerequiredto givedesired
l-
dropinsideDrillPipe(psi)
-
= 12.2x 0.052x 184 = LI7 pst
-
Step-3 -
Weightof Slug(ppg)
t1.7 -
L 2 . 2+ = L3.5ppg
( 0.052x 1758)
-
-
SlugVolume(bbl)for a givenlengthof DryPipe: -

-
184 xO.OI422 x12.2
25= -
SIug Density (ppg) - 12.2
-
x O' 814' 22x l2' 2 -
sl u g D e n si ty( pptD- !2.2 = ' 184 -
2S
-
= 1.3
-
SfugDensity= 1.3 + L2.2ppg
-
= 13.S ppg
-
tF
-
-
I
J
ts
PTTCOLtd.
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/
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Well GontrolManual
h
Ea
I PtT PAGE
Ghapter4: Reductlonin HydrostaticPressure
h
15of 20
t
-
.t
E
t
? 4.73 OFPITGAINAFTERSTOPPUMPING
BARRELS SI.UG
h
t
-
Et
E
t
E
a
Ir
a
E
a
E
t
I
I
E ,.
E a
Il
a
Il
a
E-
4
El
E
=l
Il
- mud gaineddueto purnpingtheslugand

TI :12.6 p
MW
- Slug t =14.2p
E lumeofslug : bbls
II
E
E
4
-,
4
4 lumeof Dry
EI
Thus. of DryPipe
4 0.CI17
4
E
E
yrightReserved I OrillingWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.
h
a
hl
t
,-
?J
Well ControlManual r.'a
PAGE --
Ghapter4: Reductionin ltydrostatic Pressure
16of 20 -A
-1
lJ
t-
,-
WELLDATASHEET: ,J
12,000ft. TVD/MD ,-
Holedepth
Holesize B-r12" 1
9-518"Casingshoe 6,200ft. TVD/MD -

Mudweight L2.4ppg
-
DRILL STRINGCAPACITY: -
I
850ft.
Drillcollars, Capacity 0.0077bbr/ft -
Drillcollar Metaldisplacement 0.0300bbl/ft -
Drillpipe Capacity 0.0178bbuft
Metaldisplacement 0.007sbbr/ft -
Drillpipe
-
ANNULARCAPACITY: -
-
pipe
Casing/Drill Capacity 0.0476bbr/ft
pipe
Openhole/Drill Capacity 0.04s9bbl/ft
Openhole/Drill
collar Capacity 0.0292bbr/ft -
-
CASINGAND OPENHOLECAPACITY: -
-
9-518"Casing Capacity 0.0729bbr/ft
B-Llz"Openhole Capacity 0.0702bbr/ft -
PumpOutput = 0.102bbUstk
Averagestandlength = 94 ft. -
Rate
SlowCirculation at 30SPM 400psi
-
questions
UsetheDataaboveandanswer 1to 16:
-
1. Whatis thestaticbottomholepressure? I
,-
Answer: psi
I
2. Whenthepumpis runningat 100SPMthepumppressure reads3,800psi. tr-
pressure
If annular are250psi,whatis the Dynamic
losses bottomhole rJ
pressure? i
,-
.-
Answer: psl
-
f
,-
f
?-
!
,.-
.1
]
,]J
)
-
-l Well ControlManual
PIT
- Chapter4: Reductionin llydrostaticPressure
-
-
- to question
3. Referring #2, whatis theEquivalent (ECD)?
Density
Circulating
?
- Answer: ppg
-
to question#2 , if pumpspeedis reducedfrom 100SPMto
4. Referring
- B0SPM,whatwill the pumppressure be?
-
? Answer: psl
r"
r" 5. If 12 standsof pipewerepulled"dry"withoutfillingthe hole,whatwould
the reductionin bottomholepressurebe?
t"
-r Answer: psi reduction
in BHP
a 6. If 6 standsof pipehadbeenpulled"wet",withoutflllingthe hole,thenthe
4 resultantlossof bottomholepressure
wouldbe?
4
-, Answer: psireduction
in BHP
1
llt 7. Howmanycompletestandsof pipecanbe pulled"wet",withoutfillingthe
is 240psi
hole,beforethe well startsto flow?The overbalance
-t
4 Answer: stands
4
4
4 If the holehadbeenkeptfullwhilepullingpipe,butthe collarswerepulled
2 "dry" withoutfillingthe hole.Whatwouldthe resultantreductionin bottom
holepressure be?(totallengthof collar=850ft)
?
r"
Answer: psi reduction
in BHP
a
a Slugof 14 ppgmudwill be
9. In orderto pullpipe"dry",a 25 barrels
displacedintodrillpipe.Asthe slugisjust beingpumpedintowellat a
-
slowpumpspeedandwellis notequalized whatwill bottomholepressure
-t be?
T
? dueto the addedMudweight
a) Increasing
-
b) Reducingdue to the U-tubingeffect
c) Remainingfairlyconstant
2
n
4
l?
-
- CopyrightReserved I DrillingWell ControlManual I Ltd.
PTTCO I
-
?
I
Well ControlManual
PAGE
Chapter4: Reductionin llydrostatic Pressure \ /
laof 2() F,-l
\ l
/-J
\ l
to question#10, oncethe Slugof heavymud is in position
10. Referring a-J
andthe top driveis removed,bottomholepressurewill? )

)
a) Haveincreased dueto the heavymud
b) Havereduced due to the U-tubingeffect ,--
c) RemainingfairlYconstant
-r-
ll.Referringto question
#10,
-
oncethe slugis in position?
a) Whatis the volumeof pipeemptied, -
-
Answer: bbls
-
I
is the lengthof emptypipewhenslugis in
b) Whatapproximately
position? -
-
Answer: feet
-
LZ.I1lossoccurred,howfar theoretically(providedthat no pipeis in hole)could -
the fluidleveldropbeforethe well is underbal-anced?The overbalanceis -
240psi.Themudweightis 12.4ppg + v'* -
feet -
Answer: -
13.What to balance
mudweightwouldberequired pressure
a formation of -
7,987psiat 12,000
ft.? -
ppg -
Answer:
-
-
14.Assumethat 9-518" Casingis beingrun.if the last10jointsarenot filled -
with mud,andif the non-return valvesat the pipe/collar
failed,whatwould
pressure -
the reductionin bottomhole be?
-
Lengthof I joint of casing =42 feet -
of casing
Capacity =0.0744bbl/ft -
Casing/Annularcapacity =0.0622bb|lft(hole/casing)
Mudweight -I2.4 -
PPg
-
a) 250Psi -
b) 148Psi -
c) 270 psi -
-
-
,-
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t PiT PAGE
a Chapter4: Reductionin HydrostaticPressure
F 19 of 20
a
ts
t
E
15.ADrilleris preparing
to pullout of the holeandhaslinedup to the Slugpit.
t He intendsto pumpa 15 barrelsheavySlug,followedby 10 barrelsof
ts
, drillingmudfromthe activepit.
E
,
E WELLDATA:
t
E.
Depthof hole 9,000'
t MW 12.0ppg
rr,
, Heavyslug 14.0ppg
E
a
DP.Capacity 0.0L776bbl/ft
E Surfacelinevolume 6 bbls
a
r-
a
Howfar will the mudlevelin the stringdropwhenthe well hasbeen
E
t equalized?
IE
a
r- a ) t7r ft.
,
F
b) 141ft.
t
c) 153ft.
F
a
F.
a
16.The26" strfaceholeis beingdrilledat 1100'TVD fromsurface,the
-
t
formationpressureis exactly595 psi.Whatis the formationpressure?
r-
t
a ) Normal
r-
t b) AboveNormal
F
I c) BelowNormal
r-L
,
- lT.Calculate in bottomholepressure
thereduction gascut
whencirculating
F
mudinthefollowing
well:
WD WeII 6,000'
F
Surfaceto 650ft. MW=10.0ppg
F -
650ft. 1,300ft. M W = 1 1 .p0p g
- 1,300ft. to bottom MW=11.5ppg
t
Originalmudweight = 1 1 . 5p p g
-
a
F
a) 83 psi
F b) 92 psi
- c) 67 psi
-
F
18.Whichof the following
increase (Twoanswers)
the riskof swabbing?
l- a) Pumping whiletrippingout
F b) Low viscousmud
F
c) Balledup Stabilizers
d) Trippingout too fast
E
rt
E
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Ctrapter4: ReducillonIn lSrcstatic Pressure 20of
Exercise-3Answer
7738 Psi €
L.
(
2. 7988 Psi €
3. L2.a ppg 4
€
4. 2432 Psi ?
5. 83.4 Psi
?
€
6. 189 - 193 Psi €
7. 7 stands e
F
8. 225.5 Psi F
9 . c
F
F
10. c F
LL. a 3,23 bbls
7
b 181.5 feet F
F
L2. 372 feet
F
13, L2.a PPg F
F
L4. b F
15. b F
F
16. b F
L7. c F
F
18. c; d F
F
F
F
F
cr
F
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DrillingWell ControlManual
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Chapter5
t
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t Well ControlManual PAGE
t Lot27
Ghapter5: Kick& Shut-inPrccedure
t
t
t
t 5.1 DEFINMONOFKICK
t A kick is definedas an unscheduledinfluxof formationfluidsflow intothe wellbore.Fluids
t enteringthe wellborecan eitherbe liquids(oilor water),gasor a combinationof thesefluids.
t
,
Someimportantpointsto considerin well kicks:
, r Fluidsproducedduringunderbalanceddrillingare not considered
kicks.
,
o Fluidsproducedduringa DSTare not consideredkicks.
a
e
,
Conditlonsfor a kick to occur:
4'
1' o Formation(pore)Pressure> BottomHolePressure(BHP).
t
o A reasonablelevelof Permeability
(> 10 milli-darcy.)and porosity> LOo/otor
e sandstoneand > 5o/otor limestones)of that formation.
e
a - Theabilityof rockto allowfluid movementor flow througha rock.
Permeability
2 - Theamountof spacein the rockthat may holdthe fluids.
Porosity
2
o Thatfluidcanflow by its nature.
l,
t Note: Thesymbol) meansgreaterthan.
e
4'
4 Kicksmay alsooccurwhile:
,
. D ri l l i n g . lYhv doesa kick occur?
2
a . Tripping.
,
. Makinga connection.
e oreis to
' . Logging.
a o R un n i n g
ca si n g .
2
, o Cementing. Pw<Pt
a NippleUp(N/U)or NippleDown(N/D)BlowoutPreventer
(BOP),etc.
2
2
t
I
t CopyrightReserved DrillingWellControlManual PTTCOLtd.

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Ghapter5: Kick& Shut-inPrccedures
5.2 OFKICK
CAUSES
Causesof Kick(Wellborelnflux)
flow of formationfluidintothe
A "Kick"or "WellboreInflux"is an undesirable
wellboreand it happenswhenformation pressureis morethan hydrostatic pressure
in wellbore.
Severalcausesof Kick (Wellborelnflux)are listed below:

-
1. Lackof knowledgleanclexperienceof personnel(Humanerror)- Lackin$of well-
trainedpersonnelcln causewellcontrolincidentbecausetheyd-on'thaveany -
ideaswhatcan causewellcontrolproblem.Forexample,personnel may -
accidentallypumplighterfluidintowellboreand if the fluidis li$htenough,
reservoirpressurecan overcomehydrostaticpressure. ,-
2.LightdensiUf|uidinwe||bore-|tresu|tsindecreasin$hydrostaticpressure.
areseveralreasonsthat cancausethis issuesuchas:
-
. Lightpills,sweep,spacerin hole
-
. A cci d e n tadli l u ti o no f dr illing
fluid -
. Ga scu t mu d
-
3. Abnormalpressure- lf abnormallyhi$hpressurezonesare overcurrentmud
kickwill occur.
weightin the well,eventually
4. Unableto keepthe holefull allthe time while drillingand trioping.lf holeis not -
pregsure
fullwithdrillingfluid,overallhydrostatic will decrease. -
-
5. Severelostcirculation - Dueto lostcirculation
in formation,if the well couldnot
pressure will be decreased. -
be keptfulfyfifled all the time,hydrostatic
-
usuallycausedwhenthe hydrostatic
Lostcirculation pressure of drillingfluid -
exceeds Thereare severalfactorsthat cancauselost
formationpressure.
suchas:
circulation
_
- mud weightis too heavyand too viscous.
. Mud properties -
-
. HighEquivalent Density
Circulating -
. Highsurgepressuredueto trippingin holeso fast -
-
. Drillingintoweakformationstren$thzone
-
-
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Chapter5: Klck&Shutin Prccedures
6. Suabbing causesreducingwellbore hydrostaticoressure.
Swabbingis the conditionthat happenswhenanythingin a holesuchas drillstring,

loggingtool,completionstlng,etc is pulledand it bringsout decreasinghydrostatic
pressure.Anyway,swabbingcan be recognized whilepullingout of holeby closely
monitoringholefill in trip sheet.
Gestlon: lf a well is drillingwith water basedmud hasa problemof completeloss of returns,

rfiat should be the next step to do?
Answen Fill this well with water.
Qpsfion: While drilling, the flow meter dropsfrom 6o0/oto 50o/o.

What shouldbe causeof this?
Arrcrrer: This well has partial lost circulation.
53 EARLYKICKSIGNSATSURFACE
531 While Drilling
o Drillingtrendsand or drillingbreak(Rateof
Penetration (ROP)increasewhiledrillingintohigh
pressurezonedue to lessresistanceto the bit).
o Increasein torqueand drag(Swab

associated). SampleShaleGuttings
o Decrease
in shaledensity.
o Changein cuttingshapes.
r Increasein chloridecontentin mud.
o Increasein flow linetemperature. , r l . r t . t , l

Normally pressuredshales pressuredshales
Abnormall.v-
o lncreasein background or Connection
Gas.Whilewe are drilling,thereis a stablegasreadingthat is not connected
with
eitherbottomsup gas or drilledgas is generallycalled"Backglround
Gas".The
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Ghapter5: Kick& Shut{nPrccedures F-
t-
-
gasalwaysshowseverytime whiledrillingand it is not a signof
background -
F-
riskto wellcontrolsituation.
considerable Nevertheless,
we mustalwayscheck \
aJ
changesin backgroundgasvaluebecauseit is ableto helprecognize
underbalance !
tt-
drillingintohighpressure
situationwhiledrilling,especially zone. \
-
-
'-
A certainamountof the gasin cuttingswill enterintodrillingfluidwhenwe drill
throughporousformationsthat containgas.Thegasshowingon the surfacedueto *
driflingthroughformationsis called"DrilledGas". -
-
Whengasfrom the cuttingcomesinto drillingfluid,it will expandas it is circulated
out -
of hole,hence,youwill seethe gasfrom the monitorsat the flow line.Eventhoughwe -
-t-
haveoverbalance pressure
hydrostatic exertedby mud column,gasshowingon the -
-
surfaceby this mechanismalwayshappens.
Youcannotrisemud weightup to make it
disappear. -
-
Drifled gasshouldbe recordedin mud logchartagainstformationidentification.In -
addition,the gas unitshouldrepresentchangesin drillingrate(rateof penetration) v
throughporousformation. -
-
if we seea lot of drillinggas,we shouldstopdrillingand attemptto
Practically, -
circulategasuntilit reachesto an acceptable levelpriorto drillingahead. -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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Ghapter5: Kick&Shut-lnplocedures
b
tt BackgroundGas
Lf
!t
tt DatatoLoggingUnit
Lt
b Memb'rane
gasextractorpositionedin the&illing mudrehrmline.
b
It 53 FOSITIVE
KICKSIGNSATSURFACE
b
b PositiveKick(WellboreInflux)Indications
f't Positivekick (wellboreinflux)indicationsmean inbication-s
showingalmost LOOo/okick
ft (wellboreinflux)intowellbore.
r'
rt 5.41 WhileDrilling
2
It PositiveKick lndicatorsWhile drilling
rt
2 1- Increasein flow show - Withoutany increasingin flow rate in, increasein return
1 flow indicatessomethingcomingintowellborewhiledrilling.Therefore, flow show
2 instrumentprovidedby the rigsor servicecompaniesmustbe checkedand calibrated
I frequently.
2 Becausedrillingfluidsystemon the rig is a
I closedsystem,increasing
in flowshowwithoutadjustingflow ratein will causepit
a
I
2 Drilling
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Ghapter5: Kick& Shut-inPrccedures /
-
-
F
gain in a pit system.Nowadays,with hi$htechnologysensors,detectingchangein pit
-
levelis easilyaccomplishedat the rig site.However,visuallycheckthe pit levelis
importantas wellfor doublecheckingfigurefrom the sensors.Sometimes, chan$ein
,J
pit levelmay be detectedafterthe increasein flow showbecauseit takesmoretime I

to accumulate volumeenoughto be ableto detectby pit sensors.
. 3. Contlnueflowingwhile the oumpsare off - When pumpsare turnedoff, bottom
holepressurewill decreasedue to lossof AnnularPressureLosses(APL)and ,-
CirculatingDensity(ECD).lf thereis anyflow comingafter pumpsoff, it
Equivalent
formationinfluxintowellbore.
indicates F
Thereare severalreasonswhlch miBhtcausethe well to flow when the pumpsare off :

-
/
o Formation fluid(Kick)enteringthe wellboreas a resultof the swabbin$actionof
the drillstring.Thisis dueto unbalancedU-tube(wellflowingfor certaintime). -
-
o or fracturecharging(wellflowin$for certaintime).
Ballooning -
o Takenotethat Kickcan be checkedat surfacewhileTRIPPING. f
-
-
With the pumpsoff, the frictionlossesin the annuluswill disappear.BottomHolePressure
will be droppedequalto that AnnularPressureLosses. -
-
-
l-
-
-
/
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/
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Chapter5: Klck&Shut-inPrccedures
4. RrmpSPMIncreasebut pumppressuredecrease.
"Rtmp SPMincreasebut pump pressuredecrease"may be a positivekick sign at surface.
llud PumpPressureis extremelyimportantto the drillingprocess.The Mud Pump Pressure

Gaugeenablesthe drillerto monitorthe pressure whiledrilling.Anyunusualchangein
pressurewill alertthe drillerof downholeproblems.Pressuretoo low couldindicatewashed
out pipeor bit nozzle,loose joint or brokendrill string,worn pump packingor liners,or lost
retumsdueto formationbreakdown.Pressuretoo highcouldindicatea pluggeddrill bit or an
increasein mud densityor viscosity. Reliableindicationof mud pumppressure providesan
earlywarningof circulation problems, enablingthe drillerto makecorrections avoidingmajor
ptoblems.REMEMBER: Whenevera kick is suspected,do a FLOWCHECK!
gas(increase
Quution:Whatwouldyoudowhenconnection in backtroundgas)is observed?
Answer: Flowcheck
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Chapter5: Kick& Shut-inPrccedurcs I
I
l1
,|J
(wellborebreathinE
Well balloonlnE or microfracture)
aJ
-
What is well ballooning?
effectis a naturalphenomenon
Thewell ballooning occurring
whenformationstake drillinE
11
mud whenthe pumpsare on and the formationsgivethe mud backwhenthe pumpsare off.
What is mechanismof well ballooning?
I
Whilepumpsareon,if Equivalent Density(ECD)exceeds
Circulating formationfracture,micro
,a
fracturesare createdand drillingmud will loseintosmallinducedformationfractures.
The
1
microfracturescan be propagatedand it may causea lot of mud volumelossesdownhole.
,-
Microfracturewill not causeseverelossesor totallylosses. -
F
-
,-
/-
ECDmore ,-
thanfo ation -
henpumps
l-
areon
/-
-
-
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-
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Ghapter5: Klck&Shut{n Prccedures
Whenpumpsare off, the ECDwill reducebecauseannularpressurelossbecomes

zero.Theinducedmicrofractureswill closeandthe drillingmud willflow backinto
a wellbore
are off
Mudfl backbecausemicrofracturesare closed.

Theballooning can happenintoanyweakformations. not onlyat the casingshoe.
Sometimes,mud flow backfrom formationscan bringgasor formationwaterwith the mud
thereforeyou may see gas peakor mud contaminatedwith waterwhile circulatingbottom
b uP.
b
b
b Howto ldentifyWell Ballooning
b
b
b It is notsimpleto identifywell ballooninE
becausethe wellactsalmostlikewell control
b situation(takingkick).Therefore,
thistopicdescribehowto identifywell ballooning
and
b importantruleswhenyoufacewith well ballooning
situation.
b ThesefollowingEuidelineswill help you identifyballooning.
b
b . Drillin€mud losses- you must havemud lossintoformationin orderto havemud flow
b
backwhen pumpsoff.
b
b
b
b Copyright
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Well GontrolManual PAGE -
LOot27 -
Chapter5: Kick& Shut{nPrccedures -
-
-
-
. Flowbackwhen pump off and flow rate decreaseovertlme - you must line the well up into -
-
a trip tank and monitorwell.Trackingvolumeflow backeveryminuteshelpyou understand
if
-
flow backtrenddecreases.
Thekeything is "flow backrate must reduceovertime".lf not,
-
youwill havewell controlsituationinstead.Monitoring
welltakestime and personnel
must be
-
patient.
-
. The more mud you lose,the faster flow back is and the longertime willtake beforethe well
is static (flow completelystop). r1
Jf
. Mud flow back from formationscan bringElasor reservoirwater with the mud thereforeyou
mayseegaspeakor mud contaminated with formationwaterat the samedepthwhile
circulating
bottomup.
t-
la
BALLOONING
EFFECT:
ta
BALLOONING
IN THEGULFOFTHAII.AND I
-
What is Ballooningand Howto Handlelt
-
-Ballooning
occurswhenthe formationtakesin mud with pumpson - thengivesit backwhen -
the pumpsare off (a functionof the Equivalent Density- ECD)
Circulating -
-Rockmechanics showsballooning
resultsfrom smallfractures
in sandsand shales(usually -
thin bedded), openingand closingas the pumpsareturnedon and off (microfracture -
p h e n o m en o n )
-
HowTo Operate -
-
zone6 L/q"OH
-Hofesizein production
-
-Annular
velocities
for holecleaningduringfast drillingequatesto highECDs -
-
=1.0to 1.5+ PPG)
(ECDs
-
HowTo ldentifyBallooning -
-Firsttime or anytime youare not sureit is Ballooning

- treatbackflow as a kick -
t-
Youmust identifynormaloperations -
- Volumeincreasewhenstoppingpumps -
-
-
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PlT {-1 Well GontrolManual PAGE
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Ghapter5: Kick& Shutin Prccedures
\ 'o l u m ed e cre a se
w h e nsta rti n $p umps
You must identify mud losses(must lose mud before ballooningcan occur)
- l - o s s e so c c u rw i t h p u m p so n
tt Flow back when the pumps are turned off

ft - D e c r e a s i n og v e rt i m e
tt
- f : h e r v e l li s s h u t - i nq u i c k l yS I C P= S I D P P( C u t t i n g sl o a d i n ga n d g e l s t r e n g t h sm a y c a u s e
tt
: r ' e s s u r e tso d i f f e rS I C P< S I D P P )
tt
t{ - ! ! ' n e nc i r c u l a t i n gb o t t o m su p , y o u m a y h a v ea g a s p e a k o r w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n
from the
t{ : : p t h o f b a l l o o n i n g( p o s s i b l ed i s p e r s i o n ) .
t{ -tileasure
v o l u m ep u m p e df o r p e a k t o r e a c ht h e s u r f a c ea n d b a c k c a l c u l a t ed e p t h o f
tt :alloonino $r kick
ft
RULES
BALLOONING
tt
tt UNTILYOU'REABSOLUTLYSURE- TREATEVERYFLOWBACKAS A KICK
tt - S h u t - i tnh e w e l l
tt
tt - l ' : u l a t ei t o u tu s i n gt h e D r i l l e r 'M
s ethod
tt BallooningProcedures- What To Do lF The Well May Be Ballooning
tt
. A l w a y sT r e a tI n i t i a lF l o wb a c k a s a K I C K ! ! ! !
e l f b a l l o o n i n gw a s e s t a b l i s h e dp r e v i o u s l y ;
- R e c o r dS I D P Pa n d S I C P( S I D P Pm a y b e i m p r a c t i c adl u e t o D P f l o a t & $ e l s )
- ContacS
t u p e r i n t e n d e natn d d i s c u s sw h a t h a s h a p p e n e d
t, - AccuratelyGaugeFlow Back (Shouldhave been done on everyconnectionprior)

Lt - D e t e r m i n et o t a l B B L Sl o s t t o f o r m a t i o n
tt
tt - D o n o t P O O Hw h e n w e l l i s B a l l o o n i n g
L, 1 . W i t h w e l l s h u t - i n r, e c o r dS I C Pa n d S I D P P( m a y b e i m p r a c t i c adl u e t o D P f l o a t & g e l s )
2 . R e c o r dp i t v o l u m eu s e df o r k i c k t o l e r a n c ec a l c u l a t i o n
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Chapter5: Klck& Shut{nPrccedures €
(
3. Throughchokeline,bleedoff a pre-determined -
pressure
volumeof mud or designated -
but lessvolumethat usedto calculatekicktolerance -
-
4. Allowpressure to stabilizeand recordSICP,SIDPPandvolumebleed- lf pressure
is greater
thanthe first readingproceedwith the firststepof the DrillerMethod -
-
- lf pressureis lessthan the first reading,proceedto step#5
-
- lf the pressureis equalto the first reading,it mayor may not be ballooning
(volumesbled -
and pressure will influencenextdecision -
la
5. Bleedoff an additionalpre-determined
volumeof mud or pressureincrement
-
- lf totalvolumeto be bledis greaterthan kicktolerancevolumeand/or pressures
havenot -
dropped,you needto treat as a kick) -
6. Allowpressure
to stabilizeand recordSICPandSIDPP -
-
- lf pressure
is greaterthanthe first readingproceedwith the firststepof the DrillerMethod
-
- lf pressure
is lessthanthe first reading,proceedto step#7 -
- lf the pressure -
is equalto the first reading,it mayor may not be ballooning
(volumesbled
-
and pressure will influencenextdecision)
-
bleedvolumesor pressures,
7. Repeatsteps4 and5 increasing increases
confidence that -
Ballooning pressures
is occurrin€lwhen and returnbleedratedecreases
-
8. OpenAnnularand observewell,continueoperations. -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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Ghapter5: Klck& Shut{nPrccedures
5.4i! WhileTripping
PqsitiveKick IndicatorsWhile Trippingl
Thereare2 positivekick indicatorswhiletrippingas listedbelow;
L Trb loe dwiation such as short fill uo whlle trioplngout and excessoit gain while trlpoing
h Fortrippingoperation,it is veryimportantto havea fillingsystemvia trip tank that
fovides continuous holefill at all times.With utilizingthat system,we cancomparefluidthat
'E
filledin or returnedfrom wellborewithsteelvolumeof tubular(drillpipe,drillcollar,BHA,
trrbangcasing,etc).lf drillingfluidvolumeis lessthan theoretical pipedisplacement
while
tripptngout or morereturnfluidwhilerunningin,you needto flow checkand monitorthe
well.
r lf flowcheckindicateswellboreinflux,crewmust quicklyshutthe well in.
r lf flowcheckdoesnot showanyinflux,drillstringmust be run backto bottomin order
to circulateat leastbottomsup to ensureholecondition.
2 Positiveflow when plpe is statlc.Everytime that pipe in staticcondition.Triptank with

conectfillingsystemmust be monitoredat all time by both rig personneland mud logger.lf
volumein trip tank increases,personnel mustconfirmflow checkand prepareto shutthe
well in.
Question: Thehole failed to take 7 bbl of mud from the trip tank while POOHwith bit at
77OOft from bottom.What is the next step to do? Answer:Flow check.If no flow,
trip back to bottom,monitor the return mud volume,then circulatebottomsup.
5.5 OFKICKINDICATORS
SUMMARY
lndicator Significance
Drillingbreak M edium
lncreasein mud returnrate High
Pit gain High
Flowwith pumpsoff Definitive
Pumppressure
decreaseand rateincrease Low
in drillstringweight
Increase Low
Gascuttingor salinitychange Low

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74ot27
-
5.51 Kick InfluxRate -
-
o lt is extremely
important
to detecta kickearly,to minimize
itssize.
-
o lf a kickis suspected,Run a flow check ! -
-
5.52 KickSize- KickToleranceis the maximumvolumeof gas kick in barrelsthat we are ,-
ab|etosuccessfullyshutthewe||inandcircu|atethekickoutofho|ewithoutb
formationstrengthat shoe.
o Undermostconditions
a 10 barrelkickcan be handledsafely(butdepending
on -
company's
kicktolerancedesign,rig equipmentsand rig crewability). -
o An exceptionis slim holedrilling,whereevena smallkick occupies
a largeheight -
in the annuluscreatingexcessive shut-incasingpressure. -
-
o|nf|oatin$dril|in$,wherethevesse|moVes'smal|kicksaremoredifficu|ttod
shut-inwellwith Hardor FastShut-inprocedures
Therefore, is recommended
to
reducesizeof kick. -
-
lf a Kick is suspected.
-
o Lift the drill string until a tool joint is just abovethe rotarytable. -
-
. S h u t d o w nt h e m u d p u m p s .
-
o Checkfor flow. -
-
lf a Flow check is positive,
" -
o lf flowing- open the HydraulicControlRemote(HCR)valve,shut in AnnularBOP, -
and closethe choke (Soft Shut-in). -
-
o RecordsIDPP and slcP.
-
. Recordpit gain and depth (MD and TVD). -
-
o Note the time for monitoringinfluxmigration.
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
t1
W e l lC o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd.
-
Well GontrolManual PAGE
t5i ot27
Chapter5: Kick& Shut-inPrccedures
for Pit GalnsandFlowRatesto detectklcksare presented

Rdatedequipments below:
Plt
Volume
Totalizer
(PW)
showspit
galnor
Rrd(.d
loss.Pit eilphf
levells a
$oodkick
indlcator
I
Pumpwith automatically
pumpmudfrornbip tank
to annulusinorderto
keepthe holetull
Float tlpe pit level sensor
Fit lsvelincreasernay indie *te wall is llowing
Reserved
Copyright I DrillingWellControlManual I Ltd.
PTTCO
-1
/
/
Well GontrolManual PAGE b
/
L6ot27
Ghapter5: Kick& Shutin Procedures alJ
Whatis a trip tank?

tJ
TripTankis a smallmetaltank with smallcapacityabout2O-4O

bblswith 1 bbl divisions -
insideand it is usedto monitorthe well.Thereare severaloperations
that we can usethe trip 1
tank to monitorthe well as follows: F-
lr
l-
-
-
l-
-
1. TripOutof HoleOOOH):Whiletrippingout of hole,the trip tank is usedto trackvolumeof
-
mud replacing
volumeof drillstring.Thevolumeof mud shouldbe equalto displacement
-
volumeof anykindof tubulartrippedout of holeas in the calculated
trip sheet(if the hole -
failedto take the mud from the trip tank,the holemay havea kick,so we mustdo the flow -
check). -
-
2. TripIn Hole(IlH):Whiletrippingin hole,the drillingstring(bit,BHAand drillpipe)is ran -
backin the hole,the trip tank mustbe usedto keeptrackvolumegain.Theexpectedvolume -
gainshouldbe equalto the displacement volumeof wholestring. -
-
3. FlowCheckThetrip tank is utilizedto determinewellconditionin orderto see if the well is
-
stillunderstaticcondition. -
-
-
-
-
-
-
l anual PTTCOLtd.
"1
-
Well ControlManual
P IT t} PAGE
LTat27
Chapter5: Kick&Shut-inPrccedures
The importanceof trlp tank is as follows:
L Rronidesufficient hydrostatlcpressureto preventinflux from reservoir.When TOOH,mud

will be lostbecausemud volumemustsubstitutedrillpipevolumepulledout of
hydrostatic
hole.lf hydrostaticpressuredecreasestoo much,influxfrom reservoircan come into the hole
and makea troublein wellcontrol.Forthis reason,mud in trip tank mustbe filledintoholeto
rnaintainhydrostaticpressure.
2 l{id{ IndicatonVolumeof mud from the trip tank is pumpedin the holecan be an indicator
that relatesto a situationoccurringin wellboreas kick.lf the volumeof mud measuredby
trip tank is lessthanthe expectedvolumeof drillpipevolumetrippedout of hole,the suspect
problemis kick becausevolumeof kicksubstitutes volumeof mud.
The dmrlation systemwhile tripping
WhileTrippingOutof Hole(TOOH), a trip tank pumpwill circulatemud intoa bellnipplein

orderto keepthe holefull all the time andthe over-flow mud will returnbackto the trip tank.
Onceeverystandis pulled,the mud volumein the wellwill decreasebecausethe drillpipeis
pulledout of hole.Sincethe trip tank pumpis alwaysrunwhiletripping,the annuluswill be
full all the time,with knowntrippedvolumefilledamount.Failureto fill the holewhenpulling
out piperesultedin the mud levelin the holedroppingand causingthe wellto flow.
tUhat is flow check?
Flowcheckis the periodthat youstopoperations suchas drilling,trippingpipeand circulating

and monitorthe well in orderto seewhetherthe well is staticor not.Thetime for flow check
shouldbe enoughto confirmthe statusof a well.lt mightbe few minutesor it couldbe as
longas 30 minutesdepending on the wellsituation.Normally, manyoperators require15
minutesflow checkif the well is in normalcondition.
CopyrightReserved DrillingWell ControlManual

-
/
-
,-J
tAot27
Chapter5: Klck& Shut{nPrcccdures
?'J
-
FJ
Howto executethe flow check?
-
1. Stopthe currentoperationas stopdrilling,trippingpipe,circulating,

etc.
-
2. Spaceout pipeat rotarytable.We needto do it becauseif the well is flowingwhileflow -
checking,
we can immediately
shutthe well in.
-
3. Monitora welleitheron a trip tank or withouttrip tank.lt is preferable
to monitorthe well la
on the trip tank becauseit cantell whetherthe wellis givingor loosingfluidwhilemonitoring.

,-
4. lf the well is in staticconditionthat meansno increasein volumein trip tank or flow at flow
-
line,youcan continueyourcurrentoperation.
lf the well is flowing(youwillseevolume -
increasein the trip tank),youneedto stopand attemptto figureout howto kill the wellor do -
somethingelse. -
-
-
-
-
FlowShow:Drille/s first indicationthat the well is flowing
-
-
Mud R€turnLinB -
flow -
Mud f,ow out paddle
-
-
500,6flow -
-
-
-
-
-
+- -
-
-
-
SPACEOUTPIPEAT ROTARYTABLE -
-
/
l
a"l
- t
-1
CopyrightReserved DrillingWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. \ l
-1
rt
I'
b Well ControlManual PAGE
b Lg ot27
Chapter5: Kick&Shutin Procedures
I'
|I
ft
h
b
It RotaryTable
b
it
r'
b
b P"reve-frer
ts
E
E
-,
ts
E
-t
it
ht
HardShut ln and SoftShut In
bt whenwe talk aboutwell control,thereare2 typesof shut
Forthe drillingindustryespecially
b in. namelythe HardShut-inandSoftShut-in.
H
4 Hardshutin: lt meansthat whiledrillingchokelinevalves(HCR)are in the closedposition;it
4 will be openedafterthe well is shut in.Thehardshut-inis the fastestmethodto shut in the
it will minimizevolumeof kick allowedintowellbore.
rvell:therefore,
4
1 SoftShutln: lt meansthat whiledrilling,the chokelinevalves(HCR)are in the closed
E position.Upona kickdetection,the HCRis thenopen,followedby shuttingin the BOPand
1 then closethe chokevalvesto shut in the well.Thesoft shut in procedure allowsfluidto flow
1 throughthe surfacechokelinebeforethe wellwill be completely shut in.Thisis the bad part
1
of the softshut in procedure
becauseit doesn'tminimizethe sizeof the wellboreinflux.The
E
You needto followyourcompanypolicy
shut in procedureis the companyspecificprocedure.
1
to shutin the well.Anyway,the 'HARDSHUTlN PROCEDURE" is recommended becauseit
1
allowsus to shutwell in as quicklyas possibleand kick volumeenteringintoa well borewill
1
1 be minimized.Pleasealsorememberthat the lessvolumeof kickyou havein the well bore,
E the lessproblemyouwill seewhenyouattemptto kill the well.
rt
!
!
b
\
t
(
20 ot27
Chapter5: Klc{<
& Shut{nPrccedures (
/:
(
/:
I- HardShut-in 2. Soft Shut-in !
Fa
-
,J
t
o LllffFIIP ,-
b
-
-
Cho*a Cf,orc -
-
,f
lf
€
-
-
n
-
(>
shalo rhakaf -
l-
,-
Hardshut-inprocedure F
-
-
-
-
g
U -
F
F
-
E
R
T
A
tl
K
'Glocr E0P{prfarat*y AnflularBOF}
Copyright
Reserved DrillingWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.
Well ControlManual
PIT l1 PA(3E
2Lot27
Chapter5: Klck & Shut{n Prccredures
Lineup for Soft shut-in

S
fi'
Choke line nranual valve Bpen
HCR Close
Line b een HCR.& Choke Open
Remote Choke Open
s
U l-ine frorn Ghoke to $rlGS {shaker} Open
F
t{ F
E
Lt R
tt T
A
tt N
K
Lt
Lt
tt
Lt
tt I
tt Shaleshaker
tt
Lt
Lt Softshut-inprocedure
Lt
tt
tt
Lt
Lt
Lt
Lt
QhIVI:fN {whileCnf{inq}
rf, BOP lrrturably Annulrr BOP)
. Clc*c r*motr Chokc
.Rrcord S|DPPandSICP
iI
Shaleshaher
Drilling l anual
22ot27
Chapter5: Kick & Shut-inPrcoedures
PostShut-lnProcedureswhile Drilling
-
Thereareseveralfiguresthat must be recordedafterthe well hasbeenproperlyshut in in
caseof a wellcontrolsituation.
Readand recordthe shut-incasingpressure(casinggauge).

Shut-lnGasingPressure(SIGP): i
-
In orderto get the properpressure the casinggaugeshouldbe installedupstreamof
reading,
the closedchoke.
Shut-lnDrlllpipePressure(SIDP):Readand recordthe shut-indrillpipepressure.

Youmust i
rememberthat whetheryou havea floatin drillingstringor not.
:-
the shut in drillpipepressure
ff thereis no a float is in the drillstring, can be readdirectly -
from the standpipemanifold. -
-
you needto bumpthe float in orderto determinethe
lf thereis a float in the drillstring,
correctshutin drillpipepressure.
Time:Recordthe time that the wellcontrolsituationis occurredand keepan accuratetime i

logfor the entirewell kill operation.
-
Recordthe closingpressure
ClosingPressure: of BOP.In orderto preventwell borefluid -
leakingthroughBOPelements,the closingpressure
shouldbe highenough.
-
Pit Gain:Readand recordthe pit gain.Pit volumegainedis verycriticalfor the maximum
casingpressure Youshouldcheckthe volumegainedfrom mud loggerand driller
calculation. -
in orderto get the accuratefigure.Also,comparedatafrom otherdatasourceif available. -
-
Afterthe well is properlysecuredand all informationiSgathered, on the rig
the supervisor
shouldinformhissupervisor to findthe propermethodto kill the welt. -
-
)-
,,1
l anual PTTCOLtd. -
Well GontrolManual
PtT PAGE
23si27
Ghapter5: Kick& Shut{nPrccedures
To GetShut ln Drill PipePressure

Flct BumpinglProcedures
ln orderto get the correctvalueof drill pipepressure,

you needto havethe correctfloating
bumpingprocedure.
ttow to bumpthe float correctly.
The Froceduresbelowwill demonstratehow to bump the float correctlyin orderto EietSIDPP.
1- Ensurewell is properlyshut in. No leak or whatever.
2- Recordshut in casingpressure(SICP)
3. Pumpas slowlyas possible(5-10strokeper minute)at constantpumpingspeeddown into

and the casin$pressure.
the drillpipeand keepmonitoringthe drillpipepressure
4. Youwill seethe drillpipepressureincrease whilepumping.At thisstage,you needto

monitorcarefullyfor a "lull"in the drillpipepressure,
whichwill occurwhenthe float is
showingwhenthe lull is firstseenis yourshutin drillpipe
opened.Thedrillpipepressure
pressure(SIDPP).
5. Youalsoneedto verifythat the float hasbeenopenedby continuingto pumpdownthe

lt shouldhappenveryquickly
drillpipeslowlyuntilyouseean increasein the casingpressure.
afterthe lullwasseenon the drillpipegauge.
6" Shutdownthe pumpingoperationas soonas increasein casingpressure

is detected.
7. Checkthe shut-incasingpressureagain.lf thereis any excesscasingpressure, you may

bledoffsomepressure in smallincrements untilit equatesor a littlebit aboveSCPin steps
no2.
tf youseetrappedpressureon drill pipeafter bumpingthe float, you can calculatethe actual

shutin drillpipepressure
with thisfollowingformula.
Shut in drill pipe pressure= shut in drill pipepressureafter bumpingthe float - Shut in
casingpressureincreasewhilebumpingfloat
-
/
-J
24ot27
Ghapter5: Klck& ShutJnPrccedures 1
,)a
tJ
Shut-lnProcedurewhileTriooing
Trippingout of the holeis a criticaloperation,

whichdrillingteam must keepcloseeyeon well
controlsituationthat canoccuranytime.Wellboremonitoring
and holefillingequipmentand
mustbe workingproperlyso that the kick can be quicklydetected.
Youmust be awareof and
prepared
for the well controlsituationeverytrippingoperation.
Whiletripping,it cancauseswabbingeffectthat mayallowformationfluidenteringinto

wellbore.Thewell may not startto flow sincethe swabbingeffectis just started.The
pressure.
swabbingeffectwill resultin reducingthe overallhydrostatic lf the well is
continually
swabbed-in pressure
untilthe hydrostatic in the wellborelessthanformation
pressure,
the wellwill startflowing.Anytime that youseeshortfill whiletrippingout,you
needto go backto bottomandcirculatebottomup to confirmwellborecondition.
-
Whenthe well controlsituationis happenedduringtrippingoperation,the drillingcrewmust
shutthe well in rightawayusingthe following"3 S" shut-inprocedures.
SafetyValve(FOSV)
StabValve:InstallFull-Open that mustbe in an openpositionin drill -
string.Makeup to drillingstringand closethe safetyvalve. -
-
SpaceOut Spaceout to ensurethat tooljointmustnot locatein BOPelement. -
Shut{nwell:Closethe annularpreventer
or uppermostpiperams.Openthe upperchokeline -
valveagainsta fullyclosedmanifoldvalveat a chokemanifold.Lineup to trip tank to confirm
that the well is shut-inandflow hasbeenstopped. ,F
-
PostShut-lnProceduresWhileTripping- What data shouldbe recorded? -
-
Afteryoucompleteshutin procedure
whiletripping,.there
is followinginformation
that must
-
be recordedbeforemakinganydecisionon howto kill the well.
-
lr
Readand recordthe shut-incasingpressure(casinggauge).
Shut-lnCasingPressure(SIGP):
In orderto get the properpressure

reading,the casinggaugeshouldbe installedupstreamof l-
the closedchoke. -
-
-
-
CopyrightReserved W e l lC o n t r oM
Drilling l anual PTTCOLtd. -
-
Well GontrolManual
PIT L) PAGE
25ot27
Ghapter5: Kick& Shut{nPrccedures
Pit Gain:Readand recordthe pit gain.Pit volumegainedis verycriticalfor the maximum

casingpressure calculation.
whiletrippingout of hole,a trip tank is usedto trackdisplacevolumein use.The

Practically,
accuratepit gainvaluecan be easilyfigureout byfindingdifferencebetweenactualvolume
takento fill up wellboreandtheoreticalfillup volume.However, if the activepitsare usedto
recordthe displacement volume,it will be verydifficultto figureout the accuratepit gain.The
tt conceptof determining the pit gainis the sameas usingthe trip tank. However,the reason
Lt hat I saythat it is verydifficultto get the accuratepit gainbecausepit volumeis too largeto
Lt recordfew changeswhiletripping.
tt
Lt Time:Recordthe time that the well controlsituationis occurredand keepan accuratetime
Lt logfor the entirewell kill operation
Lt
Lt ElitDepth:Recordbit depth.
Lt
t{
tt
tt Shut{n while WlrelineLoggingOperation
tt
Shut-inprocedures whilewirelineloggingoperationareverycriticalfor all drilllingcrew
tt workingon the rlg.Let'slearnabouttwo vitalcasesof the shut-inprocedures.
tt
tt
Lt
Lt
tt
CopyrightReserved
/-J
26ot27
Chapter5: Kick& Shut-inPrccedures ,-J
wlre lineare as follows:

Twocasesof shut the well in while lo€lElin€lwith
1. Shutthe well in whilewirelineloggingthroughopenBOPwithouta lubricator.
2. Shutthe well in whilewirelineloggingthroughopenBOPwith a lubricatorinstalledin the

BOP.
-
Firstcase:Shutthe well in whilewirelineloggingthroughopenBOPwithouta lubricator.
-
Firststep:Stop loggingoperation -
Secondstep:Shutthe well in byfollowingtheseprocedures;
1. Closeannularpreventor becausewe wouldliketo usethe annularpreventorelementto

squeezearoundthe wireline.Youmay needto increase closingpressurein orderto have
affectivesealingabilityif necessary.
2. Opena HCRvalveagainsta fullyclosedchokemanifoldvalve.
3. Usea trip tank to confirmthat flow is stoppedandthe well is totallyshut-in.
4. lnformdrillingsupervisors
Thewellsometimescannotbe totallyshut in via a closedannularpreventor thereforeyou

r tti n gth ew i re l i n eand lettingit dr opthenusingblindr am sto shutthe w el li n
m u s tc o n s i d ecu
instead.lf the annularpreventor couldnot sealaroundthe wirelineeffectively andthe
wirelinecannotbe cut and droppedthroughthe BlowOutPreventor (BOP), youmayconsider
usingshearramsto cut the wireas the lastoption.
Secondcase:Shutthe well in whilewirelineloggingthroughopenBOPwith a lubricator

installedin the BOP. -
Firststep:Stop loggingoperation
Secondstep:Shutthe well in by followingtheseprocedures; -

-
packoff sealsat the lubricator.
1. Energize Youmay needto increaseclosingpressure
in
-
orderto haveaffectivesealingabilityif necessary.
-
2. Opena HCRvalveagainsta fullyclosedchokemanifoldvalve.
-
3. Usea trip tank to confirmthat flow is totallystoppedandthe well is properlyshut-in.
4. Informdrillingsupervisors
CopyrightReserved W e l lC o n t r oM
Drilling l anual PTTCOLtd. ;
- {
I
-
Well GontrolManual
-
-
PIT PAGE
27 ol27
-
-
-
-t Shutin while Drillingon FloatingRigS
-
on floatingrigwhiledrilling(withCompensator):
shutin procedure
Universal
-t
-
- 1. Stopdrillingand positiontooljointsawayfrom Rams.
1 2. Stoppumps.
1
1 r OP(p re fe u
3 . C l o seA n n u l aB r p perAnnular ) .
1 4. Openfail safechokelinevalveon BOPwith remotechokeclosed.
-rl,
1 to permitstrippin$of tooljoints.
5. AdjustAnnularClosingPressure
1 (byusingupperpiperam with motion
with hang-offprocedures.
6. Continue
1' compensator)
1'
-t' and Pit Gain.
7. RecordShut-lnPressures
rlt
1 Top of
rt lorver sheu
rt blade.
-1'
-1,
-1,
rt
-t
E
-
-t Shear Rams
-,
-t
-t
ts Hangoff Rams
ht
E
- ',; o,oll-lll
bt
bt
t,
t, CopyrightReserved W e l lC o n t r o M
Drilling l anual
I
Z
I
Chapter6
WellGontrolManual
Ghapter6: Shutin Data
6J. SHUHN DATA
flDPP
After
thekickiscontained,
theSIDPP
andSICP
canbereadatthe
ChokeControlPanelordirectly
fromthestandpipe gauges.
andchokemanifold lt is
essential
thatthedataberecorded
atthetimethewellisshut-in.
TheSIDPPandSICP
should
berecorded
initially
at1-minute
intervals pressures
untilthe have lt is
stabilized.
important
to record
thedatafrequently
inorderthatanychange
intherateof buildup
canbeclearly
identified,
. Usually,
therateof buildupis relatively
fastuntilthewellbegins
to
Oncethepressures
stabilize. havebeguntostabilize,
anyfurther
significant
increase
inbothSIDPPandSICPmaybeindicative
of kickmigration,
b
Lr
b Theshut-in pressure
drillpipe reflects
thedifference
between
thekick
b zonepressure
andtheeffective pressureof
hydrostatic
tt themud
b column
inthedrillpipe,
assuming
thattheinfluxhasnotentered
the
tt
!t drillstring.
ltcantherefore
beusedtodetermine
thekick.formation
hr
Lt pressure.
ft
b
!t
D
b
!t
b
b Copyright
Reserved Drilling
WellControl
Manual
b I PTTCOLtd.
p
r-
.J
-
PAGE -1
Ghapter
6: Shut-inData
2of8 ---
-1
-
-
INFLUX
MIGRATIOI{ -
CIccuf,Rtt'lG ,--
,tJ
-
=s
fL
ANNU[-U5 -
ul
t PRESSIJRE
= __*__* -
al,
m
uf -
u,
{L
lr|
() -
f, -
t
f
a{r I
FRESSURE
I -
I
I -
I -
I
-
TIMEELAFSED
AFTERSHUT.III -
-
SurfacePressures
AfterShut-ln
-
-
-
-
6.2 SHUTrNDRTLL (S|DPP)
PIPEPRESSURE -
- Hydrostatic -
SIDPP= FormationPressure Pressure
of mudcolumn
-
= Hydrostatic
FormationPressure of mudcolumn+ SIDPP
Pressure -
-
Whenkickentersduringdrilling,
the mudin drillstringis notcontaminated,
butthe
annulus
willbecontaminated byinflux. -
-
Therefore, is usedfordetermining
SIDPP theKillMudWeight: -
SIDPP -
K III Mu d w e i g ht: Or iginal M W +' ( -
\o.osz
x W eIITVD -
-
or
-
Kill Mud.Weight: FormationPressure+ 0.052 + WeIITVD -
-
-
CopyrightReserved DrillingWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. ,.-
-
WellGontrolManual
PtT
Chapter6: Shut-inData
63 (SICP)
SHUTrN CASINGPRESSURE
STDPP
Shut-inCasingPressure(SICP)is the differencebetweenthe

FormationPressure (FP)andthe combinedfluid Hydrostatic
Pressures (HSP)in the annulus(Thispracticeis appliedonlywhen
no Influxmigrationalongthe well aftershut-in)
SICP= FP - HSP (ln the annulus)
= HSP(allfluidcolumnsin the annulus)+ SICP

FormationPressure
SICPis usedfor determiningthe InfluxGradientor InfluxType
Example:
WellTVD: 10000ft
MW: 10.2ppg
SIDPP: 620psi
Heightof gasinflux:
Gasdensity:
900ft
0.1 psi/ft l l
theBHPandSICP?
Calculate
CalculationfromDP Side:
BHP = ( 1 0 . 2x 0 . 0 5 2 x1 0 0 0 0+) 6 2 0
= 5924psi 0_1 ilfi
I
fromAnnulusSide:
Calculation FP = BHP 4 i
SICP = BHP- MudHSP- GasHSP
= 5924- (10.2x 0.052x 9100)- (0.1x 900)
= 5924-4827-90
= 1007psi
(
/b
/
Well ControlManual
/:
PAGE
Ghapter
6: Shut{nData (
4 of8
/\
(
(
t-
\
therewill be:
1. Usuallybeforea kickis detected, -
ra
:
ra
b
a) Nowarning
b) An increasein pumppressure €
,c) An increase in pumppressure
in mudflow,mudvolumeanda decrease -
drillingrates
d) Reduced
r
€
2. Fora Softshutin, the chokemanifoldshouldbe linedup with: F
r
a) well controlpolicyspecifies
Whateverthe contractor's -
b) valveclosedandall linesopenthroughmanualchoke
Hydraulic
c) valveopenandhydraulic
Hydraulic chokeclosedto MGS F
d) valveclosed,hydraulic
Hydraulic chokeandlinesopento MGS C
F
mostof all blowoutshavebeencausedby:
3. Statistically, -
a
a) Abnormally pressuredformations F
,'b) Peoplenot reachingor handling properly
situations -
c) BOPequipment failures F
d) Lostcirculation
F
€
4. Pitalarms,FlowlinealarmsandTriptanksshouldbe usedandmonitored
while F
drilling,
trippingor killing.
F
F
TRUE
e
FALSE F
F
a
5. It is a gooddrillingpractice
to keep: F
e
a) An accurate and up to datepumpoutputfigures F
b) A slowcirculating raterecordedeachtour
c) Allcrewstrainedandwellcontrolconscious
F
d) All of the above €
C-
-
-
Copyright
Reserved I Drilling
WellControl
Manual PTTCOLtd.
(
(
!
E a
h
a
h
t
h
a Chapter6: Shutin Data
-
-
6. Allwell kill pre-recorded
information dailyusing:
shouldbe recorded
-
-
a) Gaugeson the hydraulic Chokecontrolpanel
- The standpipe gauge
b)
E
t c) The kill manifoldgauge
Il
a
d) Chokemanifoldgauges
E
a
- to followif total lost

7. WhichTWOof the optionsbeloware the correctprocedures
whiledrilling?
occurred
circulation
-
E a
E a
a) Stopdrilling,changefrom mudto saltwaterandcontinuedrilling
b) Stopdrillingandobservelevelin annulus
4 c) the volumepumped
Startfillingthe annuluswith watermonitoring
4 d) Drillaheadwith a mudcapand no returns
4
- 8. Thestepsfor closingin a wellby the Softshutin methodare:
!?
-
a ) Pickup of bottom,shutpumpdown,closeBOP,openchokelinevalve,close
4 choke,and recordpressure
4 b) Shutpumpdown,pickup ofFbottom,openchokelinevalve,closeBOP,close
choke,andrecordpressure
4 c) Shutpumpdown,pickup off bottom,closeBOP,openchokelinevalve,close
4 choke,andrecordpressure
1 d) Pickup off bottom,shutpumpdown,openchokelinevalve,closeBOP,close
choke,and recordpressure
1
-
withthe Bit nearthe bottomis usedto calculate:
9, SIDPPrecorded
1
1
1 a) Increasein mudweightto balanceformation.pressure
b) Influxgradient
1 c) Initialcirculating
Pressure
t) d) All of the above
-,
-,
h
,a
t't
tt
tt
WellControlManual ;)
PAGE
-
Ghapter6: Shutin Data
6of8
2
-)
7
10.A gaskickis beingcirculated out.At the timethe gasreaches
the shoeat 7,000TVD,
therewasa pressure at the top of bubbleof 5,000 If the originalmudweightis
psi.
t2.5 ppg,what wouldthe casingpressureat surfacebe? /
c
-
a) 1,000psi
b) 2,000psi -
c) 450 psi €
d) 600psi
€
-
11.All kicksshouldbe handledas a gaskick: -
-
TRUE -
FALSE -
-
e-
of usingthe Softshutin procedure?
12,Whatis the mainpurpose -
-
a) shockthat mightdamagethe formation

Preventa hydraulic -
b) Preventmoreinfluxfromenteringthe wellbore -
c) procedures
To reduceshutin operation
?-
d) All of the above
-
-
13.Thereare a numberof earlysignsthat mayindicatethatformationpressure
is
List
increasing. belowfour of theseindicators': -
-
-
a)
b) -
c) ...'.'.;..'.'.'..' -
d)
-
-
14.Whiletrippingin, if the mudwhichbeingdisplaced, lessthanthetrip
is considerably -
sheetschedule, then:
-
-
a) to migrate
An influxis beginning
-
b) Losses areoccurring
c) Thewell is flowing -
d) Shutthe wellin andassess pressure
the recorded -
-
-
Reserved
Copyright I orillingWellControlManual PTTCOLtd. /
I
/
L\
t
h
rl
Well @ntrol ilanual
ts
t
PtT r-,r
E
t
Chaptere ShutinData
E
,
E
t
F
t
15.Whichof the followingwouldbe recommended gas"is indicated?
when"connection
E,
t (Twoanswers)
E
t
E
a) Increasethe mudweight
-
b) Increasethe mudviscositY
- c) Controlthe rateof Penetration
r-i d) Increaseweighton Bit
F
- is recommended
16.Whichoneof the followingpractices drillingbreaks?
for significant
-
r- a) Shutin andrecordPressure
b) Stopdrilling,pullbackto shoeandflowcheck
c) Increasepumpspeedandreduceweighton bit
StoPdrillingandflowchPck
r-
d)
r-
t-
17,Whichof the following whena vertical
factorswill affectthe shutin drillpipepressure
-t
wellis shutin withthe bit nearbottom?
IE
a) Theannularcapacity aroundthe collaror pipe

r-
b) TheVolumeof the kickfluid
rr- c) The tYPeof Kickfluid
d) TheformationPressure
-
e) All of the above
rF
- whena wellis
1g.Whichof the followingfactorswill affectthe shutin casingpressure
r-
shutin with the bit nearbottom?
Ir4
-i
a) Theannularcapacity andpipe
aroundthe collars
f-f b) Thevolumeof the Kickfluid
c) The tYPeof Kickfluid
- d) TheformationPressure
- e) All of the above
4
- 19.Thewellwasshutin andthe stabilized were500psion the drillpipe
shutin pressures
b (SIDPP)and700 psion the casing(SICP),Welldepth12,000ft. TVD/MDandmud
weightinuse12.4ppg.Whatkill mudis required this pressure?
to balance
t-
L-
L- Answer: ppg
t-
t-
t-- DrillingWell ControlManual
l--
7 '
I
I
Well GontrolManual 1
T PAGE
Ar
Ghaptere $rutin llata
8 otB
1
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Exercise4 Answer I
c I
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b €
TRUE €
d I
a :
I
b ,c
d
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a I
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- Connectiongas, Flowon connections,IncreaseDrag & Torque
€
- Drillingbreaks,IncreaseBackgroundgas
- Increasemud temperature,Big cuttingsize I
- Increasein Pump Rate (SPM) but Decreasein Pump Pressure €
€
14. b I
15. ?,c I
16. d I
17. d I
18. e
I
19. 1 3 . 3p p g
1
I
1
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1
1
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1
1
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Manual PTTCOLtd.
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*
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Chapter7
Well GontrolManual
PTT PAGE
Ghapter
7: Behavior
of GasInflux
1of31
7.I TYPEOFINFLUX
Influx type can be determinedif we know:
. Theamount
of PitVolume
Gain.
. Shut-inDrillPipePressure
(SIDpp).
. Shut-in Casing (SICP).
Pressure
tt Having
closeda wellaftera kick,stabilized
pressures
tt arereadandrecorded andthe
volumeof influxis calculated
fromtheamountof increase
in thesurface
active
Lt system
volume.
tt
Lt Summaryof Kickfluid weight
h Lessthan0.156psi/ft(Lessthan3 ppg) = Gas
tt 0.156to 0.468psi/ft(from3 to 9 ppg)
.Between = Mixture
of gas,water,oil
b
h Between
0.468to 0.520psi/ft(from9 to 10ppg) = Saltwater
h
b 7 . 2 GASINFLUXBEHAVIOR
IN OPENWELL
Lt
, Theeffectsof gasmigration
in openwell(uncontrolled
expansion)
are:
, Reduction
in BottomHolePressure.
Lt
v Gasbubblepressure
reduces.
t Pressure
belowthebubblereduces.
Lt
>
Lt
Pressure
abovethe bubbleremains
constant.
Lt
Lt Boyle'sGasLaw and lts Applicationin Drilling
tt
Lt UnderstandBoyle'sLaw
l"
Lt Boyle'slaw statesthat at constanttemperature, the absolutepressureandthe volume
t= of a gas are inverselyproportional
withina closedsystem.
L:
l-
!
!l-. Reserved I Orilline
WellControl
Manual PTTCOLtd.
L '
C
(
/\
Well ControlManual
(
PAGE
7: Behavior
Ghapter of GasInflux /\
2ot3L
/\
/-
\
lf
C
(
-
o la
E
3 C
1-
l-
l-
PreesursP
-
lfl
Wecandescribe aboveusingsimplemathematics
thestatement asfollows:
-
Boyle'sLaw:P xV - constant,that is, -

-
PLxYL- P,xY2, WhereP - Pressure
andV - Volume -
l-
Let'sapplyBoyle'slaw intoourdrillin{business -
-
Calculatethevolumeof gason thesurface,
14.7psifor atmospheric
pressure,when1 r
bblof gaskickis circulated witha formationpressure
outfromreservoir of 3,000psi. -
-
Boyfe's GasLaw:P1 x V1 = P2 xY2
C
-
P1= 3000 psi (reservoirpressure)
-
Vl= 1 bbl(volumeat bottomhole) r

-
pressure)
P2= L4.7 psi(atmosphere -
r
Y2 = ? (volumeat surface); UsingP1x V1 = P2xY2 -
-
3000 xi-= L4.7 xY2: Y2=(300Ox1)+(1,4.7) C
-
Y2 = 2 O 4 b b l o la
lJ
C
C
CopvrishtReserved I OrillinsWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. C
(
hi
t
-
t?
Well GontrolManual
tE
/ PIT PAGE
!q
a Chapter
7: Behavior
of GasInflux
h
3 of31
I
rf
I
rr
I
rq
I
-q
t
Di
a
0fr
Dq
tt 2J00n
E
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trmon
H
7.5(x)tt
F
H r0.m0n
-t
-
-
-,
-]
BHP decreasebecauseheight of inllux is changed

H
-
E 7.3 GASINFLUXBEHAVIORIN CLOSED
WELL
ts
If gasis allowedto migratein the wellborethat is closed-in,therewill be no
ts roomfor expansion. Gaswill carryits originalpressureas it movesup.
ts
the effectsof gasmigrationin closedwell are:
Therefore,
4
- . Gasinfluxpressure
remains
the same.
r{
. SIDPP
& SICPwill increase.
F
-l
. Bottomholepressure
will increase.
F . at anypointbelowor abovethe influxwill increase,
Pressure and
E
BHP,SIDPP
& SICPwill all increase
by the sameamount.
El
Et
El
Et
-l
El
lq
CopvriehtReserved Drilline
W e l lC o n t r oM
l anual PTTCOLtd.
h\
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,J
a
(
Well GontrolManual
-
PAGE
of GasInflux
7: Behavior
Ghapter ,a
4ot3L
,-
tJ
/
Case1: Gas Influx behavior in closedwell ,a
,J
0 Psl t300 Psl 2flD PSI 3gmPsl 5400Psl /

Swfaco - /
Pre3srm
0 n /
tf
2,500n
(
5,000n ,a
-
7,500fi
:
t0,000fi F
9100Psl r{t400P$ -
:
-
:
-
C
Case2: GasInflux Behaviorin ClosedWell (Pressurein ClosedWell when C
GasSwabin & migration):Assume thetemperature andthegas
is constant -
volumeandpressure
wouldretainitsoriginal withregard
allthewayto thesurface
C
to GasLaw.
-
oPd 3t6o pd t600 pll
-
-
a
Assu the C
re is C
wouldr its
r
r
F€s$ureall6e b e
thesu wilh C
regardtoGas Lm
F
e
{sm|tl
SICP={l
$to t*l
tilh
lllxx
AiSu
e
ThereforeBlFedlfi psf Pca*ng= t-
= 65m+ {l2.ffi .0521511{10}
C
?
Reserved I WellControlManual
Orilline PTTCOLtd. C
a
Well GontrolManual
PAGE
7: Behavior
Ghapter of Gaslnflux
5 of31
Case2: GasInflux Behaviorin ClosedWell
o-
I
o
Tlme
Change in SICP bulld rate resulting from gas mlgratlon
from one hole or annulus slze Into another
pressure
in surface
ilote: Rising aftershutin wellis alsocaused
bythe formation
permeability, in low
especially permeability
zonetheinfluxwillcomein slowly.
FILE:KICK-1 FILE:II{FLUX-2
Anlncre in
SID & Sl0Pwith
samgamount
IiR$XTT
BOTTOI|
ltor.E
Influratbotbmoralong Influxmovinfupwadalont
AnnulusbetweenDC/OpenHole AnnulusbetweenDP/ OpenHole
-
-
-
PAGE
Ghapter of Gaslnflux
7: Behavior 6 of31
-
-
-
-
PercolationRate (Gas Migration Rate) -
In the close-inwell situation,gaswill travelup the annulus. Rate
The Percolation -
canbe calculated by: Formula#18 -
Increase in DP pressure (psi/hr) -
GasMigration Rate(ft/hr) =
Mw(ppg) x 0.052 -
-
Increase in DP pressure(pst) -
The inf lux tni.grated(ft) =
Mw( ppg) x 0.052 -
-
Note:
-
gasmigration
Donotusethisformulato determine wellunless
ratein a horizontal
thegasmovesup in thevertical
section. -
-
-
Example1: /-
-
Wellwasshut-indueto kickandshutin pressures Duringthe
hadbeenrecorded.
next30 minutes of monitoringit is that
recorded pressure
on bothSIDPPandSICP -
by 250psi.If the present
hasincreased =
mudweight 10ppgandwelldepthis -
8,500'TVD. -
Calculate in feetper hour.
the rateof Influxmigration -
-
perhour =
in pressure
Increase 250x2 = 500psi
-
500 -
Rateof Influxmigration(ftlhr) :
10 x 00,, -
-
= 961.5ftlhr.
-
Note: -
If datagivenis onlytotal pressure in psi,simplycalculate
increase the distanceof -
migrationin feet by usingthe sameformula. -
Increase in DP pressure(psi) -
The inf lux migrated(f t) -
M w( ppg) x 0.052
,1
-
-
/
,--
CopvriehtReserved e e l lC o n t r o M
DrillinW l anual PTTCOLtd. -
-
-I
-
b Well ControlManual
Lt PIT PAGE
b 7: Behavior
Chapter of GasInflux
7 olSL
tt
b
h Volume of mud to be bled-off:
-
- constantduringgas
Thevolumeof mudto be bled-offto keepBottomHolePressure
rnrigration
is givenby: Fomula#26
-t
- Increasein DP pressure(psi)x Pit Gain (bbl)
Volumeto be bled of f (bbl) =
rt Formationpressure- Increasetn DP pressure
-t Increase inpressure(psi) x Capacity of hole above bubble (bbl/f t)
x l'i.lume to bleed of f =
Mud gradient
x
14 P r e s sur e I ncr ement (ps i) x Annul ar Cap ac ity (b h I / f t)
Mud Increment(bbl) :
0.052 x Mw(ppg)
4
- STRIPPINGPIPE
4
H
- Shut in with
AmularBOP
bt
ts
r.t
1
rt
-,
rt
F
rt
-, Stripping Pipe into Hole (shut in while bit off bottom)
rt
When shut in well wath bit far off bottom and gas influx is on bottom
-t
r{ of the well:
14 . SIDPPis not applicable Formation
to determine Pressure.
-!
. SICPwill be usedto determineFormation
Pressureif influxis at the
rt
bottomof the holeandthereis no migrationupward.
|{
Hl
. Whilestrippingpipebackon bottom,the mudshouldbe bled-off
equivalent of drill pipeat regularintervals
to the closedend displacement
- in orderto maintainBottomHolePressureconstant.
-
-
-
-
-:
(
C
(
Well ControlManual
PAGE
€
Ghapter of GasInflux
7: Behavior (
8of 31
(
-
€
Case3: Gas Influx Behavior in Killing Well (
I' P{T 28 Psl 195 PSI -

Crtecc _ (
h'!qm
0fi
-
2,500i -
5,m t
C
(
7.5mn
-
ro.m i e
80efi1fi
- - 5a00Hs 5m P$ ffi Plll F
FIIAIN
-
t l
t l H
PIB _
wn -
-t- w rc
offi||d
C..eftba 8ild Brrll
n
8ild
e-
G*r 6*l Gdl F
-
-
Whencirculateup the annulus: -
. Thepressure of hydrostatic
dueto decreasing
of influxreduces headof F
fluidaboveit. -
. is maintained
Sincethe BottomHolePressure sothecasing
constant, F
pressure for thelossof mudhydrostatic.
to compensate
willincrease -
-
. Themaximum pressure at anypointin th6wellborereaches
whenthe
top of Influxis at thatpoint. r
-
. Themaximum pressure whenthetopof the
at thecasingshoereaches F
influxis at theshoe.
e.
F
F
F
F
-
F
-
F
r.
?
CopvrightReserved I DrillingWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. (
(
Well GontrolManual
PAGE
of Gaslnflux
Chapter7: Behavior 9 of31
Case-3:GasInfluxBehaviorinKillingWell
The pressureof Influxreduces

dueto decreasinghydrostatichead
of fluid aboveit.
C.ilh|ts|t
and pit volumedoin{ durinAthe firstcirculation

Howare pressure of the driller's
method?
of driller'smethod,the casingpressure
Whenwe performthe firstcirculation will
increasedueto gasexpansion and the maximumcasingpressure will be observed
whenthe gas influxreachessurface.
Whengasis movedupwardduringcirculation, the gaswill expanddueto pressure

decrease(referto Boyle'sEaslaw P1V1= P2Y2).Thehighergas is movedup inside
the systemhydrostaticpressurewill be
annulus,the higherexpansionwill be.Therefore,
decreased.Forthis reason,the casin$pressure
will increasein orderto maintain
constantbottomhole pressure.
Reserved
, Copyright
!4 I DrillingWellControlManual I PTTCO
Ltd. I
€
€
(
PAGE
7: Behavior
Ghapter of GasInflux 10of31
-
-
-
-
Letstake a lookat the equation
-
-
Bottomholepressureconstant= CasingPressure(increaseto compensatefor loss
lr
Pressure(decreasedue to gas expansion).
hydrostaticpressure)+ Hydrostatic
-
Whenthe gasin the mud startscomingout on surface,the casingpressure will -
decrease.lf the gaskick in the annulusis totallyout of hole,casingpressure -

continually
-
shouldbe equalto Shut{nDrillpipePressure (SIDPP). In addition,pit volumewill
-
Whengas reachessurface,the
increaseuntil gas reachessurfacedue to gasexpansion.
-
pit volumewill startto decrease.
-
-
The plot belowdemonstratespressureprofileof bothcasingpressureand tubing
-
pressure of driller'smethod.
during1st circulation
-
PrG$ura ProfiL - 15t Circulation ot DrilLr Melhod -
2 000
-
1,800
A -
r 600
/ -
/
1 400
I -
o r.200
-
(l
o
roco
-
5
6
e
o
800
-
i
600
-
-
/
100
0 -
0 100 200 300 a00 500 600 700 400 900 100n 1100 1200
StokcsPumP€d
-
-
profileof 1st circulation

Pressure of driller'smethod -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
J
PTTCOLtd.
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CopvrightReserved DrillinsWell ControlManual t-
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rr Well ControlManual
I PAGE
? 7: Behavior
11of31
?
I OFGASI I{FLI'X
BEHAI,|OR
Whib CiEohlhgflt of dtc WGt
?
?
?
tt
?
?
? Pilgdn ' Inll|l lrolun
?
t
t
4'
1
1'
a
1
a, Nomrl DrilliDg Ursllinitirl Shutin Conditon
BHP> FP (ovcrb!lrnc.) B H P =F P
a,
1
4t
1'
1'
1'
4'
a LXomefPit
4' larcl
t
11'
4' t
1
, + It
t|x- Shoa Prra$rc
t The .The
)I
marirnum maximurn
1 pressure@ pressure@
14' anypointin thecasfrg
a thewellbore shoe
reaches reac{res
a KilliqgEll -l(epBHP
whenthetop when top

, of lnflqis at of Influxis
,r!, that point attheshoe
2
?
?
)
/a/
Well GontrolManual
PAGE
7: Behavior
Chapter of GasInflux -..i
L12ot3t
-
-
BEHAU(nOFGASINFLIIX -
Whlb Chob|frgoEt of th6 Wel
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Xilling *cll . Xccp BHP condalt
Caing (Chok6)PHurc
0rcorlo " SIDPP
lnnuxpsing lilwbcondddy
h.oughChohc rEilowd lrom uell
Pit levelir dropf,ing

llom.lPil
lltrl
ghs PaHure condsnt ShoaPHUG can3trni

4
J
l
-J
I
F-J
=' i
Killi|rgUGll -fiGcp BHPcd|.tnt
r-1
J- t
/)
- l
CopvriehtReserved I OrillineWellControlManual PTTCOLtd.
)- l
I
\
t-
t-
t- PIT I-; Well ControlManual
t- Ghapter
7: Behavior
of GasInflux
PAGE
t- 13 of 31
t-
L-
I
E E}I'MOR OF GAS I I{ FLI'X
L! All RghBResen ed WrileCfcda odotthawdl
I
br
I
b{
t-
!-
-
h
L-
L llstill under balance
by slDPP
F
ShoaFI. aUG conrLnt
E
-t
-t
r-
E
Fl Wcll Shut in condilion
BHP - FP* [HgP+ BtOpPl
ts
lH
-
-!
rE 7,4 BEHAVIOROF DIFFERENT
TYPESOF INFLUX
-t
1. GasInfluxHighlycompressible.
ts
. If not allowedto expand,gaswill bringformationpressure
to top and
createexcesspressure in the wellbore.
El
El 2. OilInflux
ts . as gasbut lesscompressible.
Similarbehavior
El
3. SaltWaterInflux
ts
rn Wateris incompressible.
El
El Mostlywaterinfluxcontainssomegasso surfacepressurehasthe same

ts
patternas seenduringa gaskickbut to a lesserdegree.
It is recommendedthat everykickshouldbe handledas Gaskick.
El
(to understand
behavior of Gasin the wellof all situations)
E
-
-
-
aJ
t'-,./ ) Well GontrolManual -

-
PAGE
.J
Chapter of GasInflux
7: Behavior L4ot3L tJ
-J
-
GASKICKIN OIL BASEDMUD (OBM) : -
-1
If gaskickin wellwhendrillingin OBM,somelightgaswilldissolve

in OBMor stayin
,-
solutionuntilit hasreachedthe bubblepoint.
-a
The effectsof gaskickin OBMare as follows: ,1
mud(WBM),thus
1. Kicksizeis lessin the OBMwell,compareto water-based
verydifficultto detectgaskickin OBMthanin WBM. -
willbelowerin OBMthanin WBM.

Pressure
2 . Shut-inCasing
-
HSPof mudmorein WBMthanin OBM.
3 . Gaswillreduce
-
gasupthewell,thegaswillexpand
4. Whilecirculating lessin OBMcompareto -
its bubblepointthengaswillexpand
gaskickin WBM,untilthegasreaches -
more(exponentially)
at nearsuface.
-
gasup the well,surfacepit-gainmeasurement
5. Whilecirculating will be lessin -
OBMthanthat in WBM. -
ts
,-
,fl
-
,1
-
,1
,1
,,-
?1
-
2-
tr
-
-
-
-
ieht Reserved e e l lC o n t r oM
DrillinW l anual PTTCOLtd. -
-
Well ControlManual
PAGE
Chapter7: Behavlor
of GasInflux
15of 31
1. well wasshutin with SIDPP= 500psi,sICP= 700 psi,MW= t2.4 ppg.TheInflux

vofume= 11 barrelsandit is arounddrillcollars(DC/OHcapacity= 0.0292bbl/ft).
If aftera few minutesfrom shuttingthe well in, bothshut in pressures
had
increasedby 225 psi.Howfar hasthe bottomof the influxmigrated?
Answer: ft.
with gasmigrationin a shutin well?

2. Whichoneof the followingdoesnot increase
a . Bottomholepressure
b. Casingshoepressure
e Gasbubblepressure
d . SIDPP
e. SICP
Givendataas follows,answerthe questions3 and4:

Wellwasshutin whileout of the hole(no drillstringin the well).A stabilized
shutin
rasingpressurewas recorded.Sometimes later,the SICPhasrisenby 100psi.
I'|w = 15.4pp9
9-518"CasingCapacity = 0.07323bblsift
b
b 3. Howfar hasthe kickmigrated?
b
b a 150ft.
b b
c
125ft.
100ft
b d 185ft.
b
b 4. HowmuchMudshouldbe bledoff at the chokein orderto reducethe surface
b pressureby 100psi?
b
b a) 9.14bbls
b b
c
12.4bbls
10.94bbls
I d 7.53bbls
b
b
b
b right Reserved DrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.
t
-
-
PAGE
-
7: Behavior
Ghapter of GasInflux -
16of 31
-
-
-
5. A well hasbeenshutin on a kick.Thecasingpressure gaugereads800psi.Thedrill
pipepressure gaugereads200psi.Thereis a floatin the drillstringabovethe bit. How -
wouldyou obtaina SIDPP? -
-
a Performleakoft test on the drill pipe -
b Pumpslowlydownthe drillpipeuntilthe casingpressure gaugeflicks.Use -
the corresponding pressureon the drillpipegaugeas the SIDPP
c Calculate the bottomholepressure usingthe SICPand pit gain.Subtract
the -
hydrostatic headof mudin the drill pipeto get SIDPP -
d All of the abovecouldbe used -
-
6. Wellhadbeendrilledaheadat 5 feet/hr.for severalhours.Thewellthenkicked -
Aftershuttingin the pressures
whilemakinga connection. were:-
= =
SIDPP 200psi,SICP 50 psi -
-
Therewas a very heavyflow from the drill pipewhendrillcrewsweretryingto make
up the Kelly.If therewasno indicationon the holecleaningproblem,whichoneof -
the followingis possible
causeof the highSIDPP? -
-
-
a The influxis migrating
b Thedrillcollar/annulus spaceis verysmall -
c The influxhasenteredthe drillstring -
d Thereis a lightslugin the annulus -
-
-
-
-
14
F
4
I
J
\_
ht Reserved DrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.

Well ControlManual
PIT PAGE
7: Behavior
L7 ot3L
the SICPwhenthiswellwasshutin.
7. Fromdiagrambelow,calculate
SIDPP Holesize = 8-L12"

Welldepth = 10,400ft. TVD
DrillCollarlength= 720ft.
holecapacity= 0.0452bb||ft
DP/Open
holecapacity= 0.0292bbllft
DC/Open
SIDPP= 540psi
PitGain = 25 bbls
Mudweight = 11.6ppg
l* Influxgradient= 0.107psi/ft
*r
r ' l
I t
l*ri
ll r
| * l
Whatis the approximate
shutin Casing
pressure?
a) 850psi
b) 941 psi
c) 1,035psi
d) 785psi
Reserved W e l lC o n t r o M
Drilline l anual PTTCOLtd.
(
(
Well ControlManual
T PAGE
-
-
Ghapter7: Behavior
of GasInflux
18of 31
I
(
-
-
Given data as follows, answer the questions 29 and 30:
-
Welldepth 10,000ft. TVD -
9-518CasingShoe 7,500ft. TVD -
-
8-t12"HoleCapacity 0.0702bbt/ft
-
CasingCapacity 0.07s8bbt/ft
-
MudWeightin use 1o ppg -
-
-
6-112"DrillCollar800ft.
-
DrillCollarCapacity 0.007sbbl/ft -
DrillCollarMetalDisplacement 0.0330bbr/ft -
-
5" DrillPipeCapacity 0.0t776bbl/ft
-
5" DrillPipeMetalDisplacement 0.007sbbr/ft -
-
DC/Open
holeCapacity 0.0292bbl/ft -
t-
DP/Open
holeCapacity 0.04s9bbt/ft
-
DP/Casing
Capacity 0.0s0sbbl/ft (
-
-
Whiletrippingout of the holethe wellkicksandthe diillershutin the wellby Annular
BOP.Bitdepthat that timeis 9,000ft. -
F
F
SICP=200psi, Influxsize =10 bbls, Gradient
of Influx =0.12psi/ft -
XASSUME
INFLUX
IS ONBOTTOM
ANDIS NOTMIGMTINGX €
the volumeof Mudto bleedoff for everyfoot of pipestripedin the hole.

8. Calculate
Answer bbr/ft
9. Calculate
the totalvolumeto bleedoff whilestrippingto bottom.
Answer bbls
CoovriehtReserved Drilline
WellControlManual PTTCOLtd.
PAGE
Chapter7: Behavlord Gre Influx
19 oil31
se 5 Answer
1. 349 ft.
2 . c
3 . b
4 . a
5 . b
6 . c
7 . b
8. 0.02s3bbl/ft
9. 25.3bbls
t Reserved I orillineWellControlManual I pTTCO

Ltd.
Well GontrolManual
PAGE
Ghapter7: Behavior
of Gaslnflux
20 of31
KillSheetExercise-3 Stack]
[Surface'BOP
Well Data
Holesize t2-t14"
Holedepth 6,600ft. (TVD),7,846ft. (MD)
Casingshoe,13-3/8" 4,800ft. (TVD),5,180ft. (MD)
Capacities
Drillpipe,5" 0.0177bbl/ft
Drillcollars,8"x3" 0,0087bblift Length530ft.
-
AnnulusCapacitiesbetween:-
Drillcollarsin openhole 0.0836bbl/ft
Drillpipein openhole 0.1215bbl/ft
Drillpipein casing 0.1353bbl/ft
Mud pump data
efficiency0.119bbl/stroke
at 98%volumetric
Displacement
Slow pump rate data
@30spm 440 psi
Formation leak off test data

J
A Leak-offtestwascarriedout at the 13-3/8"casingshoe,usinga muddensityof 10.6ppg.
A surfacepressureof 1,000psiwasrecorded.
Kick Data
Thewellkickedat 6,600ft. (TVD),7,846ft. (MD)
SIDPP = 340psi
SICP = 410psi
Pitgain = 12 bbls J
MuddensitY = 11.4PPg
The well will be killed using the Wait and Weight method at 30 SPM
CopvriehtReserved I OrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.

\i
Well GontrolManual
PAGE
Ghapter7: Behavlor
of GasInflux
2Lst3L
(IESTIONS:-
1. Whatis the killmuddensity?
2. Howmanystrokesare requiredto pumpkill mudfrom surfaceto the Bit?
3. Howmanystrokesare requiredto pumpfrom the Bit to Casingshoe?
4. Whatis the totalannularvolume?
at the timethe wellwasshutin?

5. Whatis the MAASP
(ICP)?
Pressure
whenkill mudis ai tne Bit(FCP)?

Pressure
the kill mud?

aftercirculating
8. Whatis the MAASP
9. Whatis the drillpipepressure per 100strokesas kill mudis being

reduction
pumpedto the Bit?
Reserved WellContro
Ml a n u a l PTTCOLtd.
Well Contrcl ilanual
T PAGE
7: Belmilord GG Influ
Ghapter
2f2st3L
KillSheetExercise-3 BOPStack]Answer
[Surface
t2.4 ppg
1127strokes
2553strokes
1000.67
bbls
800.3psi
780psi
479psi
549psi
27 psilL00strokes
Copyright
Reserved I Orilline
WellControlManual I pTTCO
Ltd.
Well Contrcl tlanual
PAGE
d GasInflux
Ghapter7: Behanlor 23of 31
WE1I DATA:
llole size t2-114"
Flde depth 10,040ft. TVD(10,300ft. MD)
l?318' Casingshoedepth 7,580ft. TVD(7,740ft. MD)
InHnal Capacities:
5't)rill Pipe 0.0178bbl/ft.
5'l-[wDP, 490 ft. 0.0088 bbl/ft.
trDrill Collar,575ft. o.oo87 bbl/ft.
Annular Capacities between;

DC/OH 0.0836bbuft.
DP&HWDP/OH 0.121sbbl/ft.
DP&HWDP/Casing 0.1292bbl/ft.
llud tump Output 0.120bbl/stroke
DrillingMudDensity 11.5ppg.
Slow Pump Rate Data;

@30 sPM 500 psi
Forrnation Strength Test Data;

Lrrface LOTPressurewith MW 10.8ppg 2,050psi
lGd< Data;
The well kickedat 10,040ft. (TVD)
SIDPP 600 psi
SICP 700 psi
Pit Gain(kicksize) 19 bbls
The Wellwill be killedusingWait& WeightMethodat 30 SPM
THEKILLSHEETCALCUIATION
USINGTHEABOVEDATA,COMPLETE THE
ANDANSWER
QUESIONS NUMBER1- 10.
t Reserved I Drilling Manual

WellControl PTTCOLtd.
-
€
(
Well ControlManual
T PAGE
€
Ghapter7: Behavior
of GasInflux €
24of31
(
€
(
QUESTIONS: (
1. Whatis the Killmuddensity? -

-
-
2. Howmanystrokesare requiredto pumpkill mudfromsurfaceto the Bit?
-
€
3. Howmanystrokesare requiredto pumpfromthe Bitto Casingshoe? C
€
€
4. Howmanybarrelsof totalvolumein Annulus?
-
€
afterwellshutin (initialMAASP)?
5. Whatis the MAASP e
€
-
(ICP)?
Pressure
-
e
7. Whatis the FinalCirculating (FCP)
Pressure F
€
dropper 100strokeas kill mudbeingpumpedto the

Whatis the drillpipepressure €
bit. (
e
mudweightfor thiswell?
9. Whatis the Maximum
e
€
F
10.Whatis the MAASP of the Killmud?
aftercirculation €
€
11.Doesthe Kickalwaysoccurin the eventof totallossof circulation? F

F
F
12.Namethe conditionsin a wellwhichincrease
the riskof reaching
the MAASP
duringa F
wellKilloperation?
(
€
€
€
(
Reserved I OrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. (

(
Well Controltlanual
PAGE
Ghapter7: Behavlor
of GasInflux
25of 31
Kill SheetExercise-4[SurfaceBOPStack] Answer

1. L 2 . 6 4 - t 2 . 7p p g
2. L447.42strokes
3. 24t0.42strokes
4. 1289.25
bbls
5. 7773-L774psi
5. 1100psi
7. 552psi
8. 38 psi
9. 15.0ppg
10. 1300psi
LL. No,it dependson the mudlevelin annulusandthe Formaon pressure
12. pressure
Longopenholeseco n, largeKicksize,lowformao n breakdown
Reserved I DrillineWellControlManual PTTCOLtd.

-
-
-
PAGE
Chapter
7: Behavior
of GasInflux -
26 of 31
-
-
-
Kill SheetExercise-3[SubseaBOPStack] -
WELLDATA: -
Holesize L2-L14" -
Holedepth(Ref.from RKB) 9,580ft. (MD),9,020ft. (TVD)
-
L3-318"Casingshoedepth(Ref.from RKB) 5,180ft. (MD),4,800ft. (TVD)
SeaWaterdepth(MSLto Seabed) 570ft. -
Air Gap(RKBto MSL) 80 ft. -
-
Internal Capacities:
5" DrillPipe 0.0178bbl/ft. -
5" HWDP,690ft. 0.0088bbl/ft. 11
8" DrillCollar,820ft. 0.0077bbl/ft. l,-

3" ID, ChokeLine,665ft. 0.0087bbl/ft. -
MarineRiser,650ft. 0.3892bbl/ft. -
5" DrillPipeClosedendDisplacement 0.0254bbl/ft.
lr-
Activesufacemudvolume 230bbls,
14
Annular Capacitiesbetween;
lrl
DC/ OH 0.0836bbl/ft.
l-
DP& HWDP/ OH 0.1202bbt/ft.
DP& HWDP/ Casing 0.t242 bbl/ft. 1r-
DP/ MarineRiser 0.3638bbl/ft. -

?J
MudPumpOutput(980/o) 0.12bbl/stroke
ei
Drilling
MudDensity 10.5ppg.
Seawaterdensity 8.6 ppg. 11
ri
Slow Pump Rate Datai
?4
@ 45 SPM throughthe Riser 690psi
@ 45 SPM throughthe Chokeline 830psi ?1
Formation Strength Test Data; -

testpressure
SurfaceLeak-off with 10.0ppgmud = 1,080psi I- l
?1
- l
Kick Data;
Thewellkickedat 9,580ft. (MD),9,020ft. (TVD) - l
"/
SIDPP 475 psi I I
SICP 620psi 4
- i
PitGain(kicksize) 20 bbls 4
tt-
TheWellwill be killedusingWait& WeightMethod@ 45 SPM

USINGTHEABOVEDATA,COMPLETE
THE KILLSHEETCALCULATION
ANDANSWER
THE
QUESTIONSNUMBER
1- 13.
ht Reserved I OrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.

Well GontrolManual
P-IT PAGE
7: Behavior 27 otSL
QIJESTIONS:
t. Howmanypsi of the pressuresafeWmarqinat the shoein this staticconditionafter

wellshutin (beforekilling)?
2. Howmanystrokesare requiredto pumpfrom surfaceto the Bit?
3. Howmanystrokesare requiredto pumpfrom the Bit to casingshoe?
fromsurfaceto the Chokemanifold?

4. Howmanyminutesare requiredto circulate
the marineriserwith killmudbefore

5. Howmanystrokesare requiredto displace
openingBOP?
6. Whatis the killmuddensity,in ppg?
(ICP)?
Pressure
(FCP)?
Pressure
9. Whatis the initialdynamiccasingpressure

at killspeed?
of the killmud(wellfullyfilledwith killmud)?

10.Whatis MMSPaftercirculation
dropper 100strokeswhilekill mudis beingpumpedinsidethe

11.Whatis the pressure
drillstring?
12.Afterkilling,whatthe newdrillingmudweightis requiredto drillaheadwith riser

margin?
13.Whatis the newMMSPafterthe well hasbeenkilled,whiledrillingaheadwith a

risermargin?(Chokelineis filledwith thisnewmuddensity).
t Reserved DrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd.

PAGE
Ghapter7: Behavbrd GasInflux
28o131
Kill Sheet Exercise-3[SubseaBOPStack] Answer

328-338psi
1,300[+ 50] strokes
4,L571+ 501strokes
227minutes
1,971strokes
1 1 . 5 1 -1 1 . 6p p g
1,165psi
747-777 psi
480psi
533-733 psi
30-32 psi
11.9ppg
559-659 psi
I Copyright
Reserved I DrillingWellControlManual I PTTCo
Ltd. I
\
t
-
ra-
Well ControlManual
fq
- PAGE
- Ghapter of GasInflux
7: Behavlor 29 of 31
ra
-
-
-
-
Kill SheetExercise-4[SubseaBOPStack]
- WELL DATA:
- Holesize 8-L12"
- Holedepth 11,8s0ft. (MDTTVD)
- 9-518"Casingshoedepth 8,880ft. (MD/TVD)
-
Internal Capacities:
-
5" DrillPipe 0.0t72 bbr/ft.
- 5" HWDP,837ft. 0.0088bbr/ft.
- 6-Ll2"DrillCollar,1,116ft. 0.0077bbr/ft.
- 2-tl2" ID, ChokeLine,553ft. 0.0061bbr/ft.
- MarineRiser,540ft. 0,3892bbr/ft.
-
Annular Capacitiesbetween;
-
DC/OH 0.0292 bbr/ft.
- DP&HWDP/OH 0.0447 bbr/ft.
- DP&HWDP/Casing 0.0478bbr/ft.
- DP/ MarineRiser 0.3638bbr/ft.
-
MudPumpOutput 0.12bbl/stroke
-
- 1oppg.
DrillingMudDensity
2
- Slow Pump Rate Data;
- @ 45 SPM throughthe Riser 880psi
@ 45 SPM throughthe Chokeline 1,000psi
-
-
Formation Strength Test Data;
- SurfaceLOTPressurewith MW 10 ppg 2,100psi
-
- Kick Data;
- The well kickedat 11,850ft. (TVD)
SIDPP 580psi
1
SICP 870 psi
1 PitGain(kicksize) 15 bbls
1
TheWellwill be killedusingWait& WeightMethod@ 45 SPM
-
1 THE
ANDANSWER
THE KILLSHEETCALCUI-ATION
USINGTHEABOVEDATA,COMPLETE
E QUESIONS L- L4.
NUMBER
E
-t
- Reserved
Copyright I Manual
WellControl
Drilling I PTTCO
Ltd. I
-
-
-
-
PAGE
Ghapter
7: Behavior
of Gaslnflux -
30 of 31
-
-
-
QUESTIONS: -
the amountof extrapressure
1. Calculate that canbe applied,in the staticcondition -
beforethe casingshoebreaksdown.
-
-
2. Howmanystrokesare requiredto pumpkillmudfromsufaceto the Bit?
-
-
3. Howmanystrokesare requiredto pumpfromthe Bitto Casingshoe?
-
-
the totalwellsystem(Sufaceto Surface)?
4. Howmuchtimeis requiredto circulate
-
-
5. Howmanystrokesare requiredto displace
the MarineRiserwith Killmudbefore
opening
the BOP? -
-
6. Whatis the Killmuddensity? -
-
-
7. Whatis the InitialCirculating (ICP)?
Pressure
-
-
8. Whatis the FinalCirculating (FCP)
Pressure
-
-
9. Whatis the InitialDynamic at Killpumprate?
CasingPressure -
-
-
10.Whatis the MAASP of the Killmud?
aftercirculation
-
-
11.Doesthe Kickalwaysoccurin the eventof totallossof circulation?
-
-
12.Whythe Drilleron a FloatingRigneedsto checkthe seawatertidesall the times? -
€
(
13.Namethe conditions in a wellwhichincrease
the riskof reaching
the MAASP
duringa
well Killoperation? (
-
(
on a FloatingRigwhichmayaffectthe accuracy
14.Namethe conditions of mudvolume
(P\fD readings
andmudreturnflow readings? (
(
(
(
ht Reserved DrillineWell ControlManual PTTCOLtd. (

(
Well ControlManual
PAGE
7: Behavlqof GasInflux
Ghapter 31of31
Kll Sheet Exercise-4[SubseaBOPStack] Answer
1. t,23O psi
2. 1552 strokes
3. 965 strokes
4. 130 minutes
5. L637 strokes
6. 10.94- 11.0ppg
7. L46O psi
8. 958 psi
9. 75O psi
10. 1638- 1565psi
11. No,it dependson the mudlevelin annulusandthe Formaon pressure
L2. To knowthe posio n of tooljointsin the BOPstackrelav e to the Rams
13. pressure
Longopenholeseco n, largeKicksize,lowformao n breakdown
L4. Craneoperao n, RigheaveandRigpitchandroll
Reserved Manual
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What is the purpose of the manual?

What is the purpose of the manual?

What are the main chapters covered in the manual?

What are the main chapters covered in the manual?

qrrr

' PAT'TAYA,("1AE; LAFJN

7"t April 2077

+ to deliverthe best and cater

+ The contents of this manual

? lf BHPis morethan FP(formationpressure),

? lf BHPis lessthan FP(formationpressure),

Canyou imagineif primaryandsecondary wellcontrolfailed?lf well is flowinghow do

TertiaryWell Controlusesspecificmethodto controlwell in caseof failureof primary

. Drillreliefwellsto hit adjacentwellthat is flowin$and kill the wellwith heavy

- ! cubic foot contains7.48 US gallons

HydrostaticPressure= O.O52x 7! x 8,OOO

Hydrostaticpressureis affectedby densityof fluid and its verticaldepth:

Density Depth,TVD Hydrostatic Pressure

9.O 8,OOO 3,744

MW 70.o 9,OO0 4,680

Differentfluid densitiesin the well:

HSPof fluid alumn 2 * O.052x 9 x 4,OOO = 7,872 psi

HSPof fluid column 3 = O.O52x 7! x 5OO = 286 psi

Total HydrostaticPressure = !,82O + !,872 + 286

The hydrostaticpressure in the well is

pressure= 0.052x 10 x 10,000

The MeasuredDepth(MD) is the depth alongthe well path if well drilleddirectionally.

of fluidof knowndensitymeasuredovera $ivenunitdepth.

Freshwaterhas a densityof 8.33 pp€,in a foot columnit shouldexerta pressureof

Saltwaterhasa densityof 8.94 ppg,in l foot columnit shouldexerta pressure

Gas = lessthan 0.156 psi/ft.(lessthan 3 ppg)

Bottomholepressure exertedat the bottomof the hole'

BHP - HydrostaticPressure+ SurfacePressure+/'Dynamic Pressure

Hydrostaticpressureis the pressureexertedby drillingfluid,the surfacepressureexerted

1.5.1 BHPwhen not circulating

L.5.2 BHPwhiledrillingor circulating

1.5.3 BHPwhiletriPPingin hole

L.5.4 BHPwhiletrippingout of hole

1.5.5 BHPwhenwellwas shut in

Total HSPin Drill strin{,

Note; The correctBHPdeterminedon the annulusside should

Thebottomholepressureis the sum of all the pressures

Bottom HolePressure(BHP)= SurfacePressure(SP)+ HydrostatlcPressure(HSP)

SurfacePressure(SP) = Bottom HolePressure(BHP) - HydrostaticPressure(HSP)

Thesecondcase:BHPis to be watergradientbutfluid columnis oil (0.35psi/ft)whichis

Thethirdcase:BHPis to be watergradientbutfluidcolumnis gas(0.1 psi/ft)whichis

Accordingto the example,SurfacePressure(SP)will compensatethe lackof hydrostatic

SURGE& SWABPRESSURE EFFECTS

Swabpressure is the reductionin the hydrostatic

createdbecauseit is difficultfor mud to fall belowthe

for Surgeand Swab

Swaband surgepressures may occurif:

L.6.2 Swab indicationat surface

Swab can be detected by using 'TRIP

Pullingout the pipe througha horizontalreservoirsectionwhere the formationhas a

An exampleof EMWis fracturemud weightin ppg(Maximumallowablemud weight).

g npte ConvertShoeFracturepressure 3858 psi ( Shoe TVD45OOft) into Equivalent

Maximum allowablemud weight

Answer:Maximumallowablemud weight = !6.4 ppg(roundeddown)