DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Course Code: BED-527 Methods and Techniques of Teaching Mathematics

Fall Semester April 2006

Coordinator: Dr. Riffat-un-Nisa

Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Nadeem Anwar

Introduction:
Mathematics is the pure science which is often referred to as “mother of sciences’. The

importance of mathematical knowledge can be realized from the fact that almost all educational

philosophies have emphasized its teaching at all levels because it develops the abilities of

logical and critical thinking among the students. Mathematics is a highly conceptual science and

teaching mathematics is not an easy job. It requires highly trained teachers who know concept

learning and concept teaching in detail. More -over an in-depth knowledge and understanding of

latest methods and techniques in teaching of mathematics.

Better teaching of Maths leads to better understanding of Maths which in turn results in the

development of science and technology. The following courses are intended to produce

competent teachers of Math having command over contents of class I to X and O’& A’ levels

as well as latest methodologies of teaching them.

Course objectives:
After the successful completion of this course the students would be able to:
 Understand the concepts, principles and laws of mathematics
 Solve practical problems about various concepts, principles and laws of maths included
in the syllabi up to secondary level
 Teach the concepts, principles and laws of mathematics effectively through the practical
problems at elementary level
 Teach the concepts, principles and laws of math, effectively through the practical
problems at secondary level
 Apply the basics concepts, laws and principles of maths in solving daily life problems
related to maths
 Develop analytical thinking, critical thinking and reasoning through mathematical
problem solving
Course outline

Part-1 : Theoretical Perspective

Unit -1 : Introduction
 What is Mathematics?
 The nature of mathematics : The science of logical reasoning
 Mathematical language and symbolism
 Pure and applied mathematics
 Topology
 The educational value of mathematics :
Practical, disciplinary, social, moral, aesthetic, intellectual, vocational, artistic,
economical and scientific values of mathematics
 The place of mathematics (scope ) in everyday life
Unit-2: History of Mathematics
 The origin of mathematics / forms of mathematics in the beginning
 Contributions of the followings in the historical development of mathematics :
 The Babylonians
 The Egyptians
 The Greeks
 The Romans
 The Chinese
 The Arabs / Muslims
 The Japanese
 The Hindus
 Historical review of mathematical developments: From simple arithmetic’s to modern
computer mathematics
 Great Muslims & non-Muslim mathematicians
Unit -3: Structure & Organization of Mathematics
 Number system and comparison of arithmetics
 Comparison of structures in the system of natural basic algebraic structures
 Group theory, ring theory, field theory and vector space
 Modern mathematics: Meaning, need, importance, essentials and applications
 Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries
 Hilbert’s modified Euclidean geometries: Hyperbolic and elliptical geometrics
 Relationship of mathematics with following subjects:
 Physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, agriculture, economics, philosophy, logic, fine
arts, geography, statistics etc.
Part –II: Pedagogical Perspective
Unit-4: Aims and Objectives of Teaching Mathematics
 Aims and objectives of teaching mathematics
 Objectives of teaching mathematics at elementary level

2
 Objectives of teaching mathematics at secondary level
 Formulation of objectives

Unit-5: Curriculum of Mathematics

 Approaches to curriculum development in mathematics
 Principles & criteria of curriculum development and design in mathematics
 Mathematical projects & problems: Puzzle problems, catch problems, unreal and real
problems, oral & written problems, theoretical / conceptual & practical problems
 Analyzing & critically evaluating a mathematics syllabus
 Why revision of the present curriculum of mathematics and by whom?
 Defects in the current teaching of mathematics: Causes & remedies
 Topical vs spiral arrangement of content
Unit -6: Methods and Approaches to Teaching of Mathematics
 Lecture method / expository method
 Dogmatic approach
 Inductive and deductive approaches
 Heuristic approach
 Analytic & synthetic approaches
 Laboratory / practical / constructivist approach
 Project method
 Problem solving method
 Topical & concentric approaches
 Advance organizer method
 Conceptual approach : Concept teaching & concept building
 Activity-based method
 Selecting & applying an appropriate method or technique of teaching a mathematical
topic.
Unit-7: Techniques of Teaching Mathematics
 Oral and written work (problems and exercises) technique
 Drill and homework techniques
 Assignment technique
 Self-study & supervised study techniques
 Group work technique
Unit -8: Planning and Delivering Lessons
 How to plan a mathematics lesson?
 Lesson planning using a computer
 Planning a lesson manually
 Delivering a mathematics’ lesson
 Some sample lesson plans
 Selecting & applying an appropriate method or technique of teaching a

3
mathematics topic
 Acquiring and placing equipment & material in mathematics laboratory
 Establishing and organizing a mathematics library
 Mathematics text books : Need, importance , uses and characteristics of a good text book
of mathematics
 Establishing a mathematics club
Unit -9: Measurement & Evaluation in Mathematics
 Criteria of measuring tests
 Prognosis & diagnosis
 Different types of tests used in assessment of mathematical achievement
 Construction of a quality test : Nature , steps , process , need & importance
 Scheme for preparing an evaluation tool
 What is special with measurement & evaluation in maths?
Part-III: Technological Perspective
Unit-10: Using Modern Educational Technology in Teaching of Maths
 Integrating following educational technologies in teaching of mathematics:
Projectors, filmstrips, radio, T.V., interactive video, computer, internet etc.
 Using following A.V. Aids in teaching of mathematics:
 Blackboard, whiteboard, concrete material, number kit, Venn diagrams, place value
pockets, fractional parts, charts, models, excursions, puzzlers, online activities,
collections of locally prepared / developed low cost teaching material (home-made
equipment) and some specials instruments etc.
Unit-11: Mathematics Laboratory, Library and Text-Books
 Setting up a mathematics laboratory
 Acquiring and placing equipment & material in mathematics laboratory
 Establishing and organizing a mathematics library
 Mathematics text books: Need, importance , uses and characteristics of a good text book
of mathematics
 Establishing a mathematics club
Part-IV: Teaching Perspective
Unit-12: Effective Teaching of Mathematics
 Prerequisites of an effective teacher of mathematics: Qualification, training,
professionalism and personality traits (aptitude, attitude & logical and critical thinking
etc.)
 Characteristics of the effective teachers of mathematics
 Duties & activities of the teachers of Maths.
 Arousing and maintaining interest in Maths
 Principles of productive thinking & meaningful learning in mathematics
 Physical & psychological conditions for studying Maths: Some suggestions

Unit-13: The Teaching of Arithmetics

4
 Basic concepts: Meaning, aims, and importance of arithmetics
 Methods of teaching arithmetics: Numeration and notation
 Teaching of four simple rules of arithmetics
 Teaching of the selected topics of arithmetics up to secondary level

Unit-14: Teaching of Set & Set Theory

Unit-15: Teaching of Algebra
Unit-16: Teaching of Geometry
Unit-17: Teaching of Trigonometry
Unit-18: Teaching of Logarithms, Elimination and Matrices
Unit-19: Teaching of the Theorems of Geometry
Unit-20: Teaching of Integers, Decimals, Whole Numbers, and Number Theory
Unit-21: Teaching of Statistics, Ratio & Proportion

Recommended Books

Bennett-Jr, A.B and Nelson , L.T.(2004).Mathematics for elementary teachers: A

conceptual approach. (Sixth ed.).Boston: McGraw-Hill
Sidhu, K.S. (1998). The teaching of mathematics (4th ed.) New Delhi: Sterling
publishers.
Ellington, H. and Race, P. (1994). Producing teaching materials: A hand book for
teachers and trainers. (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page

PART-I

Assessment
Weighting Letter Grading Scale
Policy
Presentation 15 % 00 - 49% F
Preliminary Exam. 20% 50 - 64% C
Mid Exam. 25% 65 - 79% B
Final Examination 40% 80 - 100% A
100%

Rules and Regulations:

1. Attendance: students are expected to attend all meeting of their courses. In the case of
any absence, students are responsible for course content during their absence.
2. Absenteeism: a record is consistently compiled and updated. If the student has been
absent for more than six meetings in a stretch without a valid excuse, he will be dropped
from the course.
3. Smoke free department: smoking is prohibited in all department premises.
4. Behavior: students who engage in behavior that disrupts the learning environment for
others may be subjected to disciplinary action under the rules and regulation of UOS.
5. Exam cheating: it is not permitted to speak during the exam. Failure to abide by this rule
will result in their exam marks being cancelled.

5
Prepared by: DR. MUHAMMAD NADEEM ANWAR Date:

Approved Date:____________
by:_______________________________________ _

Weekly Schedule

HANDOUT
& ASSESMENT/
WEEK CONTENTS
TEXT PRESENTATIONS
REFERENCE
Unit -1 : Introduction
 What is Mathematics?
 The nature of mathematics : The
science of logical reasoning
 Mathematical language and
symbolism
 Pure and applied mathematics
 Topology
1
 The educational value of
mathematics :Practical, disciplinary,
social, moral, aesthetic, intellectual,
vocational, artistic, economical and
scientific values of mathematics
 The place of mathematics (scope ) in
everyday life

6
2 Unit-2: History of Mathematics
 The origin of mathematics / forms of
mathematics in the beginning
 Contributions of the followings in the
historical development of mathematics
:
 The Babylonians
 The Egyptians
 The Greeks
 The Romans
 The Chinese
 The Arabs / Muslims
 The Japanese
 The Hindus
 Historical review of mathematical
developments: From simple
arithmetic’s to modern computer
mathematics
 Great Muslims & non-muslim
mathematicians

3-4 Unit -3: Structure & Organization of

Mathematics
 Number system and comparison of
arithmetics
 Comparison of structures in the system
of natural basic algebraic structures
 Group theory, ring theory, field theory
and vector space
 Modern mathematics: Meaning, need,
importance, essentials and applications
 Euclidean and non-Euclidean
geometries
 Hilbert’s modified Euclidean
geometries: Hyperbolic and elliptical
geometrics
 Relationship of mathematics with
following subjects:
 Physics, chemistry, biology,
engineering, agriculture, economics,
philosophy, logic, fine arts,

7
geography, statistics etc.

Unit-4: Aims and Objectives of Teaching

Mathematics
 Aims and objectives of teaching
mathematics
 Objectives of teaching mathematics at
5
elementary level
 Objectives of teaching mathematics at
secondary level
 Formulation of objectives

Unit-5: Curriculum of Mathematics

 Approaches to curriculum
development in mathematics
 Principles & criteria of curriculum
development and design in
mathematics
 Mathematical projects & problems:
Puzzle problems, catch problems,
unreal and real problems, oral &
written problems, theoretical /
6 conceptual & practical problems
 Analyzing & critically evaluating a
mathematics syllabus
 Why revision of the present
curriculum of mathematics and by
whom?
 Defects in the current teaching of
mathematics: Causes & remedies
 Topical vs spiral arrangement of
content

PRELIMANARY TERM EXAM

7-8 Unit -6: Methods and Approaches to Chapter 2

[TB3]
Teaching of Mathematics
 Lecture method / expository method
 Dogmatic approach
 Inductive and deductive approaches
 Heuristic approach
 Analytic & synthetic approaches

8
 Laboratory / practical / constructivist
approach
 Project method
 Problem solving method
 Topical & concentric approaches
 Advance organizer method
 Conceptual approach : Concept
teaching & concept building
 Activity-based method
 Selecting & applying an appropriate
method or technique of teaching a
mathematical topic.

Unit-7: Techniques of Teaching

Mathematics
 Oral and written work (problems and
exercises) technique
First lecture of the
 Drill and homework techniques week for
presentation by five
 Assignment technique
students
9
 Self-study & supervised study
techniques
 Group work technique

10 Unit -8: Planning and Delivering Lessons

First lecture of the
 How to plan a mathematics lesson? week for
 Lesson planning using a computer presentation by five
students
 Planning a lesson manually
 Delivering a mathematics’ lesson
 Some sample lesson plans
 Selecting & applying an
appropriate method or technique of
teaching a
mathematics topic
 Acquiring and placing equipment &
material in mathematics laboratory
 Establishing and organizing a
mathematics library
 Mathematics text books : Need,
importance , uses and characteristics
of a good text book of mathematics
 Establishing a mathematics club

9
Unit -9: Measurement & Evaluation in
Mathematics
 Criteria of measuring tests
 Prognosis & diagnosis
 Different types of tests used in
assessment of mathematical First lecture of the
achievement week for
11
presentation by five
 Construction of a quality test : Nature , students
steps , process , need & importance
 Scheme for preparing an evaluation
tool
 What is special with measurement &
evaluation in maths?

MID TERM EXAMINATION

Unit-10: Using Modern Educational

Technology in Teaching of Maths
 Integrating following educational
technologies in teaching of
mathematics:
Projectors, filmstrips, radio, T.V.,
interactive video, computer, internet etc.
 Using following A.V. Aids in
teaching of mathematics: Filling of Forms
12 used for keeping
 Blackboard, whiteboard, concrete office record
material, number kit, Venn diagrams,
place value pockets, fractional parts,
charts, models, excursions, puzzlers,
online activities, collections of locally
prepared / developed low cost teaching
material (home-made equipment) and
some specials instruments etc.

13 Unit-11: Mathematics Laboratory, Library Presentations

and Text-Books
 Setting up a mathematics laboratory
 Acquiring and placing equipment &
material in mathematics laboratory
 Establishing and organizing a
mathematics library
 Mathematics text books: Need,

10
importance , uses and characteristics
of a good text book of mathematics
 Establishing a mathematics club

Unit-12: Effective Teaching of

Mathematics
 Prerequisites of an effective teacher of
mathematics: Qualification, training,
professionalism and personality traits
(aptitude, attitude & logical and
critical thinking etc.)
 Characteristics of the effective
teachers of mathematics Oral quiz of unit 3
14
 Duties & activities of the teachers of
Maths.
 Arousing and maintaining interest in
Maths
 Principles of productive thinking &
meaningful learning in mathematics
 Physical & psychological conditions
for studying Maths: Some suggestions

Unit-13: The Teaching of Arithmetics

Unit-14: Teaching of Set & Set Theory
Unit-15: Teaching of Algebra
Unit-16: Teaching of Geometry
Unit-17: Teaching of Trigonometry
Unit-18: Teaching of Logarithms,
Elimination and Matrices Exercises from
15-16
Unit-19: Teaching of the Theorems of Text Book

Geometry
Unit-20: Teaching of Integers, Decimals,
Whole Numbers, and Number Theory
Unit-21: Teaching of Statistics, Ratio &
Proportion

17 Presentation of all remaining students Presentations

FINAL TERM EXAMINATION
18
& RESULT PREPARATION

EXAMINATION SUMMARY
Prim Final
Examination Mid Exam
Exam Exam
Week No. 6 11 18

11
Date 13/05/2006 30/062/2006 19/08/2006

EXAMINATION SUMMARY
Prim Final
Examination Mid Exam
Exam Exam
Week No. 6 11 18
Date

12