Secularization Issue

Prior to the execution of the three Filipino martyrs, there had been an unresolved issue about
secularization in the Philippines that resulted a conflict among the religious regulars and the
church seculars. Father Mariano Gomez was a strong advocate of the rights of the secular clergy.
Father Jose Burgos, however, was liberal and had strong nationalist views. He went for
ecclesiastic reforms to empower native clergy, the reason he became a target of opposition by
Roman Catholic authorities.
Father Jacinto Zamora, on the otherhand, loved playing cards. No one knew about this except his
playmates. Unfortunately, on the day of the Cavite Revolt, Father Zamora received an invitation
that said, his friend has "Powder and Munitions." In a gambler's language, Powder and munitions
meant they had much money to gamble. This invitation fell into the Spanish hands. This
invitation is one of the reasons why the Spaniards blamed the three priests.
[edit] Cavite Mutiny
The "Cavite Mutiny" is an unsuccessful revolt of 200 Filipino soldiers and laborers against the
Spanish oppression which hoped to start a national uprising on the night of January 20, 1872 at a
Cavite arsenal.
This mutiny was used by the Spanish authorities as an excuse to execute the three Filipino
priests. They were used as scapegoats against the rising tide of Filipino nationalism.
[edit] Garrote


Execution by garrote.
Garrote is a method of execution formerly practiced in Spain, in which a tightened iron collar is
used to strangle or break the neck of a condemned person
[1]
. This was what they used to execute
the GOMBURZA at Bagumbayan on February 17, 1872.
[edit] After the Execution
The execution left a profound effect on many Filipinos; Jos Rizal, the national hero, would
dedicate his novel Noli Me Tangere to their memory
[2]
. This injustice triggered the awakening
nationalism of the Filipinos and provoked them to secretly form movements against the foreign
invasion and seek independence.
[edit] Recovery of the Corpses
The corpses of the three priests were secretly dumped in an unmark site at the Paco cemetery.
They were not recovered until a month before their 126 Death Anniversary in 1996
[3]
, in the
ladies' comfort room of the Paco Park by the Manila City Engineers Office.
[edit] Commemoration
A commemorative event was held in honor of the martyred priests in 1996 arranged by the
National Centennial Commission through its GOMBURZA Anniversary Committee. This was in
cooperation with the National Historical Institute, the Manila Tourism and Cultural Affairs
Bureau, the National Parks Development Authority and the Intramuros Administration. Held at
the Rizal Park, GOMBURZA Monument and the Paco Park Cemetery. The unveiling of a
marker at Paco Park Cemetery declaring the park a National Historical Shrine highlighted the
event.
FATHER MARIANO GOMEZ

Father Mariano Gomez was born in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
He finished his priesthood at San Juan de Letran. After being a teacher, he became the parish
priest of Bacoor, Cavite.
He founded the La Verdad (The Truth), a newspaper which reveals the abuses of the
Spaniards to the Filipinos. Father Gomez was called a Fililbuster because of this.
When the Cavite mutiny broke out in January 20, 1872, the Spanish authorities arrested him
together with Father Gomez and Father Zamora,charging them of having incited revolution.
After a mock trial at Fort Santiago on February 15, 1872, there were sentenced to die by means
of garrote or strangulation by an iron collar tightened by a screw. On February 28, 1872 the
three priest were executed at Bagumbayan now known as Luneta.
- O0o
Si Padre Mariano Gomez ay ipinanganak sa St. Cruz, Maynila.
Nagtapos siya ng pagpapari sa San Juan de Letran. Pagkatapos niya ng Guro ay naging kura
paroko siya sa Bacoor, Cavite.
Itinatag niya ang pahayang Le Verdad (Ang Katotohanan) upang ihayag ang mga
pagmamalabis ng mga Kastila. Tinawag siyang Filibusterodahilkdito. Nang maganap ang
himagsikan sa Cavite noong ika-20 ng Enero, 1872 siya ay inaresto at hinatulan ng kamatayan sa
pamamagitan ng garote noong ika-15 ng Pebrero 1872 kasama sina Padre Burgos at Padre
Zamora.
Noong ika-28 ng Pebrero, isinakatuparan ang hatol sa Bagumbayan na ngayon at Luneta

or the Honduran footballer, see Jos Manuel Burgos.
Jos Apolonio Burgos

Padre Jos Apolonio Burgos
Born
February 9, 1837
Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Died
February 17, 1872
Manila, Philippines
Occupation Priest
Jos Apolonio Burgos y Garca was a Filipino mestizo secular priest, accused of mutiny by the
Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines in the 19th century. He was placed in a mock trial
and summarily executed in Manila along with two other clergymen.
Burgos was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on February 9, 1837 to a Spanish officer, Don Jos
Tiburcio Burgos, and a mestiza mother named Florencia Garca. He obtained three
undergraduate degrees with honors, two masters degrees and two doctorate degrees from the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran and from the University of Santo Tomas. He conducted his first
mass in the Intramuros.
[edit] Contributions
Burgos' liberal views, codified in editorial essays, championing political and ecclesiastic reforms
in favor of empowering more native clergymen, made him a target of opposition by Roman
Catholic authorities.
In 1864, an anonymous pamphlet was published in Manila, criticizing the prejudice in the
Church, and providing rebuttals against several canards against the native clergy. Although the
document was unsigned, historians believe the author to be Burgos, based on its style and
content. Burgos also penned several signed articles later in his life, in response to a series of
anonymous written attacks on the Filipino clergy. Though Burgos offered few new ideas, his
name caught the attention of Spanish authorities, who would report that the native clergy was
becoming liberal and separatist.
In 1869, Felipe Buencamino, a young student and an acquaintance of Burgos, was charged with
spreading nationalist propaganda in the form of leaflets scattered throughout his school's campus,
demanding academic freedom. This accusation was given credence by a protest he staged several
months prior, against being required to speak Latin in the classroom. Consequently, Buencamino
and some of his associates were sent to jail. With the aid of Burgos, Buencamino was freed four
months later, only to be told that having missed school for four months, he would have to find a
tutor who would help him make up for the classes he missed. Buencamino chose Burgos.
By this time, Burgos had established a reputation as a defender of the native clergy. His debates
over the rights of native priests had extended to include questions of race and nationalism. This
reputation would eventually cause him to be implicated in a mutiny in Cavite.
[edit] Death


Jos Apolonio Burgos on the cover of the book Ang Tunay na Buhay ni P. Dr. Jose Burgos
("The True Life of P. Jose Burgos")
After the Cavite Mutiny on January 20, 1872, the trial of mutineer sergeant Bonifacio Octavo
revealed that a man named Zaldua had been recruiting people for an uprising. Octavo testified
that this man claimed to be under the orders of Burgos, but inconsistent details during Octavo's
cross-examinations called into question the validity of his testimony. Nevertheless, governor-
general Rafael Izquierdo reported to Madrid that the testimony had confirmed his suspicions, and
pinned the blame on Burgos and two other priests, Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gmez, for
sedition.
The three were dragged through a tribunal amid a list of drummed up charges and false
witnesses, and where their own lawyers betrayed them to the court. On February 17, 1872, they
were garroted in the middle of Bagumbayan field (now Luneta Park).
[edit] Influence
Burgos was a close friend and associate of Paciano Rizal, Jos Rizal's older brother and mentor.
Burgos's execution - along with Gmez's and Zamora's - deeply affected Jos, who was inspired
to write his second novel, El Filibusterismo.
Several towns in the Philippines were named in his honor. These include:
Burgos, Ilocos Norte
Burgos, Ilocos Sur
Burgos, Isabela
Burgos, La Union
Burgos, Pangasinan
Padre Burgos, Quezon
Padre Burgos, Southern Leyte
Burgos, Surigao del Norte

jos Burgos

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Honduran footballer, see Jos Manuel Burgos.
Jos Apolonio Burgos

Padre Jos Apolonio Burgos
Born
February 9, 1837
Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Died
February 17, 1872
Manila, Philippines
Occupation Priest
Jos Apolonio Burgos y Garca was a Filipino mestizo secular priest, accused of mutiny by the
Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines in the 19th century. He was placed in a mock trial
and summarily executed in Manila along with two other clergymen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Contributions
3 Death
4 Influence
5 See also
6 References
[edit] Early life
Burgos was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur on February 9, 1837 to a Spanish officer, Don Jos
Tiburcio Burgos, and a mestiza mother named Florencia Garca. He obtained three
undergraduate degrees with honors, two masters degrees and two doctorate degrees from the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran and from the University of Santo Tomas. He conducted his first
mass in the Intramuros.
[edit] Contributions
Burgos' liberal views, codified in editorial essays, championing political and ecclesiastic reforms
in favor of empowering more native clergymen, made him a target of opposition by Roman
Catholic authorities.
In 1864, an anonymous pamphlet was published in Manila, criticizing the prejudice in the
Church, and providing rebuttals against several canards against the native clergy. Although the
document was unsigned, historians believe the author to be Burgos, based on its style and
content. Burgos also penned several signed articles later in his life, in response to a series of
anonymous written attacks on the Filipino clergy. Though Burgos offered few new ideas, his
name caught the attention of Spanish authorities, who would report that the native clergy was
becoming liberal and separatist.
In 1869, Felipe Buencamino, a young student and an acquaintance of Burgos, was charged with
spreading nationalist propaganda in the form of leaflets scattered throughout his school's campus,
demanding academic freedom. This accusation was given credence by a protest he staged several
months prior, against being required to speak Latin in the classroom. Consequently, Buencamino
and some of his associates were sent to jail. With the aid of Burgos, Buencamino was freed four
months later, only to be told that having missed school for four months, he would have to find a
tutor who would help him make up for the classes he missed. Buencamino chose Burgos.
By this time, Burgos had established a reputation as a defender of the native clergy. His debates
over the rights of native priests had extended to include questions of race and nationalism. This
reputation would eventually cause him to be implicated in a mutiny in Cavite.
[edit] Death


Jos Apolonio Burgos on the cover of the book Ang Tunay na Buhay ni P. Dr. Jose Burgos
("The True Life of P. Jose Burgos")
After the Cavite Mutiny on January 20, 1872, the trial of mutineer sergeant Bonifacio Octavo
revealed that a man named Zaldua had been recruiting people for an uprising. Octavo testified
that this man claimed to be under the orders of Burgos, but inconsistent details during Octavo's
cross-examinations called into question the validity of his testimony. Nevertheless, governor-
general Rafael Izquierdo reported to Madrid that the testimony had confirmed his suspicions, and
pinned the blame on Burgos and two other priests, Jacinto Zamora and Mariano Gmez, for
sedition.
The three were dragged through a tribunal amid a list of drummed up charges and false
witnesses, and where their own lawyers betrayed them to the court. On February 17, 1872, they
were garroted in the middle of Bagumbayan field (now Luneta Park).
[edit] Influence
Burgos was a close friend and associate of Paciano Rizal, Jos Rizal's older brother and mentor.
Burgos's execution - along with Gmez's and Zamora's - deeply affected Jos, who was inspired
to write his second novel, El Filibusterismo.
Several towns in the Philippines were named in his honor. These include:
Burgos, Ilocos Norte
Burgos, Ilocos Sur
Burgos, Isabela
Burgos, La Union
Burgos, Pangasinan
Padre Burgos, Quezon
Padre Burgos, Southern Leyte
Burgos, Surigao del Norte

Biography of Father Jose Burgos
Father Jose Burgos was one of the three Gomburza priests executed by Spanish authorities in
the Philippines after being accused of treason. He was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, in 1837, and
was garroted on February 17, 1872, at Fort Santiago in the middle of Bagumbayan field (now
Luneta Park).
TALAMBUHAY NI P. JOSE BURGOS
a Piipinas ay maraming

daiang

ayani at sa mg

a it ay aiang

ang

huwaran ng

mg

a Paring

pilipino na si Dr. Jos Apolonio Burgos.
Niyang

ia ng

erero ng

tang

ay sumiang sa maiwanag ang

aming

pinaguuan
ng

ayn nitng

haw na dahon ng

mg

a Dakilang Pilipino iyy an ng

eniente ng

Miisya na
si Jos urgos at ni inang

orenia ni urgos sa ayan ng

Vigan Ioos ur
Si Dr. Jos A. Burgos ay naulila sa kamusmusn, at sa marud na nas ng

anyng

mairuging

in na ang

anyng

mun ay mmuat sa mg

a daiang

ara ay siniap ni aing orenia na ang

anyng

an ay mipada sa Mayni at paihasay an siy ng

isng

Pmunung

Hu
ang

gayng

nas ay nagng

isng

pang

yayari sa tuong

ng

mg

a maapang

yarihan ng

panahng

yan iyay tinang

gp ng

wang gugo sa Paraang

an Juan de Letrn
Ang

atainuhan niyng

d araniwan ay nunyng

at sa tang

w non ay anyng

npansn
bat pa man ang

mg

a ahidwaan ng

pamamaaad sa o ng

Paraan Pang

uo siy paihas
ng

tanng

nagara na anyng

apanahn ayt anyng

tinutuan ang

gayng

d niy
minauting

npansin ng

unit sa hap na dingn ang

anyng

tuto ay siyy itinawaag sa

unang

inh ng

aapihan ay npapun sa anyng

pus
a gitn ng

gayng

apinsaan ay nipagpatuoy din niy ang

pagaara sa marunong

na Paring

si
Mariano ara hang

gng

siyy mihandng

tang

gapn sa Paraang

-mad ni to oms
Npatang

siy ng

gayn na amang

at sa anyng

mg

a siap ay napagiaang

tunay na aagd
siy ng

Kardena eferino onaes sa arunung

an ng

eooga a Paraang

it niy tinam
ang

mg

a atiayang

pag ahier en Flosofia, Doctor en Derecho Cannico at Doctor

matapos ang

anyng

pag-aara sa Paraang

-mad ni anto oms ay nhirang

siyng

magng

Patnugot ng

Paraang

an Juan de Letrn at gur sa wiang

atn wiang

ayn sa mg

a
mnunuat ng

panahng

yan ay gingamit niy nang

gaya ng

paggmit ng

sariing

wia
Nang

siyy yumaap ng

atung

uang

pag Par at ang

unaunahan niyng

Misa ay
anyng

ng

anapn ay napiitan niyng

itiwan ang

tung

uin niy sa an Juan de Letrn ng

unit
siyy iinipat na Patnugot ng

mg

a nagaara sa to oms tung

uing

hind niy pinagtagan at

hinarap ay ang

anyng

pag Par
i r Jos A urgos ay nagng

pang

aawang

Kura sa Katedra nitng

Mayni nagng

Mahistrado at Pun sa Katedra agausig ng

Huumang

esiastio at Pang

uong

Pun ng

pagdiriwang

sa Paraang

-madl ni Sto. Toms.

tang

nang

ang

mg

a Paring

Hesuita ay paayasin dito sa Piipinas non ang

dao ng

Mindanw ay nsa amay ng

mg

a eoetano at sa agitnaan ng

Lusn ay sa mg

a Paring

tu
rito sa Kapuun ng

unit ng

paain sa Kapuun ang

mg

a Hesuitas niyang

tang

ay
siyng

isinug sa Mindanw at ang

mg

a eoetano ay iinpat sa gitn ng

Lusn na siyng

nsa
apamahaan ng

mg

a rigo mg

a Parng

tagarito sa ating

upan ang

ganitng

paniagong

pagawa ng

arapatn ng

mg

a Paring

piipino ay tinang

gap ng

mg

a it na parang

isng

maang

pagait pagapastang

an sa aning

arapatn at ang

gayn ay nagng

simu ng

isng

pagtuto na pinamatnugutan ng

antg na si r Jos A urgos

asuatan ang

pinasapit sa spaa na humihing

ng

atarung

an para sa mg

a Paring

napinsa ng

unit gaya ng

mg

a aong

daiang

gaw na d tuw nay nagtagumpy ang

aning

ahiing

an ay naupig ng

apang

yarihan ng

aning

mg

a atung

ga at ang

gayng

pang

yayari
ay nagng

simu na ng

isng

piping

paghaham ng

mg

a Paring

piipino at ng

mg

a Paring

asti Ia ng

Huyo ng

tang

nang

sin Par urgos at Jos uevarra ay nagpada ng

isng

asuatan sa Kapitan Henera aros Ma Latorre sa mg

a paratang

na sa aniy
iinuhat ng

mg

a reguares at nagmumung

ahing

itisin ung

mayroon ng

wang

filibusterismo dito sa Pilipinas.
a gitn ng

aimpuyng

it ng

pagaaan ng

ist is sa aiang

dao ang

mg

a Paring

tu rito
sa atin at sa aiang

dao ay ang

mg

a Paring

anyag ay npatan sa Himagsiang

awa sa
Kaite niyang

pang

yayaring

ngamit ng

mg

a aaway ni r Jos A urgos upng

ang

nsaing

Par at sampu ni Pari Mariano me at Jainto amora ay masang

t sa nsaing

himagsikan.
At gaya ng

aht ng

pang

yayari sa mg

a ayang

nasusuuan ng

apang

yarihan ng

ing

ans
ang

mg

a paan ay nagtagumpay sa mainaw na sai ang

tatong

daing

Par ay umayt sa
iitayn upng

diigin ng

aning

dug upng

pagaayan ng

aning

maagang

pagpanaw ang

aaitait na amatayang

dapat amang

sa mg

a sarn iy initay niyang

i ng

Perero
ng

tang

ago initay si r Jos A urgos ay nagsai ng

Aoy waang

saa at tinugn ng

Verdugo
Among

aoy patawarin mo at ang

pagitay ong

it sa iy ay aan sa aing

aooan ng

unit
nannupd a ng

isng

utos
Ang

gayn ay pinaihn ni r urgos ng

gayari
Pinatatawad ita at nas ong

ang

utos ay iyng

tuparin
Non ay nagdiim ang

ang

it humagunot ang

ug ang

inti ay nagsiguhit ng

ong

tatam at
ang

un ay umuhos
Ang

mg

a taong

aramihay us na duma sa agumayan ay parang

ipinagtauyan ng

mg

a
eemento at ang

tatong

Par ay initay
Ang

amatayan ni r Jos Apoonio urgos ay mituturing

nating

inh ng

Himagsian At
ang

diw ng

anyng

ipinagtang

g na atuwiran ng

mg

a Par ay nagtagumpy sa ating

pinagpaang

Himagsian niyang

tang

na ang

unang

tagumpy na mituturing

na hang

g
gayn ay nannatii sa iaaw ng

asaimn ng

mg

a anyag ay ang

pagiaa sa arapatn ng

mg

a Pareng

tu rito sa atin na aramihan ay nang

aghhawa gayn ng

mg

a atung

uan at
Karang

aang

Oispo
Nagng

gaw tuw na na ang

mg

a Paring

nhatuan sa mg

a aaitait na asaanan ay
hinhuarn ng

pag Par at ang

gayn ay hiniing

sa Mng

na Aroispo ng

Mayni ng

unit
waang

mitang

matuwid ang

nsaing

Aroispo ayat d si hinuarn ng

pag Par sa oras

amtayan
Si Gat Riza sa anyng

pagaatha ng

pang

aawng

ahagi ng

Noi ang

anyng

iiusterismo ay ihnandg sa tatng

daiang

Par iang

pang

aw sa mg

a upasaang

sa
kanil'y iginawad:
a ganng

amin ang

tatong

daing

Par ay d nagsaa ahit ahagy na dapat apatan ng

gayng

aupit na hato ng

unit siy naging

asang

apan ng

mg

a pang

yayari upng

ang

inh
ng

paghihimags ay payaung

in ng

aning

dug
tapusin namin ang

uat na it sa mg

a sait ni P me ang

nang

agsisiiig sa Inang

ayan ay d nang

amamatay sa aning

hihigang

sarii

FATHER JACINTO ZAMORA

Father Jacinto Zamora was born in Pandacan, Manila on August 14, 1835. He was
the son of Venancio Zamora and Hilaria del Rosario. He studied his elementary education in
Pandacan, Manila. He finished Bachelor of Arts at San Juan de Letran and in the University of
Santo Tomas for his priesthood
He was assigned parish priest at Marikina then afterwards in Pasig. Soon after how many years
he became assistant priest at the Manila Cathedral where he met Father Burgos and joined the
organization to fight against the abuses suffered b y the Filipinos in the hands of the Spaniards.
When the revolution in Cavite began on January 1872. Zamora was arrested and jailed in Fort
Santiago. He was sentenced to death on February 15 and executed by strangulation on February
28, 1872 with Father Burgos and Father Gomez.

- O0o

Si Padre Zamora ay ipinanganak sa Pandacan, Maynila noong ila-14 ng Agosto 1835. Ang
kanyang mga magulang ay sina Venancio Zamora at Hilaria del Rosario. Nag-aral siya ng
elementary sa Pandacan. Nagtapos siya ng Batsilyer en Artes sa San Juan de Letran at nagtapos
naman siya ng pagpapari sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas.
Naging kura paroko siya sa Marikina sumunod sa Pasig. Pagkaraan ng ilang panahon ay naging
pangalawang kura sa Katedral ng Maynila kung saan sila nagtagpo ni Padre Burgos at sumapi
siya sa samahan upang labanan ang pagmamalabis ng mga Kastila.
Nang naganap ang himagsikan sa Cavite noong Enero 1872 siya ay inaresto at ikinulong sa Fort
Santiago. Hinatulan ng kamatayan noong ika-15 ng Pebrero at isinakatuparan ang hatol noong
ika-28 ng Pebrero 1872 sa pamamagitan ng garote, kasama sina Padre Burgos at Padre Gomez.

Jacinto Zamora


Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario (14 August 1835 - 17 February 1872) was a Filipino friar, part of
the Gomburza trio who were falsely accused of mutiny by the Spanish colonial authorities in the
Philippines in the 19th century. He was placed in a mock trial and summarily executed in Manila
along with two other clergymen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Pastoral life
3 Death
4 See also
5 References
[edit] Early life
Born on August 14, 1835 to Venancio Zamora and Hilaria del Rosario, he began his early
education in Pandacan and later at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He was classified as an
insular under the Spanish caste system prevailing at that time.
[1]
He later transferred to the
University of Santo Tomas after finishing his Bachiller en Artes. Zamora graduated on March
16, 1858 with the degree of Bachelor of Canon and Civil Laws. He became a student preparing
for the priesthood in the Seminary of Manila.
[edit] Pastoral life
After being ordained, Zamora handled parishes in Marikina, Pasig, and Batangas. He was also
assigned to manage the Manila Cathedral on 3 December 1864. In league with fellow priests
Mariano Gmez and Jos Burgos, he continued the mission that Pedro Pelaez began, the
secularization of Filipino priests.
[edit] Death
Zamora had a habit of playing cards after saying Mass. Once, he received an invitation stating
that his friend had "Powder and Munitions"; in a gambler's language, "Powder and Munitions"
meant that the player had much money to gamble with.
[citation needed]
This invitation fell into the
hands of the Spaniards and worse, it was on the night of the Cavite mutiny led by a Filipino
soldier, Sgt. Lamadrid. This invitation was used by the Spaniards as evidence against the three
priests. The court accused them of inciting the revolt, even though the evidence was not
adequate. They were found guilty and sentenced to death by garrote. The execution was carried
out on February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan Field in Manila.

Gomburza

Gomburza or GOMBURZA is an acronym denoting the surnames of the priests Mariano
Gmez, Jos Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three Filipino priests who were executed
on 17 February 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila, Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on
charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. Their execution left a profound
effect on many Filipinos; Jos Rizal, the national hero, would dedicate his novel El filibusterismo
to their memory.
[1]

The uprising by workers in the Cavite Naval Yard was the pretext
[2][3]
needed by the authorities
to redress a perceived humiliation from the principal objective, Jos Burgos, who threatened the
established order.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 The Cavite Mutiny
3 Recovery of remains
4 Further reading
5 Footnotes
[edit] Background
During the Spanish colonial period, four social class distinctions were observed in the islands.
These were 1.) Spaniards who were born in Spain peninsulares, 2.) Spaniards born in the
colonies of Spain (Latin America or The Philippines)insulares or Criollo 3.) Spanish mestizos,
Chinese mestizos or 'Indios' (natives) dwelling within or nearby the urban city (or town) and the
church, and, finally, 4.) Chinese or Sangley and rural Indios.
[4]

Father Burgos was a criollo, a Doctor of Philosophy
[citation needed]
whose prominence extended
even to Spain, such that when the new Governor and Captain-General Carlos Maria de la Torre
arrived from Spain to assume his duties, he invited Burgos to sit beside him in his carriage
during the inaugural procession, a place traditionally reserved for the Archbishop and who was a
peninsular Spaniard. The arrival of the liberal governor De la Torre was not welcomed by the
ruling minority of friars, regular priests who belonged to an order (Dominicans, Augustinians,
Recollects and Franciscans) and their allies in civil government, but embraced by the secular
priests, majority of whom were mestizos and indios assigned to parishes and far-flung
communities, who believed the reforms and the equality they sought with peninsular Spaniards
were at hand. In less than two years, De la Torre was replaced by Rafael de Izquierdo.
[edit] The Cavite Mutiny
Main article: 1872 Cavite mutiny
The so-called Cavite Mutiny of workers in the arsenal of the naval shipyard over pay reduction
owing to increased taxation produced a willing witness to implicate the three priests, who were
summarily tried and sentenced to death by garrote on February 17, 1872. The bodies of the three
priests were buried in a common, unmarked grave in the Paco Cemetery, in keeping with the
practice of burying enemies of the state.
[2]
Significantly, in the archives of Spain, there is no
record of how Izquierdo, himself a liberal, could have been influenced to authorize these
executions.
[citation needed]
Gregorio Meliton Martinez, then the Archbishop of Manila, refused to
defrock the priests, citing they did not break any canon law. He ordered the bells of every church
to be rung in honor of the executed priests. The aftermath of the investigation produced scores of
suspects most of whom were exiled to Guam in the Marianas. Except for a few who managed to
escape to other ports like Hong Kong, most died there.
[edit] Recovery of remains


The gates of Paco Park
Early in 1998, bones believed to belong to one of the three executed priests were discovered at
the Paco Park Cemetery by the Manila City Engineers Office.
[5]

[edit] Further reading


The Death of Gomburza & The Propaganda Movement

In February 17, 1872, Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jocinto Zamora
(Gomburza), all Filipino priest, was executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of
subversion. The charges against Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora was their alleged
complicity in the uprising of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard. The death of Gomburza
awakened strong feelings of anger and resentment among the Filipinos. They
questioned Spanish authorities and demanded reforms. The martyrdom of the three
priests apparently helped to inspire the organization of the Propaganda Movement,
which aimed to seek reforms and inform Spain of the abuses of its colonial government.

he iustrados ed the iipinos quest for reforms eause of their eduation and
newly acquired wealth, they felt more confident about voicing out popular grievances.
However, since the illustrados themselves were a result of the changes that the Spanish government had been slowly
implementing, the group could not really push very hard for the reforms it wanted. The illustrados did not succeeded
in easing the sufferings of the Filipinos; but from this group arose another faction called the intelligentsia. The
intelligentsia also wanted reforms; but they were more systematic and used a peaceful means called the Propaganda
Movement.

Goals of the Propaganda Movement

Members of the Propaganda Movement were called propagandists or reformists. They worked inside and outside the
Philippines. Their objectives were to seek:

Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain
Equal status for both Filipinos and Spaniards
Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
Secularization of Philippine parishes.
Recognition of human rights

The Propaganda Movement never asked for Philippine independence because its members believed that once Spain
realized the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards would implement the changes the Filipinos were seeking.

The Propagandists

The Filipinos in Europe were much more active in seeking reforms than those in Manila. They could be divided
into three groups: The first included Filipinos who had been exiled to the Marianas Islands in 1872 after being
implicated in the Cavite Mutiny. After two many years in the Marianas, they
proceeded to Madrid and Barcelona because they could no longer return to the
Philippines. The second group consisted of illustrados in the Philippines who had been
sent to Europe for their education. The third group was composed of Filipinos who had
fled their country to avoid punishment for a crime, or simply because they could not
stand Spanish atrocities any longer. Still, not all Filipinos living in Spain were
members of the Propaganda Movement. Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and
Marcelo H. del Pilar were it most prominent members.

Lopez Jaena was a brilliant orator who wrote such pieces as "Fray Botod,"
"Esperanza," and "La Hija del Fraile," which all criticized the abuses of Spanish friars
in the Philippines. Del Pilar was an excellent writer and speaker who put up the
newspaper Diarion Tagalog in 1882. His favorite topic was the friars. Some of his
most popular writings included "Caiingat Cayo", "Dasalan at Tocsohan," and "Ang
Sampung Kautusan ng mga Prayle". "Caingat Cayo" was a pamphlet answering the
ritiisms reeived y Jose ias nove Noli Me Tangere. "Dasalan" was parody of
the prayer books used by the Church, while "Ang Sampung Kautusan" was a satirical
take on the Ten Commandments, which highly ridiculed the Spanish friars.

Jose Rizal was recognized as the great novelist of the Propaganda Movement. He was the first Filipino become
famous for his written wors He wrote a poem entited Sa Aking mga Kababata when he was ony eight years
old. His novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, clearly depicted the sufferings of the Filipinos and the
rampant abuses committed by the friars in the colony. Because of his criticisms of the government and the friars,
Rizal made a lot of enemies. He was executed at Bagumbayan (later renamed Luneta Park and now called Rizal
Park) on December 30, 1896.

The writings produced by the Propaganda Movement inspired Andres Bonifacio and other radicals to establish the
Katipunan and set the Philippine Revolution in place. Continue to La Solidaridad & La Liga Filipina.