Introduction to Linked Data

Introduction to Linked Data

Marko Grobelnik, Andreas Harth, Dumitru Roman

Big Linked Data Tutorial Semantic Days 2012
Tutorial Agenda
Introduction to Linked Data (45 m 60 m) Andreas
Consuming Norwegian Linked Data (30 m) Titi
Large Scale Linked Data Management (30 m) Andreas
Big Data Intro and Analytics (60 m 90 m) Marko
Questions & Answers Session (30 m) all
Marko Grobelnik, Andreas Harth, Dumitru Roman, Big Linked Data
Introduction to Linked Data (Andreas)

Motivation
Linked Data
Principles (Web Architecture and RDF, Resource Description
Framework)
SPARQL RDF Query Language
Ontology Languages
RDF Vocabulary Description Language (RDFS)
Web Ontology Language (OWL)
Application Architectures
Summary
MOTIVATION
Motivation
With increased use of computers more and more data is
being stored
Organisations rely on data for business decisions
Data drives policy decisions in government
Individuals rely on data from the Web for information and
communication
Data volumes explode

More and more data available on the Web is represented in
Semantic Web standards
Linking Open Data (LOD) initiative
Semantic Web technologies facilitate the integration of data

from multiple sources
Combining data from multiple sources enables insights
Linked Data on the Web
2007-10
2007-11
2008-02
2008-03
2008-09
2009-03
2009-07
2010-09
2011-09
Types of Data in the Linking Open Data Cloud
http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/lodcloud/state/ (Sept 2010)

Scenario Overview
Semantic Technologies facilitate access to data
1. Query
2. Answer
Q: data about Berlin?

Q: famous people that died in Berlin?
Q: data about Hegel?
Q: Hegels publications?
Q: data about Marlene Dietrich?
Q: Dietrichs songs?
DBpedia
Linked Data version of Wikipedia
Scripts that extract data (text, links, infoboxes) from
Wikipedia
Published as Linked Data
Interlinking hub in the Linked Data web
Berlin
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Berlin
Hegel
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel
Marlene Dietrich
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Marlene_Dietrich
BBC Music
Data about BBC (radio) programmes, artists, songs
Combination of BBC-internal data (playlists), MusicBrainz
(artists, albums), Wikipedia (artists)
Underpinning the BBC Music website
Data published according to Linked Data principles
Marlene Dietrich
http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/191cba6a-b83f-49ca-883c02b20c7a9dd5.rdf#artist
Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

Joint project of national libraries and related organisations
21 institutions, among them the Library of Congress, Deutsche
Nationalbibliothek, Bibliothque nationale de France
Provide access to authority files

Matching and interlinking collections from participating
institutions
Hegel
http://viaf.org/viaf/89774942/
Marlene Dietrich
LINKED DATA PRINCIPLES
Semantic Technologies
Semantic Web technologies,
standardised by the W3C, are
mature:
RDF recommendation in 1999,
update in 2004
RDFa (RDF in HTML) note in 2008
RDFS recommendation in 2004
SPARQL recommendation in 2008
OWL recommendation in 2004,
update in 2009
Linked Data is a subset of the

Semantic Web stack, including web
architecture:
IRI (IETF RFC 3987, 2005)
HTTP (IETF RFC 2616, 1999)
Linked Data Principles

1.
2.
3.
4.
Use URIs as names for things

Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful
information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL)
Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more
things.
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData
1. Use URIs as Names for Things

Use a unique identifier to denote things
URIs are defined in RFC 2396
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: Gesammelte Werke /

Vorlesungen ber die Logik
urn:isbn:978-3-7873-1964-0
Names for Things
2. Use HTTP URIs

Enables lookup of URIs
Via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Piggy-backs on hierarchical Domain Name System to
guarantee uniqueness of identifiers
Uses established HTTP infrastructure
Connects logical level (thing) with physical level (source)
Important: distinction between thing URI and source
URI (other resource vs. information resource)
Information Resources vs. Other Resources
Marlene Dietrich, the person
File containing data about

Marlene Dietrich
Name?
Creator?
Birth date?
Last change date?
License?
Copyright?
Correspondence between thing-URI and source-URI

(hash URIs)
User Agent
http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/191cba6
a-b83f-49ca-883c-02b20c7a9dd5.rdf#artist
HTTP
GET
RDF
Web Server
http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/191cba6
a-b83f-49ca-883c-02b20c7a9dd5.rdf
RESPONSE
REQUEST
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

$ curl -H "Accept: application/rdf+xml" -v
http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/191cba6a-b83f-49ca-883c02b20c7a9dd5.rdf#artist
> GET /music/artists/191cba6a-b83f-49ca-883c-02b20c7a9dd5.rdf
HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.25.0
> Host: bbc.co.uk
> Accept: application/rdf+xml
<
<
<
<
<
<
{
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 08 May 2012 07:12:19 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.3 (Red Hat)
Content-Type: application/rdf+xml
Content-Length: 1956
[data not shown]
Correspondence between thing-URI and source-URI

(slash URIs)
User Agent
HTTP
GET
303 HTTP
GET
Web Server
RDF
http://dbpedia.org/data/Marlene_Dietrich
http://dbpedia.org/page/Marlene_Dietrich
3. Provide Useful Information

When somebody looks up a URI, return data using the
standards (RDF*, SPARQL)
Resource Description Framework, a format for encoding
graph-structured data (with URIs to identify nodes/vertices
and links/edges)
Resource Description Framework

Directed, labeled graph
triple(subject, predicate, object)
subject: URI (or blank node)
predicate: URI
object: URI (or blank node) or RDF literal (string, integer, date)
RDF/XML is the most widely deployed serialisation

Other serialisations possible (N-Triples, Turtle, Notation3)
Quadruples (or quads) used as internal representation when
integrating data
quad(subject, predicate, object, context)
context: URI (used to store origin of triple)
RDF Example
dbpedia:Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel rdf:type
foaf:Person .
yago:PoliticalPhilosophers .
dbpedia:Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel
rdfs:comment "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel var
en tysk filosof."@no .
dbpedia:Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel dbpediaowl:influenced dbpedia:Francis_Fukuyama .
dbpedia:Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel dbpediaowl:influenced dbpedia:Friedrich_Nietzsche .
Merging Data with RDF
+
=
4. Link to Other URIs

Enable people (and machines) to jump from server to
server
External links vs. internal links (for any predicate)
Special owl:sameAs links to denote equivalence of
identifiers (useful for data merging)
Equivalences via owl:sameAs

http://www.idref.fr/026917467/id
http://libris.kb.se/resource/auth/190350
http://d-nb.info/gnd/118547739
http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/191cba6a-b83f-49ca-883c-02b20c7a9dd5#artist
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Marlene_Dietrich .
http://d-nb.info/gnd/118525565
http://libris.kb.se/resource/auth/238817
http://www.idref.fr/027561844/id
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Berlin
http://mpii.de/yago/resource/Berlin
http://data.nytimes.com/N50987186835223032381 - Berlin (Germany)
http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/flickrwrappr/photos/Berlin
http://data.nytimes.com/16057429728088573361 - Gaspe Peninsula (Quebec) (?)
SPARQL RDF PROTOCOL AND

QUERY LANGUAGE
SPARQL
SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language
Query language for RDF graphs
SQL for RDF
SPARQL specification consists of
Query language
Result formats (representation of results in RDF and XML)
Query protocol (mechanisms to pose queries and retrieve results)
Simple Query Example

PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT *
WHERE {
?s dct:subject
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:People_from_Stavanger> .
?s rdfs:label ?name.
}
Main part is query pattern (WHERE clause)

Using Turtle syntax for RDF
Query patterns may contain variables (?s, ?name)
Shortcuts for URIs (PREFIX)

Query results via selection of variables (SELECT)
Query Results
Table with one row per result
?s
?name
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Erik_Nevland
"Erik Nevland"@no
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Jan_Simonsen
"Jan Simonsen"@no
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Laila_Goody
"Laila Goody"@no
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Henriette_Henriksen
"Henriette Henriksen"@no
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Guri_Hjeltnes
"Guri Hjeltnes"@no
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Johan_E._Holand
"Johan E. Holand"@no
http://dbpedia.org/resource/Kristian_Valen
"Kristian Valen"@no
Further Functionality
Optional triple patterns (e.g., return name and optionally
birthdate if available)
Unions (e.g., return material scientists and also physicists)
Filter (e.g., only return scientists born before 1970)
Result formats (e.g., return RDF triples instead of results
table)
Modificators (e.g., sort results, only return unique results)
Benefits of Linked Data

Explicit, simple data representation
Common data representation (Resource Description Framework, RDF)
hides underlying technologies and systems
Distributed System
Decentralised distributed ownership and control facilitates adoption and
scalability
Cross-referencing
Allows for linking and referencing of existing data, via reuse of URIs
Loose coupling with common language layer

Large scale systems require loose coupling, via HTTP as common access
protocol
Ease of publishing and consumption

Simple and easy-to-use systems and technologies to facilitate uptake
Incremental data integration

Start with merged RDF graphs and provide mappings as you go
Challenges (I)
Ramp-up cost for data conversion
May be alleviated by semi-automatic mappings and adequate tool
support for manual conversion
Integrated data may be messy at first

But can be refined as need arises
Distributed creation and loose coordination may result in

inconsistencies
Can be detected, diagnosed, and fixed with appropriate tools
The Pedantic Web Group
Get the community to contact publishers about errors/issues as they

arise
Get involved: http://pedantic-web.org/
137 members!
Acknowledgements to: Aidan Hogan, Alex Passant, Me, Antoine Zimmermann,
Axel Polleres, Michael Hausenblas, Richard Cyganiak, Stphane Corlosquet
Challenges (II)
Often very much oriented towards individuals
Little possibilities for expressing schema knowledge
Different data sources have different ways of representing the same
facts
Ontology languages (RDFS, OWL) solve that drawback
RDFS and OWL are layered on top of RDF
ONTOLOGY LANGUAGES
Ontology in Philosophy
Term exists only in singular (there are no
ontologies)
Ontology is concerned with the study of the
nature of being, existence or reality as such
Discussed by Aristoteles (Sokrates), Thomas
von Aquin, Descartes, Kant, Hegel,
Wittgenstein, Heidegger, Quine, ...
Ontology in Informatics
An Ontology is a
formal specification
> interpretable by machines
of a shared
> based on consensus
conceptualisation
> describes terminology
of a domain of interest > covers a specific topic
Studer, Benjamins and Fensel (1998) based on Gruber

(1993) and Borst (1997)
Schema Knowledge
RDF provides universal mechanism for the representation
of facts using triples
Possible to describe individuals and their relations
Required: describe generic sets of individuals (classes),
e.g., people, chemical compounds, organisations
Required: specification of logical connections between
individuals, classes and properties to describe their
meaning, e.g., researchers write papers, materials are
chemical compounds
In database-speak: schema knowledge
Schema Knowledge with RDFS

RDF Vocabulary Description Language (RDFS)
Allows for specification of schema (also: terminological)
knowledge
RDFS is a special RDF vocabulary (every RDFS document
is an RDF document)
RDFS vocabulary is generic: allows to specify the
semantics of other vocabularies (and as such is a kind of
metavocabulary)
Thus, RDFS is an ontology language (but a lightweight
ontology language)
A little semantics goes a long way (Hendler, 1997)
Classes and Instances

Property rdf:type defines the subject of a triple as of type of the
object
Object of the triple is interpreted as identifier for the class, which
contains the resources denoted via subject of the triple
Example:
The individual Hegel is of type Person
foaf:Person .
Class membership is not exclusive:
Example:
Instances and classes both use same syntax for URIs, so no
syntactical distinction
Subclasses - Motivation
Given triple
and a query for all foaf:Person instances
we do not get any results
We could add the triple

foaf:Person .
but would solve the problem only for one instance
Subclasses
Solution:
Make one statement which says that every scientist is a person
Which means every instance of class
yago:PoliticalPhilosophers is also an instance of class
foaf:Person
Realised via rdfs:subClass property

Example:
The class of political philosophers is a subclass of the
class of persons
yago:PoliticalPhilosophers rdfs:subClassOf
foaf:Person .
Subclasses
rdfs:subClassOf is reflexive, that is, every class is a
subclass of itself
Example:
Possible to equate two classes via reciprocal subclass
relations:
Example:
dbpedia:Person rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Person .
foaf:Person rdfs:subClassOf dbpedia:Person .
Class Hierarchies
Typically, ontologies contain not only single subclass relations, but class
hierarchies
Example:
yago:Philosophers .
yago:Philopsophers rdfs:subClassOf dbpedia:Person .
dbpedia:Person rdfs:subClassOf dbpedia:Mammal .
Transitivity of rdfs:subClassOf is part of the RDFS semantics, which
means e.g., the following holds:
Example:
dbpedia:Philopsophers rdfs:subClassOf dbpedia:Mammal .
Further RDFS Primitives

Property hierarchies via rdfs:subPropertyOf
Restrictions on properties via rdfs:domain and
rdfs:range
Lists and collections
Reification (statements about statements)
Annotations via rdfs:label or rdfs:comment
RDFS Summary
RDFS can be used to describe semantic aspects of
specific domains
On the basis of RDFS it is possible to infer implicit
knowledge
However, the primitives of RDFS have limited expressivity
Web Ontology Language OWL

Fragment of first-order logics
Five variants: OWL EL, OWL RL, OWL QL, OWL DL, OWL Full
OWL DL is decidable and has a corresponding description logics
SROIQ (D)
OWL documents are RDF documents
Three building blocks are
Classes (comparable to classes in RDFS)
Individuals (comparable to instances in RDFS)
Roles (comparable to properties in RDFS)
OWL contains primitives to specify elaborate expressions,

e.g. two classes are disjoint
OWL allows for complex reasoning tasks such as consistency check,
but may be computationally expensive
Equivalence
OWL allows for specification of equivalence; needed in data integration
scenarios
Between individuals: owl:sameAs
Example:
<http://viaf.org/viaf/97773925/> owl:sameAs
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Marlene_Dietrich> .
Between properties: owl:equivalentProperty
Between classes: owl:equivalentClass
Example:
dbpedia:Person owl:equivalentClass foaf:Person .
However, equivalences are often implicitly stated in the data
Inverse Functional Properties

Possible to define uniquely identifying properties useful for object
consolidation
E.g. (hypothetical) from
ex:passportNo rdf:type owl:inverseFunctionalProperty .
and
dbpedia:Marlene_Dietrich ex:passportNo 12033-89-5 .
freebase:en.marlene_dietrich ex:passportNo 12033-89-5 .
follows:
dbpedia:Marlene_Dietrich owl:sameAs
freebase:en.marlene_dietrich .
Further OWL Primitives

Property characteristics: inverse properties, symmetric
properties
Property cardinality: minimum cardinality, maximum
cardinality
Class restrictions
Property chains
LINKED DATA APPLICATION

ARCHITECTURES
Data Integration System Architecture
? !
Integration
Wrapper
Wrapper11
Wrapper 2
Wrapper n
Source 1
Source 2
Source n
Semantic Web Components
( )
Linked Data: Minimal Components
2. Answer
( )
1. Query
Architecture Styles
Warehousing/
Crawl-Index-Serve
2. Answer
!
1. Query
Virtual Integration/
Distributed Querying
0. CrawlIndex
Basic Application: Entity Browsing

Warehousing/
Crawl-Index-Serve
SWSE, Falcons, Sindice, Watson,

FactForge
Virtual Integration/
Distributed Querying
Tabulator, Disco, Zitgist
SUMMARY
Summary
The Linked Data Web is a large, decentralised, complex system built
on simple principles
identify resource via HTTP URIs
provide RDF that links to other URIs upon lookup
Current trend around Linked Data allows for a re-think of components

in Semantic Web Layer Cake
Data publishers and consumers coordinate little
Web of Data grows rapidly and covers a large variety of domains
Algorithms operating over a common access protocol and data model
Ontology languages provide integration and mapping between
disparate sources
First commercial applications emerging
Attribution
Slides from my SWT-2 lectures and WWW 2010 SILD tutorial
Slides about RDFS and OWL adapted from SWT-1 lecture (Rudolph,
Kroetzsch, Harth)
Linking Open Data cloud diagrams, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja
Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/
Images of Berlin, Hegel and Dietrich via Wikipedia
Hendler 97: http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~hendler/LittleSemanticsWeb.html
Borst 97: Construction of Engineering Ontologies, Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Twente 1997.
Studer, Benjamins, Fensel 98: Knowledge Engineering: Principles and
Methods, DKE 25(1-2):161-198.
Gruber 93: Towards principles for the design of ontologies used for
knowledge sharing, Formal Ontology in Conceptual Analysis and
Knowledge Representation, Kluwer.

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Introduction to Linked Data

Marko Grobelnik, Andreas Harth, Dumitru Roman

Marko Grobelnik, Andreas Harth, Dumitru Roman, Big Linked Data