CIBSE Journal 2011 08 PDF

August 2011

POWER
BEHIND THE
GLORY
DELIVERING ENERGY
FOR THE OLYMPIC PARK
AND STRATFORD

www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEaug11 pp01 cover.indd 1 21/7/11 16:18:34

22595 - MHI - CIBSE Journal.ai 2 18/07/2011 15:46
2 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com
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Contents
August 2011
News
34
6 News
Campaign grows for roll-out of DECs
in Energy Bill; zero carbon definition
closer; CRC scheme simplified to
cut down on red tape; insulation
will need to double, warns climate
change body; MEPs block move to
raise carbon target.
10 CIBSE News
Top firms honoured; carbon
reduction policy explained;
20 years of funding research.
10
Learning
Opinion Features 38 Masterclass 8
Professor Doug King investigates the
12 Confusion factor 16 Power behind long-term future of simple, steady-
Why the uncertainty surrounding the glory state heat loss calculations.
carbon emissions factors for An inside view of the
41 CPD
the national grid is inhibiting energy centres on the
Airflow pressure drop in HVAC
consultants’ ability to install the Olympic Park’s
ductwork.
correct technology into buildings. Stratford site.
13 Your letters 24 Greener horizons

We need to recruit more widely; why The benefits of a passive
the excessive car park lighting? approach to urban Classified
planning and design in
14 Regulations cutting carbon emissions are laid bare. 46 Products
Hywel Davies explores the A round-up of the products and
implications of the Green Deal. 29 Fired up services currently available.
The first ever gas-fired heat pump using
adsorption that is small enough for domestic 50 Directory
12 applications has been developed. A guide to building services
suppliers.
34 Urban challenge
Are heat pumps the practical solution for
heating urban environments?
People, Jobs, EVENTS
51 Appointments
Find your next job here and online at
‘Businesses are jobs.cibsejournal.com
unlikely to take up 54 Looking ahead
DECs voluntarily’ The Energy Event and future training
Page 6 courses.
www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 3
CIBSEaug11 pp03 contents.indd 3 7/22/11 12:37:44 PM

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Image courtesy Hamilton Associates Image courtesy HKR Arhitects Image courtesy Foster+Partners
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editorial
www.cibsejournal.com Time to treasure this

Editorial
Editor: Bob Cervi
Tel: 01223 273520
Email: [email protected]
financial no-brainer
D
Reporter: Carina Bailey
Tel: 01223 273521
Email: [email protected] avid Cameron’s declarations that his coalition
Senior designer: David Houghton
Technical editor: Tim Dwyer government will become the greenest ever are in danger
Advertisement sales of looking hollow, if he fails to overturn Chancellor
Sales manager: Jim Folley
Tel: 020 7324 2786
George Osborne’s ill-thought-out opposition to a proposed
Sales consultant: Mark Palmer
amendment to the Energy Bill, which is expected to become law
Tel: 020 7324 2785
Email: [email protected] in the autumn.
Sales executive: Darren Hale
Tel: 020 7880 6206
The amendment would make it mandatory for commercial
Recruitment sales: Stephen Fontana
buildings to hold a Display Energy Certificate (DEC) in the
Tel: 020 7324 2787
Email: [email protected] way that many public buildings are required to do. The change
Advertising production: Jane Easterman
Tel: 020 7880 6248
not only makes overriding sense in terms of cutting carbon
emissions, it is also a financial no-brainer; which may explain
For CIBSE
Publishing co-ordinator: Edward Palmer
why, in the face of the Treasury’s obstinacy,
Tel: 020 8772 3697, email: [email protected] three other government departments (Energy,
Editorial advisory panel There is no excuse Communities and Business) appear to be
George Adams, engineering director,
Spie Matthew Hall for not amending backing the proposal.
Laurence Aston, director, Buro Happold
Annabel Clasby, mechanical building services the Energy Bill to As CIBSE has pointed out, the use of DECs in
engineer, Atkins
Patrick Conaghan, partner, Hoare Lea extend Display government buildings has helped to save £13m
Consulting Engineers
Rowan Crowley, director, einside track Energy Certificates from energy bills. The institution and other
David Hughes, building services consultant,
MTT Consulting to the commercial bodies have written to Osborne to press their case
Philip King, director, Hilson Moran
Chani Leahong, senior associate, sector as soon as (see page 6); and the arguments are devastatingly
Fulcrum Consulting
Nick Mead, group technical director, possible simple. Many businesses do not know just how
Imtech Technical Services poorly their buildings are performing. DECs
Christopher Pountney, graduate engineer,
AECOM provide the data on energy use – information that is essential for a
Alan Tulla, independent lighting consultant
Ged Tyrrell, managing director, business to be able to look at exactly where energy is being wasted,
Tyrrell Systems
Ant Wilson, director, AECOM and what needs to be done to make savings. It has been proven that
Morwenna Wilson, graduate engineer, Arup
Terry Wyatt, consultant to Hoare Lea the resulting lower energy bills will far outweigh the costs of DECs.
The payback is not just in financial terms. Cameron and Osborne
CIBSE Journal is written and produced by Cambridge
Publishers Ltd. Tel: 01223 477411. www.cpl.biz
275 Newmarket Road, Cambridge CB5 8JE.
should be concerned about their low carbon legacy – in short, how
Editorial copy deadline: First day of the month
preceding the publication month did they deliver on the highly challenging targets to cut Britain’s
The opinions expressed in editorial material do not necessarily
represent the views of the Chartered Institution of Building
emissions? The planned Green Deal and ‘green bank’ won’t be
Services Engineers (CIBSE). Unless specifically stated, goods
or services mentioned in editorial or advertisements are not
formally endorsed by CIBSE, which does not guarantee or
enough. With 17% of the UK’s emissions coming from energy used
endorse or accept any liability for any goods and/or services
featured in this publication. in non-domestic buildings, there is no excuse for not amending
CIBSE, 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS
Tel: 020 8675 5211. www.cibse.org the Energy Bill so that DECs can be extended to the
©CIBSE Services Ltd. ISSN 1759-846X
Subscription Enquiries
commercial sector as soon as possible.
If you are not a CIBSE member but would like to receive
CIBSE Journal, subscribe now! Costs are £80 (UK) and £100 Come on, George, you know it makes sense.
(international). For subscription enquiries, and any change of
address information, please contact:
Edward Palmer at [email protected] or telephone
020 8772 3697. Individual copies are also available at a cost of
£7 per copy plus postage.
Cover photo: Courtesy of Olympic Delivery Authority

Bob Cervi, Editor
ABC audited
circulation:
[email protected]
19,139
January to
December
2010
CIBSEaug11 pp05 editorial.indd 5 21/7/11 16:59:10

NEWS
All the latest news from around the building industry
In Brief Campaign grows for roll

out of DECs in Energy Bill
£2BN FOR SCHOOL REBUILDS
Education Secretary Michael
Gove has pledged £2bn to
rebuild 300 schools under
Private Finance Initiative
(PFI) schemes. He said the l CIBSE and other bodies write to Chancellor
schools built under PFI would to lobby for wider application of certificates
be expected to increase
energy efficiency. Gove also
CIBSE has written to the Chancellor, George Osborne,
confirmed the government
would seek ‘standardised calling for the introduction of Display Energy
specifications and drawings’ Certificates (DECs) in the commercial sector.
for school buildings. The move is part of a growing campaign in the
www.education.gov.uk sector, with the UK Green Building Council and others
also writing directly to Osborne to press for the roll out
Gloomy sector forecast of DECs to non-domestic buildings.
A gloomy forecast from DECs already apply to public buildings and there
the Construction Products is growing evidence that they are helping to reduce
Association, predicting
public spending on energy bills, according
another two years of declining
workloads, names London
to CIBSE. The government has recently ‘Energy not certificates, making them a significant
office building, energy projects
announced that it has cut carbon
being a core net benefit, not a cost burden. CIBSE
emissions from its estate by 13.8% in the is therefore calling on Mr Osborne to
and private housing as the
year to May – signficantly exceeding its
concern for support the amendment of the Energy
only bright spots. Output this
year is projected to fall by 0.5%, own target of a 10% reduction. businesses, Bill to include provisions for DECs in the
followed by a greater drop of The fall, which was achieved across DECs are commercial sector.
2.8% as public investment dries 3,000 government buildings, cut unlikely to ‘With energy not being a core concern
up. www.constructionproducts. government energy bills by £13m. be taken up for many businesses, DECS are unlikely
org.uk There have been widespread calls voluntarily’ to be taken up voluntarily.’
to introduce DECs for larger business The UKGBC letter to the Chancellor
Symposium goes global premises, and the Committee Stage of the Energy Bill argues that ‘mandatory DECs [for commercial
More than 50 presentations
showed cross government support for DECs, and a buildings] will increase investment in low carbon
have been approved for
strong appetite for using the Energy Bill as a vehicle services and products, contributing to growth, and are
the first ever CIBSE Technical
Symposium. Technical experts for introducing the necessary enabling legislation, a vital component of the retrofit programme that is
from all over the world will take according to CIBSE. needed across our built environment’.
part in the event at De Montfort ‘But there have been concerns in government that
University, Leicester, from DECs would be a burden, not a benefit,’ the institution For more information visit:
September 6-7. said. ‘The savings of £13m far exceed the costs of the www.cibse.org
www.cibse.org/events
energy standard review

The current BS EN 16001 energy
management standard looks
Building services ‘key to zero carbon’
set to be replaced ‘some
The key to producing zero carbon are no advantages to be gained by Products Directive. This is expected
time next year’ with the first
internationally recognised
non-domestic buildings by 2019 using standards higher than those to require national implementation
energy management standard lies in the creation of better outlined in Building Regulations of new system-based building
BS ISO 50001. A full package building services, according Part L 2010, improvements in services energy assessment
of publications, training, to a report by the Department efficiency must come from building methodologies, and minimum
certification, software and for Communities and Local services. standards of performance prior to
kitemark for energy reduction Government. The report adds: ‘Overall, 2019, although we may choose to
verification will be offered by The report, Zero Carbon Non- the analysis suggests that select higher minimum standards
the British Standards Institution domestic Buildings Phase 3, calls for improvements to the efficiencies of performance. In the absence
(BSI). www.bsigroup.com the setting of minimum standards of building services provide a of the new approach, we have
for energy efficiency relating to cost-effective means of meeting proposed component-based
building fabric elements and zero carbon. The minimum energy minimum performance criteria as
building services. efficiency values will be significantly currently used in Part L.’
But it says that, because there influenced by the Energy Related www.communities.gov.uk
CIBSEaug11 pp06-07 news.indd 6 21/7/11 16:21:57

NEWS
LEARNING THE
ART OF BIM
Birmingham City University
is adopting a building
information modelling (BIM)
approach to the design of
its planned campus within
the city centre. The first
phase of construction will
be for a new home for the
Birmingham Institute of Art
and Design, depicted here.
The university says it will
also adopt the principles
of the BSRIA Soft Landings
framework. (See BIM story
on page 9.)
Zero carbon definition ‘closer’

are making allowable solutions payments,
NUCLEAR WHITE PAPER SETS
● New proposals issued for achieving encourages innovation and fair competition and,
‘allowable solutions’ for dwellings crucially, gives the option for local choice in the
OUT RENEWABLES ‘ROADMAP’
projects that are funded.’
The government has set out a ‘Renewables
The industry is moving closer to achieving a Hywel Davies, CIBSE technical director, said Roadmap’ as part of a White Paper
definition of ‘zero carbon’, according to an the report clarified the mechanisms for delivering committing the UK to nuclear power.
independent advisory body that has published a allowable solutions, and added: ‘There needs to The document says: ‘Renewables will
new report on the issue. be more work done to develop the list of options. be a key part of the decarbonisation of the
The Zero Carbon Hub has For near-site solutions there energy sector necessary by 2030, alongside
produced a new ‘framework’ ‘The framework seems to be limited scope to nuclear, carbon capture and storage, and
improvements in energy efficiency.’
document on delivering shows how refurbish existing buildings, which
It focuses primarily on eight technologies
‘allowable solutions’, which
developers is currently limited to communal
that have the greatest potential to make
relate to a range of energy-saving
measures on and off site.
can reach the buildings. This really needs to
encompass a wider range of
a difference by 2020 and in the following
‘The proposed framework

zero carbon refurbishment buildings.’
decades. These are onshore and offshore
wind, marine energy, biomass electricity and
shows how developers will be able standard’ The Hub said that it had heat, ground and air source heat pumps,
to reach the zero carbon standard produced the report in response and renewable transport.
set for 2016,’ the Hub said. to the government’s call for the industry to work Energy Secretary Chris Huhne said:
‘At present the government has yet to define together to produce a workable approach to ‘Taking the actions outlined in the White
what will constitute an Allowable Solution, allowable solutions. Ministers were accused Paper will not only help drive deployment
however on-site, near-site and off-site carbon- across the UK, but will also be key to
of ‘watering down’ the zero carbon policy in
reducing the costs of renewables, enabling
saving projects are expected to be available. March after the announcement that carbon
technologies to mature so that over the
The framework sets out the mechanism by savings would not have to be made from plug-in medium to long term they no longer need
which affordable, verifiable carbon savings electrical appliances. additional support to compete on a level
projects might be funded and how they might playing fields against other low carbon
be delivered in a way that encourages additional For more information visit: technologies.’ www.decc.gov.uk
investment, limits the impact on those who www.zerocarbonhub.org

news
In Brief CRC scheme ‘simplified’

to cut down on red tape
Scotland to be part of RHI
The Renewable Heat Incentive
scheme (RHI) is to be extended
to Scotland, enabling large
producers of renewable
heating to be paid for every
unit of energy produced. l Government responds to complaints over
Householders will also receive carbon reduction scheme’s complexity
support for the installation of
technologies like heat pumps, Ten thousand organisations are to be removed from
solar thermal or biomass the Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency
boilers under the Renewable
Scheme (CRC) and businesses will have to report on
Heat Premium Payment.
usage of just four fuel types, as opposed to 29.
www.scotland.gov.uk
The CRC is to be streamlined, the Department of
carbon price ‘is hot air’ Energy and Climate Change has announced, after
The government’s carbon floor businesses and industry complained about the
price policy could add £1bn scheme’s complexity.
to bills while doing nothing Fuels that will continue to be monitored are
to reduce emissions. Hot Air, electricity, gas, kerosene and diesel.
a report from the Institute of There had also been
Public Policy Research (IPPR),
says that instead of reducing
concern from affected ‘We have
companies that the levy has got to help
emissions, the Carbon Price Retail chains are part of the new CRC
Support Scheme due to come
been turned into a ‘stealth businesses
into force in 2013 to guarantee
tax’. When changes to the
reduce their
CRC were announced, emissions, not strangle them in red tape.
a minimum price for carbon,
following the government’s
emissions, ‘We’ve already taken 10,000 organisations out of the
will simply move the problem
elsewhere while making spending review in the not strangle scheme, but we’ve got to do more to make it easier for
carbon more expensive for UK autumn of 2010, they met them in red those organisations taking part.’
companies. www.ippr.org opposition from some tape’ Some of the organisations that are now exempt are
quarters because the already having their emissions monitored through
new energy guides money raised from a levy on carbon emissions was to other government schemes; others are low-level
The Carbon Trust has launched
be claimed by the government. polluters.
a new Expert in Energy series
Previously, the money was to be redistributed In a ministerial statement, Barker said: ‘We have
of free, low carbon business
guides, web advice and
among the companies in the scheme, with those who looked at the interplay between the EU Emissions
webinair sessions to help reduced their emissions effectively getting a rebate, Trading System and UK regulation; in particular now
businesses save money and while the worst offenders would pay the levy in full. the UK can best implement the provisions in the
cut energy use. Monthly Climate Change Minister Greg Barker said: directive that allow for smaller emitters to opt out.’
topics – in guides designed to ‘Businesses have made clear to me their serious
be straightforward, objective concerns about the overly complex and bureaucratic For more information visit:
and easily digestible – CRC scheme. We’ve got to help business reduce their www.decc.org.uk
include refrigeration, energy
management and renewables.
www.carbontrust.co.uk
Assisted-living advice MEPs block move to raise carbon target

A new publication, A guide
for assisted living, towards Two initiatives aimed at cutting Oettinger, is making progress. Graham Meeks, director of the
LifeHome 21, has been carbon emissions have been The directive seeks to address CHP Association, said: ‘Energy
prepared by experts from BRE, voted down by the European concerns that the EU is not on efficient solutions are among
3DReid Research and the Royal Parliament. course to meet its 20% energy the most cost effective ways of
Institute of British Architects. The Energy Roadmap 2050, saving target by 2020. reducing emissions, and this
It covers housing standards, which would have set targets of The draft document explores, directive seeks to drive a step-
ergonomics, access, space
a 40% cut in emissions by 2030, among other things, the idea change in energy efficiency across
requirements and digital
60% by 2040 and 80% by 2050, of capturing waste heat. The the EU.’
connectivity, in practical
guidance on appropriate
was vetoed by Poland when it was European Commission wants He added: ‘We very much
design, specification, brought before the Parliament. all new and refurbished thermal welcome the direction of travel,
construction and adaptation Separately, another EU initiative electricity facilities fitted with heat and can see the obvious benefits
of assisted living enabled to cut emissions – which would recovery equipment. from CHP becoming the norm for
buildings. have seen emissions driven down The Commission has suggested new energy plant. However, we
by 30% on 1990 levels by 2020 that electricity generated by question whether the measures
– also fell due to lack of support combined heat and power (CHP) set out in the directive on their
from MEPs. services should benefit from own will be sufficient.’
But a new draft directive on priority grid access, in common The directive also argues for an
energy efficiency, proposed by with electricity generated from annual renovation target of 3% for
Energy Commissioner Günther other renewable sources. public buildings above 250 sq m.
CIBSEaug11 pp08-09 news.indd 8 7/22/11 11:53:37 AM

news
Insulation will need to double, Government to

trial Green Deal
warns climate change body incentives
Measures to help home owners
and landlords save energy
by retrofitting houses are to
Alterfalter/Shutterstock.com
l CCC also stresses that the fall in emissions be trialled as a precursor to
is mainly due to the economic slowdown the government’s Green Deal
programme.
The rate of cavity wall insulation will need to double to The proposed trials include:
l A subsidised loft-clearance
more than a million homes a year during this decade, if
service to reduce costs
the UK is to meet its carbon reduction target.
and encourage owners to
That’s the view of the Committee on Climate
make improvements to their
Change (CCC), an independent government advisory insulation;
body, which also argues that a 34% cut in the 1990 l A trial to investigate the effect
The commission highlights insulation as a key issue
levels of carbon emissions is required by 2020. of behavioural feedback on
In its Third Progress Report to Parliament, the consumer energy use;
CCC says that expected levels of loft and cavity wall improvements among small businesses, and renewable l A trial testing the impact of
insulation have taken place, but that the aspirations heat generation. It says work in these areas will need to offering rewards for residents
were too modest. The CCC found that emissions have be accelerated to meet the 2020 target. who buy energy-efficiency
dropped by 8.6% over the past year, but that this was CCC chairman Lord Turner said: ‘The recession has measures; and
l High street businesses,
due mainly to a reduction in economic activity caused created the illusion that progress is being made to
including Homebase and
by the recession, coupled with increased energy prices. reduce emissions.’
B&Q, teaming up with local
The CCC also calls for more clarity on funding for He added: ‘We are repeating our call for new policy authorities on some of the
the national programme to encourage energy efficiency approaches to drive the required step change, in order trials.
measures in homes. It says the government should that the UK can ensure a low carbon recovery. Given According to ministers,
specify how householders will be incentivised to make new approaches, we are confident that individuals the Green Deal will ensure
their homes more energy efficient, and what role and business will respond, taking advantage of the that home owners can
energy companies, businesses, local authorities and affordable opportunities available to reduce emissions.’ invest in energy efficiency
private landlords will have in helping to achieve this. improvements at no upfront
The report also notes that ‘limited progress’ was cost, with improvements being
For more information visit:
repaid through anticipated
made in 2009 on solid wall insulation, energy efficiency www.theccc.org.uk
savings on energy bills.
BIM roll-out ‘will make key savings in the long term’

A roll-out of building information digital prototype, allowing more on the other. The government, it members drawn from industry,
modelling (BIM) for public accurate cost modelling and the says, should support all suppliers which would identify demonstration
contracts could cost £4m, but opportunity to iron out problems ‘to reach a minimum performance projects and put together a funded
should save at least 5% on building before construction takes place. in the area of BIM use in five years’. plan for the roll-out.
costs, according to a report by the A report, The Government Clients need ‘to specify, collect and Separately, a BIM Academy has
BIM Industry Working Group. Construction Client Group Building use the derived information in a been launched by Ryder Architecture
The adoption of BIM would allow Information Modelling (BIM) Working value-adding way over a similar and Northumbria University to train
those working in the construction Party Strategy Paper, recommends timescale’. students and provide support to
industry to design, build and a ‘push-pull’ strategy between The report puts forward the idea construction professionals ahead of
operate a building ‘virtually’ on a suppliers on one side and clients of an implementation group, with the expected roll-out.

CIBSE NEWS
Tel: 020 8675 5211 | Fax: 020 8675 5449 | Email: [email protected]
President: Andy Ford CEng FCIBSE BSc Eng | Chief executive: Stephen Matthews
All in the detail

Don’t forget to keep your
contact details up to date – it
Top firms honoured
is easy to do via the members’
l YEN awards winners confirmed
area of the CIBSE website.
Ensuring we have your correct
contact details for you enables
Arup, Couch Perry & Wilkes and Crofton Design
the Institution to keep in touch. have been announced as the winners of the
You can also update your Employer of the Year Awards 2011.
preferences – join CIBSE Special Now in their third year, the awards – hosted by
Interest Groups, subscribe to the CIBSE Young Engineers Network and sponsored
regular enewsletter, and let us by Baxi Commercial Division and Heatrae Sadia
know more about your main – recognise a commitment to supporting and
areas of interest so we can keep encouraging engineers of the future, and seek Crofton Design representatives with their prize
you up-to-date with news and
to reward those organisations that proactively
information relevant to you.
champion young talent in the industry.
CIBSE would also like to hear
from anyone who is able to
CIBSE president Andy Ford said: ‘It is great
volunteer a few hours of their to see such fine examples of professionalism in
time, either for their local region our industry and support for development of the
or for CIBSE HQ. This might involve capabilities of young engineers. This shows me that
mentoring young engineers, the best can move forward – even in recession – by
assisting with interviews or creating an excitement around respect for each
contributing to publications. other as both people and engineers.’
Anyone interested Each of the winning companies showed particular
in volunteering, or who would
commitment to championing newly qualified Standing proud... all the winners with Andy Ford, centre
like some more information,
engineers, and in supporting them in employment
contact Marie Dignan, director
of membership, on
and education.
[email protected] For the second year in a row Arup won the award The winners, who were announced at the July
in the large company category, with Couch Perry & event at Milbank Tower, London, each received a
Wilkes winning the medium company category, and trophy and £1,000 of CIBSE training vouchers.
Phone hoax Crofton Design the small company trophy. Crofton CIBSE would like to acknowledge the hard work of
warning was also crowned the overall award winner. all entrants, who have demonstrated they are willing
Barry Henson, from Crofton Design, said: ‘It is to go the extra mile to support young engineers.
We would like to make
members aware that we have
fantastic for all our hard work to be recognised. We
recently received reports of hope to continue the work to support our students For more information:
hoax phone calls to members. and the engineers of the future.’ www.cibse.org
These calls may offer you
free places at CIBSE training
events, conferences or awards.
Please be aware these are not
genuine calls and should be
treated with caution. We would
Task group needs you! Tied to benevolence
advise anyone receiving one of We currently have a supply of
The CIBSE Maintenance Task promotes good practice. CIBSE ties available to buy at a
these calls not to give out any
personal information.
Group is currently updating The group is made up of cost of £9.50, with all proceeds
CIBSE Guide M: Maintenance representatives from leading going to the CIBSE Benevolent
Engineering and Management, and industry organisations, including Fund.
is asking members for feedback BSRIA, HVCA, Mitie FM, SPIE The fund supports members,
Diary date on the existing guide. Matthew Hall, and Faithful and former members and their
CIBSE Technical Set up in the 1980s, the group Gould among others, helping dependants who are in need,
Symposium provides a point of reference ensure everyone is working to the whether through sickness,
In association with bereavement or financial
and expertise within CIBSE same principles.
De Montfort University hardship. Last year, through the
l 6-7 September, Leicester for all matters relating to the If you would like to offer any
support of members, the fund
www.cibse.org/events operation and maintenance of feedback on Guide M you can do was able to help more people
engineering services in buildings. so through the CIBSE and BIFM than ever before.
It also helps to inform CIBSE LinkedIn sites, or email current Ties can be purchased at
publications, organise events to group chairman Jo Harris at www.cibse.org/bookshop or
help disseminate knowledge, and [email protected] by 31 July. from CIBSE HQ reception.
CIBSEaug11 pp10-11 CIBSEpages.indd 10 21/7/11 16:37:33

cibse news
Carbon reduction policy update Spread the

word to students
CIBSE is looking to appoint
Andriano/Shutterstock.com
l More changes to simplify CRC proposed university co-ordinators to
act as a first point of contact
for students and colleagues
The Department of Energy and Climate Change
who are CIBSE members, and
(DECC) has made further proposals to simplify the for those wishing to join as
Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC). Subject members.
to further analysis and formal consultation, these Co-ordinators are not
modifications will be implemented from phase two expected to answer queries
onwards, with registration starting in April 2013. about CIBSE, but will guide
The simplifications proposed include: people considering a career in
l Reducing the number of fuels in the scheme; building services engineering,
l Using fixed-price allowance Any Climate Change Agreements or who are interested in joining
sales instead of auctions; ‘Based on feedback or EU Emissions Trading Scheme CIBSE, to our relevant staff.
l Simplifing rules and from stakeholders sites will be automatically exempt

Co-ordinators have a central
role to play in liaising with CIBSE,
qualification processes; and wider policy from the CRC. engaging with our regions and
l Reducing the overlap with considerations, Qualification will be a one-step membership activities.
other schemes; and these changes are process. Instead of first registering We are also funding an
l Reducing the administrative
intended to simplify all qualifying electricity meters, introductory student event at
burden of evidence and
the scheme’ then determining the qualifying universities to make students
aware of career opportunities
records. supply through those meters,
Currently, businesses must report emissions from participants will just calculate the supplied electricity within the profession.
29 different fuels. Since about 95% of emissions through settled Mandatory Half Hourly Meters If you work at a university
and would like to be a CIBSE
in the CRC come from electricity and gas, it is (HHMs) that are not exempt.
university co-ordinator, please
proposed to cut this to four, with kerosene and DECC will continue developing these proposals
contact Marie Dignan, director
diesel for heating included. DECC argues that this year, with a view to conducting a formal of membership, via
this will significantly reduce the burden without consultation early next year, and the changes [email protected]
compromising the emissions coverage. being implemented in phase two. Meanwhile it is
Sales of allowances will continue, on a important that those in the scheme continue to
retrospective basis, for the rest of phase one. In comply with the current rules. Blazing a trail is not
phase two, instead of an emissions cap and annual
auctions, two fixed-price sales per year are proposed,
rocket science
For more information:
giving price certainty to help investment decisions. www.decc.gov.uk The 2011 Annual Lecture, in part
sponsored by CIBSE Patrons,
will be held on Thursday
10 November 2011 at the
20 years of funding research Welcome Collection, 183

Euston Road, London NW1.
This year’s lecture will be
CIBSE Research Fund was 50% government funding from the first 18 months of DECs. delivered by Chris Wise,
launched in 1991 by Lord Ezra the Department of Environment Most recently the fund has engineering designer. Wise
and Jerome O’Hea to resource and its various successor provided vital resources to co-founded design-led
the development of publications bodies. The energy assessment underpin the development engineering consultancy,
and knowledge for members, tool, TM22; the design guide of CIBSE’s online delivery of Expedition, in 1999 after a
their employers and the wider to photovoltaics, TM25; the knowledge through the new successful career with Arup.
industry. Since then, under the ductwork cleaning guidance, ‘Knowledge Portal’ and the online Expedition has a ‘trail-blazing’
ethos written into its constitution.
management of the Publications TM26; and the 2001 update learning modules delivered over
He has worked with many of
and Research Committee, the of Guide B, were all funded in the past two years.
the world’s leading architects,
fund has helped to transform this way, obtaining a high level The principal income to the including Rogers, Foster and
CIBSE’s publications portfolio. of gearing for the fund and research fund is an annual share Renzo Piano. He is also the
In 1998 the decision was taken delivering significant benefits to of members’ subscriptions, 8% guiding hand on the structure
to revise the entire catalogue of CIBSE members. of which is allocated to the fund. of many projects, including: the
CIBSE guides, updating them Updates to the Applications Over the years this has been revamped Barcelona Bullring;
to reflect the current state of Manual for Natural Ventilation, supplemented by a variety of London Millennium Bridge; and
professional knowledge. AM10, and guidance on sub government grants and some Channel 4 HQ, London.
Despite some reservations metering, which became TM39, generous donations. But, with The event will start at
6.30pm, with registration and
about the target of completing were supported by the Carbon ever tighter constraints on
refreshments from 6pm. An
this within five years, it was Trust, with contributions from public funding, this continues to
evening reception will follow.
achieved and, since then, largely the fund. More recently the fund provide CIBSE with the resources There is no charge to attend,
maintained. has enabled CIBSE to provide the to maintain and develop the but booking is essential.
The fund also provided benchmarks for Display Energy professional knowledge that To book your place visit
support for a number of research Certificates, TM46, and the supports CIBSE members in www.cibse.org/annuallecture
projects that were supported by recent comprehensive review of their work. or email [email protected]
CIBSEaug11 pp10-11 CIBSEpages.indd 11 21/7/11 16:37:44

opinion
Your views from across the built environment
Confusion
factor
Uncertainty over carbon emissions factors for the national grid is we can probably learn from the energy
markets and their use of ‘spot’ prices.
undermining consultants’ ability to make the correct technology Government departments need to
choices for buildings, argue Phil Jones and David Shaw work with some common ‘agreed’
factors. Then we could offer the
So, what’s it to be: 0.591, 0.568, industry an ‘historic’ figure based on
Steve McWilliam/Shuuterstock
0.543, or maybe even 0.517? last year’s values; and a ‘future’ figure
Which of these emission-factor levels based on predictions from the energy
should we, as professionals, apply? markets. This would make it easier for
These figures all seek to represent the consultants to explain their technology
carbon intensity of the electricity choices to clients. One government
delivered by Britain’s national grid (the department should take responsibility
amount of kilograms of CO2 produced and publish these agreed factors each
per kWh of electricity). All the factors year to minimise confusion.
quoted have been disseminated by In addition, some experts, such as
government departments at one time Robert Cohen of Camco, have called
or another to ‘help’ engineers calculate for harmonisation of emissions
the CO2 emissions arising from the consequences. In worst-case scenarios, factors. For example, given that most
energy used in and by buildings. buildings will meet their statutory Display Energy Certificates are part
It’s true that emissions factors have obligations but miss their carbon of a Carbon Reduction Commitment
to take account of an ever-changing targets because of inappropriate system footprint, it makes sense, and would
mix of energy sources being used to selection based on the wrong carbon save administrative cost, if both policies
generate the UK’s power. At present, factor. were to use identical factors. Using
nuclear accounts for around 20% of the For example, if you select combined different factors for design calculations
total grid mix, but our ageing nuclear heat and power (CHP), you have to and greenhouse gas reporting (DECs,
plant is being decommissioned, take into account the primary fuel you CRC and so on) only adds to the
pushing up the fossil fuel share – are using to drive the process. If you confusion, plays havoc with any ‘as
which means the emissions factor is assume all the electricity produced designed’ versus ‘actual’ performance
rising steadily. on site by the CHP is displacing grid There is assessment, and is difficult to justify
Consulting engineers need accuracy electricity from a coal-fired power terrible given the current huge uncertainties
in order to make the right choice of station, then your figure will be highly confusion about the future grid mix.
solution for each project in hand. persuasive. But it is less impressive around this It’s true that, once smart meters have
Emissions figures are used to find compared with purely gas-fired power been rolled out, we may be able to take
issue and it
technical solutions that replace grid- generation. The emissions factor can account of day and seasonal variations in
is vital that
supplied electricity, in order to meet also materially change the size – and grid factors, and use a ‘marginal’ value.
statutory carbon reduction targets in, even the number – of the CHP engines
we get some But in the meantime, an annual average
for example, planning applications. So, that are specified: the higher the factor, clarity and is the best available option. The lack of
if there are so many possible factors the more carbon that can be saved commonality precision, although apparently small,
to choose from, how can engineers be using fewer or smaller units. makes all the difference to an engineer’s
sure of getting the right result? So we need to streamline the method calculations and can impact on statutory
It has to be tempting for a designer, for calculating the emissions factor, to reporting. Getting the equation wrong
who favours one particular technology help designers make more informed undermines everything the industry is
over another, to use the emissions choices. However, the government will trying to achieve in reducing the carbon
factor that makes the most persuasive struggle to select just one figure. The impact of buildings.
case for their preferred solution. There collision of different influences on the
is terrible confusion around this issue mix of grid electricity means the picture l Phil Jones (above left) is chairman of the
and it is vital that we get some clarity is changing all the time. CIBSE Energy Peformance and CHP groups,
and David Shaw is business manager of
and commonality. Without this, there Despite the difficulties of Baxi-SenerTec UK
is potential for all sorts of unintended establishing a single emissions factor,
CIBSEaug11 pp12-14 opinion.indd 12 21/7/11 16:43:01

opinion
Your letters
We need to recruit more widely years have been from building services through all-night, and in many cases
The new CIBSE president, Andy Ford, degree courses. I would strongly encourage 24-hour, burning of lighting. For a
says experienced building engineers and Andy Ford and my contemporaries within publication committed to sustainability and
building services graduates must work the industry to open their eyes to the talent energy-saving, not to draw attention to this
together, with a mutual respect, to shape and ability outside of the small pool of seems like an unfortunate oversight.
the future of the building services industry building services graduates, and widen the With new multi-storey car parks, the
(Journal, July, page 26). scope of their search to find the raw talent installation of lighting sensors and crime-
While I agree with these sentiments that exists, and which can easily be moulded prevention systems – such as zones of
in part, the relatively small number of into the next generation of building services brightness within dimmed-down floors
individuals entering building services engineers. This, I believe, is the best way that could alert the police to the presence
degree courses is not sufficient to meet to support and develop the future of our of potential wrong-doers – should be a ‘no-
the demands of our industry. The secret to industry brainer’, with payback in just a few years.
shaping this new integrated industry lies Geoffrey Palmer Carl Gardner
not just with building services graduates,
but with highly talented graduates from a Why the exessive car park lighting? CIBSE Journal welcomes article proposals from any reader,
wherever you are – whether it be letters, longer opinion
range of subjects. An article in the May issue of the Journal pieces, news stories, people or events listings, humorous
I am keen to recruit building services concerned the effective ventilation of multi- items, or ideas for possible articles.
graduates, but only those who can display storey car-parks. However, the night-time Please send all letters and any other items for possible
publication to: [email protected], or write to Bob
the spark, intellect and capability that is illustrations of the Manchester Interchange Cervi, Editor, CIBSE Journal, Cambridge Publishers Ltd, 275
essential to becoming a successful building car park on pages 3 and 52 raise another Newmarket Road, Cambridge, CB5 8JE, UK. We reserve the
right to edit all letters. Please indicate how you wish your letter
services engineer. In fact, just 20% of all crucial design issue with UK multi-storey to be attributed, and whether you wish to have your contact
details included.
graduates we have hired over the last few car parks – the profligate wastage of energy
Manufacturer’s Viewpoint
The Renewable Heat Incentive will provide a futher opportunity for heat
pumps to show their value in making cost-effective energy savings, writes
Martin Fahey of Mitsubishi Electric, sponsor of this column
The government is set to infrastructure that is either already increasingly popular option in the renewable energy from the ground,
introduce a Renewable Heat in place, or is ready to be skilled up. commercial sector. from a body of water such as a
Incentive (RHI). Although not all the Of course, the technology has Already a proven technology, lake or river near the building, or
details are known, the RHI will to be environmentally sound, advances over the past decade, from the air. They can deliver heat
reward those using renewable compared such as the introduction of inverter into a building in a variety of ways,
technologies for their commercial with existing technology, have including underfloor heating,
and domestic heating needs. technologies, helped to make heat radiators or via warmed air. This
But for it to be suitable, the right offering Heat pump pumps even more flexibility gives designers more
low carbon approach to heating demonstrable energy and carbon choices about what delivery system
commercial buildings has to offer a energy use and technology efficient. will work best for their project.
number of characteristics. emissions savings. is ready now Two leading With both air and ground
First, to operate on a daily basis, However, it is also very and is able to research bodies, source heat pumps recognised
it needs to be straightforward. important that the right BSRIA and BRE, have as renewable technologies, the
Previous experience shows how solution for renewable answer the need independently tested choice of type will depend on the
quickly a technology becomes commercial heating is for low carbon the efficiency of heat characteristics of a project. However,
obsolete if it causes too much also economical – commercial pumps. At point of one thing is certain: the technology
inconvenience. it can be produced in use, for every 1 kW of is ready now and is able to answer
Second, the technology has to numbers that deliver heating electrical energy input the need for low carbon commercial
be scalable, meaning that it can be cost benefits for end- into a heat pump, heating.
deployed in buildings of varying users and, where possible, will 3.2 kW of heat is produced. This
sizes, and offer both small and offer real cost benefits compared means that for the same heat SPONSORED BY
large-scale solutions. This also with conventional systems. output, heat pumps use less primary
implies that the technology can be Heat pump heating offers energy than direct electric heating,
manufactured in large numbers, all of these characteristics, and gas or oil boilers.
and is supported by a wide skills as a result it is becoming an Heat pumps can extract

opinion: regulations
Dealing out
improvements
The government aims to promote upgrades to existing buildings
through the Green Deal, which is being introduced in the new
Energy Bill. Hywel Davies looks at the implications of the plan
If we really want to reduce are paid for through a charge on assessed. Energy assessors can either
carbon emissions from our the electricity meter, which must obtain an NVQ, or be accredited on
existing buildings, they need to be a not exceed the anticipated savings the basis of prior experience. The
whole lot more energy efficient. The due to the measures – known as the Department of Energy and Climate
coalition government recognises this ‘golden rule’. The current proposal Change is currently consulting on
and has adopted a policy first is for SAP and SBEM, the software the arrangements for Green Deal
envisaged under the previous used to calculate asset ratings for assessors, and it is not yet clear
government to drive the energy energy performance certificates, to be whether the prior-experience route
refurbishment market. The idea is developed to calculate the anticipated will be open.
simple: buildings can be refurbished savings, and to test whether any Since consulting engineers have
to use less energy; and savings made proposed measures will meet the professional qualifications, and have
on energy bills can pay for the energy rule. been assessing buildings, devising
efficiency measures over time. Anyone who refurbishment
Originally called ‘pay as you wants a Green Deal schemes and
save’, the scheme is now the Green package to fund advising clients
Deal, which is expected to come improvements The fundamental on the costs and
into effect in October 2012. It is will require an tenet of the savings those
being introduced via the Energy Bill assessment by Green Deal is that schemes will deliver,
currently going through parliament. an independent measures installed it would be strange
The Bill is due to become law this accredited assessor, to require them to
who will determine
are paid for obtain a further
autumn.
Initially intended for home energy the current through a charge NVQ to allow
efficiency improvements costing a performance of the on the electricity them to do this for
few thousand pounds, the Green building and then meter, which the Green Deal.
Deal incarnation of the policy is assess the anticipated must not exceed CIBSE is currently
now open to domestic and non- savings from the the anticipated in discussion with
domestic buildings; and, as long as proposed measures. DECC about these
There is concern
savings due to the proposals.
the measures can be funded from
reduced energy bills there is no limit that, as currently measures Once a package of
on the costs. The money will come proposed, the measures has been
from Green Deal ‘providers’ who assessment will not take any account tested against the golden rule, then
will help to deliver energy efficiency of the occupant’s operational energy an accredited installer must install
upgrades. use. There is also some discussion the measures. Installers will have to
The fundamental tenet of the about adopting a simpler approach be accredited, and will be required
Green Deal is that measures installed for non-domestic buildings, whereby to work to a Publicly Available
a specific package of measures, Specification, or PAS, which is
Transitional arrangements such as a lighting refurbishment, or being developed by BSI to provide
deadline soon renewal of a heating system, which a specification for the installation
can be shown to meet the golden of energy efficiency improvements
Time is running out to start work
on projects under the ‘transitional rule, may be permitted without in existing buildings. This is due to
arrangements’ for the Building Regulations undertaking a full SBEM analysis. be consulted on shortly, with a draft
and Approved Documents (ADs). These This would certainly reduce the costs for consultation expected in August.
arrangements allow for the use of the 2006
editions of ADs L, F, and J. These provisions of the assessment. Arrangements for the accreditation
change on 1 October, so any scheme for Assessors will already be energy of the installers are also under
which an Initial Notice was not served assessors, but will require further development.
and the works commenced on site by 30
September will have to work to the 2010 competences to carry out Green
regulations and ADs. Deal assessments. It is not yet clear l Hywel Davies is technical director of CIBSE
how those competences will be

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The development of Stratford in east London has
delivered not only the Olympic Park but also a
district heating system powered by two innovative
energy centres. Andy Pearson gets an inside view
T
here is a year still to go until the
start of the London Olympic and
Paralympic Games, but already
the legacy of the 2012 Games is
evident for one housing development in east
London. An energy centre, built to provide
an efficient, low carbon heating and cooling
system across the Olympic Park site for
the Games and the long-term regeneration
of the area, is already supplying a Genesis
Housing scheme of five residential blocks,
a care unit, business space and retail units
situated adjacent to the site.
The district energy scheme provides low
carbon heating and cooling from two
POW 16 CIBSE Journal August 2011
CIBSEaug11 pp16-22 Olympics.indd 16

21/7/11 16:55:29
LONDON OLYMPICS ENERGY CENTRES
The Kings Yard energy

centre to the west of
the Olympic Park will
supply power to the
national grid as well as
heating and cooling to
the Park’s permanent
and temporary Olympic
venues and the
Olympic Village. The
three cylindrical tanks
shown are chilled- and
hot-water circuit buffer
vessels
ODA 2008
WER www.cibsejournal.com
CIBSEaug11 pp16-22 Olympics.indd 17

BEHIND THE GLORY
August 2011 CIBSE Journal 17
21/7/11 16:55:47
ODA 2008
A 20 MW boiler inside
the energy centre at the state-of-the-art energy centres, which to the national grid, along with heating
Olympic Park, which has incorporate combined cooling, heat and and cooling to the Park’s permanent
the capacity for five such
power (CCHP) systems and biomass and temporary Olympic venues and the
boilers (see table below)
boilers. The centres, known as the Kings Olympic Village. The Stratford City energy
Yard and Stratford City, and the associated centre will also supply electricity to the grid,
network of heating and cooling mains but its heating and cooling energy will be
have been designed, built and financed supplied primarily to Westfield shopping
at a cost of £113m by utility provider centre and the associated commercial
Cofely, a division of GDF Suez, following and office developments currently under
competitive tender. construction at the entrance to the Park.
The Kings Yard energy centre, to the Developing the largest district energy
west of the Olympic Park, is the larger scheme to be built in the UK, on time and
of the two schemes. It will supply power with sufficient capacity for the Olympic
Current equipment installation and additional equipment planned for the post-Olympics legacy period, and capacities (MW)
Equipment installed for Additional equipment

Olympic mode installation planned
for legacy
Kings Yard Stratford Total capacity (KY & S)
Kings Yard Stratford Kings Yard Stratford
Description Olympic Olympic Olympic Olympic Olympic Olympic
(units) (units) (units) (units)
+ Legacy + Legacy + Legacy
Gas engines
1 2 4 2 3.1 MW 15.5 MW 6.2 MW 12.4MW 9.3 MW 27.9 MW
(3.1MW each)
Hot water boilers
2 2 3 1 40 MW 100 MW 40 MW 60 MW 80 MW 160 MW
(20 MW)
Bio boilers
1 1 3.5 MW 7MW 0 MW 0 MW 3.5 MW 7 MW
(3.5 MW)
Total heat 46.6 MW 122.5 MW 46.2 MW 72.4 MW 92.8 MW 194.9 MW
Absorption
1 1 4 MW 4 MW 4 MW 4 MW 8 MW 8 MW
chillers (4 MW)
Electric chillers
2 5 1 14 MW 21 MW 35 MW 35 MW 49 MW 56 MW
(7 MW)
Total cooling 18 MW 25 MW 39 MW 39 MW 57 MW 64 MW
Cooling towers 5 10
CIBSEaug11 pp16-22 Olympics.indd 18 21/7/11 16:56:31

London Olympics Energy centres
Park and the adjacent retail park, was only Broadcast Centre and the Handball Arena.
ODA 2008
part of the task. Equally importantly, when After the Games, the Handball Arena is set
the Games are over the energy centres to become a community sports centre, but
will continue to be developed and run by the big and, as yet, unanswered question
Cofely’s specialist business unit, Cofely is: what will happen to the Broadcast
District Energy, for the next 40 years to Centre, particularly in terms of utilising the
provide the Park’s legacy buildings and installed cooling capacity?
surrounding developments with low carbon To ensure cooling can be supplied
heating and cooling. The challenge is that, efficiently, even under light load conditions,
whilst the energy demands of the Park’s the chilled water circuit includes a giant
venues during the Games are known, the cylindrical chilled water buffer vessel. The
future energy demands of the site’s legacy 750 cu m vessel increases the capacity of
buildings are less well defined. the chilled water system by 4.7 MWh, so
that when loads are low the ammonia or
Modular design absorption chillers can run uninterrupted,
The approach has been to design and build charging the vessel. A similar system
the energy centres in a modular format to operates on the hot water circuit, with the
enable plant to be added in the future, once 27.5 MWh capacity buffer vessel intended A view of part of the
Olympic Park with the
the legacy loads are known. The utility had to allow the uninterrupted operation of the athletics stadium in the
two years from the start of construction to CHP engine and the system’s giant boilers. foreground. The Kings
build the two energy centres and the site- A third tank contains treated make-up Yard energy centre can be
seen by the waterway in
wide network of 16km heating and cooling water for the hot and chilled water system. the top left of the picture
pipework. The enormous tanks are situated outside
Both energy centres are housed in the building, adjacent to its eastern façade.
buildings designed by architect John The plant’s current installed capacity is
McAslan & Partners. The centres are large, 46.6 MW heating, 18 MW cooling and up
brown rectangular boxes, wrapped in a to 6.68 MW of electrical power, depending
mesh of pre-rusted, perforated cladding on loads. When all the plant is in place the
panels with a 45m tower at one end energy centre will have the potential to
housing the boiler flues. The rusty façade generate up to 122.5 MW heating, 25 MW
was not installed until the key items of cooling and 10.02 MW of electrical power.
plant had been positioned on the building’s In contrast to Kings Yard, Stratford City
steel frame. To enable future plant to be energy centre has no spare cooling capacity
installed, sections of the building’s cladding and less future capacity for heat-generating
have been designed to be easily removed. plant because the energy centre was built
Inside the giant Kings Yard energy primarily to meet the established cooling
centre, the modular approach to the and heating loads of the new Westfield
scheme is immediately apparent. Adjacent Shopping Centre and its associated office
to the two, huge 20 MW dual-fuel gas/oil
fired boilers is the space for three additional
boilers. All the pipework and flues are in
place so that boilers can be added in the Pipework Installation of the heating and cooling mains
future with the minimum of disturbance,
One thing was for certain: operation with mains passing injected into the void created
while the system remains live. Similarly, the 16km network of district beneath railway tracks and by the muff.
adjacent to the 3.3 MW gas-fired combined heating and cooling pipework over bridges to reach all the The pipes are buried so
heat and power (CHP) engine, pipework that link the two energy Park’s venues. Over time that the top of the pipe is
centres with the Olympic these sections were gradually at least 1m below surface.
connections are already in place in four
venues had to be in place for joined as further sections of By using buried pipework,
empty bays for further units, if required. the Games. This achievement the site became available, until network losses are low,
In summer, when the demand for was only possible in the two the network was completed. with a temperature drop of
heating is less, heat recovered from the years from commencement The mains are constructed around 1C per kilometre.
of construction to operation from pre-insulated carbon- The advantage with the site
CHP units can be used to drive a 4 MW because the entire installation steel pipes comprising 50mm is that there were very few
absorption chiller. Even if the absorption was modelled in 3D (see of polyurethane insulation buried utilities to avoid.
chiller is not running, cooling can still be Design: 3D Modelling). enclosed in a polyethylene However, on the down
provided by two, 7 MW ammonia-based There was insufficient protective outer sleeve. The side, because the site was
time to wait for the venues pipes have a built-in leak still being reconfigured the
chillers. Again, space has been allocated to be constructed, and for detection system. The pipes ground was not always at the
for an additional future chiller. The chillers the site to be landscaped, were installed in 12m lengths, finished level. As a result,
reject heat through five roof-mounted before installing the heating at diameters up to 400mm, some pipes over 2m had to
cooling towers. and cooling mains. Instead and welded together. Once the be installed above the ground
the mains were installed in leak alarm cables were joined, on temporary supports until
During the Games the main demand for sections as areas became a muff was wrapped around the final ground level was
cooling will come from the International available. It was a challenging the pipe joint and insulation established.

There is an agreement to achieve a

Cofely
reduction in carbon emissions of 20% in

2012 as a result of the CHP services, rising
to 30% in 2013. When fully operational,
the scheme has the potential to save up to
12,000 tonnes of CO2 a year, compared
with conventional energy supplies.
Linking up
While the energy centres have been
designed to operate independently, two
giant heating mains link the two buildings.
This enables the heating plant to be run
efficiently under low-load conditions.
Currently the heat loads are supplied from
Kings Yard; however, as more venues are
completed and heat loads ramp up as the
Games approach, more capacity will be
progressively brought online until each
centre is operating at design capacity.
Substations are strategically located
A 3D image showing, development. This energy centre features around the network to enable heating and
in purple, the gantry
containing the biomass
two 3.3 MW CHP engines; a 4 MW cooling to be supplied to the venues. These
boiler flues which connect absorption chiller; five 7 MW ammonia skid-mounted units were prefabricated at
the existing building to chillers; and two 20 MW dual fuel gas/oil the Milton Keynes works and comprise
the new Olympic Park
energy centre. Roof-
boilers. These give it a current output of one or two heat exchangers, depending
mounted cooling towers 46.2 MW of heat and 39 MW of cooling on whether heating and/or cooling is
are shown in red, and the and up to 3.34 MW of electrical power, being provided, with controls and pipes
buffer tanks at the rear
in brown
depending on loads. attached. A secondary circuit transfers heat
The Stratford City energy centre also has from substation to the consumer. A total
the capacity to add another 26.2 MW of of 75 substations have been installed to
heat with an additional boiler and two CHP serve both the permanent and temporary
engines. Some redundancy has been built Olympic venues and legacy schemes.
into the centre’s total capacity to enable the The network operates as a variable-
systems to run uninterrupted even while volume, constant-temperature circuit, with
items of plant are off-line for maintenance. the volume varied by altering the speed of
Between them the two energy centres the circulating pumps. The system is set
have the potential to supply a total of 194.9 up to maintain a differential pressure at the
MW of heating, 64 MW cooling and 30 index point, which is the point in pressure
MW electrical power. terms furthest from the energy centre;
in reality this means there is sufficient
pressure difference between the flow and
Design 3D modelling return mains to push the heating or cooling

water through the heat exchanger at this
The project design team CADduct running alongside so with dimensioned sections and point.
used 3D packages to develop that the designers could access plans. These are produced as In addition to the two McAslan-designed
the scheme and build the the CADduct library of pipe PDF files and published on a
energy centres virtually, before fittings and other services. The Projectwise database so that buildings, the Kings Yard scheme also
construction commenced. larger elements of plant, such the sub-contractors can access incorporates a Grade II listed Edwardian
The design was developed as the boilers, were modelled the current drawing. building, which has been renovated. This is
using a variety of software by the CAD team and imported Along with the energy centre, the Olympic Park’s only retained building;
packages including AutoCAD into the design. the pipework distribution
2010, AutoCAD MEP and 3D To render the model, network was modelled in 3D it is situated adjacent to the energy centre
CADduct. To assemble the Navisworks was used. The by importing ground-level and will house a 3.5 MW biomass boiler
energy centres, the steelwork designers used the rendered data and converting this and woodchip store as well as provide
layout was imported from model to view the design and into a model of the site. The the space for a future visitors’ centre.
the fabricator. However, the check for any clashes visually or model has all 75 substations,
existing Edwardian building, run clash-detection software. to enable teams working on The boiler is due to be operational by the
housing the biomass boiler, The model was also used to individual buildings to model end of 2011, and a wood-chip supplier is
was modelled using 2D work out delivery routes for the connection to the heating currently being sought that complies with
drawings in AutoCAD before the installation of future legacy mains. This model has been the Olympic Delivery Authority’s (ODA)
being imported into a design plant. Once the designers were uploaded to the Olympic
package. The scheme was happy with a scheme, it was Delivery Graphic Information sustainability criteria. There is space for a
drawn in AutoCAD with published as a model along System model of the site. second biomass boiler to be added in the

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copy of the Size It CD which includes new solar options

future. A 16 km network of buried pipes the subsequently high heat losses, mean
The cost of the new energy deliver the district heating and cooling that low-density housing is, traditionally,
throughout the Olympic Park (see box). unviable from a district heating perspective.
centres and district heating
The heating mains operate at However, options are being examined to
mains will be recovered temperatures of 95C flow 55C return, ensure that, when the scheme is connected,
through the long-term while the chilled water mains operate at it will be in the most efficient way possible.
operation rights of the new 6C flow and 12C return. It would be ideal if new developments
infrastructure with a high heat load are attracted to the
Legacy schemes site after the Games. The energy centre
A scheme of this scale does not come scheme is heat led, which means the utility
cheap. The cost of the new energy centres needs to sell heat to make the CHP and
and district heating mains have been biomass boiler systems viable to operate,
financed by Cofely, who will recover and to reduce the carbon intensity of the
their investment through the long-term heat supplied. The ideal businesses to set
operation rights of the new infrastructure. up on the site would be hotels, leisure and
Currently, energy demand is starting healthcare facilities because they have high
to ramp up as preparations for the hot water loads. It helps, too, if the loads
Games gather pace. The Games and are clustered together to minimise the pipe
the Paralympics will provide an eight- network; it is also beneficial if the loads are
week demand peak. After the Games, from a diverse range of businesses to even
demand will drop for a year or so while out demand throughout the day.
the temporary venues are removed, The project has been helped in its
the remaining venues undergo their mission to sell heat by the Olympic Park
conversion into legacy buildings and the being declared ‘an area of exclusivity’. This
athlete’s village is transformed into homes. designation entitles the utility to be the sole
The first legacy scheme likely to be provider of heating and cooling on the site;
constructed after the Games will be a a ‘price control formula’ has been put in
housing development, built on the site of place to regulate the price at which heat can
the temporary basketball arena. Critically, be sold to ensure it costs less to end-users
the mix of development slated for this area than traditional means.
has changed. Originally the plan was to Originally the project business plan
develop a high-density housing scheme included the sale of 20% of the energy
with 12,000 homes located mainly in high- centres’ heating capacity outside the Park’s
rise apartment blocks. boundary. However, following changes
However, the proposals have changed to the legacy plans, this figure is likely to
Within the Olympic
Park energy centre, so that the scheme now has 5,000 fewer increase. The heat supplied to the Genesis
huge circulating pumps occupants and a higher proportion of Housing Group’s scheme is the first scheme
are suspended above
lower-density family housing. The extent outside the Olympic Park boundary to
pipework rather than
being floor mounted of district energy service required, and benefit from the district energy network.
ODA 2008

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Greener
horizons
A
A wide-scale ‘passive’ ction is taken by regulators
and designers to increase the
anthropogenic heat production, which in
turn improves external comfort.
approach to urban energy efficiency of buildings, Centralising heat rejection can reduce
planning and design primarily through improving
their envelopes and applying low-energy
the ambient temperature, which will result
in reduced cooling loads and heat rejection.
across the globe can technologies. But are we missing a trick by Better external spaces encourage people to
help to cut the carbon ignoring the potential of applying passive
design on an urban scale?
be outside and reduce the need for cooling
in the first place – people use less energy
footprint of our towns All urban structures can be relevant to in the park than an air conditioned flat. In
and cities, writes such urban masterplanning. The courtyard,
rooftop or car park can have an impact.
a cooled office, each person eating lunch
outside daily removes over 30 kWh per year
Becci Taylor The importance of urban-scale factors of cooling load.
with an impact on energy consumption To achieve the above we need a design
can be increased by their positive hierarchy that includes low carbon urban
reinforcement of each other. For example, planning (see Figure 1). The following
improving external thermal comfort can factors are key to making this a reality (see
lead to reduced car use, which reduces also Figure 2),
CIBSEaug11 pp24-27 urban.indd 24 21/7/11 16:43:55

Masterplanning LOW CARBON CITIES
shutterstock.com
Optimising shade and daylighting significantly reduce the additional shading
Site layouts can be designed to minimise (and obstruction to light) required at
the effects of the sun and reduce cooling glazing units. Analytical methods can help
loads. In hot climates, narrow street to optimise these effects at an early stage.
canyons provide shade to both streets
and buildings. However, this traditional Improving air movement
vernacular is inappropriate for vehicular Air movement is most critical where
pollutants are produced. Streets can
We ought to think beyond
access and can lead to trapping of
pollutants and poor air circulation. be oriented along the prevailing wind the usual low-energy mantra
Around tropical latitudes, streets directions to provide a constant low-speed of ‘passive building design
oriented along a north-south axis are more aeration path. In a simple orthogonal first, then efficient systems,
shaded than east-west orientated streets. plan this would mean streets that are then building integrated
The translation to lower radiant and air perpendicular to the wind would have renewables’
temperatures will lead to lower energy lower rates of ventilation. Alternatively, a
consumption. Depending on latitude, higher overall average ventilation rate may
height:width ratios of more than two will be achieved in all the streets if they are
reduce solar heat gains to north-south aligned at 45 degrees to the prevailing wind
streets, whereas east-west streets will direction.
require ratios closer to four. To enhance the ventilation in streets
In theory, sites can be laid out according perpendicular to the prevailing wind
to their latitude and climate, in order to directions, wider streets or higher buildings
allow shading of direct solar radiation to be on the downwind side of the street can
achieved while daylight levels are realised. be used to encourage downdraughts.
This provides the potential to reduce energy Alternatively, wind-catching structures can
consumption due to reduced lighting draw wind into these streets. Coastal sites
and heat gains. The use of surrounding can often capitalise on sea breezes.
buildings and other obstructions to Wide streets will tend to increase air
provide shading of low-angle sunlight can movement (and disperse pollutants), but

to the urban heat island. Lower surface
temperatures reduce the radiant field,
significantly improving comfort, as well
as producing less convected heat. External
comfort can be improved by the use of
high-mass materials in the shade to reduce
operative temperatures in hot conditions
– for example, stone colonnades are a
common device to produce cooler external
routes.
High albedo (reflective) materials reduce
the amount of solar radiation absorbed
into both the surfaces and the buildings
within them. These materials include white
paint and plaster, light-coloured stone and
shiny aluminium. Surfaces should also be
Chere/shutterstock.com
diffusive, avoiding any specular or glossy
finishes to prevent direct reflection and
glare.
Vegetation
A view over Dubai , United will require shading for both pedestrians Planted surfaces tend to have significantly
Arab Emirates, which
and buildings. Low ventilation rates in lower surface temperatures than hard
claims to be incorporating
sustainable development narrow streets are idea for cool shaded surfaces. This reduces the radiant field
into the city’s rapid growth pedestrian routes, which may utilise other and can cool air blowing over the surface.
heat sinks to improve conditions further. Vegetation can create a cooling effect not
only within its own environment, but also
Natural ventilation upon its surrounding area. This can lead
Reduced anthropogenic heat gain and to a direct reduction of cooling load and
quieter streets will improve the viability greater use of the outdoors.
of natural ventilation of buildings to The cooling effect of vegetated surfaces
provide comfortable working and living is partly due to evapotranspiration from
environments. Resulting improvements leaves, which occurs mainly at night. The
in air quality can reduce urban heat island upper part of a tree’s leaf canopy loses heat
impacts even further than the direct to the sky by transpiration and the leaves
heat emissions. The provision of more cool the air around them. This can be very
comfortable external environments for useful in cultures where external areas are
pedestrians will reinforce walking, cycling largely used at night.
and use of public transport. Solar radiation is mostly absorbed in
The potential for natural ventilation the leaves of plants, so that the reflected
can be improved by the use of building radiation is low and leaves can intercept
Urban-scale passive design geometry to provide high pressure solar radiation without producing
differentials for cross flow ventilation. undesirable reflection. The use of ground
Building-scale passive design Differential building heights or wind planting adjacent to shaded areas or
catching structures can improve the windows can reduce reflected radiation.
District systems wind environment available to ventilate Green roofs and walls provide a heat sink
buildings. as well as reduced convective and radiative
Building systems heat fluxes compared with concrete. This
Materials effect is pronounced in enclosed zones in
District renewables Material selection has a significant effect hot, dry climates.
on the urban environment, influencing The benefits of vegetation should be
Building-integrated renewables surface energy balances and visual fields. achieved within appropriate water use.
Heavy materials provide a dynamic element
to the urban environment, acting as heat Water
Figure 1: A revised hierarchy of low carbon design stores and leading to elevated night time The use of water in external environments
temperatures. provides cooler surfaces, reducing the
In very hot climates this can have a mean radiant field, and evaporation can
detrimental impact on evening comfort provide cooler air temperatures. At most
(and may be of benefit in cooler climates). angles (less than 80 degrees from the
This thermal-storage effect is a contributor normal), water has very low reflectivity,

Masterplanning LOW CARBON CITIES
and therefore tends to reflect little solar

radiation towards occupied zones. This
Urban design Improved
means that unshaded water absorbs a lot of external
solar radiation; but this does not necessarily comfort
produce a significant increase of water Materials

temperature due to the large thermal Vegetation
Water Reduce
capacity of water and evaporation at its Geometry urban heat
surface. etc island effect
Improved air
quality
Cool spaces Reduce energy
consumption
Courtyards can be designed as well-
shaded, sheltered places where localised
air temperature reduction due to heat
sinks can be contained and improved. The Fewer cars More natural
ventilation
addition of vegetation or water features
into such spaces can provide significant
improvements to the environment. As a
Centralise Reduce
result of this, a building opening onto a heat rejection cooling loads
courtyard is likely to have lower radiative
and convective fluxes.
Transition spaces between air- Figure 2: Positive feedback mechanisms in urban design for reduced energy consumption
conditioned buildings and the outside can
protect entrances while providing pleasant
climatic transitions for people. Large buffer generation should be addressed in context
spaces can replace vestibules to capture of the site, but compared to centralised
air conditioning leakage at entrances options when available.
while using passive techniques to improve
conditions, leading to zero-energy public Conclusions
areas. Retail circulation can occur outside The aim of microclimate design in climates
of conditioned malls in passively improved with very hot seasons is to extend the
areas to reduce the total conditioned area. usability of the external environment
further from the cold season towards the
Centralised systems hot season. In many locations this can
Lower external temperatures can produce outdoor spaces that are usable
improve the efficiency of heat rejection. all year round. It is unlikely that passive
It is suggested that heat rejection may be measures will provide external comfort in
centralised and carefully placed to reduce extreme Middle Eastern summers, and this The installation of
further anthropogenic heat input. Such should not be a design aim for sustainable renewables should be
planning of systems at an urban scale offers developments. considered on a regional
the potential to place heat-rejection devices For the maximum impact on designs,
scale when masterplanning,
in better ventilated environments and and therefore the largest impact on energy
improve their efficiency, further reducing use, it is necessary to consider the urban to achieve the most
energy consumption. Centralisation design principles discussed here at the economic solution
provides improved scope for the use of new earliest stage of a project through design
technologies such as solar-powered district workshops and outline studies. As designs
systems. progress, analysis may be carried out in
order to support the implementation of
Renewables energy-saving site-wide strategies.
The potential for renewable energy We ought to think bigger about our
production associated with buildings is designs, beyond the usual low-energy
limited by the availability of resource: urban mantra of ‘passive building design first,
form should ideally be devised to provide then efficient systems, then building
buildings with elements facing the sun. In integrated renewables’. We need more
sunny climates, the unshaded surface area consideration of context and more
available for solar water heaters should be sustainable masterplans. Encouraging
guaranteed, and space for future solar plant designers to think on an urban scale is
reserved. The installation of renewables crucial: the impact of masterplanning will
should be considered on a regional scale be enormous and very long term.
when masterplanning, to achieve the most l Becci Taylor works for Arup
economic solution. Building-integrated


HEAT PUMPS 1 SORPTION TECHNOLOGY
FIRED UP
Gas-fired heat pumps
All images and illustrations Sorption Energy Ltd/University of Warwick

using adsorption have
been developed only for
commercial use – until
now. A system that is
small enough for domestic
applications has been
developed as a prototype.
Tim Dwyer explains how
the technology works
T
he development and application
of sorption heat pumps have
been part of the heating and
refrigeration scene for many years,
and in recent times several manufacturers
have produced gas-fired heat pumps aimed
principally at the commercial market. But
such technologies have been too large to
use in a domestic setting.
Now a research team led by Professor
Bob Critoph of the University of
Warwick’s School of Engineering has
taken a well-tried concept and developed
it into an affordable air source sorption
heat pump that is small enough to be
used domestically and could replace a
conventional gas-fired boiler. Modelling of
the new concept, which is now at prototype
stage, suggests that the heat pump could
be produced at a realistic cost and reduce
gas consumption by over one third, thus
An artist’s impression of
providing good payback on the investment. zeolite) or liquid sorbents may have been the air source sorption
The system evolved by Critoph uses used. heat pump concept
developed by Warwick
ammonia as the working fluid, as it is The basic principles of the resulting
University
able to work well below zero and, in adsorption heat pump system are shown in
compact equipment, has comparatively Figure 1 – active carbon has an enormous
low flow pressure drops, so improving surface area allowing the attachment
the effectiveness of the overall system. of many molecules of the ammonia
The sorbent itself is solid active carbon, refrigerant.
although other solids (such as silica gel or This basic process is clearly not
www.cibsejournal.com CIBSE Journal 29

August 2011
CIBSEaug11 pp29-33 Pumps 1.indd 29 21/7/11 16:45:52

Figure 1: The adsorption process
Initial state Process 1 Pressure

170° C 170° C
Ambient Temperature Carbon bed is
Low pressure heated, ammonia
is driven off and
High concentration pressure increases
until…
40° C 40° C 40° C 40° C
Flow
0° C 0° C
Heat
Input
Process 2 starts Process 2 continues

Pressure Pressure
The saturation 170° C More ammonia 170° C
pressure is reached is driven out from
and ammonia the carbon and
condenses in condensed in the
the right hand right hand vessel.
vessel at ambient 40° C 40° C 40° C 40° C
temperature. Flow Flow
0° C 0° C
Heat output
Heat
Input
Heat
input
Process 3 Pressure Process 4 Pressure

170° C 170° C
The carbon is cooled, The carbon is cooled
the concentration towards ambient and the
increases and the concentration increases.
pressure drops. Ammonia boils in the right
40° C 40° C hand vessel giving the 40° C 40° C
refrigerating effect.
Flow Flow
0° C 0° C
Heat rejected Cooling load

Heat rejected
End of Process 4 Pressure continuous. The adsorbent (the active

170° C
The system is returned carbon) is heated to drive off the working
to the starting
condition fluid (ammonia) and then subsequently
allowed to cool again to readsorb the
40° C 40° C ammonia. For commercial systems the
0° C adsorber is split into a number of ‘beds’ and
arranged so that while one or more beds
are adsorbing the ammonia, others are
being heated (‘desorbed’ or ‘regenerated’)
to drive off the ammonia so that the vapour
is made available again for the cooling
process. The adsorbent beds then switch
their function (using changeover valves to
redirect the ammonia refrigerant) so that
those now saturated with ammonia can be

Heat pumps 1 Sorption technology
Figure 2: Comparative performance of absorbent bed systems under prescribed temperature conditions
2
1.8
Performance envelopes
1.6
1.4
1.2 2-Bed
COP
1 4-Bed
0.8 Modular
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
SCP (W kg1)
regenerated whilst the previously heated Figure 3: Schematic representation of packaged unit showing the two modes
of operation that allow continuous operation
beds may be cooled so that they adsorb
ammonia vapour again.
Critoph considered a large number of Cool Exhaust Gases
possible cycles, ranging from one known as Water
to
Shelton’s thermal wave that uses two beds load
Final Exhaust
with some simple heat recovery between Heat Exchanger
the two; through variations proposed and

developed by Critoph over the last 25 years Warm Exhaust Absorbent Condenser
(some that he has successfully applied Gases
Bed 1
to solar-powered vaccine refrigerators); Air-to-Pressurised Heated
Water Heat
and including isothermal beds with heat Exchanger
Ammonia
recovery as proposed by Meunier.
Hot Gases
Using modelling developed by the Absorbent
Warwick team’s Steven Metcalf, they Bed 2
Heated
compared the potential two- and four-
bed systems as well as a modular system Gas Burner
Ambient Air to Evaporator
Evaporator
Return water Cooled Air from
The team has developed the Inlet Air from load Evaporator
prototype of an affordable air

source sorption heat pump
that is small enough to be Cool Exhaust Gases
Water
used domestically to
load
Final Exhaust
Heat Exchanger
developed using the thermal wave
principal to identify the best combination
of coefficient of performance (COP) and Warm Exhaust Absorbent Condenser
Gases
specific cooling power (SCP in watts per Bed 1
Air-to-Pressurised Heated
unit mass of adsorbent) for a system used Water Heat
Exchanger
to provide cooling at a prescribed set of Ammonia
temperatures. Hot Gases

Absorbent
As shown in Figure 2, whilst the modular Bed 2
thermal wave can deliver very high cooling Heated
COPs, it has a correspondingly very low
Gas Burner
SCP, which would imply a very large and
Ambient Air to Evaporator
costly machine (per unit of cooling power). Evaporator
At the other extreme a simple two-bed Return water Cooled Air from
Inlet Air from load Evaporator
system (that included heat recovery and
mass recovery between beds) has much
higher SCPs although lower COPs. If COP
was not important, for example when the
www.cibsejournal.com CIBSE Journal 31

August 2011

Figure 1: Predicted comparative operating costs based on 2010 prices
Comparison of heating costs (UK)

Glossary
ABsorption or 4 100C ambient temperature
Adsorption? 3.4 90% condensing boiler
3.5 3.3 3.3 efficiency (HCV)
Both absorption and adsorption are
Running cost (p per kWh)

3 British Gas gas and electricity
used to produce refrigeration and to prices June 2010
2.6
power heat pumps. 2.5 2.3 Standard heat pump.
Liquid absorption systems use
2.1 Dimplex LI 8 MS
an absorbent (such as lithium 2
bromide) to absorb (dissolve)
another fluid (for example, water 1.5
vapour) to produce a low partial
pressure in a connected (cold) 1
evaporator. The water is driven off n Sorption energy
the absorbent solution using heat 0.5
n Standard heat pump
after having been pumped into a
0 n Condensing boiler
higher pressure (hot) generator.
35 50
Then, after cooling and condensing, Delivery temperature (0C)
it is passed back as a low pressure
liquid to the evaporator. (www.
cibsejournal.com/cpd/2009-11)
Adsorption systems use energy supply is from waste heat, the two different operating conditions and heating
materials with large accessible bed system may be the preferred selection. rather than cooling, but the conclusion
surface areas (in simple terms
a massive ‘sponge’) that will In Figure 2, performance towards the top was reached that a four-bed cycle was most
selectively attach, or bond, right of the graph indicates both high COP suitable for a domestic heat pump system.
molecules of working fluid to it and a smaller amount of absorbent – an It still requires complex valves and extra
by chemical attraction. The huge overall higher performance. The four-bed pumps; but for the conditions suitable for
surface area of cool active charcoal
provides an excellent adsorber performance is superior to that of the domestic applications, the COP is about
for organic materials that are thermal wave for COPs less than 1.2 (SCP 25% higher than that of a two-bed design.
subsequently released when the about 450 W/kg) and gives way to the two To make the system compact enough
active carbon is heated. This drives bed system for COPs less than 0.6 (SCP for use as a domestic appliance, the team
the ‘refrigeration’ process.
about 1500 W/kg). Larger numbers of beds designed a novel shell and micro-tube
were not considered, since the mechanical adsorber unit that has a low thermal
complexity of valves and pumps were mass and yet equivalent heat transfer to
thought to be excessive. a more traditional flat configuration. The
Similar comparisons can be made for adsorber is the core of each of the four
Electric power Heat pump technology has sights on retrofit market

Electrically powered heat pumps temperatures. The University of Technical Services is developing a over time as internal refrigerant
can deliver excellent winter Ulster’s research has developed the combined compressor expander leakages and heat transfer between
performance when supplying an economised vapour injection (EVI) device to recover energy from the turbine and compressor negated
under-floor heating system at cycle in conjunction with Emerson/ higher temperatures and pressures expander gains. A new unit has
35C. Existing UK radiator heating Copeland Ltd. Initial laboratory associated with heat pump retrofit been developed with improved
systems (designed for 60C to 80C results were promising and a unit applications. design, limiting heat transfer and
heating water) present a challenge was field trialled in a 105m2 semi- A compact unit was developed eliminating turbine/compressor
where operating at this lower detached house giving a seasonal to recover power from a turbine. refrigerant leakage – providing
temperature can lead to a 50% COP of 3.7. The initial unit designed for R134a superior compression and
drop in heating capacity. However, a number of has a mass flow 0.0018 kg/s for expansion efficiency.
Two main approaches appear to challenges arose over part-load a compressor electrical demand Heat pump technology is
have reached commercial reality as operation in summer, using a of 3 kW at 3000 revs/min. It is evolving, making it increasingly
an air-source heat pump capable single heat pump to meet the designed for a maximum operating possible to deliver higher
of direct retrofit, namely the whole heat demand (marginally compressor delivery pressure of temperatures at good coefficients
cascade cycle and the economised oversized for winter conditions) 15.4 bar absolute, leading to a heat of performance and reduced capital
vapour injection cycle. Most major suffering failures due to very short output of 15 kW and is based on the cost. If linked with demand-side
suppliers now have cascade or split cycling in hot-water-only mode; ability to link a hinging vane with management, benefits accrue for
units that typically utilise R410a in variable speed drives have been a piston. This technology enables both home owners and electricity
their lower stage (outdoor unit) investigated to help overcome this. recovery of energy from low-grade utilities that may encourage wide-
and R134a in their higher stage Numerous companies, heat and efficient expansion and scale deployment and delivery of
(indoor unit). Performance of particularly in Asia, have developed compression of air or refrigerants. economies of scale in manufacture.
these units produces coefficients EVI heat pumps for higher Compression and expansion ratios
of performance (COPs) at more temperature delivery air source can be varied on demand over a By Professor Neil J Hewitt,
than 4.2 at European test standard heat pumps. Other research by wide range of speeds. Initial results director, Centre for Sustainable
(EN14511) and about 3 at higher Ulster in cooperation with EA were promising but deteriorated Technologies,University of Ulster

Heat pumps 1 Sorption technology
generators (the sections that generate the to be more dramatic (see Figure 4).
ammonia vapour) that form a sub-assembly The control mechanisms within the unit
consisting of the generators, ammonia are relatively complex, but Critoph’s team
check valves that connect to the evaporator has a fully working prototype that is being
and condenser, and the mass recovery tested to EU standards. This prototype has:
solenoid valves. l A system using gas fuel;
The schematic for a two-bed package l Four beds for higher efficiency; and
shows the operation that allows the active l Nominal heating power of 7 kW
carbon beds to adsorb and desorb in (continuous) for space heating and hot
It is hoped the prototype will
sequence (see Figure 3). Although still water.
in prototype, the whole system has been The modelling predicts a seasonal
lead to a production design
visually modelled to fit in a compact, space-heating COP of 1.4, using radiators that will reduce down the
externally mounted casing with gas, – which suggests a 36% drop in fuel use component complexity
electricity and water connections being compared with a 90% efficient condensing
made from inside the residence. It is boiler. The team hopes that the prototype
designed for a typical UK house that had will lead to a production design that will
been retrofitted with good insulation to the reduce the component complexity.
point that the heat pump needed to deliver
7 kW of heat. This work described above was undertaken as
The predicted operation of the systems part of the CALEBRE (Consumer Appealing
would have roughly the same carbon Low Energy Technology for Building Retrofit)
emissions as traditional electrically driven programme funded by the UK’s Engineering,
vapour compression heat pumps at low Physics and Science research Council
(30C) output temperatures, but at higher and EO.N Work; it was carried out by the
temperatures (50C) it is expected that University of Warwick and is the subject of
this new system would save around 14% further development by Sorption Energy Ltd.
carbon. Since the system is heat driven A presentation of the findings was made at a
(with gas) the energy cost savings are likely CIBSE seminar on heat pumps in May.
Versatile extract fan units particularly

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and air pressures
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Feraru Nicolae/Shutterstock.com
URBAN
CHALLENGE
W
Heat pumps are seen as ith the UK having set itself
a target of an 80% cut in
that achieving the 2050 target for GHGs will
require a 90% reduction in CO2 emissions
crucial to cutting carbon greenhouse gas (GHG) compared with the 1990 baseline of around
emissions from the emissions by 2050, compared
with 1990 levels, it is widely accepted that
600m tonnes (MT). This means that CO2
emissions will need to be reduced to around
built environment. But, ‘decarbonising’ both the built environment 60MT by 2050.
writes Roger Courtney, and energy supplies is vital to achieving
this reduction. The built environment is, of
UK CO2 emissions in 2008 were some
490MT; Table 1 shows the approximate
this approach may not course, a significant contributor to carbon distribution across different forms of fossil
be practicable when it dioxide emissions.
But while CO2 is the main component
fuel use. The scale of reduction required
between now and 2050 is clearly very
comes to heating urban of GHG emissions, other gases (notably challenging.
environments methane from agricultural processes)
contribute to the total. In its Fourth Carbon
The CCC has projected a rapid decline in
the carbon intensity of electricity generation
Budget report (December 2010), the through the construction of nuclear and
Committee on Climate Change (CCC), an carbon-capture-and-storage plants, and
independent advisory body established from the growth of renewable sources. The
under the Climate Change Act 2008, noted potential for reductions in transport and
that emissions from international shipping industry will depend on developments in
and aviation were not included in the 1990 battery technology and biofuels (including
baseline. The CCC expressed the view that the availability of the latter) but achievement
these should be included when considering of the 60MT target is likely to require
the 2050 target. reductions of around 80% from 2008 levels
Taking this into account, and assessing that in emissions from transport and industry.
a reduction in emissions of gases other than A possible distribution of 2050 emissions
CO2 will be more difficult to reduce than across the various sectors is shown in Table 2.
the CO2 contribution, the CCC concluded While these figures represent only one

HEAT PUMPS 2 CLIMATE CHANGE
The feasibility of using

heat pumps in city
centres needs to be
established
view of the 2050 distribution, it is clear that Table 1: Sources of CO2 emissions across different forms in the future supply of heat to buildings;
of fossil fuel use in 2008
achievement of the 2050 target requires its Renewable Energy Review (May 2011)
the built environment to be effectively Sources Million tonnes* estimates that heat pumps could meet
decarbonised by that date. Electricity generation 150 55% to 75% of domestic heat demand and
Put simply, this means that natural gas, oil Transport 125 70% to 90% of non-domestic demand.
and coal will need to be replaced as a source Housing 80 Its projections of future electricity supply
of low-temperature heat in the national Industrial processes 65 capacity take this expansion of heat pump
building stock by 2050. This would exclude capacity into account.
Non-domestic buildings 20
not only the direct combustion of gas in The CCC has also noted that widespread
Other (eg, refineries) 50
heating appliances, but also indirect use use of direct electric heating would require a
Total 490
of gas in gas-fired communal heating and very large and probably unrealistic increase
Source: Committee on Climate Change Fourth Carbon
combined heat and power (CHP) schemes. Budget report www.theccc.org.uk
in electrical supply capacity.
However, heat pumps require a suitable
Energy supply to buildings in 2050 heat source, generally either the ground
Demand for heat in the built environment or the air. Thus there has to be a suitable
will of course be reduced through a national Table 2: Possible distribution of CO2 emissions in 2050
relationship between the heat demand that
programme to install energy efficiency needs to be supplied and the availability of
Sources Million tonnes*
measures in older buildings and through heat from that source. In particular, if the
Electricity generation 10
the growing proportion of more efficient or density of buildings is high, it may not be
Transport 25
‘zero carbon’ buildings in the national stock feasible to draw enough heat from the ground
(and by climate change itself ). But there Housing 0 or the air in the vicinity of the buildings to
will continue to be some demand, both for Industrial processes 15 satisfy their heating needs.
hot water and for space heating in many Non-domestic buildings 0 The proposition that heat pumps have
older buildings. Indeed, even ‘zero carbon’ Other 10 a major role to play is reasonable for rural
buildings are expected (under current Total 60*
communities and low-density developments,
proposals) to require some heating energy. *This is the level that CO2 emissions will need to fall to
such as the leafier suburbs of our cities.
The CCC sees a large role for heat pumps in 2050, according to the CCC report (see above) But the feasibility of this approach in the

Heat pumps 2 Climate change
buildings) would facilitate the installation of

Andrei Nekrassov/Shutterstock.com
equipment to clean flue gases and maintain

urban air quality.
Alternatively, these schemes could be
supplied by large heat pumps which draw
heat from under a local park or other open
space. A third option is that they could be
supplied with heat from grid power stations;
past studies have shown that this could be a
viable option even if the station were 50 to
100 km away.
Conclusions
While most attention is currently focused on
measures that will reduce the demand for heat
in the building stock, these will not remove
the need for housing and other buildings to
be supplied with heat. Decarbonisation of
the built environment will therefore require
Heat pumps can have a
significant role in leafy central areas of towns and cities, which have a combination of demand-side and supply-
suburbs high-density housing such as 19th century side measures. Heat pumps supplied by
terraces, and extensive areas of non-domestic decarbonised electricity will undoubtedly
buildings, needs to be established. have a significant role to play nationally,
but this may be limited in highly developed
Urban heat supply urban areas.
If heat pumps serving individual buildings Land use, which is a key responsibility of
are not feasible in urban areas, other options local councils, could become an important
will need to be considered. These include: factor in future energy supply. Communal
l Direct electric heating; heating plant based on biomass would
l Combustion of biogas; need to be located conveniently to the area
l Communal heating schemes; and served, with due allowance for storage of
l Currently unproven approaches such as fuel. Perhaps new open areas will need to be
distribution and combustion of hydrogen. created, both for energy supply needs and to
Each of these presents challenges. As noted improve the local urban climate. If heat is
above, direct electric heating would require a to be imported from distant power stations,
large increase in supply capacity. Scenarios suitable supply corridors will need to be
such as the construction of a new mega-grid protected.
that would supply Europe with electric power Energy supply may therefore become a
generated from photovoltaic (PV) arrays in matter for strategic planning at the city and
North Africa might provide such capacity, but town level, rather than the national level
these remain speculative. – almost a return to a previous era when
Similarly, the sustainable level of energy municipalities invested in gas works and
production from biomass remains unproven. electricity generating plant.
The Renewable Energy Review notes that Similarly, there are potential implications
Achievement of the there are limits to sustainable biomass and for the new power stations required over
2050 target requires the that it may be preferable to use biogas (and the next two decades. It will be important
built environment to be biomass generally) to reduce emissions from to establish whether these, like their
effectively decarbonised by industry rather than from buildings. The predecessors, will be confined to supplying
CCC intends to publish an assessment of electricity, or should also supply heat.
that date
biomass later this year. A programme of studies is therefore
The economic viability of communal needed to establish the relative technical
heating schemes depends on the ‘heat and economic merits of the different options
density’ of the areas served, which will for heat supply to urban areas, against the
be lower in the future because of energy background of the overall emissions targets
efficiency measures in buildings and the rise to which the UK is committed.
in average winter temperatures as a result of
climate change. Such schemes could draw l roger courtney is professorial research fellow,
Manchester University, and visiting professor, School
heat from local biomass-fired boilers or CHP
of Construction and Project Management, University
plants, where the larger scale of operation College London
(as compared with boilers for individual


DESIGN MASTERCLASS 8 Heat loss
Enveloping
issue
T
he design of building envelopes the principles of heat transfer and storage,
presently falls into an unhappy so that they can validate or challenge the
Masterclass void between the responsibilities of veracity of the results generated from
Professor the architect and of the engineer. I software.
Doug King believe that, as guardians of building carbon When I started my career in building
performance, building services engineers services, the building envelope was entirely
should be responsible for the performance the architect’s responsibility and calculating
This month’s article questions of the building envelope. However, to heat losses was a simple business.
whether simple, steady-state the architect the envelope is the means Everybody assumed that construction
heat loss calculations will of sculpting the form of the building and was homogeneous and the Building
continue to be of use in a generating its outward appearance. We must Regulations had prescriptive standards
therefore be prepared to collaborate more for insulation. All the engineer had to do
world of high-performance
closely and develop a clear understanding was choose the design temperatures and
buildings of envelope thermal performance issues in undertake steady state heat loss calculations
order to be able to communicate these with using the U-values prescribed. This is far
our architectural colleagues. from the case in the present day.
As we approach the limit of efficiency Insulation standards have increased
gains in equipment and systems, we dramatically and it is simply not the case
need to achieve a step change in our that you can go on adding insulation to a
understanding of building envelopes. The wall or roof and things will keep getting
building physics that underlie thermal better. Adding insulation to traditional
performance is well developed and we constructions changes the temperature
have sophisticated software to help gradient and thus introduces the risk
us. Nevertheless, it is still essential for of interstitial condensation. So, as we
engineers to have a good understanding of increase the insulation and air tightness
of our buildings, we must also attend to
the transit of moisture vapour through the
Doug King
construction, or provide means to exclude it.

From 1985 the Building Regulations
required us to account for repetitive
thermal bridging (construction elements
that spanned the insulation thickness, such
as framing in the walls of timber housing).
This meant the steady-state calculation
had to be expanded to include the linear
conduction of thermal bridges represented
by the psi-value.
As insulation requirements increased
in subsequent revisions to the Building
Regulations, it became necessary to
insulate overstuds and rafters to reduce
the conduction at thermal bridges, but
this made calculations almost impossible
without finite element analysis software to
The traditional U-value calculation models a simple, linear flow of energy from the internal air to the external air by calculate the three-dimensional heat flows.
conduction alone (accounting for the resistance of a stagnant air boundary layer). In fact, to represent the true picture, we
ought to account for absorption and emission of energy by radiation, differential conduction into the internal face at high The notional building used in Part L 2010
and low levels due to stratification, and for three dimensional flows within the construction includes psi-values for all the common
CIBSEaug11 pp38-40 masterclass.indd 38 21/7/11 17:18:11

thermal bridging conditions but still falls
short in some cases.
As we continue to increase insulation
levels, thermal bridges assume increasing
significance as a proportion of the overall
heat loss. They can also create problems
due to condensation at local cold spots.
Yet, despite all this, thermal bridges do not
appear to feature highly in the consideration
of those designing external walls.
A study by the Joseph Rowntree
Foundation on sustainable housing at
Elm Tree Mews (Journal, December 2010,
pages 7 and 23), found that the design
calculations seriously underestimated
the extent of thermal bridging, resulting
in heat loss of 50% higher than expected.
This appears to have been partly due to the
assumptions included in the calculations
not having been checked against the actual
construction details.
It is essential that those taking
responsibility for building performance
calculations are fully involved in the design
of the building envelope. There is a danger
Doug King
that any disconnection between those

who detail the construction and those who
understand the thermal performance could
lead to serious consequences, possibly even than heat loss from the walls which This display of corks in a restaurant window indicates
the problems that can be created by simply adding
failure of a structure due to condensation are surrounded by other buildings also
more insulation to an envelope construction without
damage. radiating heat. Conversely the absorption of considering the vapour permeability. The corks act as an
We may have accounted for non- solar energy during the day may in fact be insulant, changing the temperature gradient, but they do
not inhibit the passage of water vapour. Condensation
homogeneous construction, but there are greater than the notional heat loss.
occurs outside the insulation where the temperature
still more factors that we must consider There is no simple way of analysing drops below the dewpoint
in order to completely understand the the radiant contribution to building heat
steady-state heat loss. The calculations loss but nevertheless it should still be
traditionally use a single temperature considered when making choices about
point to represent internal and external the materials used in building envelopes.
conditions, typically the air temperature. In particular this might start to inform
Yet in modern low-energy buildings it is not choices about the use of materials with
uncommon to find a mixture of radiant and high emissivity or those which are highly
air heating sources. transparent to radiation such as glass
We often choose radiant heating systems curtain walls.
for their ability to transfer energy to For the complete picture we should also
surrounding surfaces, without significant consider the dynamic thermal response of a
effect on the air temperature. Radiant building, not just the steady-state condition.
heating therefore could create greater heat A proportion of the heat flowing through
loss, due to the increased absorption at the the envelope, in either direction, will heat
internal surface, than would be indicated up the construction materials. It is only
by simple conduction of heat from the when the temperature of the material has
air. The CIBSE heat loss calculations now been raised that onward transmission takes
include a heat source factor to account place. This introduces both attenuation and
for the differential heat loss by fabric and a time delay, fundamentally changing the
ventilation conduction due to the balance of envelope’s response to diurnal variations
radiant and air heating. in temperatures and solar radiation. The
Similarly we should also account for attenuation is known as ‘decrement’ and
heat loss or gain by radiation from the the time lag as the ‘decrement delay’.
external surface of the building. In an urban Decrement is used when calculating
situation the heat loss from the roof to a cold summertime cooling loads but, as
night sky may be much more significant we continue to drive for improved

DESIGN MASTERCLASS 8 Heat loss
the previous night. Consider now that

the construction is symmetrical inside to
outside as it is outside to inside. The same
decrement factor and delay must therefore
also apply to heat flowing outwards in
the winter. So, we must now consider
the insulation of conventional masonry
construction as being dynamic over the
diurnal cycle. The same applies, to a greater
or lesser extent, to any form of envelope
construction, and this must surely be an
essential part of our understanding of
building envelopes. The building envelope is
the primary means of creating a comfortable
and stable internal environment yet, outside
Diurnal variations in external temperature are performance, we will also need to account academia, it is one of the least rigorously
attenuated by building envelopes to the extent that
they contain thermal mass to partially absorb the
for it in the heating condition. Consider a analysed aspects of the building services
energy flow. This results in a dynamic insulation traditional brick wall with insulated cavity. design. As we move forward we will need a
property known as decrement The decrement factor from exterior to concerted effort to refine our understanding
interior is 0.26, with a decrement delay of building envelope performance and to
of about 10 hours. The decrement factor ensure that building services engineers are
is applied to the steady state U-value heat in a position to lead on this fundamental
transfer. Thus the heat absorbed at the aspect of carbon performance.
exterior during the day is only transmitted © Doug King
to the interior at a fraction of the intensity
during the night. Conversely, during the l Doug King is principal of consulting engineers
King Shaw Associates and visiting professor of building
daytime, the interior experiences passive physics at Bath University.
cooling as a result of the heat loss from
Future features in CIBSE Journal
PASSIONATE ABOUT THE

BUILT ENVIRONMENT? September 2011
October 2011
Air conditioning, air movement & ventilation
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Airflow pressure drop in HVAC ductwork

Fans consume a great deal of energy, and so their efficiency is crucial to preventing waste.
The airflow through ducted systems is key to maintaining maximum efficiency. This CPD
takes a detailed look at flow and pressure requirements for such systems
It is somewhat odd that despite the Potential Energy + Pressure Energy + Kinetic incompressible fluids) it means that if one
universal adoption of fans in industrial, Energy = Constant (or Total Energy) of the values changes, then one or both of
commercial (and increasingly domestic) The potential energy relates to the elevation the others must compensate to keep the
systems, the underlying concepts that of the fluid (for example, its height above a sum of the three constant.
determine the size, selection and efficiency datum such as ground floor level – think of So, for example if a round duct very
are still uncertain to many. It is thought the energy required to carry a barrel of water gradually expands (as in Figure 1) the
that fans consume more than 20% of up several flights of stairs); pressure energy velocity goes down as the area of the duct
the electricity in buildings, and so are is due to the force of the fluid all around increases. The potential energy stays the
excellent candidates for optimisation when it (air at the bottom of a cold lift shaft will same (as the centreline of the duct is still at
seeking opportunities to reduce the carbon have a pressure energy related to the force the same elevation) and hence the pressure
footprint and the operating cost in the built imposed by the weight of the column of air energy must increase to compensate, for the
environment. above it); and kinetic energy relates to the loss in velocity energy.
This CPD will consider the flow and movement of the fluid (to the square of the Air is, of course, compressible but, at the
pressure requirements to allow air flow fluid velocity). pressures experienced in HVAC ductwork,
through ducted systems. A future CPD As the sum of the three is constant it is assumed that the air will not compress
will apply this to consider the pressure in a closed system such as a duct or and, if the temperature does not vary, the
profile through the whole system and the pipe (ignoring friction and assuming density of the air (kg/cu m) will remain
appropriate selection of fans.
Figure 1: Air moving
The ‘total’ story through gradually
expanding duct
When examining the air flow through
a duct, it is convenient to consider the Lower velocity
pressures in the flowing air in terms of
duct static, velocity and total pressure. The
development of these concepts comes
from a standard relationship, the Bernoulli Low velocity
Equation, which applies the conservation energy
High velocity
of energy to incompressible flowing fluids.
energy
The equation (for a ‘frictionless’ system) is:
CIBSEaug11 pp41-44 CPD.indd 41 7/21/11 5:20:23 PM

constant as it flows throughout the duct. the flow, known as a ‘Pitot tube’ (as shown
This reasonable assumption also allows the in drawing (b) in Fig 2), then the height
use of water (in this article) to more readily of the water in this manometer would be In another CPD article to
illustrate the pressures involved in fluid greater as this will now additionally reflect be published in the future
flow. Drawing (a) in Figure 2 shows a round the velocity energy of the flowing water the knowledge discussed
pipe carrying water with a section of clear (that is always positive) as well as the static here will be further applied
tube attached at right angles (‘normally’) to head. The manometer column height, z, to consider pressure profiles
the side of the pipe. will give the sum of the static head + velocity
Looking at drawing (a) with the water head. Used in conjunction with an adjacent
and fan requirements
flowing smoothly through the straight pipe, static head reading (as in drawing (a) in
the height, z, of the column of fluid gives Fig 2) the velocity head may be determined
what is known as the ‘static head’ of the by subtracting the static head from the with the duct) – in most ‘real’ applications
water at that point – the vertical pipe is a combined total head (static head + velocity the velocity of the air will alter across a duct
simple ‘manometer’. This reflects the static head); and this assumes that the potential due to the friction at the side of the duct,
energy in the water, since the movement head is the same for both measurements, to obstructions and changes in direction.
of the water is in line with the direction of and so cancels itself out. Pressure (pv) + duct static pressure (ps) =
the pipe and so the velocity of the water will And these can readily be converted into duct total pressure (pt), where the term
not impose a pressure at the entry to this static and velocity pressures, as before, ‘duct static pressure’ will be taken to
manometer tube. using pressure = ρ g z. The manometer mean ‘duct static pressure relative to the
If, as an example, the height of the water cannot reflect the ‘potential pressure’ – in a surrounding air’.
in the manometer, z, was 0.20m, then this level piece of pipework, potential pressure If the average velocity, c, of the air (m/s)
would be the value of the static head and the will not alter but as the pipe rises the is known, the value of velocity pressure (pv)
static pressure (relative to the air around the potential pressure will also rise and there can be calculated from 0.5 ρ c2 (frequently
pipe) at that point can be determined from will be an equivalent drop in the static this is shortened to 0.6 c2 by applying a
pressure = ρ g z (Pa), where ρ is the density pressure. ‘standard’ density of air of 1.2 kg/m3).
of the water, (nominally 1000kg/m3) and g For the flow of air in ductwork in low-rise In a theoretical world, if the duct was
is the acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2. buildings the changes in potential pressure frictionless, then at two points in a duct
So, in this particular case the (relative) are almost always neglected, as these are (for example, points A and B in Figure 3)
static pressure = ρ g z = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.20 relatively small (due to the low density of Bernoulli’s Equation would mean that the
= 1962Pa. the air). So practically, when considering the total pressure at A would equal the total
This static pressure happens to be pressure of ducted air systems, the potential pressure at B, ie, ptA = ptB. But, of course in
positive relative to the air outside the pipe pressure is assumed to be constant; duct real ducts there is friction and so ptA = (ptB
(the atmospheric pressure), and so any leaks velocity pressure (pv) + duct static pressure + frictional losses).
in the pipe would push water out into the (ps) =Lower velocity
duct total pressure (pt).
air. If, however, this were a length of pipe If the average velocity, c, of the air (m/s) Resistance to change
being used to draw water from a reservoir is known, the value of velocity pressure As the air enters the ductwork system – in
below into a pump (in suction) the relative (pv) can be calculated from 0.5 ρ c2 (and Figure 3 through a simple louvred entry –
static pressure would be negative; and if Low this
frequently velocity
is shortened to 0.6 c2 by the air will be accelerated from the still air
this simple manometer tube were still energy
applying a ‘standard’ density of air of 1.2 kg/ outside the louvre to a velocity determined
High velocity
attached to the pipe, it would suck air into m3). This value is based on air flow, with by the volume flowrate, q (m3/s) of the air,
energy v
the system. If a tube is added to the inside the speed c being measured normally to and the area, A (m2) of the duct. In this case
of the original pipe facing the direction of the direction of the air’s travel (ie in line as c = q /A = 0.6/0.1 = 6m/s. Before the air
v
enters the duct it has a velocity pressure,
p , of virtually zero and once in the duct p
v v
= 0.6x62 = 21.60Pa. This gain in velocity
Figure 2: Measuring the
pressure will need to be matched by a drop
(a) static head and (b)
total head of water flowing in static pressure.
through a pipe Velocity As the air flows through the louvre it
(a) head (b) will have to overcome some resistance
and hence suffer an additional pressure
Static head Total head loss. This can be calculated using the zeta
factor, ζ, for the fitting (obtainable from
section 4.11 of CIBSE Guide C 2007 or from
manufacturers’ data).
The resulting drop in static pressure is
given by ∆ps = ζ x pv, and the value of pv
is normally taken as that downstream of
a fitting (but this may vary and should be
clearly indicated in the tables in Guide C
and elsewhere). The ζ for this particular

CPD PROGRAMME
5 metres 5 metres 5 metres

(to be considered in a future article) so
between C and F will be the straight 0.50 m
Outdoor air A B C DE F diameter duct of 10 metres length. Again
Smooth bend looking at duct sizing diagrams (in Guide C
0.5m 0.5m
or elsewhere) this gives a pressure drop of
O 40º 0.21Pa/m duct. So the pressure drop for this
straight section is 10 x 0.21 = 2.10Pa.
Louvre
G Final bend and away
Expansion Fan
The following bend is treated in just the
same way as with any other duct fitting.
3 metres
Determine the value of ζ from tables and, if
0.5m there is a change in duct area, determine the
change in velocity pressure.
To determine the correct data in Guide
C needs the Reynolds number, Re, for
H the air flow in the fitting. This is fairly
straightforward as Re = ρ c d / η where d
Diffuser is the diameter of the duct (m) and η is
the dynamic viscosity of the air (kg/ms).
At around 20C the dynamic viscosity of
Figure 3: An example of a simplified
ducted air system√ Air to room air is approximately 18x10-6 kg/ms. So in
R this case, with the air velocity remaining at
3m/s, Re = 1.2 x 3 x 0.5/(18 x 10-6) = 1 x 105.
Using this value the ζ value can be read
louvre (taken from the table in Guide C) In this particular circular steel ductwork from the Guide C tables for a smooth 90°
is 3.0, so the static pressure loss as the air system the value is 1.3Pa/m (and this may bend as ζ = 0.290 and hence the pressure
flows through the louvre due to friction, ∆ps be checked by using figure 4.3 in Guide C). loss calculated as 0.290 x 5.4Pa = 1.57Pa,
= 3.0 x 21.60 = 64.80Pa. The length of that duct is 5m, and so the and since there is no change in average
Although expressed as a drop in static pressure drop is 5 x 1.3 = 6.50Pa. velocity the velocity pressure remains at
pressure, this loss will be a direct reduction 5.40Pa. The pressure drop for the following
in total pressure and, increasingly, many Static regain straight section (G to H) is simply 3 x 0.21 =
people relate the pressure drop in ducted air The next section is an expansion – in 0.63Pa (as per previous straight section).
systems directly in terms of total pressure. a real application the duct may change Finally the air is supplied into the room.
This is useful for clarity when selecting fans, shape to pass around an obstacle, to join If this were just a plain opening at the end
but the use of the static pressure can provide a device (such as a fan) or, indeed, the of the duct the static pressure at this point
a clearer interpretation of the pressure expansion may be there to alter the pressure immediately before the air leaves the duct
inside the duct that is available to drive characteristics in the duct. would be practically zero (ie, the same as
air out through supply terminals (such as Again, looking at Guide C (Table 4.55) the room or atmospheric pressure) and the
diffusers and VAV boxes). the ζ factor for this expansion can be duct total pressure would simply be due
And so combining the louvre pressure determined as ζ = 0.20 (where AreaC/AreaB to the duct velocity pressure. This would
loss with that required to match the gain = 0.20/0.10 = 3 and the angle of the ‘cone’ effectively mean that there would be one
in velocity pressure, the static pressure at is 40°). In this case (for the expansion) velocity pressure loss as the air left the duct
a point just after point A would be -21.60- the pressure loss is calculated using the and passed into the room.
64.80 = -85.40Pa entering air velocity pressure, ie 21.60Pa. So However, there would more normally
the pressure loss is 0.20 x 21.60 = 4.32Pa. be a diffuser or grille at the end of the duct
Straight but still resistant However, an interesting change takes (and frequently some flexible duct and/
As the air flows through a straight duct place at the same time. As the air passes or a reducer) that will additionally incur a
(between points B and C) the friction of the through the expansion, the velocity will drop pressure drop related to its ζ factor (or a
air against the side walls of the duct (as well to 0.6/0.2 = 3.00m/s giving p = 0.6x3.002 pressure drop taken from manufacturers’
v
as between the air molecules themselves) =5.40Pa. Hence the velocity pressure has data). It is important not to forget the final
will cause the air to lose energy (to heat and dropped by 21.60-5.40 = 16.20Pa. The loss velocity pressure, as it can be significant
a little in producing sound). in velocity pressure will be balanced by a (although in this case it would only be
The drop in energy manifests itself as gain in static pressure. So remembering that 5.4Pa).
a pressure drop. Between B and C the air the pressure drop due to friction/turbulence In a CPD article in the near future,
will be travelling at constant velocity, so its will be 4.32Pa, the overall change in static this knowledge will be further applied to
velocity pressure will remain constant. The pressure will be -4.32 + 16.20 = +11.88Pa, consider the system pressure profiles and
drop in pressure will be quite small (in a low ie, an increase in static pressure – this is fan requirements.
velocity ductwork system) – typically around known as ‘static regain’.
1 Pa per metre run of straight ductwork. For the time being the fan will be ignored © Tim Dwyer

CPD Programme
Module 31
August 2011
1. Overall, how much electrical energy is it thought that fans Name (please print)..................................................................................
consume in buildings?
Job title........................................................................................................
A 10%
B 15% Organisation..............................................................................................
C 20%
D 25% Address.......................................................................................................
E 30% .....................................................................................................................
2. In a horizontal pipe if the water static pressure is 500Pa and the .....................................................................................................................
total pressure (ignoring potential pressure) is 5,000Pa, what is the
approximate velocity of the water? Postcode.....................................................................................................
A 1m/s
Email ..........................................................................................................
B 2m/s
C 3m/s Are you a member of:
D 4m/s
CIBSE
E 5m/s
If so, please state your membership number
3. If a duct has air passing through it with an average velocity of
(if available)................................................................................................
4m/s, and it then transforms through a very smooth (frictionless)
expansion so that the velocity is 3m/s, what is the value of static
regain? Other institution
A 3.2Pa
(please state)..............................................................................................
B 4.2Pa
C 5.2Pa To help us develop future CPD modules, please indicate your
D 6.2Pa primary job activity:
E 7.2Pa Building services engineer
Mechanical engineer
4. If a bend in a duct has a ζ of 0.5 and the velocity is 2m/s, what is
Electrical engineer
the most likely air pressure drop through the bend
Commissioning engineer
A 1.2Pa Energy manager
B 1.8Pa Facilities manager
C 2.4Pa Other (please give details).................................................................
D 3.6Pa
E 4.8Pa By entering your details above, you agree that CIBSE may contact you from time to time with
information about CPD and other training or professional development programmes, and
about membership of CIBSE if you are not currently a member.
5. What would be the approximate Reynolds number for air at 20C
with a velocity of 2m/s flowing down a 400mm diameter duct?
Please go to www.cibsejournal.com/cpd to complete this
A 23,000 questionnaire online. You will receive notification by email of
B 33,000 successful completion, which can then be used to validate your
CPD records in accordance with your institution’s guidance.
C 43,000
D 53,000 Alternatively, you can fill in this page and post it to: .
E Palmer, CIBSE, 222 Balham High Road, London, SW12 9BS
E 63,000

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» Client Energy Management Award
» Client of the Year
» Building Services Consultancy of the Year
» Contractor of the Year
» Collaborative Working Award
» Energy-using Product Award
» Passive (energy related) Product of the Year
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products & services
Telephone: 020 7880 6206 Email: [email protected]
Ecomesh Adiabatic air inlet cooling

Improving the performance of Air Cooled Chillers,
Dry Coolers and Condensers and Refrigeration
Plants, EcoMESH is a unique mesh and water
spray system that improves performance,
reduces energy consumption, eliminates high
ambient problems, is virtually maintenance-
free and can payback in one cooling season.
Why should you install EcoMESH? Reduced
Hygromatik Vortexstream reducing running cost; reduced maintenance; easy
absorption distance retrofit; improved reliability; increased capacity;
To tackle restrictive long absorption distances in self-cleaning filter; shading benefit; no water
the air handling unit, HygroMatik has introduced treatment; and a longer compressor life.
VortexSteam. Insufficient absorption can result l For more information call 01733 244224 or BACnet natural ventilation control from
in contamination risks while long ducts can take visit www.ecomesh.eu TITAN Products now available
up too much space. VortexSteam addresses this The CCM-204-NV provides energy-efficient
issue by significantly shortening the absorption control in buildings by monitoring the natural
distance while maintaining optimum hygiene ventilation on demand and improving the
and performance. This is achieved by placing environmental conditions through the control of
the VortexSteam module in front of a steam temperature and CO2 levels. The CCM-204-NV
manifold, which spins the air, mixing air and can control two separate zones and, when used
steam to shorten the absorption distance by up in conjunction with TITAN Products’ temperature
to 5%. sensors, CO2 sensors, rain detectors and window
l For more information call 02380 443127 or controllers, the CCM-204-NV can create an
visit www.hygromatik.co.uk extremely flexible multi-zone natural ventilation
system. This advanced application-specific
controller with automatic seasonal adjustment
KNX provides lighting control will increase ventilation as CO2 and temperature
solution for the City levels increase.
When financial services firm UBS took l For more information call 0161 406 6480 or
space in Broadgate West in the City of visit www.titanproducts.com
London, the company found that the
‘Lightrak’ KNX lighting control system
from KNX UK member Electrak was
already installed as part of the building’s
Cat A fit-out. Lightrak KNX is designed to provide seamless interoperability with any KNX building
control modules. These can be added to the system on a simple ‘plug and play’ basis. Any trained
integrator can then integrate them by plugging in a laptop anywhere on the system.
l For more information call 0845 869 5908 or visit www.knxuk.org
Watts Industries keeps cottages’ water CP provides control for new education
hot with Microflex Panasonic helps speed up heat pump centre of excellence
Seven recently completed luxury holiday cottages specification CP Electronics has installed controls at the newly
in the grounds of a 12th century Cistercian priory Panasonic has launched its new Aquarea Designer refurbished Worcester Royal Infirmary building,
in North Yorkshire have a 21st century pre- software for contractors taking advantage of which now forms part of the University of
insulated flexible plumbing solution from Watts today’s strong interest in heat pump installation. Worcester. The brief was to provide accurate and
Industries to ensure that hot water for guests is The package will allow HVAC designers, installers easy adjustment of light levels, something vital
immediately available and piping hot at all times. and distributors to identify the correct heat pump for today’s places of learning.
Lightweight Microflex PE-Xa multi-core pipes in for a particular application from Panasonic’s Various products from CP were used to control
HD-PE outer jackets were chosen for their energy Aquarea range, to calculate the savings compared illumination levels in corridors, lecture areas,
efficiency and easy-to-lay flexibility, and installed to other heat sources and very quickly calculate corridors and WCs. These include the passive
at Syningthwaite Priory, near Wetherby, in an CO2 emissions. Marc Diaz of Panasonic said: ‘We infrared detector EBDSPIR-PRM, which can be
underground ring circuit connecting the cottages have designed this new software to be simple and set for absence or presence detection, switching
to a central plant room. of real benefit to busy engineers.’ the load on or off after a preset time.
l For more information call 01386 446997 or l For more information visit l For more information call 0333 9000671 or
visit www.microflexuk.co.uk www.panasonicProClub.com email [email protected]
CIBSEaug11 pp46-50 products.indd 46 21/7/11 16:50:52

products & services
Polypipe launches
Silvavent low energy
fan range
Polypipe Ventilation,
manufacturer of market leading
energy-saving domestic and
light commercial ventilation
systems, has launched the first
new addition to the Silavent
range following its acquisition
of the brand last year: a new
range of low Watt centrifugal Aquatech Pressmain launches range
bathroom extract fans. of cold water booster sets
The new competitively priced The design of the Aquamatic ‘AMV’ 2020
Silavent low Watt fans use an plus series utilises the latest technology and
incredible 70% less power than manufacturing methods. Appreciating the current
conventional fans, dramatically climate, Aquatech Pressmain has decided to pass
reducing operating costs and helping to reduce The new range incorporates units suitable this saving on to their clients. The company’s
overall building energy consumption, an issue for most domestic applications, including managing director, Mark Taylor, said: ‘I am
which remains high on the political agenda. In decentralised Mechanical Extract Ventilation delighted with this new product; it brings together
fact, changes to Part L of the Building Regulations (dMEV) versions. These include the Curzon the wealth and experience of our engineers for the
require the Specific Fan Power (SFP) to be no 100mm and Mayfair plug-in specification fan, benefit of our world wide users.’ With energy-
higher than 0.5 Watts per litre per second (W/l/s); which also features a twin speed dMEV option. efficient variable speed pumps,constant pressure
Polypipe’s range of low Watt fans outperform this l For more information call 08443 715523 or is maintained and the 2020Plus microprocessor
minimum standard. email [email protected] gives protection from hydraulic shock.
l For more information email Jim Rusbridge at
[email protected] or call
New free CableCalc level P – twin and earth 01206 215121
calculations
To celebrate 20 years of CableCalc, Castline Systems has released
a new, free version of its popular CableCalc program, which will
calculate single phase radial and ring circuits wired in twin and earth
cable. It even includes free technical support by email. CableCalc
level P is a fully working, unlimited use version and provides far more
than just simple volt drop calculations. CableCalc level P can be
downloaded from www.castlinesystems.com free of charge.
l For more information call 01293 871751 or visit
www.castlinesystems.com
New source of renewable information Global partners attend Hydropath

for architecture conference
The country’s architects have access to a new A three-day conference held in Nottingham saw TA Hydronics provides unique solution
information source on renewable technology distributor partners from 23 countries come to Uniqa Tower
with the installation of a permanent exhibition together to celebrate Hydropath Holdings TA Hydronics has lent its technological expertise
stand at the Building Centre in London’s Store success worldwide. Hydropath’s non-chemical and specialist range of balancing valves for use
Street from Mitsubishi Electric, which focuses limescale prevention technology has been used in in the construction of a new HVAC system at
on sustainability in the built environment. The product applications as diverse as Chilean copper Uniqa Tower in Vienna, Austria. It was important
company, which has long pioneered energy mines and cement factories in Iran. Hydropath to ensure the installation of a heating and cooling
efficiency, is using the space to highlight the started in 1992, after Dr. Danny Stefanini devised system that would be able to maintain the
potential that heat pumps offer in reducing the his theory on crystallisation and developed comfort levels required. The building is 75 metres
energy load required to heat, cool and ventilate the first prototype model in treating limescale. tall, so TA Hydronics needed to deliver a solution
both commercial and residential properties, and British Gas became one of the first customers; tailored to the project itself, considering its sheer
is also focusing on the energy producing potential since then,Hydropath has developed 12 different scale and the need to effectively heat and cool all
of photovoltaic panels. ranges. areas of the building.
l For more information visit l For more information about Hydropath visit l For more information visit
www.buildingcentre.co.uk www.hydropath.com www.tahydronics.co.uk

products & services
Kinetic Engineers northern expansion

Kinetic Engineers continue to grow in their north
east and Yorkshire design offices, providing
building services and environmental consultancy
to a wide range of clients, and on high-profile
projects including the extension to Gateshead
College’s Skills Academy for Construction, which
will house a renewable technology training centre.
Kinetic’s services now include traditional building
services consultancy, BIM, thermal modelling,
BREEAM assessments and BREEAM AP,
King’s Cross first for solar test renewables and low and zero carbon feasibility
technology studies, SBEM and EPC calculations, condition
Handheld PV electrical test instrumentation surveys, and cost consultancy.
has been used for the first time as part of the l For more information call 0191 491 3709 or
installation of one of the UK’s largest solar panel visit www.kineticengineers.co.uk SE Controls TV
systems. Cumbria-based Sundog Energy, one of SE Controls, one of the UK’s leading providers in
the UK’s leading providers of solar photovoltaic natural ventilation and smoke control solutions,
(PV) systems, became the first installer to use the has launched ‘SE Controls TV’. The service is
new Seaward Solar Installation PV100 tester as an on-demand video facility, offered via the SE
part of its contract with Network Rail to provide a Controls website, which gives the viewer various
huge solar PV system on the roof of King’s Cross choices of channels covering products, services
Station in London. and vital advice on specifying window automation
l Fore more information call 0191 586 3511 or systems. Covering such topics as product
visit www.seawardsolar.com demonstrations and case studies, viewers can
understand the benefits of adaptive natural
ventilation and how these systems can be added
Landmark sustainable office development effectively to new and existing buildings.
showcases Velfac low energy glazing l For more information call 01543 443060 or
A new HQ for conservation charity, the Woodland Trust, employs visit www.secontrols.com
VELFAC glazing to actively contribute to energy efficiency across
the building, resulting in a development that has achieved a
BREEAM Excellent rating. Designed by architects Feilden Clegg
Bradley Studios, the building’s external facades feature three-
storey high VELFAC glazing, interspersed with timber cladding,
evoking the spacing and verticality of woodland. The glazing
delivers maximum daylight to the open plan interior office space,
with solar gain minimised by the use of solar controlled glass.
l For more information call Kevan Woolf on 01223 897165
Glow-worm’s Clearly Heat Pumps –

Vaillant celebrates installation of its clearly a better solution
HeatCalc’s heat-loss calculations one millionth ecoTEC boiler Glow-worm are introducing a range of advanced
Castline Systems HeatCalc produces heat loss Following the installation of its millionth ecoTEC air to water heat pump systems, designed for
calculations for the design of heating systems, high-efficiency condensing boiler in the UK, quick and straightforward installation, that offer
using the methods described in CIBSE Guide A3: Vaillant has awarded both the householder high performance central heating and domestic
Thermal Properties of Building Structures. HeatCalc and the installer of the boiler £1,000 of holiday hot water for a wide range of domestic properties.
performs calculations based on continuous vouchers each. Barry Stevens, who had the Utilising next-generation system technology, the
heating, with U values supplied for outside walls, Vaillant fitted in his property, and installer Adrian new 7, 12 and 14kW systems join the popular
windows, floors and ceilings. With support for up Rigden, were presented with their prize vouchers Clearly Heat Pumps 5kW model to create the
to eight-sided rooms, it will design and evaluate by Vaillant’s Ian Johnson at Barry’s home in brand new Clearly Heat Pumps range. Glow-
energy loss for an entire property or building, Ramsgate. The boiler – an ecoTEC plus 831 high worm’s Clearly Heat Pumps range offers not just
with information output into useful graphs and efficiency combination boiler – was also awarded a single unit, but a fully integrated heating system
reports. ‘Best Buy’ by the leading Which? consumer – straightforward to install, and easy to use.
l For more information call 01293 871751 or publication in 2010. l For more information call 01773 596096 or
visit www.castlinesystems.com l For more information visit www.vaillant.co.uk visit www.glow-worm.co.uk

products & services
Fire protection drainage Prysmian supplies Westfield’s Vue

from ACO Building Cinema at Stratford
Drainage designed to In all, 14,000 metres
protect occupants of Prysmian’s FP200
With so many new build Gold® is being
and refurbishment projects installed within
catering for multi-occupancy dwellings, the Vue Cinema at
the integrity of compartmentation Stratford’s Westfield
required to prevent fire propagation Shopping centre to
can be compromised by drainage power the fire alarm
penetrations in separating floors, allowing the and multi-zoned voice
passage of flame and smoke from exposed to alarm systems. Electrical contractor Solid State
unexposed areas. ACO Building Drainage, the has been working on the project since April this
leading specialist in the development of drainage year, as Mark Suffolk, contracts manager explains:
systems and building products, has designed its ‘FP200 Gold® from Prysmian was specified for
Selecta floor gulley range to offer fire-resistant this project due to the product’s all-round quality
properties that provide added protection for and the fact it can be stripped with ease, enabling
building occupants against fire. feed fire. The fire protection cartridge has been the installation process to be quick and efficient.’
Designed and manufactured to BS EN 1253, tested in accordance with BS EN 1366, ensuring l For more information call 023 8029 5029 or
the cast iron Selecta floor gulley is suitable performance in even in the most severe fire email [email protected]
for solid and suspended concrete floors, and situations.
incorporates an intumescent fire cartridge that l For more information visit
both reduces smoke transfer to other building www.acobuildingdrainage.co.uk or call New BIM and CPD Services from
floor levels and prevents oxygen paths that 01462 816666 Zehnder
Zehnder, a
leading European
Thermal energy storage manufacturer of
Phase Change Materials (PCM) store and release thermal energy indoor climate
during the process of melting and freezing, and the latest range of solutions, is
PCM solutions between -100ºC and +885 ºC offer new application enhancing its range of
opportunities. For example, using free cooling circuits overnight, support services for
+15ºC containers can be charged without any mechanical Consulting Engineers.
refrigeration. This stored free energy later serves the chilled ceiling With a growing demand for BIM in building
circuit to absorb sensible building loads during daytime. Using design, Zehnder is leading the way in the provision
free nighttime cool energy is not only environmentally-friendly, but of parametric BIM objects for its product range.
also offers lower initial installation cost, with significantly reduced system running cost. Designed as fully parametric Revit families, the
l For more information call 01733 245511 or visit www.pcmproducts.net Zehnder BIM objects are available to download
free. In addition, a CIBSE-approved CPD seminar
is now available on the use of Radiant Heating and
Static Systems completes fire alarm Cooling Panels in building projects.
contract l For more information visit
Static Systems Group has completed the www.zehnder.co.uk/bim
installation of a key fire alarm system contract
as part of the redevelopment of Bracknell and
Wokingham College. Static Systems’ Series Belmarsh sets new standards
900 fire alarm systems have proved their Belmarsh is a
effectiveness and suitability in healthcare, prison Category A men’s
and commercial sectors, and now the Bracknell prison in London
and Wokingham College contract adds to a that first opened
growing number of installations in educational in 1991. Since then
New controller for intelligent fan establishments. The Series 900 system has been it has suffered
range – i3Fan installed at the impressive new £36m college from increasing
Fläkt Woods has redesigned the controller unit for building, occupying eight floors, with a capacity overcrowding
its intelligent control system, offering customers for 1,500 students. problems. The
automated ventilation on demand, with an easy- l For more information call 01902 895551 or decision was
to-use interface. It features improved connection visit www.staticsystems.co.uk therefore made to
and expansion options. The i3Fan intelligent provide a new Category B facility at Belmarsh
controller optimises fan energy usage by under a £415m PFI contract. Consulting
adjusting power consumption to match system Engineers Hulley & Kirkwood worked with
demands. The user interface has embedded selected key partners, including Grundfos
software that is easier to use and understand. Pumps, in order to deliver the highest BREEAM
The hardware has been redesigned, enabling standards possible. The outcome is that the main
the users to combine it with other remote speed houseblock has achieved a worldwide first rating
controllers and frequency invertors within Fläkt of ‘outstanding’ for such a building, with the other
Woods’ e3 range. nine achieving a rating of ‘excellent’.
l For more information call 01206 222555 or l For more information call 01525 850000 or
email [email protected] email [email protected]

products & services
Classroom ventilation units

Aircraft Air Handling’s 260mm-high
classroom ventilation units are silenced
to nr25. The plate recuperator is 60%
efficient, with an air volume 0-500 litres.
Heating: LPHW/ELECTRIC. Cooling:
CW/DX. Larger air volumes and
bespoke units are available.
l For more information visit
www.aircraftairhandling.com
DRU-Style heaters keeping Mojo warm MHS Boilers at Urban Splash

in Twickenham development
Verve Properties is a property development Residents at the new Lakeshore development
company specialising in restoring and converting at Imperial Park, Bristol, will benefit from
former brownfield sites and derelict buildings sustainable heating and hot water, thanks to
throughout London. One recent development 270 Nexus Bitherm wall-mounted units from
is Crane Mews, a collection of former industrial MHS Boilers. As part of a major renovation and
buildings totalling 17,000 square feet next joint partnership between Urban Splash and the
to the River Crane in the affluent suburb of Homes and Communities Agency, the Grade
Twickenham. Verve has selected DRU Style II listed building consists of studio, one- and
balanced flue gas wall heaters to heat the two-bedroom apartments. The original building
buildings. They provide an attractive and efficient dates back to 1974 and was formerly the Imperial
alternative to radiators and only consume gas Tobacco headquarters. The futuristic design was
when required. They can also be turned off when clad in Cor-ten steel, designed to give the building
the property is not in use. an 800-year life span.
l For more information call 0161 793 8700 or l For more information visit
visit www.drufire.co.uk www.mhsboilers.com
DIRECTORY
Your guide to building services suppliers
Air Conditioning Air Handling CAD Services LST Radiators
CadEURO LST Radiators

Draughting Services
Range of models to suit
all budgets and applications
Manufacturer of high quality bespoke • Building Services Work
Easy installation – ready assembled
AHU’s and fan coils. Undertaken
• 2D Draughting BSRIA tested outputs and surface temperatures
Specialists in refurbishment and site
• 3D Autocad MEP SteriTouch® antimicrobial surfaces as standard
assembly projects.
• Record Drawings Energy efficient copper aluminium emitters
Expedient delivery service available. • Excellent Rates & Turnaround Attractive yet functional design
Service
Aircraft Air Handling Ltd
• MEP BIM Services
Unit 20, Moorfield Ind Est, Call 01787 274135 www.autron.co.uk
Cotes Heath, Stafford, ST21 6QY Contact Stephen:-
T: 020 7043 7491
Tel: 01782 791545 Fax: 01782 791283
F: 020 7043 7493
Email: [email protected] E: [email protected]
Web: www.aircraftairhandling.com W: www.cadeuro.co.uk
Energy Efficiency Pump Packages Refurbishment
Ground Source Heat Pump Leaders in fluid pumping equipment and controls Energy Efficient Refurbishment solutions
Installations • Water Pressure Booster Sets for increasing the performance and
reliability of existing Air Handling Units of
• Sealed System Pressurisation Units any manufacture.
Meeting Renewables Targets • Tank Level & Temperature Controls • Replacement, Refurb or Retrofit
• Site Survey, Design, Manufacture
• Energy Efficient
• Basic to High Spec Installations
• Bespoke Design Service • In-depth Technical Support from
Tel: 02392 450889 To discuss your project please survey to final commissioning
contact Jim Rusbridge For more information, call Steve Peck on
Fax: 02392 471319 Head Office: 01206 215121 01206 505909 or e-mail [email protected]
www.groenholland.co.uk Certificate Number MCS 1201 email: [email protected] www.imofa.co.uk

Heat Pumps www.aquatechpressmain.co.uk AHU Designers & Manufacturers

● Telephone: 020 7880 6243 Email: [email protected] APPOINTMENTS
AutoCAD/REVIT MEP 3D Technician

32000 Dirhams PCM, Dubai
Required for an international, multidisciplinary, engineering and
environmental consultancy. Applicants should be fully competent Engineering
in the use 2D AutoCAD and Revit MEP 3D and should be able
to demonstrate the ability to set up 2D and Revit 3D projects
without assistance. You will be responsible for supervision,
Head of Engineering Services
technical development, and co-ordination of multidisciplinary £45,336 to £57,021 pa | Ref: 021511TD
design focused project teams and will be expected to ensure The University of Southampton is one of the
that all Building Services CAD engineering drawings are clear,
UK’s leading research universities and among
effective, and produced as per project schedules.
BAR666/PA
the top 100 universities in the world. As a
university community we aspire to change the
Senior Electrical Engineer world for the better through our research,
£45-50k +benefits, Surrey education, innovation and enterprise.
Our award winning client offers a fantastic career progression
opportunity for a tenacious and motivated engineer. The ideal
The University has set ambitious targets for
candidate will have been responsible for leading design teams the development of its estate, including the
on a range of projects, managing a revenue stream of over commitment to reduce carbon emissions by
£25,000 per month, completing tender packages, preparation 20% by 2020. As Head of Engineering Services
of budget cost reports, along with attending design and client you will have a key role in achieving that target,
meetings. The ideal candidate will also have completed a together with a responsibility to maintain
relevant engineering degree and be a chartered engineer.
and improve the engineering infrastructure
BAR634/JA
across the estate. You will lead the engineering
Mission Critical Design Engineers services team to develop programmes of
£Competitive +benefits, Surrey & London work to achieve carbon reduction, long term
We are recruiting at a variety of levels for a leading consultancy maintenance and development projects in a
operating within the data centre sector of the building services professional and cost effective manner. You
industry. This global practice deliver technical projects in will take a pro-active role in implementing the
financial services, education, and communications, including
University’s Carbon Management Plan, gaining
data centres, command and control centres, trading floors,
and disaster recovery sites. Candidates should have led the
‘buy-in’ from senior colleagues to ensure
design of M&E services for tier 3+ data centres, or similarly effective delivery.
high technology, high resilience environments, including You will be a chartered engineer with
infrastructure, LV, MV, and HV power distribution experience. substantial experience of mechanical,
BAR658/JA
electrical and public health services in
Design Manager (Electrical) complex buildings. Communication and
£400 per day or £70k +benefits, London teamwork with a multitude of colleagues and
Our client provides turnkey mechanical and electrical project stakeholders will be central to your role, as
solutions in the design and construction of tunnels. They have will managing budgets, workload planning and
a requirement for a Design Manager to oversee and manage securing resources.
the production of M&E services from concept to handover on
a station relating to one of Europe’s largest railway projects. The closing date for this post is
Essentially, you will be responsible for checking the design 14 August 2011. Please apply through
process against the master program, and implementing www.jobs.soton.ac.uk or please
rectification, this will involve interfacing with the Architects,
telephone 023 8059 2750 for an
Structural, and EDF HV Engineers. Applicants must have
application form.
previous experience working to Network ork Rail & LUL
L standards.
standards
BAR665/PA Please quote vacancy reference number
021511TD on all correspondence.
For further information and to apply, please call
us on 0845 519 4455 or email [email protected]
At the University of Southampton we
Discover your future at www.b-a-r.com promote equality and value diversity.
www.jobs.soton.ac.uk
p51-53_CIBSEMagAug11.indd 51 20/7/11 09:55:05

APPOINTMENTS ● Telephone: 020 7880 6243 Email: [email protected]
As part of our commitment to integrated design, we are expanding the engineering team within Foster + Partners.
The team works on some of the most exciting and challenging projects in the world, developing them from first
concepts to completion.
We are seeking candidates who are passionate about engineering design, technically strong and keen to participate
in this expanding group, working in a dynamic and highly collaborative environment.
Associate Mechanical Engineers Electrical Engineers Environmental Water &
(LAME0711/1) (LEE0711/1) Public Health Engineers
We are seeking candidates with the following We are seeking candidates with the following (LEW/PH07/11/1)
core skills and experience: core skills and experience: We are seeking candidates with the following
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of an engineer in particular relevant and them for discussion "CJMJUZUPGPSNVMBUFBOEQSFTFOUEFTJHOT
current legislation 4USPOHDPNNVOJDBUJPOTLJMMT CPUIWFSCBM for discussion
1SPWFOTLJMMTJOBMMBTQFDUTPGOFHPUJBUJPO and visual 4USPOHWFSCBMBOEWJTVBMDPNNVOJDBUJPO
and communication 4PVOELOPXMFEHFPGJOEVTUSZTUBOEBSE skills
1SPWFOFYQFSJFODFJOUIF¾OBODJBMBTQFDUT design software packages 4PVOELOPXMFEHFPGJOEVTUSZTUBOEBSE
of running a design project on time and 6OEFSTUBOEJOHPGIPXUIFEJTDJQMJOF software packages
on budget. interfaces with the whole design team 6OEFSTUBOEJOHPGIPXUIFEJTDJQMJOF
(PPEJOUFSQFSTPOBMTLJMMTBOEBCJMJUZ interfaces with the whole design team
More information about to work well in a team (PPEJOUFSQFSTPOBMTLJMMTBOEBCJMJUZ
Foster + Partners and the %FTJSBCMFFYQFSJFODFPGJOUFSOBUJPOBM to work well in a team
job descriptions can be found at: projects, low energy and renewable %FTJSBCMFFYQFSJFODFPGJOUFSOBUJPOBM
www.fosterandpartners.com technologies, vertical transportation QSPKFDUT )FWB$PNQBOE.JDSPESBJOBHF
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To apply please send a covering letter
and CV stating the reference number to: [email protected]
Foster + Partners
Foster + Partners, Riverside, 22 Hester Road, London, SW11 4AN is an equal opportunities employer
BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERS

MEP QUANTITY SURVEYORS
MECHANICAL CONSPEL is a leading MEP Contractor operating in the Middle East region for the
last 40 years, delivering world class construction projects.
ENGINEER CONSPEL seeks to employ for its operations in Riyadh and Doha Engineering
Professionals for the following positions.
LEEDS Mechanical Building Services Engineers (two positions)
Electrical Building Services Engineers (two positions)
The Role
• Organise and supervise the installation works in large scale projects
Use your experience within mechanical contracting or • Prepare material schedules and submittals
design to provide support across a diverse Care Services • Supervise the preparation of installation drawings
Estate – as well as supervisory, technical and management • Attend meetings with project consultants and clients
expertise on ambitious refurbishment and new build projects. The Person
Commercially aware, with an HNC/HND or equivalent in • An Engineering degree qualified with Institution membership
Mechanical Engineering, this will involve ensuring the smooth • Significant experience from a contracting background
running of all mechanical systems and equipment – from • Excellent written and oral communication skills
ventilation to gas installations. A strong project manager with • Confidence in making technical judgements
superb communication and computer skills, you will also
develop specifications for mechanical capital works. As well MEP Quantity Surveyors (one position)
as manage project surveys, scoping and programming, The Role
and relationships with regulatory bodies and contractors. • Contract Administration
Playing a key role in the preparation of mechanical • Project cost control
specifications, drawings and tender documents for large • Preparation of interim valuations
scale refurbishment projects, a facilities management
• Pricing of variation orders
background would also be an advantage. So, if you’re
ready to develop your skills, as well as one of the UK’s • Preparations of final accounts
largest healthcare providers, apply via www.bupa.com The Person
alternatively contact Kath Clarke, Tel: 0113 3816370, • A University degree qualified with Institution membership
Email: [email protected] • Significant experience from an MEP contracting background in large scale projects
Closing date: 31 August 2011. • Excellent written and oral communication skills
• Proven team player and good interpersonal skills
• Good understanding of FIDIC
These positions offer attractive career and development opportunities. A generous
remuneration package will be offered to the successful candidates, free accommodation,
medical insurance coverage, company car and air tickets to the country of origin.
To apply please send a covering letter and CV to:
Human Resources & Administration Dept. Email: [email protected]

● Telephone: 020 7880 6243 Email: [email protected] APPOINTMENTS
Visit www.bsvconsultants.co.uk
to find outfor
Recruitment about our
Building Services Professionals
Building Services recruitment.
Specialists in Building Services Recruitment
M&E
Senior Quantity Surveyor
Contracts Manager (HVAC)
Ref: 11719 £45k + benefits Design Manager ICS | Heathrow | £NEG! | ref: 8768
Ref:12159 South, Midlands, North England,
West Midlands Our client is looking for a design manager to run a team of specialist ICS
Our Commercial Sector M&E services installation client requires an HVACbenefi
£55,000 plus excellent ts
Contracts (Integrated Control Systems) engineers. Working at Heathrow on a new
Our
Managerclient, an established
to manage award
projects valued winning
from £100k Security
to £2m. Systems
You will ensure provider,
that each contract project you will be responsible for flight data systems, baggage handling,
is run secured
has efficiently and profitably with nationwide
a prestigious day-to-day management of mechanical,
framework agreement HVACwith
projects.
a CCTV and access control. Previous airport experience is essential.
The ideal candidate will have solid experience in a technical and management engineering
major Utilities company. They are to provide consultancy
background. You must have strong experience of management, delivery cycle of HVAC advice Intermediate Electrical Design Engineers | London | £NEG! | ref: 1293
and implementation
contracts, of regional
strong fit-out experience, site refurbishments
specification varying
reading, take-offs, redesign,from
H&S We are looking for degree qualified engineers who are looking for the
£100k
procedures, to design
£Ms in value.technical submittals and approval, procurement and value
checking, chance to progress and gain invaluable experience at an award winning
engineering, obtaining and controlling drawings, installation works including controlling practice. High profile projects and excellent career progression await
Due
labour.to this and other tendering successes they have a requirement
for Quantity Surveyors with Electrical & Mechanical building services successful candidates.
knowledge to join their regional Infrastructure works team. With Electrical Engineer | Hampshire | to £45K+ | ref: 2050
Mechanical
several projectsContracts
around theManager and Project
UK, each quantity Engineers
surveyor will work with We are looking for an experienced engineer to join our blue chip client. You
a team
Ref: 11676of project
/ 11675 managers and£40
Circa. Building Services
– 55,000 + Goodconsultants and be
Benefits Package will have a proven track record in design and have the ability to mentor
responsible
Essex, coveringfor London
sites in and
theirHome
region. Regions include the South East,
Counties junior engineers. Great career opportunity!
An M&E contractor
Midlands deals East/West.
and North with projects ranging from £500k-£11 million are currently Lighting Design Engineer | London | to £32LTD | ref: 1519
looking for a Mechanical Contracts Manager and Project Managers. Our client, a busy M&E Consultancy, is looking for a Senior Lighting
Duties will Manager
The Contract include willthebeproject costing, ofcosting
take responsibility numerousvariations,
projects andcost control,
monitor aspects Design Engineer who is able to lead projects and work unsupervised. Ideal
risk management,
on site, contract
taking effective control andadministration, monthly
motivation of a team. reviews,are
Project engineers notices
requiredasto candidates will have good Commercial Office refurbishment experience.
attend construction
required, monthlymeetings, coordinating
applications, trades and
invoicing, programming,
managing Identifying critical
subcontractors and
milestones,
their highlighting
accounts, and solve potential
final accounts and claim design and installation
preparation, problems,
project reviewing
cost control, Mechanical Associate Director | London | to £60K+ | ref: 4424
drawings and checking designs ,handling the procurement of materials, Supervising sub We are looking for an experienced Mechanical Associate to join an
commercial reporting
contractors, Reviewing and
Health andsub-contractor account
Safety/ Risk Assessment management.
issues. established M&E Consultancy. You will have excellent client facing
You must have gained
Candidates shouldprevious
have large scale project
previous experience
experience in (accountable
M&E projects for projects
with aof attributes and be well versed in office refurbishment and fit out projects.
£2-11million
sound with recognised
knowledge employers and and
of instrumentation a proven commercial
controls works.acumen.
ThereThese are
will be Excellent opportunity!
wonderful opportunities for a Manager/Engineers looking to work for a well established
travel required between sites and working knowledge
company who will provide you with excellent prospects. of NEC 3 forms Principal Electrical Design Engineer | Surrey | to £50K+ | ref: 5387
of contract and their associated documents is vital. An established Consultancy, our client is looking for a Principal Electrical
An excellent (negotiable) package can be offered depending on Engineer who is able to lead a team and projects. Suitable candidates will
If you feel
career levelthat
andyou are a successful
experience, andexcellent
this is an driven Engineer
long termand can
career be well qualified and have a broad project background, including health
demonstrate the ability to succeed in the role above, then please
opportunity. care and education.
contact Richard Sutton or Darren Warmington on 01483 768600 or
email your
Please CV in confidence
contact to [email protected].
Darren Warmington for further For more information or a confidential discussion please contact Mark Butt er
information on this role on tel. 01483 768600
t: 02392 603030
Beemail:
or the first to check out the new BSV website!
[email protected]
e: [email protected] www.blueprintrecruit.com
www.bsvconsultants.co.uk
www.bsvconsultants.co.uk E3 & E5 Heritage Business Park, Heritage Way, Gosport, Hampshire PO12 4BG
Cornwall Council is one of the largest

unitary authorities in the country and
To advertise your jobs with CIBSE Journal contact: was recently shortlisted by LGC for the
020 7880 6243 | [email protected] Most Improved Council.
Property Services is responsible for managing
a diverse range of over 6,000 assets with a
value in excess of £2bn. The Service has recently
restructured in order to deliver its strategic
priorities and has an exciting opportunity to join
an ambitious and successful team.
Electrical Services
Strategy Officer
£34,629 - £41,616
We are looking for a Chartered Electrical Engineer to join a new multi-
disciplinary Strategic Planning and Standards (SPS) team. In supporting
the SPS Manager, you will provide expert advice and guidance on electrical
standards, compliance, specification, and design and maintenance services
for the property portfolio of Cornwall Council.
Working with team members in Construction, Mechanical Engineering and
Fabric Maintenance, you will play a key role in developing comprehensive
corporate solutions that provide accommodation needs throughout the
New jobs site with whole building lifecycle. This new role will specialise in developing and
implementing electrical services design and maintenance strategies that
will be delivered through capital and maintenance programmes of work
latest vacancies undertaken through framework consultants.
To meet this challenge we expect you to be a Chartered Engineer, with
now live significant experience in electrical building services engineering. You will
have a high level of IT literacy, excellent communication, team-working
and presentation skills. You should be fully conversant with standards and
practices, as well as having in-depth knowledge of low energy design and
carbon reduction techniques
Please apply online at
https://ig29.i-grasp.com/fe/tpl_cornwall02.asp?newms=jj&id=68356
If you need an application pack in a different format, please call 01872
Visit jobs.cibsejournal.com 323 800 or email [email protected] Please quote the reference.
to find your next career move 0300 1234 100

www.cornwall.gov.uk
Cornwall Council aspires to be a safeguarding authority

LOOKING AHEAD
Events & Training
Liz McAulay
NATIONAL SOCIETY OF LIGHT Powering up for
EVENTS AND AND LIGHTING Energy Event
CONFERENCES
LEDs – a CRI for help 13-14 September
CIBSE Technical 11 October 2011
Symposium Details to be confirmed The Energy Event is the industry’s
06-07 September, www.sll.org.uk leading business exhibition and
Leicester conference focusing solely on
Two-day event energy procurement, management
showcasing research
and technical
CIBSE GROUPS and efficiency. It is aimed at all
developments. The
AND REGIONS professionals who want to get a
symposium will include grip on their company’s energy use,
Chlorine Dioxide as a
papers that are relevant comply with legislation and procure
Method of Disinfection
for the full range of energy more intelligently.
within Water Systems
technical areas of interest The event features 50 seminars
and Suitable Generation
to CIBSE members alongside an exhibition of 150
Systems
www.cibse.org/events
6 September, leading suppliers and industry
Energy Event London representatives. High profile speakers
13-14 September, Details TBC include Charles Hendry, Minister of
NEC Birmingham steve.vaughan@aecom. State for the Department of Energy
Leading business com
and Climate Change; Lord Digby
exhibition and
conference, focusing Pinholing in Copper Jones, former Minister of State,
on energy procurement, Domestic Water Systems managing director of RWE npower;
management and 15 September, and businesswoman Karren Brady.
efficiency. Free to attend Bristol The event will also feature case
www.theenergyevent.com A Society of Public Health studies from M&S, BT, Travis Perkins,
Engineers event Environment Agency, the Carbon
HBF Planning Conference www.cibse.org/events
22 September, Milton Trust, and the Olympic Delivery
Keynes Society of Façade Authority.
What will the draft Engineering technical CIBSE will be on stand 2956 – so
National Planning Policy meeting don’t forget to come and say hello.
mean for your existing 21 September, To register for your free place and
plans and land holdings? London
Your current land options for more information, visit
Film on glass, and film Karren Brady
and planning strategies? www.theenergyevent.com/CIBSE
in glass
Early booking discount
www.cibse.org/sfe
applies until 15 July
www.house-builder.co.uk Under-floor Heating Society of Facade Part L Building MECHANICAL
21 September, Manchester Engineering – factory visit Regulations SERVICES
Energy Solutions 2011 15 November 2011, London
Society of Public Health 29 September 2011,
11-12 October, London Design of Ductwork
Engineers event Details TBC’ London
Energy Solutions, an Systems
www.cibse.org/events [email protected]
energy management Part L Building 20 September 2011,
and procurement event, London
Symposium on lift and Regulations
will bring together energy
escalator technologies 04 October 2011,
management and Mechanical Services
procurement professionals
29 September 2011,
Northampton CPD Manchester
Explained
TRAINING
from across the UK 21–23 September 2011,
www.cibseliftsgroup.org/ Low zero carbon energy
www. energysolutions Belfast
events technologies
expo.co.uk
Visit www.cibsetraining. 04 October 2011,
High-rise draining Mechanical Service
Professional Lighting co.uk, call 020 8772 3660 London
design Explained
Design Convention 2011 or email
04 October 2011, Introduction to Building 28-30 September 2011,
19-22 October [email protected]
Birmingham
Madrid, Spain London Services
PLDC is a three-day Details TBC ELECTRICAL SERVICES 04 October 2011, PUBLIC HEALTH AND
conference offering steve.vaughan@aecom. London WATER
around 65 papers com Electrical Services
from internationally Explained (three days) Introduction to Energy Sanitary and rainwater
Society of Facade 27–29 September 2011, Efficiency
renowned speakers and design using BS EN
young professionals. Engineering – Evening Birmingham 04 October 2011, 12056:2000
The conference is Technical Meeting Manchester 15 September 2011,
accompanied by a 18 October 2011, ENERGY EFFICIENCY London
manufacturers’ exhibition, London AND SUSTAINABILITY FACILITIES
offering industry partners 6pm for 6.30pm start. MANAGEMENT
a platform to present their Jonathan Lowy will be
speaking on ‘The use of
Low Carbon Buildings and Send your
companies to delegates Energy Infrastructure for Preparing FM and
and broaden their zinc in building facades Local Authorities maintenance contract event details to
business contacts and roofs’ 14 September 2011, 28 September 2011, [email protected]
www.pld-c.com [email protected] London London
CIBSEaug11 pp54 EventsPage.indd 54 21/7/11 16:50:14


CMR Controls manufactures low air pressure and air volume
measurement sensors and control systems for standard air
conditioning, clean rooms, sterile laboratories, containment
facilities, and fume
cupboard extract
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DPC CONTROLLER
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August 2011

CIBSEaug11 pp01 cover.indd 1 21/7/11 16:18:34

2 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com

p02_CIBSEMagAug11.indd 2 18/7/11 16:10:54

13 Your letters 24 Greener horizons

www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 3

CIBSEaug11 pp03 contents.indd 3 7/22/11 12:37:44 PM

Software for Building Energy Design, Already a Hevacomp user?

Bentley’s comprehensive suite of industry-leading energy design, simulation Spec

These applications are used by leading ﬁrms worldwide to effectively

4 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com

p04_CIBSEMagAug11.indd 4 18/7/11 15:47:08

www.cibsejournal.com Time to treasure this

Cover photo: Courtesy of Olympic Delivery Authority

www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 5

CIBSEaug11 pp05 editorial.indd 5 21/7/11 16:59:10

In Brief Campaign grows for roll

energy standard review

6 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEaug11 pp06-07 news.indd 6 21/7/11 16:21:57

Zero carbon definition ‘closer’

‘The proposed framework

www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 7

CIBSEaug11 pp06-07 news.indd 7 21/7/11 16:22:17

In Brief CRC scheme ‘simplified’

Assisted-living advice MEPs block move to raise carbon target

8 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEaug11 pp08-09 news.indd 8 7/22/11 11:53:37 AM

Insulation will need to double, Government to

BIM roll-out ‘will make key savings in the long term’

www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 9

CIBSEaug11 pp08-09 news.indd 9 21/7/11 16:32:19

All in the detail

10 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEaug11 pp10-11 CIBSEpages.indd 10 21/7/11 16:37:33

Carbon reduction policy update Spread the

l Simplifing rules and from stakeholders sites will be automatically exempt

20 years of funding research Welcome Collection, 183

www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 11

CIBSEaug11 pp10-11 CIBSEpages.indd 11 21/7/11 16:37:44

12 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEaug11 pp12-14 opinion.indd 12 21/7/11 16:43:01

www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 13

CIBSEaug11 pp12-14 opinion.indd 13 21/7/11 16:43:11

14 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEaug11 pp12-14 opinion.indd 14 21/7/11 16:43:31

www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 15

p15_CIBSEMagAug11.indd 15 18/7/11 15:48:13

POW 16 CIBSE Journal August 2011

CIBSEaug11 pp16-22 Olympics.indd 16

The Kings Yard energy

CIBSEaug11 pp16-22 Olympics.indd 17

August 2011 CIBSE Journal 17

Equipment installed for Additional equipment

18 CIBSE Journal August 2011 www.cibsejournal.com

CIBSEaug11 pp16-22 Olympics.indd 18 21/7/11 16:56:31

www.cibsejournal.com August 2011 CIBSE Journal 19

CIBSEaug11 pp16-22 Olympics.indd 19 21/7/11 16:56:51

There is an agreement to achieve a