Isadora Duncan and Modern Dance Curriculum
Isadora Duncan and Modern Dance Curriculum
What’s Inside:
2 Introduction RESOURCES
The Heart of the Art
BOOKS & VIDEOS
Resources The Vision of Modern Dance: In the Words of Its Creators, edited by
Jean Morrison Brown, Naomi Mindlin and Charles H. Woodford
3 What’s Important to Know? ISBN 0-87127-205-9
Choreography A Basic Approach Using Improvisation, Sandra Cerny
4 Modern Dance Styles
Minton, ISBN # 0-88011-529-7
Key Movers in Modern Dance
Building Dances, a Guide to Putting Movements Together, Susan
5 Words to Know McGreevy-Nichols and Helen Scheff, ISBN 0-87322-573-2
Key Movers in Modern Dance, con’t. The Dance Workshop, Robert Cohan, ISBN 1-85273-051-X
6 Standards-based Classroom Learning Experiences Dancing. Vol. 7, The Individual and Tradition, 1993, produced by
Key Movers in Modern Dance, con’t. WNET. Examines the work of individual 20th-century dancers
and choreographers: Isadora Duncan, Martha Graham, Katherine
Dunham, George Balanchine, Twyla Tharp, Eiko and Koma,
7 What’s Important to Know?: Before & During the Performance Sardono Kusumo, and Garth Fagan.
8 What’s Important to Know?: During the Master Class DanceVideo Shop: [Link]
2 Modern Dance
“Dance is a song of the body.
Either of joy or pain.”—Martha Graham
These early pioneers of modern dance each developed their own per- Just as modern dance gave way to post-modern, ethnic
sonal movement vocabulary. There has never been a single specific style dance gave way to concert dance based on ethnic roots.
of modern dance. Though it often uses the body alignment and move- The work of Pearl Primus and Katherine Dunham
ment of ballet, modern dance has developed beyond the vocabulary of influenced that of Alvin Ailey and Donald McKayle,
ballet. among others. These choreographers created dances
informed by the African-American experience, but
The most prominent of the first generation of modern dance creators not exclusively about it. Ailey was also influenced by
were Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis. In the 1920s, several danc- Lester Horton, who formed the first American multi-
ers who studied with St. Denis, (Martha Graham, Doris Humphries and racial dance company in 1934. Horton worked in Los
Charles Weidman) broke away and developed their own philosophies Angeles, where his work was not as well-known as that
of modern dance. Many of these early pioneers were women. Modern of New York based choreographers.
dance provided women the opportunity to become directors and cho-
reographers. In the ballet world, these roles had been and continue to Another choreographer who combines modern tech-
be dominated by men. Martha Graham, the most recognized of these nique with other dance forms is Mark Morris. The
women, has had an enormous impact on the field of modern dance. folk dance, flamenco and ballet he studied as a youth
Her notion of contraction and release (a torso based movement of a infuse his work with a unique flavor. Popular for its
sharp intake of breath followed by a strong exhalation), her ground- humor and musicality, his work harkens back to the
breaking dances based on mythology, and her theatrical personality early modern pioneers; it includes form, technique and
have made her the best known modern dancer of all time. storytelling.
Each new generation of modern dance has inspired another. Often the Today, it is possible to see and study nearly all the forms
inspiration comes in the form of rebellion against what came before. In of modern dance that have developed over the years.
the 1950s, Merce Cunningham, a member of Martha Graham’s compa- As new styles develop, the old remain. The future also
ny, formed his own dance company based on the idea of movement for looks rich, as new choreographers continue to search
movement’s sake and the use of chance methods of choreography. Paul for their unique voices and make contributions to the
Taylor, who danced for both Cunningham and Graham, further shaped field of modern dance.
modern dance by choreographing dances about real people and the
everyday activities of life. The next rebellion came in the 1960s, when
dancers such as Trisha Brown rejected the codified and strict technique
they felt modern dance had become. Experimental and minimal dance,
sometimes called post-modern, developed during this time, as did contact
improvisation. These dance makers were also influenced by the societal
changes that were taking place in the United States during the 1960s.
Modern Dance 3
Key Movers in
Modern Dance
Isadora Duncan
(1877-1927):
Modern Dance Styles
Duncan felt dance
should be an expres-
sion of the spirit.
She felt her philoso-
“Dance is the hidden language of the soul.”
phy was best exem- —Martha Graham
plified in ancient Greek civilization and
her basic costume was a Greek tunic.
Narrative
Ruth St. Denis
This style expresses a message or tells a
(1877-1968)
St. Denis focused story through movement. It shows the
on incorporating relationships between the performers’
elements of Far characters.
Eastern dance
into her choreography. St. Denis and Chance
her husband Ted Shawn (1891-1972) A method of choreographic develop-
founded the Denishawn company and ment based on random selection of
trained many great dancers who went
movement. The dancers learn many
on to form their own companies.
combinations of movements but do not
Martha Graham (1894-1991) know what order they will be perform-
Graham created a technique that ing them in until right before the per-
emphasized “contraction and release”. formance.
These words are
now synonymous Contact improvisation
with modern dance. Usually done as a duet or in a large
Graham was the group, the movement is improvised as
first modern dance
each dancer follows the other’s move-
choreographer to
ments and reacts to them. Dancers
reach out to other
genres of modern art for collaboration. move in and out of physical contact
She is considered the most influential while rolling, spiraling, supporting and
and famous modern choreographer of falling.
the 20th century.
Improvisation
Doris Humphrey A process producing spontaneous
(1895-1958) movements stemming from a specific
Humphrey developed
stimulus, such as sounds or colors, and
a fundamental
how they relate to certain feelings or
theory of movement
based on “fall and the environment. Improvisation is often
recovery” that a part of the choreographic process.
became the basis
of her technique. She worked with Post-modern
Charles Weidman after her career with A form of modern dance which evolved
Denishawn. in the 1960s and 70s, and departed
from narrative theme. Post-modern
experimented with new concepts and
forms and is sometimes referred to as
experimental or minimalist dance.
4 Modern Dance
Words to Know
Throughout this curriculum guide, you will see certain words in bold print.
Below are the definitions of these words. Key Movers in
Modern Dance (con’t)
Backdrop-The images, colors and designs that Space-The area occupied by a dancer or dancers,
might be projected on the cyclorama (a drop and how dancers move in and around this area.
used to create the illusion of infinite space) at The concept also includes how the choreogra- Lester Horton
the rear of the stage. pher chooses to mold and design the aspects (1906-1953)
of space. Space can be divided into aspects of Horton’s technique
was based on creat-
Choreography-The creation and composition direction, size, level, and focus.
ing a flat back at
of dances by arranging or inventing steps, the waist by tilting
movements, and patterns of movements. Style- A structure or form used to create the body horizon-
movement. tally to the side or bending forward.
Choreographic form- A method that a choreog- He chose to work in southern California
rapher uses to determine the structure of a Stage directions-Stage right, stage left (at the rather than New York. Horton formed
dance. Certain characteristics are common performer’s right and left, respectively, when the first American multi-racial dance
to a well-developed dance: unity, continuity, viewed from the audience). Downstage (moving company. Alvin Ailey danced in his
transition, variety and repetition. towards the audience), upstage (moving away company.
from the audience). These terms come from the
Katherine
Floor patterns-The use of space, including the Italian Renaissance theater of the late 1400s, Dunham (1909-)
“road map” of the [Link] includes lines, when stages were ‘raked’, or constructed on a Dunham was one
circles, diagonals, zig-zags, and spirals. downward slant towards the audience. Thus, of the first African-
a performer was literally traveling uphill when Americans to attend
Gesture-The movement of a body part or moving upstage. the University of
combination of parts, with emphasis on the Chicago, where she
expressive aspects of the move. Tableau-A static composition that does not move, earned her bachelor, master and doc-
a “freeze” or living sculpture which creates a toral degrees in anthropology. Dunham
blended African and Caribbean dance
Master class-A class offered by a professional frozen moment in time.
forms to create a technique of her own.
dancer and designed to share his or her back-
ground, experience, and characteristics of the Time- An element of dance involving rhythm, Merce
dance form with students. phrasing, tempo, accent, and duration. Time Cunningham
can be metered, as in music, or based on body (1919-)
Motif-A distinctive and recurring gesture used rhythms, such as breath and heartbeat. Cunningham
to provide a theme or unifying idea. created a style
Qualities of movement-Energy (or force) propels of choreography
Prop-An object separate from a dancer’s cos- movement. While it initiates movement, some- called “chance”.
His dancers learn many combinations
tume that is part of the action or design in a times energy is also needed to stop action.
of movement but do not know how
dance. Energy in dance can be channeled in six dif- the music sounds or in what order
ferent ways, or qualities: sustained (smooth), they will perform until right before the
percussive (sharp), suspended (hover), swinging performance.
(arc), vibratory (shaking), collapsing (release).
Paul Taylor
(1930-)
Taylor was a
soloist with
Martha Graham’s
company when
he formed his
own troupe, the Paul Taylor Dance
Company. Taylor studied ballet under
Anthony Tudor and also danced for
George Balanchine, a prominent chore-
ographer of American ballets.
Modern Dance 5
Standards-Based Classroom
Learning Experiences
Teacher:
Have students share their preconceived notions of modern dance.
Create a list to be reviewed following the performance. Also have stu-
dents make predictions about what the types of costumes, music and
backdrop they will see or hear during the performance.
“My art is just an effort
In preparation for a master class:
to express the truth of Have students do research on-line or in the library about the master
my being in gesture teacher. Look for the following information:
• Style of modern dance.
and movement.” • Background.
—Isadora Duncan • Companies performed with.
• Noted dances performed in or created.
The bus ride to the theater or the wait in line provides a good time to review
behavior expectations. It is also a good time to remind students of things to
look for.
Modern Dance 7
What’s Important to Know?
During the Master Class
Classroom Etiquette
There is a specific etiquette for attending a class with a master teacher.
• Be properly dressed.
• Be respectful.
• Refrain from talking to fellow students.
• Stay focused.
• Stay with it, do not give up, and do not leave class early.
• No sitting, unless directed by the teacher.
• Applaud teacher when finished (accompanists as well, if any).
• How can you internalize information the teacher is giving you to become a better
dancer or enjoy the experience more?
• What did the master teacher tell you about his or her experience that tells you
why he or she became a dancer? Why have they chosen this style of modern dance?
Teacher: Listen for things the master teacher says about his or her dance background for
discussion following the master class. Watch for teaching strategies
utilized by the master teacher.
8 Modern Dance
What’s Important to Know?
Teacher: Compare the items on your previous brainstorm list to the actual events that occurred.
What differences and similarities are there?
It is often a good idea for students to document their experience following a dance
performance or master class.
• Upon returning to the classroom, engage in reflective writing about the perfor-
mance or master class.
• Using steps from the performance or class, combine them to create a new move-
ment sequence. Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
• Share personal interpretations of modern dance with classmates.
Modern Dance 9
The California State VISUAL AND
PERFORMING ARTS CONTENT Standards
Addressed By This Guide
10 Modern Dance
Arts Education at UC Davis
[Link] [Link]/SNAP/
530.752.5537 530.752.9683
Modern Dance 11
Mondavi Center expresses gratitude to
obert and Margrit Mondavi Center
R its partners at the California Arts Council
for the Performing Arts and Sierra North Arts Project, Region III
University of California, Davis of the California Arts Project at UC Davis,
One Shields Avenue for bringing together a team of educators
Davis, CA 95616-8543 to design and develop curriculum guides
for Mondavi Center’s Wells Fargo School
[Link] Matinee Series. The following individuals
530.754.5000 participated in the development of materials
for the guides:
UC Davis Coordinators
Sarah Anderberg
Director, Sierra North Arts Project
CRESS Center, School of Education
UC Davis
Linda Buettner
Coordinator, Sierra North Arts Project
CRESS Center, School of Education
UC Davis
Assessment
Joanne Bookmyer, Ph.D.
Research Analyst
CRESS Center, School of Education
UC Davis
Teachers
Ruth Rosenberg
Dance Educator/Arts Consultant
Founder, Ruth Rosenberg Dance Ensemble
Sacramento
Debi Roberts
Dance Educator
Sheldon High School
Elk Grove Unified School District