Face Recognition Using Eigenfaces: G. Md. Zafaruddin and H. S. Fadewar
Face Recognition Using Eigenfaces: G. Md. Zafaruddin and H. S. Fadewar
Face Recognition Using Eigenfaces: G. Md. Zafaruddin and H. S. Fadewar
1 Introduction
Faces are used by us humans to recognize people; same can be done with the help
of computers automatically. Earlier, simple mathematical models were used for face
recognition but in this century, face recognition has been established as a science of
its own. With the advent and use of engineering in this area, face recognition systems
G. Md. Zafaruddin
Millennium Institute of Management, Aurangabad, India
e-mail: [email protected]
H. S. Fadewar (B)
Department of Computational Sciences, SRTMU, Nanded, India
e-mail: [email protected]
have been one of the major attractions in computers. Face recognition systems are
used in both ways, viz. for face verification as well as face identification. There has
been an extensive study of face recognition in the past 25 years with relevance to
various domains like two-dimensional, three-dimensional as well as videos which
has contributed immensely in the areas of research and development of the same.
Still, some factors like varying posture, face expression, poor lightning, person’s age,
any unwanted obstacle, etc., degrade the performance of a face recognition system
[1].
The field of FRS provides with a host of prospects that can be exploited for
advancement of research. Thus, our study tries to address the reasons that depreciate
the performance of FRS and also explores better techniques. The proposed system
tries to remove various factors that affect the performance of FRS like varied postures,
poor lighting, and different expression, etc. [2] FRS is simply pattern recognition for
faces that can be used to differentiate as an unknown and known face. Because face
is a dynamic biometric it has huge number of problems to solve. The developers and
researchers in the field of image procession, human–computer interaction and AI have
come out with many alternative remedies and solutions to reduce the problematic
factors and make the FRS more robust and accurate.
In broader sense, the approach to face recognition may be differentiated as either
being feature-based or holistic-based. The set of features used in both approached is
basically different. In the holistic approach, recognition process is carried out on the
basis of globally extracted features from a face, whereas the feature-based approach
uses the local features. The holistic-based techniques signify the optimum variance
of data in pixels of face images used to identify a subject and features of face like
mouth, nose and eyes are used in feature-based approach for the identification process
[3].
2 FR Using Eigenfaces
The main inspiration for creating eigenfaces was face recognition. So, eigenfaces
are having an edge over different available techniques for the same with respect to
the effectiveness and pace of the face recognition systems. Basically, the eigenface
approach follows dimension reduction method, hence an FRS can easily embody
data of a number of subject with a very small-sized data. There is no significant
impact on the performance of the FRS due to reduction in image size but FRS fails
significantly with variation in the probe versus seen images [4].
For the recognition process, the images seen by the FRS are stored as collection
of weights that describe the eigenfaces for the said image [3]. As a new input faces
is given to the FRS for identification, the corresponding weights of that image is
calculated by representing the image as a collection of eigenfaces resulting in weights
of the input image which is to be probed. Then, the weights are compared against all
the stored weights in the database with an aim to identify the match which is closest.
Face Recognition Using Eigenfaces 857
Fig. 3 Reconstruction of
first image with eigenface
Fig. 4 Corresponding
eigenvalues
mapped as a group of points. As facial images are same on the whole configuration
are not distributed in random for the image space and are described through very
low-dimensional-subspace. Basic aim of PCA is finding vectors which are important
for distributing facial images in the whole image space [2].
Now, those vectors are used in defining subspace of facial images that is being
called as a face space. Every vector is having a length of N that describes an N
× N facial image, and represents linear combination of the original facial image.
These image vectors are eigenvectors of covariance matrix which corresponds to the
original facial image, having face like representation (appearance), hence we call
them eigenfaces. For (example), eigenfaces shown in the Fig. 2.
Face Recognition Using Eigenfaces 859
5 Experimental Results
We have used ORL face image database to test our method. ORL face image database
is having multiple facial images of every individual under varying conditions. Next,
we describe various details for ORL database and the related performance of the
proposed FRS. Here, we have used a separate neural network for each individual in
the database.
We have used ORL facial database for testing the proposed method with regular
occurrence of head position disparity. All facial images have been captured against
860 G. Md. Zafaruddin and H. S. Fadewar
Table 1 Recognition rates with respect to varying number of images to train and test networks
Images in Images in testing Eigenfaces Hist. Equ. Recognition rate
training (per (per individual) (%)
individual)
1 9 10 Done 8.8
1 9 „ Not done 9.7
2 8 20 Done 25.0
2 8 „ Not done 26.0
3 7 25 Done 51.7
3 7 „ Not done 51.7
4 6 30 Done 75.0
4 6 „ Not done 76.2
5 5 50 Done 58.5
5 5 „ Not done 90.0
6 4 60 Done 90.0
6 4 „ Not done 92.5
7 3 100 Done 89.1
7 3 „ Not done 91.6
8 2 „ Done 88.8
8 2 „ Not done 91.2
9 1 „ Done 87.5
9 1 „ Not done 90.0
6 Conclusion
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