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    Chem 26 1 Midterms Review

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    Alyzza Victoria Torres
    This document provides a summary of the key concepts and experiments covered in the Chem 26.1 Midterms Review. It outlines 7 experiments on topics such as: 1) statistical concepts, 2) solution preparation, 3) kinetics of chemical reactions, 4) common ion effect and buffers, 5) shifting equilibriums, 6) determining the Ksp of Ca(OH)2, and 7) the reaction of soda ash. For each experiment, it lists the major concepts and equations covered, including means, rates of reaction, Le Chatelier's principle, and equilibrium constants.

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    Chem 26 1 Midterms Review

    Uploaded by

    Alyzza Victoria Torres
    75 views15 pages
    This document provides a summary of the key concepts and experiments covered in the Chem 26.1 Midterms Review. It outlines 7 experiments on topics such as: 1) statistical concepts, 2) solution preparation, 3) kinetics of chemical reactions, 4) common ion effect and buffers, 5) shifting equilibriums, 6) determining the Ksp of Ca(OH)2, and 7) the reaction of soda ash. For each experiment, it lists the major concepts and equations covered, including means, rates of reaction, Le Chatelier's principle, and equilibrium constants.

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    This document provides a summary of the key concepts and experiments covered in the Chem 26.1 Midterms Review. It outlines 7 experiments on topics such as: 1) statistical concepts, 2) solution preparation, 3) kinetics of chemical reactions, 4) common ion effect and buffers, 5) shifting equilibriums, 6) determining the Ksp of Ca(OH)2, and 7) the reaction of soda ash. For each experiment, it lists the major concepts and equations covered, including means, rates of reaction, Le Chatelier's principle, and equilibrium constants.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    75 views15 pages

    Chem 26 1 Midterms Review

    Uploaded by

    Alyzza Victoria Torres
    This document provides a summary of the key concepts and experiments covered in the Chem 26.1 Midterms Review. It outlines 7 experiments on topics such as: 1) statistical concepts, 2) solution preparation, 3) kinetics of chemical reactions, 4) common ion effect and buffers, 5) shifting equilibriums, 6) determining the Ksp of Ca(OH)2, and 7) the reaction of soda ash. For each experiment, it lists the major concepts and equations covered, including means, rates of reaction, Le Chatelier's principle, and equilibrium constants.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Chem 26.

    1
    Midterms Review

    Prepared by: CMFR

    Expt 1: Statistical Concepts

    Significant Figures
    Accuracy vs. Precision
    Mean, Median
    Average deviation, variance, standard
    deviation, relative standard deviation,
    coefficient of variation, pooled standard
    deviation, range and relative range
    Absolute and relative error
    Confidence Limits
    Q-Test

    Expt 1: Statistical Concepts


    Use of analytical balance
    Weighing techniques
    Types of errors:
    Systematic (determinate)
    Random (indeterminate)
    Gross

    Expt 2: Solution Preparation


    Ways of expressing concentration
    Aliquot factor vs. Dilution factor

    Expt 3: Kinetics of Thiosulfate and HCl


    Method of Initial Rates
    Ratio and proportion

    Effect of temperature on reaction rate:


    Arrhenius equation k=Ae-Ea/RT
    Rate law for reaction of thiosulfate with HCl:
    rate = k[S2O32-]
    Reaction mechanisms: only the ratedetermining steps appear in the rate law
    Thus the correct mechanism is multi-step
    process b or 4 (see your lab manual)

    Expt 4: Common Ion Effect and Buffers


    Le Chateliers Principle!
    Common ion effect consequence of
    Le Chateliers principle
    Salt is less soluble in solution containing
    an ion which is the same as one of the
    constituent ions of that salt

    Buffer solution
    Resists large changes in pH

    Expt 4: Common Ion Effect and Buffers


    Different approaches to calculating pH:
    ICE table
    Henderson Hasselbalch equation
    Color changes brought about by the
    indicator also signify changes in pH.

    Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium


    Q = Keq equilibrium
    Q > Keq (right to left/backward)
    Q < Keq (left to right, more products)
    Properties of Keq when adding/subtracting equations
    Adding equations: Keqs are multiplied
    Subtracting: Keqs are divided
    Multiplying by a coefficient: raise Keq to the nth power where
    n = coefficient multiplied to equation

    Different types of Keqs


    Ka, Kb, Ksp, Kf, etc

    Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium


    Reactions in Test tubes 1-6
    1. + water
    Cu2+ + OH- <-> Cu(OH)2(s)

    Keq = Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

    2. + H2C2O4
    Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

    Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

    H2C2O4 <-> H+ + HC2O4-

    Ka1 (H2C2O4)

    HC2O4- <-> H+ + C2O42-

    Ka2 (H2C2O4)

    2(OH- + H+) <-> H2O**

    1/Kw

    Cu2+ + C2O42- <-> CuC2O4


    Overall eqn:
    Cu(OH)2 + H2C2O4 <-> CuC2O4 + H2O

    1/Ksp(C2O4)
    Keq =

    [(Ksp [Cu(OH)2

    ])(Ka1)(Ka2)]/[Kw2Ksp(CuC

    ** considered because there is base initially present in the soln.

    2O4)]

    Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium


    3. + Zn
    Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

    Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

    Cu2+ + Zn(s) <-> Cu(s) + Zn2+


    Zn2+ + 2OH- <-> Zn(OH)2

    Overall eqn:
    Cu(OH)2 + Zn(s) <-> Cu(s) + Zn(OH)2

    4.+ HNO3

    Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

    Kredox
    1/Ksp[Zn(OH)2]

    Keq =
    [(Ksp [Cu(OH)2])(Kredox)/[Ksp(Zn(OH)2)]

    Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

    2(OH- + H+) <-> H2O**


    Overall eqn:
    Cu(OH)2 + 2H+ <-> Cu2+ + 2H2O

    1/Kw

    Keq = [(Ksp [Cu(OH)2])/Kw2

    ** considered because there is base initially present in the soln.

    Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium


    5. + excess NH3
    Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

    Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

    Cu2+ + 4NH3<-> [Cu(NH3)4]2+

    Kf[Cu(NH3)4]2+

    Overall eqn:
    Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 <-> 2OH- + [Cu(NH3)4]2+

    Keq =
    (Ksp [Cu(OH)2])(Kf[Cu(NH3)4]2+)

    6. + Na3PO4
    Cu(OH)2(s) <-> Cu2+ + 2OH-

    2(PO43- + H2O <-> HPO42- + OH-)


    Overall eqn:
    Cu2+ + 2PO43- <-> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HPO42-

    Ksp [Cu(OH)2]

    Kw2[Ka3 (HPO42- )]2


    Keq =
    Kw2/[Ka3 (HPO42- )]2(Ksp
    [Cu(OH)2])

    Expt 5: Shifting Equilibrium


    Ksp = (s)(2s)2 for Cu(OH)2
    Cu2+ + 2OH- <-> Cu(OH)2

    - Common ion effect vs. diverse ion


    effect
    - Effect of solvent

    Expt 6: Ksp of Ca(OH)2


    Ca2+ + 2OH- <-> Ca(OH)2
    [Ca2+] = [OH-]/2
    Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2
    Ksp = (Ca2+)[(OH-)] 2 [Ca2+][OH-]2
    = (Ca2+)[(OH-)]2Ksp
    Debye-Hckel equation

    Ionic strength

    Expt 7: Soda Ash


    V1 (Vphth)
    NaOH

    Na2CO3

    >

    NaHCO3

    V2 (Vm.o.)
    0

    <

    God bless on your exam!!!

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