Midterm 2 grade distribution
I will adjust rules/grading for final (details next week)
Magnetic Field
Chapter 27
Horseshoe
magnet
Bar magnet
Cylindrical
magnet
(= bent bar magnet)
Certain materials exhibit magnetism (e.g. loadstone mineral)
Every magnet has two poles (North and South)
NN and SS repel
while NS attract
Magnets rotate and align along NS axis
A compass needle is a bar magnet
The Earth acts as giant bar magnet and aligns compass needle
If you cut a magnet in two you get two new magnets each
with N and S (there are no magnetic monopoles)
Magnets attract certain materials (e.g. iron) but not others
(e.g. stainless steel, aluminium)
Both the S and the N pole attract these materials!
Magnets turn certain materials (e.g. iron) into magnets
temporarily
Non-magnetic materials (e.g. paper) do not shield mag. field
magnetic force decreases with distance
Electrical currents create magnetic field
In fact all magnetic fields are due to
electric currents;
moving electric charges create magnetic
fields. Charges at rest only create E-fields.
A bar magnet creates a dipole magnetic field
compass
needle
Magnetic field lines show the direction of a compass needle.
The distance between magnetic field lines indicates field strength
Magnetic field lines continue inside
the magnet
Magnetic field lines are always closed
(unlike electric field lines)
The Earth is a magnetic dipole much like a bar magnet
Spinning liquid Earth core of iron and nickel constitutes a current.
Currents create magnetic fields.
Similarities between electric and magnetic dipoles
Magnetic dipole field
Magnets are always dipoles
Electric dipole field
Electric dipoles can be
broken up into monopoles
Magnetic dipole in
inhomogeneous B-field
Electric dipole in
inhomogeneous E-field
+
Net torque (i.e. rotation)
Net torque (i.e. rotation)
AND
AND
Net force toward higher field
Net force toward higher field
Magnetic dipole in
homogeneous B-field
Electric dipole in
homogeneous E-field
Net torque (i.e. rotation)
Net torque (i.e. rotation)
but NO net force
but NO net force
You can build a simple compass using a leaf on standing
water and a magnetized needle
Needle and leaf will
align to NS axis.
Question: Why does the leaf only rotate but does not move
toward the north pole?
Answer: Earth magnetic field is approximately
homogeneous on the Earths surface
The right hand rule applies to any vector (cross) product
y
pxpxpxpxpxpx
a Z (out of board)
x
y = z
z = x
x
= y
Right hand rule to determine direction of Lorentz force
velocity v
Field B
Force F
F =qv
B.
Question: in which direction does the magnetic force point?
Answer:
The magnetic force is zero since the charge is at rest
Question: in which direction does the magnetic force point?
Answer:
The magnetic force is zero since v is parallel to B
F = qvB sin( ) .
a
v||B means
a
pxpxpxpxpxpx
= 0 and sin( )=0 .
Question: in which direction does the magnetic force point?
indicates vector out of the board
Note:
Indicates vector into the board
Answer: to the right
indicates vector out of the board
Note:
Indicates vector into the board
Question: in which direction does the magnetic force point?
X
V
Answer:
down
Use left hand for negative charges
X
V
Large Hadron Collider
v
B down
7 TeV protons
Solar wind =
high speed
electrons & protons
Sun
NOT TO SCALE
Earth
The Earth is a magnetic dipole much like a bar magnet
Spinning liquid Earth core of iron and nickel constitutes a current.
Currents create magnetic fields.
Northern lights are caused when fast electrons from the sun
(solar wind) spiral along the Earths magnetic field lines and ionize
the air
This happens predominantly near the poles
Compass rose on nautical chart
shows difference between
true North and magnetic North
compass
rose for L.A.
Variation = 13o east for Los Angeles
Source of the magnetic field
Electric currents produce magnetic fields
that wrap circularly around a straight wire
B~I
B ~ 1/r
A current loop produces a dipole magnetic field
A solenoid coil
(= many current loops)
also creates dipole field
B ~ N, where N is number of loops
Solenoid coils can produce N times higher field than current loop
Electron in orbit around
nucleus is a tiny current loop
and thus magnetic dipole
A rotating electron
(spin) is a
magnetic dipole
A rotating nucleus (spin) is also
a magnetic dipole
Combined effect of orbital magnetic field, nuclear spin, and
electron spin determines whether or not an element is magnetic
Which of the following configurations create
dipole magnetic fields?
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
bar magnet
Earth
Sun
current loop
solenoid coil
straight wire
Which of the following configurations create
dipole magnetic fields?
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
bar magnet
Earth
Sun
current loop
solenoid coil
straight wire NO
Why does a bar magnet (i.e. magnetic dipole) align
itself to magnetic field lines?
More easily understood when treating bar magnet like
current loop.
Force on current carrying wire
Charges are confined to the conducting wire and
transmit their individual Lorentz force onto the wire
a
pxpxpxpxpxpx
F =I L
B.
same as
F =qv
B.
Current loop in homogeneous magnetic field
S
I
F
torque
Current loop torques around until net force on all four wires
is zero
F X
I
X
Current loop is aligned once the Net force is zero
Galvanometer (= current meter) is based on spring-loaded
Magnetic dipole in external magnetic field.
The higher the current the harder the dipole tries to align
Electromotor works by aligning electromagnet inside magnetic
field, then switching field and aligning again etc.
