xk.E.

E>DD

c^ka
xk.E.E>DD, M.A.,M.Phil.,PGDTA.,Ph.D.,PDF.
Vz.

x>_k[ ]D
50, kV,
Vz - 630 002

c^ka

_ sk B_
o[ B
gEB
x>_ ]A
]A c\

>V^
D
]^
s
k
D

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

V^
E

:
:

c^ka
E.E>DD
2010
gEB
1 x 8 Dt
\o>V
XI + 120
1,000
. 63
x>_k[ ]D
50, kV , Vz 2.
]VF
9843295951

BIBILIOGROPHICAL DATA

Title
Author
First Edition
Copy Right
Size
Paper
No.of Pages
No.of Copies
Price
Laser settings
Printed at

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

ULVAZHI
Dr. S.Chidambaram
2010
Author
1 x 8 Demy
Maplitho
XI + 120
1,000
Rs.63

Karaikudi-2
Subject
Cell

: Criticism
: 9843295951

Mudalvan Publications
50, Jeeva Nagar,

xk.E.E>DD

VD

1 . c^ka|>_
2 . Au_ W
3 . >l_ VA
4 . ]J komD kaV|
5 . ]Vkl_ zA V^
6 . VkV >t
7 . D VuB >
8 . cD uB >tw[
9 . \V|D D
1 0 . Eul[ \ \B^
1 1 . T tl_ \kV
12. Ek][ kVsB_ E>^
1 3 . B >t
1 4 . >ta_ t[A>D >BV]_ u|D
E_D, yD
1 5 . cB_s kEl_ B][ z

c^ka

1. c^ka|>_
>V_VBD >tw[ x>_ BV\V
]m. >t \VaVA xBuE \|t[
>ta[ kVu EB\VD, x>VB kV
uB V[ V]m k> gk\VD
\m^m. ku^ BD zD
x Dz] V]VD. >V_VB
V]VD
\V
\|t[
B\VD ]D \VABm. >V_VB
m^ ] \V>^ >sz xB
x|.
>sz
cB
\VA_
z>m. wkVu>_ w]_
[>VzD. > B V_[
| VzD >[\[ | \m.
>V_VB >s
>V_VB >szB A
]lB_, sB_, uB_, VB_ gB
B__ szV. >s, >k[ _
m _KD kwD _ (>V_. . 34)
[D, \>_ \z _ (>V_. .
35) [D z|V. >szB t
xB\V AV.
xD, VbD \D xm>_
WxD Vuz cB [
(>V_..8)
D WD D\D AD
D \D VV
(>V_.V.15)
[ku komV. >s >[ u
4

xk.E.E>DD

V c]| t sBo_.
clD E>[ V; VD
ly VE uA E>[
>V_V s A_oB \V|
V\wkV[ c^ka D
>Vs_ [\Va ws D
gk D >V[\[ V
(>V_..22)
[ z|V. V\wkV[ c^ka|>_
>sz cB BV z|D D cu
V>m.
c^ka|>_ sD
c^ka_ [ V_ c^ + ka +
|>_ VD. c^ [ V_ D,
cV^, c^[k_, \D [ V^
>m. c^_, c^z>_ c^_ [ Vu^
W>_ [ VB z[.
c^ka >V[ [ V_ zzD.
c^][ kaB m [V_ k B
xD [m V^. c^ka_ [
VuV c^][ kaB _K>_ [
V z> B xm. VmD
bz cls VD E>m. V>s
zu\u, kV> uA E>m. > cV
\m[ >[ V\]uz cBkVB >[ >k[
ztD >_ Wm ED, zu\u
[\VaVF >V| >VAB ku
>s V[VKD k D
V|VV B]_ D D [m
\uB uVs[ >VzD.
5

c^ka
cBVEB m
D, clD V E>m:
>MD zuy> VElB uA E>m

x[V
uV|
>k[
c^sm _KD, k>t_V V_
>s V_K>K\VB k D >V[D
k VVD [ c FV. k
kV F>_ V_ [ u [kV
sxD >V.
V]_ VmkV >k
>s > _km V B_ [
>m. >V_VB> BVuB
VD \[. D m >s
zt> [ BVD [V_ k
|mV|D Vo_ >B zA _.
>\^ >[ Euz V_KkVVF >Va
V_oBm [ m \>
z>V Vo_ (11) >s, >k[
zt> kVD >[ Euz
B VB |mV|V. > Vo_
>s, >k[ zD > [
>>V zA _. >,
sM kVaB[ .....
................................................
\VaB >>V VlD
kas_ ]E[ k V
(z.11 : 4 - 8)
[ V^ \FzD. k >V_VB
z|D c^ka|>_ [ V_VE >k[
zD > >s >V >_ [
6

xk.E.E>DD

V VmD ko>s_. >V_VB

VBo_,
cDAD clD kV bD
[u V_ kBM[ _>
wkVu >_ w]z _
(>V_. V. 91)
[ z|[V.
EVMB m
EVMBD D ]uz
c[|V. EV[\ k| kkku
uA E V m>VKD zuD [[uz
ly [V; [\Va [V u[
]BV\l[ k [V[ka V|
>_ V_k sD >V. >uz
BV|D V[ \V> V (z.31) [
g]\]BV[ V |m V|V.
g]\] BV?
Vu VwM[ \V g]\]BV [D
VuAk, >[ kV g]B
> ]>>V VB V_ z>Vl_ D
u^m. g]\]l[ k[ wV
|> Vsl_ Amk^A_ swVs_ m
_ Wl_, >[ k >
V [ m ADB k WB,
>D V__ (D.76, 135, 222, 236)
z|V kBVD,
| k WDV
k^ T]B V [D
kB ]EV_ BV.....
7

c^ka
(V. 147; 8 - 10)
[ k^ T]BV >[ k > m
]> F]B z|V. D,
kBVD xB g]\], k^T]BV
gBV >D V> > > F]B
ck\BVk BV|^ [m k
V>m.
>V_VB, >kMzD >
>_KD kwz _ >kV
z|^ VmD, B]_ g]\]BV
V_ (z.31) \|D, >[ >k V
> m ADB k WB V^m.
> >M xl_ s\D
Fm gFz c|> kB>uV >k
[ k m k>[ k|D.
BD Ak>uV mV
> >VB V]B gV]
]B_^
J]_
W|VF
km >wms [mD ku[
>V^ z|D>]_ \|t[ ,
BD, \BD, EB_ x>VB][
>KD >\m k| >\V ]B
>Vs (D..V, BD
kVEA, .68, 69) [ [ >VD ~|
\V^>m.
V__, ku[ ] m
\uu V>_ kB [ \
guV\D, c_ V> m[D
gVu Ak^ Vk sQ^
V^ V]KD E V_^,
bzB \A ka \]| s\D Fm
8

xk.E.E>DD

ku >V|D _B mk>
E>>Vk c^. ku^ BV|D V[
\V> V [ g]\]BV[ VKD
z>m. >V_VB kV_ cDAD
clD kVB VmD, k [ BVl
kmk>_m, >k[ ztD >_km
>sz _ *|D komV.
>Mm V| cVVm, >kMztD
VkV\V? km|. gV_ kV
>k V _K>_ _ (>V_.V.10)
[D z|V. kV >k[ ztD
_kV\V? [ u \uu >m. >k[
\k[ [ km [[ n].
mVk >s, >k[ c^ka|k>V
u WmkV >s, kV c^ka
_K>_ _. k^j wV \V
k]BV[ z>V>s, >kM[
kV_ kVBka cw[,
BV _D ~
k_V zD ...................
(z>V. 219; 4 - 5)
[ V|V^. >k >sB V_KD
B_A kw]_ c|. > >tV
[D ]Vl_ kaV| x[
[V [u| km. ]Vl__
kaV| x_ ] WEBV, kV
V[ xsKD, k[, s zD
]uz [ ^Bl_ mlKD x
[u| km. k, >k[ >sB
V _V\ >s, >s >k >
_KD \A _ [m k.
9

c^ka
V]_ >s DVKD _D
V> B cs W[V^ >m.
\s, _V^, \ \ V[
VuV^ > c]|m[. >s
z^ WD > >V zV^.
> >V_VB,
zB _m^D
\BV wszD ka mk
\BD AV VBV
(>V_. . 40)
uA AD \Va
k^ kkaBV
(>V_. . 41)
[ A|mV. k, >s >[ _][
A>, _o_ c^V km zD #]_
\|\ _KD B_ cBkV
]V^. B V^ cD
\ > zl>_m
wkVu >_ w]_
(. V^. 21)
[ uVs_, >s, >k D _B
kB Fm. Vu >sB, >[
_> s| _V>; > k]^
_^ mD k] msVF!
m V^D >VB (.7; 5-7) B\V
V|V.
g]\]BV >[ k VsBVu_
>V> Wl_ k > _V^. >[
10

xk.E.E>DD

k[ [ gV[ [ >BV\_ k
> _V^. g]\]BV [ s[ VD
km. >s, >k AEl[
V\V >V[ > _K>_ Vm [
>V_VB komV. g]\]BV AE
Vt[ >[ x>B >V> Wl_
> _K>_, >tV| \
E>>V V^ V^Vm. >s >[
x>_kB (kB) >V> Wl_
>k[ c^sm > _VD [ A]B
s] >V_VBm^ \m Wu> g]\]BV[
V_ ka Bxm.

11

c^ka

2. AVu_ W
W ml_ AVu_ \>
V_^ ]V[. ku_ AD 127gkm V_
>s B V_^ mD AVu[
]l_ (AD. 382, 383, 384, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395,
396, 398) >Vz[. kBVk :
k . V_
. .

Ak B

VV[

1.

127 cR
x\VEBV

gF [

2.

382 VwV

Vw[^

3.

383 \VVm
BV

sB[

4.

384 A] [VV DwV[

5.

391 _VV

VBVu
wV[

6.

392 kBV

]B\V[
VzaM

7.

393 _oBV

Vw[
zxum
mEB ^kk[

8.

394 VV| VaB V] \V[

\mz\V
]z|k[

9.

VwV|
\[
V>[

395 \m
12

xk.E.E>DD

10. 396 \Vz wV

kVuaM
BV>[

11. 398 ]>V\V

\V[ k[

AVu_ W
gF m \l_ \
>s k mD BV> \D, [
V|D |>D c^. Vosw>
\BV VEBm [ M[
\B cR x\VEBV
EV (AD.127). Vo[ m W
z|m. MD Vo_ gF
M[ V>[\ \|\ |m.
Vo_
\VEBV
kVl_
VkMD
B>VkV, kVlo_ W[>VkV zA _.
kV >uz W [ V>[
V>D AVs_. Vo_ M[
\kVl_ D k>V_ W [
z> VKD.
Vw[ ^l[ \DV|D V
> ]> VwV V[
u_ Vw[ ^l[ k\B Am
(AD.382) V|V. V[ ]> V, c[
>s k BVD V\VVD [ [
c[MD gu|]. V[ x[A u
EV[ c V km^[. VDA V
>Vm kD k\ ^kVBV! [
V wV sV. Ak kV \[MD
>V[ k|D E k|km E_ mBVzD.
AVo_ gul[ \AD \m
13

c^ka
m. gV_ AV| Wl_
>Vz|^m. V >V_VB
D W [ V^k>s E_
B | W [ V^k>
V>\V c^m.
VwV V_ AkVlo_ Ak[
Wu>V s_. Vo_ lK[ W[
V, s|] >, Wk [ k[ Vu^
VwV Vw[ ^B z
Vm V|k>Vk VlV. Vo_
Ak >[B k\ WB z|
V|V. g>o[ W [m Ak ()
Q[ k\ WB, kVl[
WB k>V V^ l[ m mz
V>\V \D. xuu cBVEB^
kV V^ V. VKz
cB]B
k,
.mVt^
>V_VB WBD, E_ B
| WBD [ [ V| z
sD >m^V. gV_ E_ | W
[D mB V V| m E_
>V Vo_ kk>V_ E_ BW
[ mBV kzmD V>\V c^m.
VB V| Ak BV sB[
[ zW \[ VB V| (AD.383)
V[ u_ \m^m. Vo_,
OVu E EDku
| W[ | kV]
>[ A w] V...
(AD.383;3-5)
14

xk.E.E>DD

[ _ | W[ [ kkm
W mz V>\V km. zD
Ak sBB[ V\V[ [
z|V. Ak[ k\W Vo_
s_. [VV VKD
V[ uV \m^m. VmD >D\
V^ V|m AV[ [ Ak V|V.
k\ zA _B[VKD k^_ >z
Fk> >[ E_ kB
z|V.
_VV VoKD, >[
VVk V|V. k z]lo>
kE V\V Vw Vuz k>>V
V|V. D wVM> _VV E_
k WuV >s kkV[D k
_. \ kVluVkM> VB
zAD _. E_ k|D WB z
|m.
]B\V[
|\V[
El[
\[
VzaMB kBV Wm
(AD.392) AV V^V. >
VKD V[ u_ \m^m.
V[ k[, aMl[ \l xu]_
sBuV]_ W[ B>kV EV[.
D \[kMD m k K>V> \[
am kV[, >
cm ^, V^, kz x>oBku s>zD
TxB \[V kVkVBV [ V[.
> Vo_ V[ VzaMl[
\ xu]_ W[ V|k>V zA c^m.
| W[BV[ [ z V|
V Wm [m VmD.
15

c^ka
V_ kBV z]l_ aMB
kVmV. \uV z]l_ k[ V
> V|V. W ml_ kVm
kV
VmD
[m
>Bs_.
VKz kV]B_ [D m kz BKD.
z W m kV>V| m A]B
V\ m. Vo_ W [
V_V k zV _. Ak[ kVl[
Wl_ WuV[. kB k\D
cBu kx\ Vo_ AB|[.
V^ cs[ k\l_ kVB k[
>[ V kt[ ]l_ Vw[
zxum mEB ^kkMD, WD >
VD, \ V[ \_oB gD >m >D\
g>z x\V V[ u_ \>
V (AD.393) _oBV V^V. >
Vo_ >[ BVD g>V> Wl_ ]BV
Vw[ g> k|D [ V|V.
VV| \V[ \m z\V,
VaB kV] ]z|k Am V|D
V_ (AD.394) [ c^m. ]_ k\u
Ak ]z|k[ E V^ g>>V[.
V^ Ak[ s k \[MD \]
V[. \[D BV[ VD c[k
z\Vz E_ _V[. BVl |
EB Ak > ] V. M_
m V_ ~| \. \[[ ]D k>
BVE_ EBm Ak VV [
V \uV BVBD V k>V[.
> sBm V[ V|k>V Ak
VlV.
VoKD
\[
\l_ sBuVl_ Am V|k>V_
16

xk.E.E>DD

WBVlu.
\m VwV| wV[ \[
V>M[ \ kVlo_ W[ >V[ k>
F]B s>][ BV, [ wm, c[
\slD V [V AkD
b! [ \> AVV[ (AD.395)
V^V. Vo_ Ak >D\
VV km, \[M[ kVlo_ >[ kk
s> F]B, >[ >V[ B[
s>ou (AD.395:24) [ V |D. >
Vo_ W t >kV |m.
Vo_ >V_VB |D Fk_ k>D
uB zA V|m. z Ak
V>[ \sBD >VA |]V|km
M[ Am\ zD ]> V|m.
VKD V_ xD Vm kV>V
xm.
x
W [ mz V>\V E
V__ (AD. 392, 393, 394, 395) kVl_ uB
zA D m. _VkuKD V|kV[
k\ zV _m s_ u zV
D m. W ml_ \>
V__, DVVku_ E_ u Q[
V>kz, >V[ u k> s
k>Vk \m^m. m gul[
>[\Bm. k, Vo[ kEBVk
VVu
\m^m.
k
gu mlom k> BVk
V_^ c. ku zD m^
k[\l[ m^ [ .s.
17

c^ka
BV\M[ m k V>m.
D cl_ z|km V >
VKD kVluVk_ uB zA _.
W
[>uz V>\V _V
V_KD W uB zA _. >
VzDVm >V_VB B W
ml[ m kE u WBB
AVu V_^ V|[.
Wm BxD kD t
mBVzD; AkM[ [D, AkM[
t>>D szD mBVzD. g>o[ >
_k kl_ A>uz kVFA^m. g>V_
[M VB_ WB EuB\V
V| D kzm, { B kBV
ckVsm.

18

xk.E.E>DD

3. >l_ VA
>t
B_
VzV|
> z>m. VB][
B_A u]D >l_
VMkl_ V D >
| \]|m.
VB_ k
VB][ A_ ED
km k. V[ M\D,
kD, V>\V [l_ uD kmD,
\BkmD c|. >t B_
Bu k^ >Mm AB|k]_.
BuB sQ[ >V[ k> VV|
m Ak>V_ sBD EAm.
BuBV| B> kVBB >t
B^ |[. B > VzB
VB_ Bu uB k D
m. \, _, V|, k, kD,
>VuD uB k^ D
k|D [m VB\A. gV_ k
mD VB_ D k|D
[]_. ku^ zmD D VD.
>t VB^ mD \, _, , V|
uB k >MBV Em
Vs_. gV_ uV]_ >V[B
VB^ V|, \, , _, uB k
>MBV A[. DV\VB]_ V|D,
D [ z]D ]>V AV]_
]\ D [ z]D >uz V[VzD.
19

c^ka
xuV]_ >V[B VB_ Bu
uB k^ >BV]uz u
gV Bm k> V xm.
>V_VB Bu V u >_
[ D FV. >l_ Bu
WEV >D z xBs_.
VM k
>t VB_ W^ uB k
[A\V AB|m. > >k
x>VV \uV^D DB][Vm
W^ uB k D m.
E]V]_ Vk[, , ]B^ AV
]om \mz _KDVm W k
\m. > u [>V[B kV_
>
kVu
VV
V
VBKD W^ uB kB >t
\V| A]> V xm.
>V_VB VMD uB V^BB
]lBo_ x[MmV (>V_...2).
gV_, V__ V] uB
V_ tz]BV D [. E]VD
VB,
x_D zED x\lu ]m
_oB_ wm |zmB m
V B[>V k V^D
(EDA.11 : 64 - 66)
[ szm. kV| V V[>[
>tV. kV zED, x_D
>[MB_om ]m, V [D B_
20

xk.E.E>DD

k>VzD. zE WD \|D >MB VBV

]> F]B VD (113), x_ WD >MB
VBV ]> F]B o>VD (2)
|D. k, V [m zE _m x_
WD kVD k>V_ u|k>VzD.
E]V]_ nW A x\BV
m. gV_ k E>V\l_ V
WD uB A tz]BV _ (1186 - 89, 2106).
>l_ V WD uB A D u
V]KD, F>_ WD uB A D
s_. E]VD x\D >tV_
W> WE BV V|
Bum. k, Vk^ nW
k >t B \A wV\_
kV. gV_ VBV k
E>V\, > V[k kV|
WE A[. k, VB gEB^
>^
>BV]uz
u
Bu
kB B[|] V^[.
>l_ k
Vzk Bu A \V>
xk]KD AV. gV_ VM kB
c V][ uz]l_ m
V|V. c>B \[[ V>[ \V
kVk>>B c \VM[ u
V| B] V _[V[. kV
c>B[ kVk>>BV| c ]om
n Vk>D m _KD Vm VMV
\>D, x_, zE, V uB A
B\V |mV. Vzk^ >D \V>l_
V|, k> VB][ >V]_
21

c^ka
Vs_. k c>B[ \uV^D
B][Vm ]|D W^ uB
A AV. VB \
[u VBD FB B>B
kVFV B[|] V^V.
Bu {sBD
c>B[ >>[ c \V s|,
l[ *m \m BD FV[. c[
V\VD _V^. c \Vom
| Vk> >V [mD \>WD
]|m. kD t kB__ ^
m >. V]_ DA^ cBm
k]>. cwk oD, ]_ k
FkV oD B|zD oD, >b\
xwxD, >V xwxD, \ ]zD
\^ gAD Bm xw\VF o>.
kV \> W]_ WD W
u[ V|V Vzk. [M|
Vk>D >VB \> W> >mD
x_ WD >[|m.
x_ W kBV VVD
AB|m. x_ W> >sBVD, V
V> >kVD ckm Vzk
kV. x_ >sB VV >k[
m WuV[. >k[ ]_ { ]sBD
>, \ o_ m, kV>
cBm m \wBVF VaV[. VC
[ >k >sB >sl[
\EBV_ >m V x_ V^ >wm
k> [ wB V_VsB\V VV
22

xk.E.E>DD

Ak y|V. >,
V^ klu V kBV|
^kl[ k> [l V>[
\VD \> w \>B
\z_ V s[ F]B
(>.1:49 : 92 - 95)
[ z] cmD >l_ x_ WD
>Vm zE W A |^m.
zE W\V \D, \V> z]D
kl_ D [. zE ]zB
]A Vk_, VV, BV, V,
zz gBku[ Ak |V.
Vl[ B_A
Vzk >D\V>l_ VMD uB
kl_ V W]uzD W >
x>[\B V|V. E]V]_ k|k
kl_ \VV| \BV[ kVlV V
W][ >[\B cmkV Vk^.
VzkD >l_ V]l[
Ak t wV km V|V.
V W][ >[\B EVMB,
VD, \VD, [ |\ V
>D k_ \V, D WwKD, [, WD B[
mm A^D, \VD, ADu [t[ m[D
km [ szkV.
V W]_ c^ u^ kV^ ][
OMB V[ \BV >. z kV>
VW \^, Vukz Ek> >BD,
z]BD, EB WxB VsB zD
23

c^ka
oBV V|>. V W][ kaB _KD
k > ka\m, ktm
g km mB uG V__
>. g>o[ Vm
za_ V| W. > \
Vm_ ]m \m k>.
kFlo[ V|\BV_ {\, ca_,
cVF, ck_, |, >V[, >V, VD, , gD,
g], , |, zV, VD, ^, DA,
x^, x^z, z, kD, _o, kV
V[ \^ [ k| V.
Ek> V_D k^B EzD,
cB kuAV u c| klu
Wm V|, >[ BV| sBV
, x^ W> ^ \][ *m s
w>m. [[ x^ kuVF
>. k c Vm kuB \
c|s|,
[
kBV_
\om
V. Joom km c]>
xm \wm^ [ Wm V|
k^ ku V] V] >m W[.
kV V uB k, Vuk z>
k uV]_ { B kBV
>V[ V\Vsm [V_ m tBVVm.
B]_ D D V| VBm, >s
VBm V[ z] >B >s
om l_ gEB BV^V.
>t \A
>l_
Vzk
VM
k ADVm V ]B
24

xk.E.E>DD

\|\ x\BV >t \ [u

m V|V. \u W A_
W]uzB V^ k^ D
u V]KD, cVV_ m V>s_.
M_, \u W A^ >l_ Vz
ukV _. > gEB >t
\ [z >k. k c[Vz [m
V ]zB cV^ [> c>k.
>V_ k c[Vz WE^ V W]_
>Vk V|V. >V_VB \_
>kD, >sD \|\ c[VV kk.
m VB >BV>o[ >VaBVB V\VD
c[ kk>V Am\ FV. ]V]
BVl_ kD k^ BVz V\D [
VF kk>V_ > BV mV k^
\s] m V^[.
g ^kV_ k^ m[A[. kV,
AQ [D g^k[ >V_BV_
k^ |D __ m. kB>[,
k[ mBV_ k k[ B]
> [[. kVk>> ]>V[
>V_lom >AD c>BD kVk>>D
V kal_ kD [. Vzk
VB >B wB \A >s \>uzD,
]V] [D BVz EA V|>uzD
V W> AV. \>D, zE W
BV >VKD m VkmD, \V]BVkmD
V ]l_ >V[. kV V WA
>V[\ \ >s VBD \k>
k|mm.
Bu Ak ADVm \>D,
x_, zE, V [ xk_ V|V.
25

c^ka
]l_ V ]B V|k>uz VD
[? \u W^ uB k o_ D
uVKD, V ] uB kB
V c^]_ {sB\V ]m. M_
>t \ [u V
]l_ x>_, , cV^^ mD
DD kl_ \m^m.\u W
As_ x>uVV E Vm xBV
ABs_. V^_ >FkD
s_. VB_ WD uB A
D k|D [ V_ \u W Ak
\]V Vzk \u W A
x>o_ Vs| ]BV VB V|k>V_
V|> >_ D >t
\[ l_ V WA tD
V>\V AkV c^m. >l_
DD WE^ >tV_ s_.
kV_ zD W BV
V| \D >l_ F>_ W][
x>uVV KD, _ V> z]D
_. k ku V Vzkz
kVF_. >uV Vzk Am\
FV. _ z]l_ c>B[ BD FB
BVm. k >l[ {]uz g uB
k kVFV B[|mV. \>
>m D z]l_ \> gu[ B_
Am F>_ WA _V> zB
VzV. \> >m D z]B \>
WD >m. x_ WD >m, zE WD
>m [ z]z z \>V_ F>_
WA _V> zB VzV.
c>B \[[ m _KD kal[
26

xk.E.E>DD

Dz] V W]B \m. c>B[

c \V s| n Vk>D >V m
k>> z|D Vzk, V W][
V 336 Vk>> V|V. ]om V
W> ]\V V|V [m AVm.
Vzk >D >l_ VMD uB
As_ V ] xBmkD V|m
>t \A[ m V|km
km A\ ] kV|m.

27

c^ka

4. ]J komD kaV|
] B >t cuz kwB E>
Dl_ x>[\D, >V[\D, kVF>k
]J. E>V>][ >> Vu>k.
x>[x>o_ E>V>D [ V_ >\m
]\]]_ |>VkD k. kV_
V ]\] V_^ >VD ]xBV
][. >VD ]xl_ kaV|
uB F]^ ]\V V[.
k \BD z|D B, B, QVD, BVD
D V_k D |D ]J,
kaV_. AkaV| s
kaV| B \[\B>V
komV. [B Vwo_ kaV| >
suz x>VB]uz B[|m
\]|k> |l[ V\VzD.
kaV| sD
\>
kMD
ka|mkm
kaVVzD. kaV| [m z. m
clA^ xBuE. kV> g^s. \M>[
b>_, W>_ gB W luE JD
g[\V >[ cB] V^ m Fkm
kaV|. zV|^ cl^ cB> >[\ B
xB_k>uz kaV| [B\BV>m. cl^
>[MBV Vz W], [l_
\> Km> kaV[ .
kaV[ k^
kaV| >MkaV|, |kaV| |
28

xk.E.E>DD

k|D. ka|kV >[ [\ ] >V[

\|D kaV_ m >MkaV|, |kaV|
D Vm [\z ka|km; VtB,
mk[ |kaV| V[m. >MBV \M>[
>[ c^]_ >[ g[\ VBV k km
kaV| Fkm kaV| gzD. >
g[\V>D [ kwzk. >[ D ]BV,
D ]BV, ]Vl_ \m k
V Vm ka|km AkaV| _m
V> BVD.
]J V|D kaV| ^
]J EkB xx>u V
V|, Ek [[ kk\V kak.
]J Ek ka, g\^ z|D
V_k D |V. k B, B,
BVD, QVD [>VzD. V|D, xD >
]m Ek\V V|>KD, gB kaV|
Wm>KD B l[Vu|D. \|
k k mD, AmD km E>_
B BVzD. V> c_ Ws[
kV| [lm BV\VzD. QVD
[m Ek D , B, B, BVD
gB J[D QV> szD BVzD.
V[z _ B l_ c^
kaVB EVD, cBkVD
komk.
B
B [m . [m V|
F>_ [ V^|D. g[\V>D,
V>D k|D. ]_ g[\V>
29

c^ka
l[
E
cBs
]J
komk>[
JD,
[B
Wl_
AkaV[ ka D s> E_z y
VbD kl_ kaV| \m.
]JD, kaV|D
]J k \m^ km
Fk>B mD komV. Ek\V[
g[\V^ >VD sD >lzD D
c^\VB \\\VzD. ^\ Ek[
cD
kBVzD.
VB
cD
VlVzD. Vlo_ k^VB >k
[ ka|k>uz kVF VA kVVzD. >
cm, >m QVD k>uz k
EkoD. kV m ka|kVz k
FD QV]B^ nmD B V]B
sVzD [D gEB z|V. >,
c^D Vl_ DA gBD
k^u VVz kVFV AkV_
>^ >>Vz k EkoD
^ A[nmD VV \s
(]\]D. 1823)
[ V_ V|m. ]J co \V|D
VlV ckV (].\.1857). k \B]_
V VBVD \]B Vl_ kaV|
F>V. gkV_ VFBVkV >\m x>_
]k>V]l_,
kB >BV kV FBV
kFB ]V[ sV FB
Va BV [ V[\V
30

xk.E.E>DD

Va zkk [
[D, >>VkV >\m VD ]k>V]l_,
[ >BV BVk\ FBV
[Az E> l|]BVF [A
QV s u[ Vuz
QV >t A> V[
[D z|km ~| V>m. uV]_
>V[B EkkVBV D E>,
VlKD zD zD|D z\V
VlKD \m^ zD \m^
(EkkVBV V_. 33)
[ >D VV_ kaV komV.
]J >\m ]\]]_ \V 59 V__
c _m c^> VlV zm
VB>V >m.
]J, \>B VlV V|
szD kz VlKD, \VlKD
V|D V Wk> VVzD [
z|V (].\.1824). \m^ szD
k ka \D D |m
V. A>^ \V ka D,
\D [B\BV>. mV >^
\V ka B \VD, ]_
EmkD B VD V| D
Fm ka|> E> kaV| (].\.1826)
z|V. >,
WkmD kVF\ \VakmD _V_
w_ ~ V >VD
w_ ~Vz k_V_
31

c^ka
\ V| Vuk_ V
(]\]D. 1826)
[ V_ V|m. kV \D, D
cm Ekz kwzk ABD
F>k^. \B BVm c>V
|[ (].\.1828) [ kmV.
]J, ]Vlo_ ^ F>_
\z cB>m. gV_ >kD FkV[ co_
(c^]_) FB|D Ek glD \z
cB>>VzD (].\.1851) AkaV s
kaV| E>m [ kaV[ \[\B
szV.
[B wo_ kaV[ >k
[ >tV_ Vl_[
V km. > ]_
Vl_ V_ _k \B _D, x>VB
\V>_D u kVFA^m. [ Vl_
W^ WwV[ _ c^. \KD
Vl_V_ kD k\VD xBV Euz
|k]_. k WkV>VV_ B
|>|m. Vl_ z _KD
>V_ Vl_ V>V
[m. ]Vl__ swV V_,
]swV [ B_ t[VD, >, V_
V[ ]BVkEB V[ sBuD
x>VB> V]zD kl_ ]Vl_ kaV|
\m. ]Vl_z k|>_ [
B_ z VD \|D kaV|
F>_, V>BV], (]V_^)
F>_, kD [ B_ Vm\z
32

xk.E.E>DD

\]l[\, Vzkm _, sm V[
m[^ W[. [B wo_ \^ >^
]B k|> z V]_ \|D
V[A Vu_, V>BV], kD _K>_
V[ B_V_ \B _D, x>VB
E_D u AkaV| kakzm.
kaV| x_ B_x (Wk>D)
z >z>>VzD. [ E>Fk kaV_
g|, Va V[ cl, ol_ [
W u AkaV|^ ka kz[.
>tw kaV_ clo V|m
k^s Fk> >t \B^ k[\BV
>. k^s A> km m k>
>tw VZ]_ k^s FD kwxD,
zD \_ km Azm V. k^s
F>_ >tw [. ]J cloB
V|V. k^kD k^s F>,
sVm glD ko[ [[
clVzm cV\ [
(]z^. 259)
k[\BV V|V.
[B wo_ kaV| [ B_, \B
_^, \V>_^ u AkaVVB ]Vl_
kaV| V\V \m. Wl_ ]J

33

c^ka
komD kaV VD kVkD
[uV_ V], \B\u >t x>VB>
ckV xD []_ E>D nBt_.

5. ]Vkl_ zA V^
>tw]_ ] \D \w F>
BV_ VB[\VD, gkVD Em
s. .. gVD uV| x>_ [>VD
uV| k >tw]_ |>VB
] k^D, WBV >[ B cuz
m^>
Vxm.
>tV_
>uz ~|D, |AD u M\
>t E> sBVk m k]m.
\Va ]_ k^ ]kDVk mD,
kk^ ]Vk mD >tV_
>V[>V| WskD kw\VzD. gV^
BuB ]Vk xm V_ Vm.
k B^D cE V_Vk
\m^. z>VD gVl[D \VVm
kwzD V_Vk ][.
gV^, kV| cl \m V^k>B
V^V. gV^ VB ]Vkl_ \M>
x>VBD [u kB
zA VV_ c]l> gFk>
|l[ V\VzD.
]VkD, gVD
gkV^
VB
VVl
]B
>_ gV^ VB ]Vk
BVkV VB ]\Vaz |>V km
>Vz uzD E u^m.
34

xk.E.E>DD

BVkV[ kA \V gV^,
]VkBD, VEBV ]\VaBD
Bu^V. ku_ ]Vk \Va \V>]_
>tw \V_ ]>VD D E
cBm. ]Vkl_ k^Bm sBVw
xu (13:4) [ Vl_ c^ z
km gV^ ..716-gD g| ]kV]_
k>>>V |V x.VkBV.
gV^ V\Vz xu V]_ kV>
V]KD kk \A V\Vz
>BV >|V.
AV| l_ zAV^
Ak[, >V[ ]B V cVVF
\m kBVF ck\B \|D kV[.
>V[ c^m ]B V^ >V| m
x [ cV]m , m xu
\k>
c^
[
>V_VB
z|V. >,
c^m >V| mV^ x

c^m c> c^ ck\

(>V_.994)
[ uVs[ ka szV. EVMB
BV[ A [ k\>V A
V> ckt|D V^ m xk>Vk[
Ak[ >V[ c^> ], >V[ D mD
\V]>B[D, V \mbD
kV
Wsm,
D
cVB
V__VD WB V| xkm c^
ck\D [ c FV. \KD k >V
35

c^ka
Ak[ >V[ Bm. V>kaD V k[
]B V^ ~>[VVFm Vuz sBVB
E Vu F>_ k|\[m >Vlu
[ Ak[ > [ V>
komV. ]om V, >
c^ g k|D [ x[ \m
V^kV[ [mD, kV \m V^k>
kV | >m kzD V| E
Vu s| _kV[ [mD >kVm.
]Vkl_ zA V^
]Vkl_ >V szD V^ [
c|. u gm VVbD c^
VD c|. ]Vkl[ V|V^V
ml_ A>_, \Va V w>_, \w
kD, _ \V[ kD Vk V[A
Vu_, ]\V E>_ \m.
V| V^^ ]Vkl_ \V\V
VD, \VV zV E
F] Bxm.
mlA>_
gV^ VB ]Vkl_ VkV[A
Vu>uz >D >VaB ml_ AD V_
\> V_^ m. Vk V__ ml_
A>_ (5-10) [m kw>BVB
VuVV D, V_o[ cV^,
\V c] Wu> Vxm.
gV^ ]Vl_ ml_ w kuAmD
V__ >D >VaB \|D kuAmk>V
\|D V_. cm \^ kD
(kBm kVT) g[* saAE D
V]B ]Vkl_ gV^ ml_
36

xk.E.E>DD

A>_
[
V|V
\m
V>V >m. ]Vkl_ D
u^ V__ J[_ z] V__
mlAD V\ z|^m. ml_
> Et^ ]\VD k[ csD
]^BE FB xB_k>V V_^
\m^. k VzD Bk[
\> ][ k ]_ V BKD.
z gVD km >VaBD >VM[
Vl_ Vk[ c>s[ c^ Azm [,
BV>, >k[ V[Vm mBV_
VbD WB V xm.
]^ E x kaV| x_
z> [. kaV_ ]V
]^BE x>_ ^B klV
W^ mD >tw ]Vl_ kaV|
\AVk [u|[.
V|>_
>VaB ]Vl_ ml_ V
wzD gV^, >D >VaB[ VB>V
> VoKD zA _. kV V
wzD V>, BkVV[ ^
[k\V szV. >Mm FB xBV>
VB]uz mB V|km \^ B_A.
k[ ^k^]_ V|km >V VBD
_. >kD k uB QV>
xuKD c>k _ [. V^ ck
>MB c sDV\_ >V_ >[ \V
V mz wm cbD. k
DV[ [> >MBV s
BVm [ >D >VaB wm Vk
37

c^ka
V[uz wzD V][ cV k
szV. V_ [ V_ s [D
V >D. V_ kD BV_
V[m. k V w>_ >VV
V_^ \V\V[ \ Vk>^
sDAD [ sB z[m [.
Vk V[A
kaV| >MkaV|, | kaV|
k|D.
>M
kaV[
VD
B\Vm. | kaV[ VD VmD
kVF>m. gV^ >[ >VaB[ Vk V[A
Fkm |kaVVzD. k >V[ gV^,
Vk V[[ Vm \w k kaV|
FV^.
gV[
|
kaV|
\\BVm. >[ [ ]BV [
]BV ]Vl_ \m k V
Vm ka|km AkaV| gzD. gV^,
m\ V[ cs km >D >VaB[
m FD V[A AkaV[ l_
\>m.
x] W
g[\V k kBVKD Vm
[A>B x] [ w. kV
\BKD k B _k kax^
kz|^. \B[ c\ WB
VzDVm k kV[D x _
[m >kVzD. _V gD VB
BD Fk>V _V \BD
k VB B[. ka| xD,
kVmD
D
>BV
kl_
38

xk.E.E>DD

\V|[ [VKD, mD [Vk

xD [m \B BV[ m [m
|D. x] k>uz cB \V
V[V zm^ Q^. k B,
B, BVD, QVD [kBVzD. k xB,
k[ >V[D _ [ W, \>
z|m>_, kM[ ck> \m
ka|>_,
[V
z
F>_
[kVzD. k \B> V> Bk
[uD V^B gV^ >D Vkl_
zm \B _o> ko>k>V
\m. slKD kB B
k|D [ >,
uzD w szD c[[V|
cuV\ BVkVD c V gFkVD
\u V\^ \VuV DVkVF
(]Vk. 29; 3-6)
[ Vo[ ka B xm. kB
VmD Wm kVD BV WB
c[V|k_
kVaBVm

\Va

(]Vk. 28 : 5)
[ VBVKD, \D, \F, \Va [
J[VKD k ka|D B D,
k kaV_ >D w^ BVD KD
k x\BV > km QVD
\]>,
#BV\VF
#F>>m

km
39

VD

#\^

c^ka
kVlVu V \]V_ E]
VB wD Az> kVMD
yBM_ #VzD VDVkVF
(]Vk. 30)
[ VVKD B xm. ]Vkl_
c^ 30 V_D >kV\_ {mk^
]\Vo[ ^u \EBV kVkV^ [
]VklV_ u|D B[ z|D
gV^, k[ \z >kV[ [
F]BD z|[V. [ V_
s, V^ [ V^ \|D

40

xk.E.E>DD

>k>V s_. gV^ V__

zV [ V_ T|u
z>Vk \m. B][ VD
D, V^, [D cmk>VzD. >V|
T|uD >D [ > >[
>t\Vl[ kVlV zV cmk>[
JD kVKD Vu [u|D AM>
V ]Vk \]|m.

6. VkV >t
VkV >t cD >tA\D
tkVF kV>k. E> x]_ > [
D[ BmV k x]_ V]KD
>t V_VVFE z> >V^
V|D. VmD > ]VKD k
\]_ >tE> > zD. kB
>tV_ gVFEA\z VD tVD
kt. kB m _KD, >t
Vu gVF[ z] D u>
Vxm.
mD, VuAD
>tVu^ kV ckVl [>
VkV gVFm V_VVFE uB B
_ >t cuz kw^V. >t
Vu >twB cB_ kwD,
B>D A V gVF]m
z>m. kV V_KD >V [
l_ k>m [ mV. [
l_ _k Vu^ zD [m
41

c^ka
k mA. _V mD Vu^
>uz V\Vk [m kB m.
>t Vu >twQ^
kV_ [ m[. gV_ VkVz
>t Vu kV_ [ V_Kkm g>
k>D >D BVzD. Vu[ >t\B
k|> VkV xB[, k\Va kV
[ ]V. > > k|D [
E> 1947-_ (x>_ >VF\Va x[)
kz
u|sm.
gV_
_
kk>>V 1967 gD g_ >V[. >t Vu^
_VD kVu^ [ \BzD WB k
>[B o_ slV. o[ V[VD
z]BVB >t \]V]_ >tVu
^ kVuV kV \Vu [>
\Va QVl szV. kV sz
V_ z\[ [m. >,
zD.zD\_.zD\_ |>_
zD\o.>k[
zD.VD.VD\
1. \ (.c. 40;210)
2. ]E (V)
3. \ (]kV)
zD.z\.1 ] Q. [M
2. [M\, z\z E V_kV^
(zuV >, >\Vt. 470)
3. aBV\ z\> (V> ]. 32)
\ k]_ gbD, bD ]^km B_A.
{.V: s.s.Q[ so.Q
s. g sz, kl[ ] \
s>_ = >_
42

xk.E.E>DD

z\.z\[=Q[, x[
z\.z\=Q, [MBV >D V
[ V gVFm sz[V. kV
V_Kz BV J[ V
szV. gV_ \ValB_ Q^ E
>t Vuz V^ >t Vu
V sVm [ W[.
VkV \Val_ c^ V_ D\Val[
wKzD VuzD uk ckVl
k|D [ mV. \Val_ kwzD
V_ > \ValV_>V[ ckVzD
[m >V[ c\. ku\Valo>
Vu, m \Valom [
kVl xBVm. \M>B kwz
c Vu^ \^ >V[B [V_ ckVBm.
ku > \ValD \VaBVtm
[ kVl xBVm. >B Vu^
Vu^ (Basic Vocabulary) |D.
>B Vu gVFm VkV
k\Va Vu^ [ku >t Vu^ [
Ws^V. k >t l_
> [D gVF]V. > k x>_
>VF\Va, V_VVFE |^ gB
__ slV.
\VaBVFs[ z
]B \ValB_ QD, >t\Va
QD V_VVFEl_ B_ BB
[u k|D [D, > gFs_ \Va
z|D]_ Vm^ AVzD [D z|k.
>uz k \ValB_ (Descriptive
Linguistic) [D k. VkV V_VVFEB
43

c^ka
>t \ValBV BV ] xBs_.
M_ \kV >^ mD,
]AD T[. >uz ]A
>sm VkV k \ValBo[
zuD >t EM_ c^ zV|D
|D, uD ]V. >[
V\V >t _D, _wD
VkV A>. MD gV
>M>t gk^ >kB VkV m
u k Vu. kz >t g>
>m [> \D xBVm.
VkV D kaD
VkV >z x[ >t Vu
gVF]> \V_ V]B x>oBV,
BVVD QVV gBVm \Va_
\ [uV. >[JD VkV[
V_VVFE kV >tV_KD >
[[ BV >m [> |
k|]B gFkV \>m. kB
]D, V_VVFE \A >t VuB_
V] >V[k>uz s>Vlu. > x\BV
xV\_ k \D [m >tz w!
[ >twD, >tw D > Qz cB
V]_ cB kVF >VV\ k>uVm.
>t c]_ VkV[ \BD,
\BD cV>k . [B
gEBVV sBk^ \Va VB
>tD, >tV|D k>m [D, kV>m [D
]. >[ V\Vk VkV
s]zD, _w x zD
>Vz xBV>kVlV. k , c
44

xk.E.E>DD

mD >ta[ x>[\BD, \[\BD

k|mk>V >m.
>t Vu^ [[ lom
[V V>VD V^ D u>
VkV _k B> V|D \^
kw V|D WsV. k V_
gVFm V k|] V|km
EAB z]BVzD. kBx
[u AE sQ V]>VD
>t Vu >t \[ l_
>m [ gVFm >VV. >t
\B
V_VVFE
mB

45

c^ka
k|]Bk, Bk VkV. >tw
\Va QVl QV.>kBVkV k
>V[>V| g>m km. ]Vs BD
VkV g>m k>m. k kV> V]_
kz B VB[ z [VKD,
k >t c_ s>m s|V gF
s>^ [D \BV>kBVF kVD; zD.
kB _ \^ c\BV >tw
VkV m czD kVw k
F>m _kaBVzD.

7. D VuB >
>tw kVuKD, >t B kVuKD
A]B > u|]B >t Q_
x>[\B x[ k>VBD ^ gkV. >t
B kVu_ Vk_ [ A]B B
kk> >tz x|] kVu_ V>
> uk. ]EB |m^ z#_
> k >t Q \|\_V\_ _k
mKD >D VB ]>k. Vk_
]KD, mB >t|mk]KD,
\B Vuk]KD, >t ka_sB
komk]KD, >t B k]KD,
E>B #|D kl_ kB
Ak]KD x[VBV sBk k>VBD
^.
>tz kwB V^
>t\Va k k|\VV_ ]_ E>
c _^ >V[ k|D
46

xk.E.E>DD

[m k>VB[ m. k >V[ k
>Vx>oBV ]D, z> ]D,
E>V> D, _s, \D [ nm
c _ >tV kw^V. >t
\Val_ A]D _V> zB k c>>V_
>Vx>oBV ]> ]V. >tw
kwz\[^ k V]_ g]B
u. kwz\[D, yA kwzkVD,
>tw! k mB >t|mD
xBuEBV 1850, 1861 gD g|_ kk>
]\[ yA >t\Val_ \VaBm
E>V> D [ klV.
>tw]_ \l[ \mk> >
k>VB \]\V, _s, \VD
V[ _ ]V.
m>s k \B>^, ]_ V[
>m _KD [ \[\
szV. >k\V>V >V], ]k^ >V],
]k^ \V, >k>V] \V, BVB
D\[ ]D gB \B _D >tV
kw EA Fm^V.
[ \
[ x[u]uV x>[ x>o_
z_ Bk \VRD ]] k>VBD ^
gkV. k >VD BuB DVV __
[ V z_ V|V. \KD
| Vk_KD \B|]B
]^V. Vk_K\ > >ks,
> >sB E>kV E>> s>D
> k>VBD V cBkD
DBD A|mm. Vm[
47

c^ka
VB \ V k \B
>_, k|D
[> komV. ^ >
kzD >>B k|k>V c^ z]
_s z> E>B >
#|m.
bz BuBV w
Vm\Vm. ^ BuBV VD FB
kB]_ [m k>VB[ m.
VD k ~>V \|\
k|D ]o_ komV.
uA W [m g, VzD
VmkVlD \ x>VB]_ m
z
\|\
ko>|^m.
u|km AV\
>V_VBD D kzm. k >V[
k>VB ^ VB V[k^;
g^ _ V[k^; V _K[
\V]VKD, _ V[ \V]VKD gm
Vz>V[ [ V. k[ c|
cB [A >V[ c| cz>KD, k[
Dx[ m k|k F>KD V
Vk^ uABV^ [ uA\z
D kzV.
>[ u w]V_ u|D
y\ ]_ kVlV szV. uom
a>k BVVlD k >BVk
mV. gk[ k^,
z y\ FV^. k^ >[D
|m, gkD |V^. V>
kz mVD FkVD, gkB
48

xk.E.E>DD

\sz kBVD
\VV^.
>[
skVk c cKzD V_s VF^
(H.I.V.) V[k^ [.
uA W >[B
k[, cuV, uV x>oBVz \VV>
aBD, akD cVzV^. F>
zu]uV > u c\Vm kB
kD, ^D a |]
zu\ukD km mzm.

gkV_
cV[
k
a>uz ^ k \m c|,
V y\D A[. k, x
Bk k>V_ zD >V_
gk m >[ JD V^ >D
mV^.
V_
D
VzD,
V^ zD, zD > \u
V VD [ [ uA |k>V_
u|D y\ Bo|V. [
\B D k>VBD > ]_
uom >kB a\[ A[\BD
A|mkm z>m. >[
x\BV \B km km
>VF\l[ Vm>V[ \ VuD
>VF\l[ \[\BD szV.
_s
k>VB >VD kV> V]_ z
_s \> k[\BV V.
uA [ V_K _s [m >V[ VVzD.
k z uA k|\VV_ _s
49

c^ka
k|D [m szm [ A]B sD
zuA \|\ k|D _s
kV\[ D >[kV]z
V|V. ^ Vm kV>D
Fk V, VD >V| ^
_sl_ Em sB>uV V[D
| _V. \KD _s u]V_
u|D [\D, uV>>V_ u|D
y\D szV. > _sD >tka
_sBVk k|D komV.
c\
k>VBD ^ b\z ]V
B_|D ] |\BV V|V. \VtBV
V|\, k[ \sB >_, k>
V|\, V>V ]\D, D\ V[A
(s>k V|\) V[kuD k[\BV
V.
Dz \\D Fkm uB
E> k>VB]D _. gV_ k[
VmVuV Vm k|D
komV.
kV
kD
>[

50

xk.E.E>DD

\sV >MBV D t k|D

komV. kV z w|D
V|\
V|D
k>VB
V|\^ >D A_ V]_
kw_ > \kV l_ b\
E kaV|V.
^ zm k>VBD
{suz kV^ Wl_, >t ka_s
[D kVk c^m. kV mlKD
>t|> kB >V>V_ k>VBD
^l[ \F|D [m c].

8. cD uB >tw[
BD kVl_ WD MB kD.
^ V^_ [k> [ uV uB
| ]B kD D kVk
kVlKD \ BVm. BD [m {
]om kV ]uz [ k>
zzD. BD, >ta_ uV, u,
BVD, BV], ka, kaBD gB
Vu^ D B>_ [ VB
>[. >t B_ BD uB
F] tz]BV z u^. >uz

B]_
gu
_[
>B V[V VD. gV_ [
B BD [V Am B kB
>V[\suz B |^ >t
cl[ \EBV_ _ l[.
B B][ >> [ Vu|D ..
BV[ B k^
51

c^ka
\V \]> | szm.
x>_ BD
>ta_, B B> >V[>VD
uV_ .. BV >V kV.
k >twD, ]BV >s c[ V|zD
BD \uVk. B][ Vm u
k ] FD kwD D kBm
x> m k>m. .[ [m km
BuB. MA >V \[ kak> [
BV VR_ 03.11.1911 [ >V.
D kB]B >, |^ mD
w> V> k ^ B>
]kV\l_ >VV. D kB]_
][ *m V gk][ skV E>
>wVV t >VV. >
k]BV> nB [k >VB g> s[
>z >[ ^ >V>VV
m V|>V. z \V V|V
>V ][ k|V,
[ >wV >k[ >a[ gEBV
Vu
EA[
BVuV.
k.Vs>[ ]B ] >a_ |^
] k>V. kV ]B |[ >VzA
cD uB >tw[ [ >_ [V_
V kkm^m. .. BV kD
V\V V|z [ k> k
|V ], > kl| k>V.
1943-gD g_ z\\ [ \V> >w
>V >[ B | kVBV, V[
[ AB_ kl>V|, D >
k>V. z\\_ V]BV, k.c.E., k.k.. nB,
52

xk.E.E>DD

\B EkV, x. TVkVVBV, ].s..

V[ >t Q[ |
klV. V]BV ] mk kkV>
B | > |m >
z\\_ klV. ] ml_ Em
sB BV A BD u
>>\BV_ z\\[ g| \ (1944) x>[
xBV VV g _
E| klV.
] Q
A
l_
gkD
V
..BV VM_ kD > (1935 36)
A l_ luE uV. V] *mD
V]B][ *mD u V .. B
_ V]B[ kV kVu
]\V | sDV. gB gE
u V]B V]\V[ [
]> |m >taKD, >KKD
klV.
V]\V[
]>
|>uz >kBV gk ]
Vm, nVB V|^, >[ gV,
\V V[ V|z [ kVu
xBmkD kVF> B >V.
z V]B^ kV> kVsB_ w_ u
D V_, k[ B >VA
V> m QD _ |
cBV F] ], >l_
]> BV. V]\V[ ]D
|>uV k \uV B[
k> _ k_ [ o_
skV skV. > > >[ [
| xBuEBV_, ] Vz\[ oD ot
53

c^ka
[ Wk][ kVlV k >s> \[
W] c>st[ klk .. BV.
>
D
su
xl_
kuBBVsVKD V]B[ kV
kVu x>[xBV ]\V >BV>
x>_ >tw[ [ \B .. BV
V. > ][ (copy) ]B
ED
[V
m
z>m.
]V
[ BV >[ E>
]VVD
kV
V^
>Bs_. 1850 gD g| x>_ 1925 gD
g|k _k >_ kk> 140
|^B, >tV| B | [
]m^V. o[ kaBV \VuD
u^ >t l[ kVuD, B
k]_ u|^ x[uD, [
[B kE k>D, skD, x[V_
\^ k m[|D, mB|D \
c]D, uD z
[ k> [>D B xm.
>s, VF> \^, kBV (kBV
V_ VV \Va B>m) V[
_D ]m^V. [ Vxl_
BkD t w\BV _ WB\V
\\B^ kEl_ tz> ~|V|
V>V.
D
.. BV >wV, ]
54

xk.E.E>DD

Q, ]V B BkV] [
[x V| >[ g\ ]
kV|D m \V ]>k. >[
kVl_ kD >VV B_V|
B B\VzD ][ [V_ B
B][ x[VBV k \VuBm.
kz x[ , V|z [>
V]KD kzD .. BVzD
xB\V kV| c|. . BV >tw[
[ Vm[ V|D V>V
[ m (V|D >tD .291)
z>m. .. BV >tV|, ]BV,
cD >[ VkB sV\V V
>VV. >[ skV, BV W^,
zz, V|^, \BV x>_ V k,
nVV kaBV V[, \V V_
B[ KD BVVD, cD uB >tw[,
]D kVD, gB ]V B
_^ m^. k kV[D gk
V\Vk ][. >k_ >>_ [
kBB * l_kV[ c^]_ { E
V> ]B mD BD >V[. >
kl_ .. BV[ B |^
z>. >[ >s| Boz
[V>k[ \u \B_VD ]Vk
VzV[. kk z BD
F]kV,
>[B
D
kVw
k|\VV_ \u V| {kVkm
| km V^ k|D [>
cV[ [ V v_ m ~|
V>m. .. BV kV VuzD
_Kk>uz x[Vk > > u [V
> BV. > V[
55

c^ka
\^ >V V[ F] A^
s[ >V. [V m c>
c\ \|\ >V. >uz k >D
V[ >V J[ () V[z ]m
Es| VuB VmkV VBD
km tD >k. V Vuz V
>D V>V_ VmD [V^. m Vu
V>k BV VD. gV_
V V>k m B[ (\BV x>_
V k .13) [ z|V.
V| D
V| [m kVkzD x>VB]D
m D _k\VzD. m V^^,
V^^ _V> k|D. T|^,
s^, g^, ^, c V[k
V^^; \Va, >Va_, \Vz, w
kw^, V[k V^^
_V> sD >m [ >t
kE wD kl|^ EBD, ..
BV [ k> V|[ V
cmD \V km B
|^ \m^m. zz [ o_
VkD VD >uV >tw[ ^;
|D cu]BVkm z_ >V[ [ ..
B Vk, V gBku[ >VukVB
szV. zz z]l_ sD VB
uB | z>m. |l_
Vl[ kVu t skV szV. >t
V_ \|D >V[ VB >D_ kwzD
wD c|. >uz VD >D_ E_

56

xk.E.E>DD

FBV\_ cB # mD wD >V[ [
m >tw V[ >M>[\B |m
V|m. V, *BD V, V
V, ^ V V V[kuuz >ta_
[D Vu^ _ [ u >t
\Val[ V_V [ >kB
cmm. >tV_ > sm [
m wA VKD s]_ kwzkm
V >V[; >tV_ \^ kVBV|
[s VB u AV\ >VD
[ z|V.
cD
uD
>tw[
[
o_,
VkVB[ \Val_ [M| m
c^ [ z|kmD, \BV x>_ V
k [ km o[ >omD,
[ W kz V [ V_VEB
B[|mk]om k V]_ c^ \Va
W B xm.
kV? kkV?

57

c^ka
>ta_ [ V_ B>
zzD. BD FB D >k|m. [
Kk^ V[z kz x >[
z|D>V[ [ uV [k (400 .*.
k) s|x[ BD kw
km. >VB uV _Vm >kV
B[|mD wo_ k]^ zkV V
]_ cD xk>D >[ V>
sB [ k>k .. BV.
[>[ BV B BD [V A]B
B kB >Vusm, >tw[z
A]B>V s> \ ..
BVB D. >V[ F>
>t\Vaz kkV \VuBk .. BV.
c> u VzD x[ >tV
xBVkm u V k|D [ ..
BV[ VD [B\BV> [.

9. \V|D D
g|>VD kD 14 x>_ 21D >] k
A> kVD VV|m. kV_
s[ >V[ mkzm A> kVD.
VzD A> VED A>[
>VAB WED >|[.
A>^ kD |D FB k|D
[> > A> kV][ VD.
A> Em ku tm
]V >]lz ku s| _
k|D [ B_ \V\M>
58

xk.E.E>DD

].x>BV BV k^. \V|D D

[ w|D VV x>BV >uVEB
J VV kVu ][ ]V
cuz kwB \V\M> gkV.
]_ { ]sBD >|k>B
kV >VaV V >V kal_,
V\V>[ BV, wD\ gE gBVz
1926-gD g| D 5-gD V^ x>BV
>V. D kB]B {sBD y|D ]\
> x>BV [ [ VV g
[ B_ sD mD WkD
[ ]V. {sB^ kk>uV x>o_
A> kVB x>BV z A>D ]_
gkD V| ku >VV.
g \V>z z >[ V> V
VRz _ Vm >m
kD >V[ ]> A> V|m
VmVm k]z\V [V. [z
]DB x>BV >m A>
>ks F] m ]EB>V. *|D
> A> [l[ J \V_
>> kV >V.
[om _ >B >[
EB\V V| B_V. A>^
_V> _D [_^ _V> T
V[m [m g w\Va. VV x>BV
>[ T| xkmD A> kV >V.
A>^ >[ T W>Vm | T|
kVz \] ]KD A> m
gVFE \VV.
B
59

c^ka
A> kVzk>V| W]sV\_
ku m, >A kVBV m
k|], kz B[|D
kl_ ku | k>V. kV
oKD c^ F] >Vzm EBxD
>BV>V. m kB V> xB
>sBm. B A>D VD
>VKD ku _VD kV
>V.
VRom
K^
Vzz x kD x>BV z
]D _k>uV k]zD m
> _^ kVzk>uV s|
s| > VRz ]DAkV.
aBV> Vm
VV x>BV >[ kVV_ >
A>^ \|D ]uzD ]D. ku_
w\BV >t B, _D,
\mkD, >mkD, kV, , VD,
EB >VzA^, V|A V_^,
V]^ gBkD zD. >>s |
D E>^, nm D ]F] mbz^,
A> uB 2,000 |^, k^BV_
> FB A>^, sz^ >VV
5,000 |^, 25,000zD \u E^,
15 D w\Va^, V| >V J
z^ uB |^, 750 \Eu^, su
]^, z|^, 100 g|z x[A
> V - ] m| ^ c^
V\V A V B \V
> D ]m.
B E _^ - 1705_ kBV V
60

xk.E.E>DD

o_ V_[ BmD 1804-_

kBV > >V] 1828-_ kBV V
k]B _k 1850-_ kBV \>V[
V_^ 1857-_ .. V kV_
] _ 1874-_ kBV
>t 1885-_ c.k. VtV>FB
x>[x>V ]> p\]BV\V[tBD
1890-_ kBV k] V[k k
m^ B _^ EkVzD.
gk >...
VV x>BV > _^ uB
F]B > gFkV^ >D gF >VV
> ] VRz [. k^
> B[|> k\V \]m.
z gFkVz _ w^ kwzD
c>s >Vl_ E>VB u ]_
\]B cD kz kwm. V[
z] >kD > B[|]
V.
x>BV k^ W]>V_
_ ] klVD. gV_, B
A> VmV> >m >BVB \BV
V| B_V. llKD >^
>VV \mk_ [ ] klV.
> _ VmV k E \>
>m k>V. > kVE >>V_
kz VF um. Wl_ >m
> > >t _ wmz
V| V. >uV xBuE
V>B >tw \uVm. gV_ >
61

c^ka
xBuE V kus_.
EVV
_w
gVFEBV
E..t [k >V[ B[|]B x>BV
][ EA u >[ xD
_w WkV]xD |m V.
_w WkVD x>BVk >VA
V| > >\V kBm. gV_ >V[
DV|| > >
kV| _ w]uz k
sDs_. >m A^ >tw]u
B[ k|D sDV. sD
WkV> Wl_ km cl >m.
>twQ k^ kVD V]_
\]V> >twD VV x>BVs[ >
\ g > xBuED |V> Wl_,
EVV _wD z >VB
kw >^ k|]Bm. D EVV
_wD, \Va, V| \V \Va
l[ | xBuEBV_ x>BV
WkV VV x>BV gVFE D [
B_ [ wz x_ 1994 gD g|
Ws, [ EV B_|m. 1995 gD
g| x>_ gFkV[ B[Vuz
]ms|^m.
gVFE ][ VD
>t _^, >^, _VV k
gkz > D { gkV\V
BVu k|D [m >V[ >[ >BVB
V\VzD.
>MEA^
62

xk.E.E>DD

\VaV> V| gF D
k|D [>uV x[\V]BV
]m.
_ sk >taB >uV
kl_ V uB V x>_
\V szm. ]B \ValD >t
_[ sk kk \Val_ VB
k]D c|.

63

c^ka
z c^ _[ sk c[
> Jl_ kD V k]BV
1996-gD
g|
x>_
B
k]D
u|>|^m. [kD B xkl_
sk VVD.
www.

_D gkD T sB_
x[ JD gkVA O\V
||[. g|z k
aBV\_ zD. O\V |
_^
M
z>|[
ksKD
kl|[.
]_ _V> _ >
ku O\V >Mm
Bzm. m >uVm \VkkVBV
wDD A D gFs_
~||^m.

10. Eul[ \ \B^

>t B kVu_ Eul[ \
\B^ Ams> ks_ kk> x>_ (1982)
> s> (Fiction Poetry) [ E m.
>[ MB M[ > kVB \B\V
V| > s>B ]V
sQ Eu V\B[. >\ [ \VV>
V]_ m zD s|> B
xBV> u]zD [B J
w > kV V| >
m. [ \M> z>B
64

xk.E.E>DD

mD kl_ c cK V| zD
yB]BV ck|m skD gV_o VF
(l) ]A V\V, Eul[ \
VD >kBV [Vk szm.
>D
gbzD bzD B c^
>VA k [\ >\Vm. k\l[ V\V
sV >Vao_ ~||D D \BB
k[ bz kV V|V[.
gV_ x[A sVBV >
V>V_ k JD kVl[ {]uz
s|m. k w> k[ J]_ c^
V VV|D EBkVV
TV| [V[. mk >l[ kV
\m. > g lV \_oB
c k|mD V>_ >BV
D J]_ WD VoB_ V|\^,
k\, kl_V> ]VD, s|>,
>EBD V[ J k >VKm
VD >Bs_.
>D
x>_ >] _ > kVV
oKD \VmD > ][
>l_ su VV ]B
>uVo\V s V|m kVzV[ >
>k[. k[ kVBm [
c _; [ m #DBV> {
g\Vk. kV x k s EB
k[ kD Vm V>V? kD
\]tV? [ >BV\_ \B
65

c^ka
[V[. V l_ s]_ >Vm >[
^ uz xuA^ sm z|DD
Vm k_ \V]B kVD V k\ V>V
sD_ W[ >B k^ k[,
k \D x xk|V[. [A >[
>Vw[ c>s[ k ]\D Fm
\]BV kVV[. gV_ JD k
kVwss_. kVl[ sDu sBm.
xs_ k^ #| >uV Fm
V^V^. k[ V> Wom
s|V> kMD >Vw[ \^, \_.....\_.....
[ ADAS! V_K^ c V
[ c sD gV_ >V
sZ>^. \_oVsuz [VV
xy^. gV_ > \_o^ > glD
>\V?
[
V_DAV_
m
\\VV[. z >[ >Vw[ m
zVF s|> E_, c\
V_ xwzD >VV \VV[.
>[_
|> k> > kzD,
uAz ]m WuzD ]zD, B
zD cs \B\V V| > [m.
> D, x| s>D [_ [ c
V> V k^ k> \D
[A x>o_ \ ]tVF, [A V>VF
\Vm. ]_ k VVukm [
EBt_. [B V[ VVu V^
k^ k|D [\suz k[ _
\B V[ k[. z k[ V V>_
B
V_
>\V>V
\Vm.
66

xk.E.E>DD

k> > ][ kB
z *|D AB_ Tm. ABo_ m
mBk[ EB TV \Vk> >l[
c\V ]m.
kV VzD J VA
c|. J][ { \V V J]_
zD x[k> >[
V[. km AD k[ kVD
J> ]ozD VBVk zD;
|D. , BD [k \M>
J> uBm>V[ [ >VD Vm
>V[B>V V]o> B>V>kV>D (Realism) [ xlB_ >V[sm. z |
xB D^ c|. [ uA>
AmV^ xBuEm (Cognitive) . |
uA> ]om (Reflective) ]_
uAD [m J> \|D >V[ zm
[> \]_ V^ k|D [
>V>V]l[ m z>m. sQ Eu
V\B[ kD > x[M]B
>\m |l_, V \M>M[ E_
Am V^D BV> xBuEB [ s>
([ m .537) [ z|V. sQ[
s>^ mD >D c\ Dk>
BV V| >kBVk \m.
\ \B^ [ >l_ >Va_ xBV_
sVD FD >\ V]\V
V|, J]_ zD V|\
]ozD x\V m V|V sQ.
J k^
sVBV \V z|D]_
67

c^ka
WD VV>V WB V\V \m.
>l[ >sD k\l[ \V
z|D][ \B >V, sVBV \VV^.
sQ V l_ s]_ > Vm >[
^uz xuA^ s>m. z|DD
Vm k_ \V]B kVD V_ k\ V>V
sD_ W[m. D\V suV^. AD
VF suV^. >l_ \m sz suV^. z
u suV^! z V_ kl WDBm.....
z V| VV km
^z V>k^ >V,
u [M VDD km
^z V >VV^ [ V>
skV.
]B ]V_ k\ >sm
g|m. c V|_ ]BVs_ >V[
V[ ]\V c^m. z
>V[ MV^ ]D [. ~ \VFzD
{ ~B zk m D [
]BVs[ k\ WV k>|V.
D Vuz cB > V uD
x\V sQ[ E> s>_ >m.
]D ]D V[ VD, D k
sDV>k |. [ [ kV[ yV
k\ \uV[ kl_V ]VD [
z|k>[ JD sQ[ >u >m.
> >kM[ >Vw[ { B]
Vm VV mV[, y
#B c zo_ k V|! kVw
s| [ >Vw >[ x[Ml_ m z_
V|>V V|V.
68

xk.E.E>DD

s|>V z_ V|zD sQ^

kl_ Eu V\B[ z>k.
z xmKDAD _. z
VmVAD _. k >V kV
\VD s>s>\V V\k V\VF
VEBm. V^ o kzVF
| ]_ ]DBk zV[ ka \m
uaV[. Vm k VVu >
D ks_ [ sQ VoB_
V|\^ > k[\BV V.
sV >Vao_ ~||D [
B_V, V B, VV B,
gV B, VV \>D \VkVD,
\D \VkVD [D, zsm sD
c>|^ [D z|V.
sV >Vao_ ~||D k x
V _KD Vm > xl_ B[
k[ l_ V>D ]>V[... V
xul_ \VuD. 17, V\ Vs_ >, [
x>VBV z|k>[ JD gEB[
AV| c] AVm.
sQ ]B V[ *m V
V|u k>D s>_ Vxm.
[ zB V^, V^ D][ cEl_
m mmm V>. ]
_ D ^ >] \\B
sD|] V> [ z|V.
[D >] ]D, zB ]D gB
V^_ >VVE _ ,
[ ^ ]D D k>
Vxm. >EB VB >wV uD
69

c^ka
]V^, EB_ kV]^ zD ]_
sQ[
>u
Vu>uzBm.
DBV| >V| kV BxD
a[ BV^ >V k|D [
zA V^ BVD [ D,
]B ]V[ kEV m^
VD
B
xm.
kkD
\A s>[ ^BV Eu >ta_
> x>_ >s>BV \ \B^
D Am\l[ >VwVD tV.
k|> kkD k|D. >
kkD |m V_KD V\V
]w k|D. V]BV, B , B >D,
]_ m V^D >D, Vm \^ sDAD
\| kuB VsB\V[ >uV]
Fm >kV[ \m >VF\Vaz A]B cl
>kVV[V[ (VVo >D x[) [
z|V. Eu, V]l[ kak> V>V_,
A]B B kB x|]^V.
D { B kkD \uV B
kk][ *m >VD Kmkm B kEl_
>s BVm (Eul[ |^, .294) [
mD ~| V>m. A]B B kB
x|] ]_ kuD uV sQ
Eu V\B[. B >t, >>
V\V s> \m^m.
>VD
sQ Eu Vk [l_ >B
70

xk.E.E>DD

] _V. >[ M[ > kVB

B\V
]>V_
sQ[
\V k^ (Bm ]
]Bm). W^ k kV> [
( >Va_ g z o), gBku
s>l_ V xm.
k[ w_ \BB k[ czD
\Va[ Vm E]V][ (Vk[ D
zBV |) >V>D, k^ x
k ]m s| ]DADVm, k> k|
>BV\_ V Vu V |> D
VV\_ VFsVF [ t]_
\VMl_ >VM[ (>[_ km V>uz
k| m?) >V>D, V[ kV>D
\D >l_ \m V| k
[ [ k[ t]_ V]>VM[
s> k[ ( Vk V>oB
VsV_...) >V>D Vxm.
>A V>D
[ _ [>V_ \BzD
{ Q[ z] \_ zD c[ (k)
sV\_ m] m] >V> [ >BAs.
_, _ A]. c[ [V_
s|sk xBs_ [ \B V[.
kV \B zD Q V
sQ, >Vw Ws_ k^ |
_ \B m _ kV!
V[z ^ ] kal_ V Wu>
EB kV [ ]BV D u
Q x[u V>l_ wm
_k>V \m.
71

c^ka
yk VB BD
VK >mDAD V tz>
[ >t s>l_ |>V >M
>[\B \\B_ V xm. V>_
cEB ] xl_ m V_ kz
k>V| BV[ [ sQ o[
x[l_ zV. MD >t

72

xk.E.E>DD

]VFkV^ xBV s\Es_

[ \zB >[ s> JD k|mD
sQ [D [ \Va s\V|
z xD _, VxD _ (Eul[
|^, [ m, .542) [ V.
k[ *m V yVV>o_ J zD
k, [\V #D? [ >Vw m,
sQ c^ zA V k>
>V >V[m. gkV V__
gV^ VB V^ z >k.
gV^ >[ >Va \Va \V>D ]Vl_
ml_ AD Wk zA V k>
gV[ ml_ AD V_^ (5) c^m [
]VFkV^ z|[. c kVl_
J zD kD g[* saA
VB>Vk
gV^
V_
z|[V. mVk >Vw[ [\V
cD? [ sV D kD yk VB
B\V ]B u k>V [ zA
V^ A >[ ]>[
JD sQ[ EB WkD []_
nBt_.

11. T tl_ \kV

]BVs[ >BmA V\_
>V[ m [V V]B^. V[
kEz cmBV \km V[
V\ VV>V\V skVB >Va. k
>V[ k^kD cm| kVkV kVkV
\uV_VD >Vm| [_k [
73

c^ka
cw >Vao[ \[\B komV. cD
[>V[ M \B\VVKD, cwk[ u_
k>V_>V[ \uk_VD Vu_ k
xD. >B cwVz xBmkD
V|m Vz kV Vk_ ]_
x >]uz |>BV BV>M[
A^ EV>V > m^.
Vk \Vk> > cwV
\B\V V| BV>[ m^ T
t (1995) kV Vk_ c_ >M x]B
]m^m [V_ m tBVVm.
>D
\M>zD \uzD B c^
>VA k[\D >VA. \M>[ \
m, \ kVm, \ T[V[.
T tl[ >xD \B m.
\ \M>M[ kVB y\VMm. \ \M>
\ zk|mD B_ABm. B
V>[ \B >\V V|
TtB mV|V. \M>M[
kVB k[ kVD W\ y\VMm.
k >V[ >V_VBD kVB
]BV m kuuz x>uVD
kzm V|V. \B J>\V
V| kV[ \M>M[ kVB \uV
>\V D y\VMm. mk >l[
>D.
>D
Vk \Vk]K^ >VauVl_

74

xk.E.E>DD

k VzD wMB, km V^ \[
[ V \VWD VDV _ c^ >
W> kV > ]] [BD Fm
kVs_
]_
x[
BV

Vklom V \VW]uz wm
_V[. wMB[ >m cwV_ > kD
VazD tBV \VuV[. [
wMBMD m cw V|
>m \V\ ]V_ kVB \V
mV[. >m B_ A]B >VD [D
J>\V V| kV kVV[. cwV_
u kuB VV|k>uz x[ z
Vk km. [zD, [zD
>tV[ yV> xB BV Vs ]
V kwzk>V_ z^ skVl^,
>tw kVD z]_ Azm k]_
~||[. wMBM[ AB tD
k>V_ BV|m. cw k>
z|D> { { s|m kD.
w>V_ \|\ VmD [ >m V>
\uz k> z|DD, kD x> z
*|D VD _m. k^ kV *|D
m s >Vzm. mk T tl[
>D.
>[_
kV BD - BD
kVsom x[m [ uuz V[V
T t Vk_ \m. kVl[ >V>>
(Realism) t B_V V| _V
VkVEB BV>[. x
>VV] V| >B km
75

c^ka
_V VkVEB. wMB[ > >k[.
k u BV>[, > i|k>
V>VV, s|k> V>VV \D
>VV> zD V>V[. >uzD gk[
>[ V[. k[ V z>V[
_V\ zD D c^D kz^ >m
(.17) [ > >kM[ A
|V. gV_ >l[ ] >k xD
FD ]_, mklKD u >Va__
~|| kuu_VD x\BV \D |>_
_V\_ _>V > kV
M[ V {D >m. >]_
[ \V>DD [ B_ aBD
V]_ kz mD c[V|
_. D Wkm kz >V[
>kV
m
Vm
>V|
\VBkV x[s k|D [
mA kz kVo kD >VB]om
|>V V| k>m. >uzD V>
\VVkxD,
]uzD
>z]zD
u
>VBV| m V^D VkxD
kM]_ B_Vk >. x]_ >>
zwKz u AD V kD. >V_
V>k >oKD, VxD
t|zD > >VMlKD kaz V| km
s|kV[ [ | x >\V>
km Vk KD, w\V [M >B
km _V.
Vko[ cD
Vko[ c\V > 1991 gD g| x>_
[k yV> Vs B D x[V_
76

xk.E.E>DD

skV. nD>^ kzD V>\Vm.

> s \|D V>D VV
xBVm. >V_ u|D B >l[
c]uz B[|mV VkVEB. mk
BVD >VV> V |m >l[ c]uz
B[|]lm z>m. VD V\V
yV> B |m V| >uz
y V Dt\ s|s|km gEB[ A\
]z> V[VzD. zm [D
skV>D m km. \M> \^, \Va, D
ku m [V_ aB z
y Vm.
Vko[ >VD
[
>VzD
Vm
>
]t| >V k|D. VkKz
>VD t [B\BV>m. T t Vko[

>
V

D
,
\uz kVD Ekm Mm V>m k
xm wMB[ DMB s| ADVm
VBV\Vsm [ \V ]_ Vko[
>V> gEB \]m >B
x[B kV V\V \m
s|m. \V D \B> >km. >
kl_ >V[ > >k xD FV.
>V_ k[ kVs_ { D ABV> VD
V^k> VD x[ B c xm.
zA V^
V >V[ V_ W> V
B V_osV_ kBV Vm.
kV[ cFm cD klKD
k|D. Vm>V[ > A
77

c^ka
x\BV kuB BKD. T tl_
gV Bu VE^ uB k^
D [. >V_VB[ Bu
V u >_ [ \B
Bu VE^ Vko_ D [.
MD Bu VE^ >D > ()
cV szkkV c^. >B
>V_VB E V^ [. Vko[
>V\ > c\B V_m.
B BuB V_KD (.29, 62, 81)
VkVEB >[JD zA V
cmV.
Vko[ ]lKD Bu D m.
wz kVD km V V\V
Ek >VBm [ z|k>V_ w>
kV *|D ms gDm [
cV BM[ c>BD D\ cFm
km. wMB[ V_ VVF >
V tB V[V \VuDVm \[
E [ |V. \[ Vo
(.46) [ zA VB >
BV|^V.
kVsB_ c\^
[ zV^_ z>m
kVsBo[ W> ]o>VzD.
BV>M[ T tlKD kVsB_ c\^
ko>[. ko\^ cl >
tl_ kVD >z]Bk. [ w>V_ >V[
\uV[ xD (.102, 103), V>V
tBV^kV, \M>BD V[ kV
>mk cmk>V T t [ kV
78

xk.E.E>DD

Vk_ \m^m.
kV Vko[ B_A^
Vk \Vk]u cB Vz >ta_
Vk ]m BV>z k>
BVzD. Vk \Vk V|A V_^,
D^, kwV^ gBku tD
B_V BV|^V.
Vk \Vk Vz >tD, V
\VWm
[xD
gV
VE
sBV|m. Vz >t cB E,
DtE V[ kwVD _o, V| V[
[ kwVD gV E|[.
V|A V zDt V Vko[ |k
(.75, 76) B |>VV.
BV>[ Vk \Vk]_ kw_
c^ E V|A kwVD Vko[ |k
_V. V\_ ^z
B|D Vm >Fk][ B km kwD.
BV>[ T tl_ >x >xBV
> >Fk][ (V[VEBD\[) B km
xBV >Vm k>m. >[ V>B
BV >D\V gB B >Vl>V^
(.42) [ z|V.
V|A D_ t xB\Vm
k|>VzD. z zw> >V_
[_o i[ Vlo[ x[ \> >[
sB xm t[ sz^ \m
>k>V kl>V[. ]swVs[ Vm
-xD, [>VxD Fm V>V[. V
>> gzD VBD \|D kz s_.
79

c^ka
B V^ J\VF \] zD Fm
V>V[, BM_. VB[ m l_
k^ >VBmD M[ |A
Vlu_ >>VBmD >Vzkm >V[
k^ VF >m [ V|A
D |V VkVEB. Vz
V_ >Fk ]^, k^ gB V_
kzD kV \ (.58)D |m
V|V. zV_KD \,
V... _V \VBV>V
B V|V...
B V|V...
B|m g|V...
B|m g|V...
>V[ Vw k> -
>V[ Vw k>...
[ zV_KD kw B |>VV.
>ko k>V_ c \mk\z _KD
wD c^m. z V]> VBV
\Vs|D wKD c^m. V|A]_ kVD
\^, >z cVzD VF z
zD , >w V \mkD
Fm V^[. Vko_ u >ko (.
90), Vo_ cV VBD, klu ko (. 104)
gBkuuz V| \mk x >V.
\VVVKD, \VVKD m [zD D
] ]B \m zm \V^...! V\>V
m |V\ J| mD\B
m Vl|VD (. 104) [ E>
\mk][ \[\B komV.
Vl[ >VD
80

xk.E.E>DD

Vl[ V> kD D
k>V_ \KD > A Em.
x.k. >[B Vk__, Ts|
{VzD >VV]> VlV. ].
VV\D >m Vko_ { Q[
V]> k]V. BV>[ skVB
z|D]_ >k [>V_ >m A_
k[ V> k V]][ *m
ukm >z \|m. BV>[
g|kA u ]D ]>V_ m uB
F]B
>\m
A_
]\V
k|]^V. guz u|D VF^,
>uV \mkD, V|>_ V[ F]
]\V >[ \uV V wzkV]_
(2000) z|V.
m T t?
T t uB [D ^szBV
c^ wo_, wV > VzB
> VkKz gEB T t [
>V. > > [ >
VkKz k>V [ V> Vko[ ]l_
Vko[ > u gVFV. _V
\D \M>^ >V[ kVV^. k_
\M> B>V| kVk^ V^. >
uV| kVk^ V^; k^ m\
_V>kD > \_ >V[
FV^. k^ kmkV^. VD k
]> kzD [ VV| D
V| k^ VF V^ (. 143) [D
V m V kVm El_ >

81

c^ka
\_ km cl s| >[ >] wzD
> W]u c\Vm V k^ kD
tm s>. >[ >
uV^ [ g>D l_ ^
kmV| s|D \V
VFs
]
V[...
z|DD wuV >m V> tB
s| A]B t [_ zB\m. Vm m
z|D]uz TD [. >xl[
VD 33 g|^. k >V[ J[ >x
kV>kD _. J[ >x kD
_ [D kwz [D c^m. kV
\z T t m [ BV>[ E
gVFV. g|D c>V...! \D
c>V...! > | cD k[
gk[. gV \V >[V Vz EzD
DA mzD k > g k
BV VV ][V[. [V
z c\Vzm; c [V cz
ckVzm!...D...m [z >V zm,
m Vm|>V zVD. [ \M>
B> komD BV>[, k[ k[ \M>
B>V| kVVV mk km T t
[D kaxD, kV wKD D
B T tD \VD B_ABm [>
>kV cmV.

12. Ek][ kVsB_ E>^

\M>[

J
sz.
k
_ka|] cBWz wm _km
kaVVzD.
\M>
\>
kMD
82

xk.E.E>DD

ka|mkm kaV|. g[* B]_

x>_\_ _. clA^ xBuE, kV>
g^s, \M> ka|mD g[* [^
zmkD wo_ . EkD k[ g[t
>V|
m.
>t\
kwB
]QVD>[ ^\VaBV _kD
kVwVD [ >VB o[ >V
V|, \M> kVB kamD V,
. EkD k^ E> V| V|D
V]_ | \m.
kV kVk>u!
_ kD kVwVD [ >_
\> o_, ]V |^ D
u^. ]VD uV_ kV
kVwVD [ xm\Vaz u ]V
|[ ka kV>V_ kV km
c]. . EkD kVl_ c^ V|
ku k|D [ _
|]BDAV. El[ sD_ A]B
E! m>V kV? V>^ km
lm >V[ ku (.16) [D, [V_ mD
xBVm. m Vw>D, [V_ _V\
xD. m V\V xV^>D. m [V_
xB k|\V > x [V_ xD.
^ >V_ [> BV kV
V> (.22, 28) [D, cDAD, clD
DVm ckVzD c^D>V[ D
g m. kVs[ ku >V_s
x Fm. > c^D m [
V_ s V_ xBVm. gV_ m >V[
kVl_ ]>V! (. 53) [D, kV
83

c^ka
[m kV sVD ^ \z V|>
V! kV sVD kVw kBm \m
\. Vz kVw k|D [>uV
[z m xBVm (. 81) [D,
>s zD xBD. z> >D \D
xBD. ]uV [ k|\VVKD
FBVD [ m ckVV> kVB
\m kEBD (. 85) [D t_
kV uB c\BV sD >kVm.
kVB k|\VVKD kVwVD [m
[. gV_ kVB >V[ kVw
k|D kVl[ >> cmk>V
. EkD m \m.
_ kD kVwVD [ o_ D
u^ kV |D V[\VaV,
kVl_ [u zD Vk
\m^. | >A^ kV[D
]\]\Vk \]> c xm.
o[ gEB, E Vu^ \\Vk,
\]>[\ tk. ]D ]D V_Kk^
kVk cBmD ko\ cBk. kB
\\Va. { cB\\Va _
kD kVwVD [m. > >V
V > A>D kl_ k>D >V[!
[ ([) z|k>[ JD >kVm.
c\ c^kV > c]BV sk
>V[
sDAk>V
z|V.
\B
VuVakV^ D \B|]B
EkD Vm \M> \B|]B E]zD
V_k>[ m, g[\QV sVk
Tm.
84

xk.E.E>DD

_ >VD
> B >VzD VmD
E_ u|km c|. >Vzkm [>
m ^BV a V| B_ >D
>Vz [ V x>[ x>V ]\D,
V[ WE_ o c>sBV
Akm [D xl_ m kD
kwD. k, > BD FD x[
^ m[ >V k|D [ V.
DV...
kVl_ x[ >[D k|D.
kV x\ ^ D k|D.
]\t - >[D t E >kz
^ D ]>V_ [D WB [\
s]zD. V| [ ] kz ^
c\ AB V][. [ V>
kuD [ DA[ ^ BV_
(. 33) [ VEB[ m \VkV[
k[ V k[ >V^ k [ ]kV
>V W|k>V c^m.
t_... t_...
kVl_ >u|>VKD BD V^km
>kl_V>m. D \M>z kEl[
VF. ] > ]zD tVEM.
t[\ \mkD. m kVs[ EBD
[ kVl_ BD >kBum [>
komV. TD [m g>_ _.
\M>M[ \]_ >V[ m. TD [m
Vwl_V\_ V V^km, V\
E[ c\V \B k|D.
85

c^ka
c^D Vl_
c]BV cD_ >V[ cBkV c^D
xD. c^D cBkV >V_>V[ cDA
c]BV zD. k >V[ cDD,
c^>D .EkD _ z|V.
VlKz VF kkm x>_ W, V\
VlVkm WW, V|km x[,
Vkm x (.65) [ \M>M[ ]
WB |V. ]J kD
xuKD u { u BVBVkV. k
A]KD, ]KD ka| >m BV][
ko\BVKD, >k][ V>BVKD zD, KD
V|D DV >Dx[ kVF, \V
\V] (\]_ |z>_) Wl_,
x]_ V| V[ J^
]u V| V> g>D
(]\]D. 2944)
[ V|V. >B ks>\V
skV> _V cl\ Vs_^ [m
c\>V[. gV_, \M> t cB> gBD.
Vlo_ [V_ kaV| FB xBs_
[V_ k> VlVKD B[ _.
kV \M> cVB VloKD
Tu> > cB V[ kV \M>
clz x[VKD [ W[ kM]_
B >D F[ [ mD ~|
V>m.
u... ...
[B _s sBVV\Vsm. [B
86

xk.E.E>DD

_ A>^ s|[. \V^

D [. \M> V^
V\V[ | V
z[. (. 35) [ _sl[ WB
kD V| |V. [B A
kVz c>k>V _. D k>uzD,
D
~|k>uz\
B[|m.
m,
[MVD kzA_ x>_ kz_ >B
\Vk^ kVl_ >V_sB >V^.
_s [ >D >V> Wl_ u|m.
_sB V]zD gEB >[
]_.
z
\Vk^

[ukV^. k uzD _s.

u uk u[
Wu >uz >
(]z^. 40)
[ zz \V kVw k|D
gEB .EkD komV.
]l[
k[ *m V ] WBV>V
k|D. z V]_ \|D
k ka|>_, V>BV] V[
B_ F>_ kw]_ c^m. ]l_
kV km V| ka|k
V V. >D [ ]
ka|>_ Vm [ k >l[ >D
gEB komV.
B >xz F]
]B \Bz \]D, \BV>D,
87

c^ka
u>> m QVM kVt skV>,
Q [MD >V^! V[
]BVk cB] V|[ [ xwV.
.EkD kD QD ] D
V|, Vl]_ ]BV c][ c[>
k_V k|D [ _>
^. z V_K^, cD cBD [
z|V. ]B ]V[ J> z\[
m_VD k^ ]B ]BV 2020 [
o_ ]BV Vlm ]_ k_V
\VD
[
z|V.
.Ek\V
Q[*m c^ y> Dl_ ]BV
k_V zB V\ Vm\Vm [ V.
_V g>D w> [AD DB
wV> \[s[ TD ]B QM[
EB\V |D. ] _KVF
Tz V V|k]_ Q >
TV kVD (. 25) [D B[ >[
Amm V^km V [ A]>VF >VD
[ kVk kV VD Amm V^
k|D [ V]l[ >D QD
s>V gEB .EkD.
k k> E]D
k_V\_
E]D
>
BVm.
Q^ c_M_ ] V
k|D [ V_ _V D k
Bzkm >V[ \l[ D. Vt_V>
BV B]_ k]m
>V[ BVV[ (. 60) [D,
Vu V_ c_ ko\, \ ko\...
V luE kEBD >k (. 32) [D
culuEl[ kEB>D cmV. ].s..
88

xk.E.E>DD

kD Q cVD_ *m k
K> k|D. [> >EB kal_
O>u V V_ u c\
_.
\B
\lB
k|] V^ k|D. c VkVm
k ~\V]_ [ kVk
wm m[Ak>uz V_V^k>VzD (]>D
() \ sm . 17) [ z|km ~|
V>m. m[ B kaV|, >D
\>_, ^BVz >VAD V|>_,

89

c^ka
_KD culuE, BVV
VBV\V k|D [ VD
x[ kV .EkD.
Qz \|t[ _]_
~||^VzD kVl[ EB
szV. \s \^ *m c^ u^ am,
VD [, DV_ lm zk Wl_
\M>[ Wu xD [>uz |mVV
mE>V[ >B |m szV.
c[B>V_...
kVs_ ku k|D [ D
_V \]KD c|. > ku |
k|D. [, k_km. Vkm
>[ k_km. c k_D c[
k_D E> ka^ c|. [ Bs\D,
\uV[ B>D. k, k \M>D
saAzD, #]uzD l_ W]B kV
WE Wm V>V_ kVs_ kuB
xD [ V.
]BV...
kVs[ kuz cB kax t
B l_, AV, kVsB_ WE[
|mV c^][ cBk DxB cB;
mk kVl[ cB [ \B
c], c \[ c^_ cwkV
Fm kD .EkD k[ kVsB_
E> [u ku kVD.

90

xk.E.E>DD

13. B >t
Vz V^ km kD sB_
x[u>V_ A]B |A^, \M>
x>VBD \D xB gu k[.
> A]B |AV_ \M>[ >[
>V V[. \M>M[ tD
>V [ ]zD { B V>D
BD (Internet) gzD. m { ~| Bu
|V ]m. BD Ez \|D
|D MBV > W \V, [ kzD
>V zD sBV ]m. [
\B]_ VB V[ >tw[; gV_ [
B]_ >tw km, > V>
cB]uz usV[. [ B]_ >tw[
> \]| Fk> |l[
V\VzD. \KD B]_ >t k
\uV^ kB xBuED |
gVFm.
BD - sD
BD, x>VBD, BD, sQVD,
kV, g[*D, VmVz, >k_ >Va_
OD, > sB>u k|\VVKD,
Vm k|\VKD >VA V|
B kl_ \M> x>VB> zD
\VD B Fm km. V], \>, ,
\Va E m m
\D [zD V\VD B_|m.
s_ OMl_ sD sk EB\V BD
]m.
B]_ >t
91

c^ka
V]_ Em sB >tw^ W>
nm kBV zm k>. \D \ V>
xD zE [D, V|D V| V> xD
x_ [D, kBKD kB_ V> xD \>D
[D, KD, _ V> xD F>_ [D,
\KD, \_ V> xD V [D
W> nm ]V >. B_,
VD [D J[ V >tw >^
B, , V k|].
[ sB_ >t [V A]B m ckV
km. m[ M >tw, B >t[
>V? _m B>t [ A]B>V
>t xD Fk>V? [m VxD, MD
y\VMzD kE WB |D Wz >t
km^m. B >tz \V s
>V_ >D ]BV u
V| gVD ] [V >t B>D
B_|D suz B >t z>
kEB u kD mBV \m km.
B B[V_ >twD ]BVs_ J[Vkm
> m^m. g B >]uz
BV >t B >^ Vz V^
xm, >t \Val[ kEz mBV
Wu[. B]_ >tw ] s_
Azmk> V\V V| >tw , \Vk
(V[: ]kV \VkD x[\V]BV B_|
km) WkV>D B]_ V|
km^m. >tw\zD c^ V\A \D
B> B[|> k|D [ V_
\VWD xkmD 1500 x>VB B \B
(Social Internet Center) Ws c^m.
B]_ >t \Val[ g]>
92

xk.E.E>DD

szD x\V >t 99 [ B

\VV| [l_ um. ]_ >t\Va
B]_ >V| \|t[ \[
B[VuzD BD B[ k|D [
V]_ E xB x^ |.
ku_ [ >V[ >t B _wD
\m. >[ skV >t B
_wD [l_ > 2001 gD g|
u|>| EV B km.
>t B _ w][ VD
kV|_ kVD >twz BD
kaBV _ (Multimedia) xl_, >t_s
>
_w][
>BVB
V\VzD. >[ |> \V >t \Val_
V[>, BD, A^ >|
B][ kaBVk >^ ], ^
kw|[. kV|_ kVD >t
\V >V Wlom V^
>BV| u|[.
>t _^ B B D (e-library) [D B_| km. ]_ VD
uV A]>V >^ B ] Fm
> B[|> k|D.
B> \^ B[|> \Va
>BV Vm [ V]_ >t
BD 2000 , M >t D V[
\A^ B_| k[. >t BD
2000
E_
EV
um.
kVFk_ m V gFkV^,
60 gF | kw. \VV[
93

c^ka
VE z]l_ uzD \u A]B >t
V> M \[V^ (Tamil Software), >t
B >^ (Tamil Web Site) D u.
\VV[ x^ cz[ cs_
B][ JD B_|> (INFITT - International
Forum for information Technology in Tamil) \m.
\VV_ B BV^ sm
B_|> nm [V| z^
WBt. ku_ z>m |.
ku_ [ V_VD; \uV[
m> \]|. >Vm kV g|D
B \VV| EV u km.
\EBVs_ c^ VVD_ >t BD
2001 \VV| tEV u^m. >
>Vm kV g|D _k V|_
EV u k[m.
V_VD
V \uD BD V> g
Vuz BV >tVu^
ckV k|D [ E B
\VV_
|
xB
xk
B_|mD kl_ www.tc.words.com [ B
>D [ kk\|^m. > B
>]_ VlKD, B]KD B[|D
xB g Vuz BV >t
Vu[ B_ D u^m. >>
Vk |kV k^ uV^D V_
z>V|, Bo_ zD Vus
V>\Vm [ k^ mD A]B V_D
zVD. Wl_ DV[\BVk^
u V^D >Va_ O Vu^ (Technical
94

xk.E.E>DD
Words), V B_ g k

>BV| B]_ kl xBuE^

u k[. gVD ] B>]_
>tV_
kVD
[
z]l_
V_V xBuE^ u kD
z>m.
M >t D mD VE_
E> >t s ^ (Tamil Keyboards), >t
B >z kw km. >V_
>|> m^ (Fonts), >t s
^ gBku >BVzD >t \[V^
Wk^ \KD A]B xBuE_ ~|
\m. >V_ >ta_ > FD
Vm mw^ _m uw
>VVk
]mD
>t
\[V^
>BV|^.
>V_
B]_
>t\Va kE ] kVFA^m.
BD { gk VD (Archives)
B]_ c^ m >k_D
| k VVk (HTML, ASP)
kk\| [. >V_ \z kB
>k_ c[ > Jl_ mD, >
]KD >m V^ xm. [ m
V>D B >VD B_|
k[. k, z V_ kk>
F]B _m >k wB V
>_ kVD. >V_ k
]mD, D TVkm\ tD. gV_ VD
> B >]uz [ z V_
k> > F]BBV () >kBV >
]o> xD. >V_ kD,
95

c^ka
V sBxD z[. [B F] VB
kV. k, [ B]_ ]D F]^
mD VB kVVD, gk\VD
\Vm. \KD VD k]zD gk[
gVD z. k ]_ >\B
kVFA^m. gV_ B]_ c^ gk^
(Archives) VD Wm WuzD B_AB.
B][ > k]B [z c> EVV
_wD, VR_ kV> VV
x>BV k^, >D kVV_ > B
_^ B (]uzD \_) >
kV, ]K^ _^ >D O\V
(Microfilm) \Vu > kD Vm
BD kl_ x>[ x>V \V|D
\V (Mobile Library) \>. >[ BV
[ VD c[ > JlomD VV
x>BV gVFE ]_ c^ > _[
skD http://www.lib.unchiago.edu/e/su/southasia/
RMRL.html [ xkl_ [, Vm B[
xD. z _D, gkD T? sB_
x gkVA O\V (Microfilm)
|| > z>| (Compact Disk)
ksKD kl| VmVm k[.
>>s [>VD (intamm.com) B
>]_, >t _^ kl ][
kl_ k kl|^ _D
>taB >|D kl_ kk\ |^.
]_ ]][ xkD t[_ xkB
z|^>V_ ku[ >VA V|
\z kB _ kV B[VD.
kV| _w_ c^
96

xk.E.E>DD

gFkV^ >^ gFk B >]_

kl|^. \KD Au Vk_^
B]_ D K] zD kl_
V||^m. kV \z kB
>k_^ mD B]_ _ (Online)
>V_ > ]KD > Vm
B[ xm.
gF J[ D BD
BD
gFkVz
kB
F] ^>D \V ]m. {
gFkVz >kBV >k_ B]_
c^ >|V_ (Search Engine) JD VD.
\z
>kBV
BV,
xBV
>k_ x>[\ Vu c^|k>[
kVlV \z >kBV >k_ >[
A^ (Link Pages) Bo_ D
D. ku kV[V [ \z
>kBV F]D, >D u
V^VD. >|DV^ kBs kl_
(World Wide Web) c^ _V >D k
(Scan) Vm OVF FD ][ kVF>k.
VD >D x>[\ V_o[ kVlV \z
>kBV >k_ Bo|D M
W_[ (Programs) l_ B_|D.
DVKD _V k >D ] FB
|^>V_ Vu, >V\VV >
Bo_ D km >s|m.
_ (google.com), V (lycos.com),
(excite.com), E (sify.com), g_V sV
(altavista.com) ]BV [V (indiainfo.com) D..[.
(msn.com) gB >|D VV E>
97

c^ka
>VzD.
\z > zA () >k_ >k [>
c] Fm V| >uu x>[\ Vu
kwV_ >kBV >k_ sm
xD. \KD EV >k_ >|k>uz
]BV, O\V kaxBV szkm
oB[ (Bolean) VuV And, Or, Not, Near
V[ku B[|mk>VzD. >ta_ B
V^^ u B]_ > sDV_,
>|>_ Vl_ [ Tamil and Literary Theories
[ x>[\ V_ c^C| F>V_ \uB
Vu^ z c^kV kuB
sk^ _VD D Vkz BV kD.
ku^ >kBV kuD, BVkuD
om | k|D. m wVuB
{| k _ >>|>uz \\VzD.
x>[\ V_ B[|] kk
>|D V_ k Vm,
>z]BV> Vkl|k> E> zD.
_
WkD
>t
c^
V]B
\ValB >|V Ws^.
>t t[ >^ (E-Journals)
>t\Va kEl_ >t t[ >[
z m. >t \ValB [
B >^ B_| k[. ku_
gVD ], [>VD, >t, V_, k cD,
>t V[ >t t[ >^ z>.
>t B> gVD ]BV ] B_|
kD gVD ] B>D, EA Vk,
\BD, s>, E>, zw> BD, _s,
Amk (_^), s|>, w\Va, >t kVD,
98

xk.E.E>DD

V_VD, V_, kV \, [
k|^, z>V, Eu> D, >BD
>ta[ m B k EV
kl| k[m. D sQ^, >V
zszD kl_ s>, E>, | V[
>D kVF> A >m Vm.
kV \ z]l_, kVs[ ~u
V_ V|m D s>BV
ckVz>_, k|^ z]l_ >D kVF> B
t[ >^ uB s >>_, EA
|^, >BD z]l_ BD, EB_,
\BD, >VV F]D gVD ]
B t[ > >m. z]l_ Au
>t Q^ ]B AD D
[. gV_ >uVm A]B Vo[ J
kV, , BD, \Va, EM\V, >Va V[
[ >k_^ D u^. BD
z]l_ kVF\Va BD, E>, _ s\D
V[ z]^ >t\Val[ kEz tD
B^>V ][ [m z>m.
kVVk >t B>D
F]^, g[*D, kkVFA, >k_ >Va_
OD, uV, kV, V]D, \ D,
Vl_^, ^ V[ _
xB\V >k_ >[.
t[ \_^ (E-mails)
B]_ kD k \Va >BVk
c^m c\>V[. D >k_ D >VF
\Va_ \V V^ { B >]_
[ t[ _ Fk>uz, ]_ DxB
t[_ xkB x>o_ ] FB
99

c^ka
k|D. [A D z VD kD
\_ >taB _ FB xD.
>uVm x[ B >^ >ta_ t[
_ FD k]B Fm^m. k]B
V, \l_V_, , , V[, DD,
>t ~wD V[ B >_ [
>ta_ > Fm D \_
xD. >uV m (Fonts) c>s BKD
V||^m. V[V VANAKKAM [
g m > F>V_ >ta_
wV kD [ V_ kms|m. >uV
x _ 2000, V[ m^ (Fonts) V
>t \[ V^ c^. ku \m
Ml_ ]sD (Download) Fm V|,
B VAVD \m \_ t[_
FBxD. t[_ J\V A^,
V^, kVm ^, |^
V[ku [ AV V]
(Attachments) xD. A^ (Photos),
w>^ (Invitations) V[ku k (Scan),
ku VAV \Vu t[o_ m
VD (.V.) kV_ zD D
csz D T_ ss_ szD swV
WEV
w>w
V_
>uz z>m | _m J[
kV^
gzD.
gV_ B][ kaBV kw>w
t[_ Fk>V_, k |> Wt\ >
u >m V^xm.
kVm ^ (E-cards)
B][ kaBV \m z
^, >V^ kVm^ V[ku t[
100

xk.E.E>DD

_ J\Vk xm. s>\V

k^ B t[D kVm
>>|m VD. VD AD kVm
_ \m >VF \ValB kVm
kV > Fm,> [ B
> o[ > kV>VD
BKD.
>V_ VD > ]o> k
D (Flash) kVm >>|m,
[ m z V_
xm. [ > Vz kVm
, [V Kk_[ V\V >
\ms|VD. gV_ B][ ka
t[ _ J\V VD kVm AD >]B
x[ z|, _ F>V_ m >
VB ms|D. > k >ta_
V_, zx>D, k cD, [>VD V[
B >^ >[.
cz[...
_k >t B V>D, B
>D F] cz[ (Flash News) [
>_ >m. cz[ \m >k_
[ \V V^ B]_ B (Messengers)
B[|[m. VD sBD >VV
[ >VE B[|m. gV_
>V#_ c^kD (kV|_)
>VE JD k>V_ >VE D
\z kVm. gV_ B][ JD
mBV_ (Chatting) xl_ >k_
cz[ \V V^k>V_ [\z
101

c^ka
zm. kB z B
>]_ t[_ xkB kD u
k|D. k\ B]_ _ (On line)
>V_ \|\ kB B[|> xD
[m z>m. g]_ BV (Yhoo
Messenger) D..[. (MSN Messenger) V_
(G Talk) V[ x[ B >^
kB EA[ B_|] k[.
k^:
* B]_ kVV B_ kl
|k>V_ z\^, >^ B kVV
Bo_ Vm V^ BD
tD B[|m. Am_ol_ x>[
x>V kVV B_ B]_
kl
|^m.
BV
\VWKD
kl
xBuE^
\uV^| k[.
* ]\^ V]_ Wl|[
[ kwz \V >uVm B]_
Wl|[
D
suz
B]_ k[ x|mD
\\z] c^m. ]_ \\[,
\\^ uB skD, AD
D
u^.
>kBVk^
k >>|m ]\D FB
c>sBV m. ]_ \\[ _m
\\^ z> sk^ \KD B
km
sD

[
>|m. >V_ x|^ m
>s|[.
* \Vk^, > x ss_ >m
102

xk.E.E>DD

V^D BD B[|m. >V_

\Vk^ skV >m >
xD, \]D m
V^ xm.
E E_D, yD
1. kV >t B >D kV
s>\V
mm
V|
kk\ |k>V_ >^ ]z
kDVm V>V\>D u|m. \KD
m^ >V\VV (Junk) k[.
>V_ BVl[ xD, xD
TVm. > >s ]_ ]sD
FBB m^ _m >VVk
]sD FD kl_ (Auto Program)
\>V_ ]l_ skVD, BVD
kk>uz ] kVFA^ c^.
2.

>t
DVKD

B>[ z]^
kVm
Am

103

c^ka
|k]_. >V_ BVB (User)
oB Fm. z>m \V>]uz
xBVkm >_ c^ >k_
Am>V_, > Vkl|D
VkBV[ ]
kVFA^m.
3.

>k_ x]>k> V\V

V DVV B>^
w[ >k_ kl|[.
> >s V>V >_ w
]mkV V| w ]]
kl|km V[ B]KD >MBV
w ]mD BV WBtm
wl[ B]_ K]V_ (Launch)
EV zD

4.

B]_ VD B[|]B t[
_ Vm > >kV
B[|>D ] kVFA^ c^. k
> >|zD kl_ A]B
\[V B[|] > >|
xD.

5. B ] u V k ] A D
A B_ kl|
s|[. > >| B]_
D _. k mV[ >k
>| V]B D ss_ V|
kk|D. >k_ D >[\[
kl m >t B >D
xBuE \uV^ k|D.
B]_ >t \[\KD k \uB
104

xk.E.E>DD

xBuE^ skV uV_ >t B]_

kuV |D []_ nBt_.

14. >ta_ t[A>D >BV]_

u|D
E_D, yD
A>^ _V> _D [_^ _V>
TV[m [m g]_ Au
w\Va. [ M _V> _D s_V>
T V[m VD. > suz km
kD sB_ x[u]_ M t
[B\BV> sBV \Vkm. >tw[
wV]_ \B \l_ VB V[.
gV_ [ M[ B >VAB
B]_ >twAz] > V> cB]_
usV[. B B[V_ >t\Va
Vkm > u km km.
g \Va B>z BV
>t\Va B >D VzV^ >V[
>wm km k[. V[ ] x>_k[
[ t[V \VuD Vm u
V|D, >uV yD \Bt|
|B \m^[.
t[A>^
VD [ ] s_ B[|mD
A>^ >V_ E|, |\VD (Binding)
Fm >BV | k[. A>]_
D u^ F] M c>s[
> Fm B]_ kl|k> t[
105

c^ka
A>^ (E-Book) [ w|[.
> ]sD (Download Fm z>|
(Compact Disk) ks_ tm k>D
t[A>^ w|[.
t[_^ >BVm ?
VD kl sDAD g>, cV]>
m^ B V () z]
(Content) M >t m (Tamil Font)
B[|] > Fm V^ k|D. >
Fm V z] (Document) VV
(File) tm k k|D. VD > Fm
V VA > \[V B[|]
>BV F>V\V > \[V[ JD
B]_ B[|mD kl_ HTML (or) ASP, JSP,
PHP VAV ]kuD (Uploud) FB k|D.
B]_ c^ m >k_D |
k
VVk
kk\|
k[. k, 1. HTML, 2. ASP x>o_ z
k VA VD kV >BV Fm u\]
F>V\V kV B]_ u\]
FBxD. Vk>V z|D x, VD
>BV Fm u\] F> VA^ B][
tA _ (Server) [ > zD.
z VD > V B[|> xBuEzDVm
tA _ c^ > z VA
B_|D V (Active Page) \V x[
>V[D. kV VD u\] FB|D
VA^ tA _ gk\V
(Archieves) VmV|D. kV kl|D
t[
A>
B][
c>sBV|
\[>|^ (CD) JD ]sD (Download) FmD
B[|> xD. kV B]_ \m
106

xk.E.E>DD

_ kl zD B tA
xBV V\ (Server) k|D.
z ]uz mB > (Web
Space or Wb Server space) kV g|D
z >V K] Amm V^
k|D. _B_ VD kl t[ A>^
VVk]BVs|D.
E_D, yD
BB[V_ Vkm >
m^ >t\Val_ _k kBV
m^ (Font) c^. kV B>xD
kV >t m V| \m^m.
k, VD kl|D B >]_ c^
m V \m _ c^
Ml_ > FB k|D. _B_ \m
uz]^ B]_ >V\VV (Junk)
>D. g \Val_ > E_ _.
>k g m V| t[_
>BV>VKD k V u\]
FD Vm >kV >m. >uz VD
g \Val_ \> s^ (English Key
Boards) \V]BV \ Vk.
k, kV k g mD \u
k g m[ Bm V^D
kl_ [ [ VmD, [BV[ m
Fkm\V (Supporting) kk\|^m.
gV_ >t\Val[ m^ s>\V
s^ V| kk\|k>V_
>ta_ t[_^ >BV]_ E_^ u|[.
VAV c^ >k_ t[_V
\Vuk>uz _k \[V^ B[|[.
107

c^ka
ku_ E 1. Internet Explorer - Browser Tool, 2. Acrobat
Reader (PDF), 3. XML, 4. Flash.
Explorer [ \[V B[|] >t

t[_^ >BVzD E V|^ >V[[.

> Fm tm k> V HTML
VAV \Vu Explorer-_ kl|DVm >t
m^ E >k (Miss) s|[. >V_ >
k \[V B[|] x\BV t[
A>> ckV xBVm. > xl_ \>
BD
www.ariyakudithenthiruppathi.com
[>VzD. > BD IDS [ >t
mk V| ckVm. MD >
B ]_ c^ m >k_ z]KD
_ [ m \|D \m V|D. >V_
t[A>D >kV F] c^B>V
\Vs|m. gV_ >uVm > B>D
]] \|sm. > E y
VD > FD >t mk >BV>
Wk]tm J]B (Original Copy) kV
cBV>[ JD m^ >ks|k>
>s xD. >uVm B[V_ c^
m >t mD ]|xl_ ]
F> (Bywrited CD) \[VVk c^.
>V_ E VA^ (.ef), (.edf) x\BV ]
FB|k]_. k J \[V \|D
B[|] x\BV t[ A>> ckV
xD. D J m kV
]D FB k^m.
Vkm \[VV PDF (Arcrobat
Reader)-n B[|] t[ A>D >BV xD.
> xl_ ckV|D t[ A>^ ]
108

xk.E.E>DD

>
gtA
Fk>V_
k
t[A> ]sD Fk]_ >V\>D
u|m. >V_ BV^ (User) om
s|[. \KD kl_ >BV|D
t[A>]_ BzD ABV,
BV (Animation Photos & Pages) m
kl xBVm. VD > FD z]^
\V (Images) \Vu|k>V_ > k
t[A>^ ] > m. >
xl_ >BV|D t[ A>KD E >t
m^ \|D >V[k]_. Dxl_
>BV t[_ Printout |mD
B[|] V^VD. > xl_ \>
>D www.omsakthionline.com. gzD.
J[Vkm \[VV XML Extensible markup
language-n B[|] MS WORD [ \[V
B[|] g]_ c^ z] ]_
t[V
u\]
FB
xD.
>t
m V| x\BV t[_
>BV BVm.
Flash

[ \[V B[|]
>t\Val_ \> > VD t[
V ]_ \Vu xD. > kl_
>t\Val_ kk> x>_ t[_ x>_k[ [
\B m. tD \BV xl_,
a [ k \[V_ \> t[
xD. > _ { B>D V[
kk\|^m.
>
k
>t
m V\> VD
t[V \Vu > k \[V^ mD
mBV \m. >[ JD 1000 ^
V >k_^ B Flash [
\[V B[|]
109 B ks_ \>

c^ka
z>_ Flash ] Fm B[|> xD.
D, BzD k A m
t[ A>> ckV xD.
t[_[ B[V|^
] ^ V _ z]
B ks_ s xD. ]_ zD
|m[ B[|> xD.
|\V __ k A
V| ] xBVm.
M_ ] V u kVFA^m.
gV_ t[__ ] s_ k
A m klxD.
t[__ c^ >kz u
>V > B[|> xD. gV_
VV> _ kV B[|> xBVm.
> ]KD \z >kBV z]
B]_ >|V V| >V
> Vm B[|> xD.
> ]_ > \z >kBV
t[_ t[kD (E-Commerce) JD kV
B[|> xD.
V>V _^ ]^ _V>
W u kVFA^m. gV_ t[ _
>kBV _ c ] FB (Write)
xD. t[__ c^ >k_ gk\V
VD km B[|> xD. V>V _^
z V]uz z E>m s|[. gV_
t[_[ g^ VD [\z Bm.
110

xk.E.E>DD

>ta_
]
s_
t[_^
kkk>uz >|> >t m^
Vm\|] ] B[V|[ >BV
kB kEBD u|^m.

15. cB_s kEl_ B][

z
V[ x[u]_ V| \[
cB _s k D z km. _s
\M> |mm. |mm.
_s \M>M[ c\ >D, kVs[
EB>D szm. _s, BV\ [D
lom \M> k]uz V|
km. k >V[ VB[ D,
cu c>sD cV^ V|mD u W
xMBVm u_ [ [D, u [ u
[ AD u [ [ kBVD
_sl[ E |m[.
>] ]BVs_ _s
m >A \xD [B \]B,
\VW ^ B_ ] kzm B_|]
k[. ]BVs_ c^ kzD _s
(VB _s) [ V B_
]^ B_|> | k[. gV_
cB_sl_ z> kEB Bs_
[ V_ k|D. >uz xB VD
gVFEl_ A]B sB_ | A
B[|> V\B.
cB_s uzD \Vk[ V|
111

c^ka
\Vk[ V V| V| kD
w_ > VmD kV_ z>
kEB Bs_. cB_s kEl_
z> kEB k>uz BD
kkV
B[|m
[
V>
|l[ V\VzD.
m (cB) _s?
\M>[ > k>[ JD E]
>VzV[. > [m k[ >
>>V_ \|\ x\Vm. km
kD sB_ c_, k[ x\BV >
M uB tD kEB\Vm.
Vm >V[ kB > x\
m. D \V>D VD V^ c M
> ]\V VV|m. _
w_ xmW ]om cB_s
>Vzm. > >Vm gVFED
\m. >V[ >> gVFEl_ Az] gFk
(Apply) \uV^V[.
> W
cB _sBV gVFEl_ z>
kE WB Bs_ [> c\.
M_ ]B _s x zz _sB
BV V\k> >uz VD.
[ xk gF FD { gFkV[ >[
gFk x>uz z>m J[ x>_ nm
g|^ >k|[. x>_ J[ g|^
k[ FD gF V^ >VV >
>uV _w z
_K>_, mV k_K ]>_ V[
V s|V[. > >[
l_ x>_, VD , ]
112

xk.E.E>DD

[ ku x|] > Fk>uz

{VVm. gFk \> Wl_,
gFk| \]| FBu (c^V|, kV|)
xk > { g| z>m
nm g|^ s|V[. gFs_ u|D
V>V\>> >s BD mD c>m.
cB_sl_ BD
cB_sl[ kEz BD _k
k_ c>sBV \m. >k_
]D, _sBD (Online Study), k
kVFA D BD >sBV
c^m.
>k_[ >\lD
BD s_ OMl_ sD sk
EB\V B_|m. \z >kBV
F] B]om > xD, >
]o> xD. { gFkV[ >z
>kBV> B]_ c^ t[
> (E-Library) B[|] xD.
[>VD. VD., k cD, gVD ].VD,
>t.VD, V[ x[ B>_ >
k] c^m. >t B _w k
>]_ t[ D (E.Library) z] z>m.
VR > VV x>BV >m
kVV_ A> >B V\V
V| B _ m k>V.
1980_ { gFkV[ >ta_ xk gF
F>V_ VRz kV\_ >m gFk x
xBVm [ W >m. > suz
A>^ ( ]uzD \_) kV
113

c^ka
zs]>V. B _^ V k^]_
aB >V. VV x>BV ][
\] c> EVV _wD ku
kV O\V (Microfilm) \Vu >^
_w B ]_ ms.
>V_ > c][ > Jl_
mD B[|> xD. _^, t[_V
(E-book) \VDVm ku[ B[V| (gVD)
uV|z \_ aBV> gkV
(Archive) \ms|[. kV _^
t[_V B]_ kkk>V_, VD
sDB ]_ > m, >kV_
]sD (Download) Fm B[|> xm.
z gF V^ >VV
A]B _^ B]_ x|>|[.
ku \z B][ J\Vk >
]o> ku t[kD J\V (E-Commerce) kV xD.
gF [m >VVD (Relay)
V[m. k >V[ F> gFk () gF
x B]_ kl|k>[ JD
gFz BVD, mBVD
\[m. [ \m _ w_
D gF^ _w \B __
BVD V[ x [. >V_
[ B[? kV|_ D gF^,
kD
D
kl_
B]_
kl|[.
B]_
kaKD \z
xD. \z
F] ]

c^ t[ >>s
>kBV F]
>kBV V^ uB
>| V^ (Search Engine)
114

xk.E.E>DD

B[|[. ]_ z V^ uB
kV> >| V_ c^|k>[ JD m
>VV B[ B_ kms|D.
ku_ \z>kBV F]^
> om (Filter) >kBV sk
|m V^ xD.
B]_ F]^ \|\_Vm gFsuz
>kBV A^ (Photo), k^ (Maps),
O^ (Graph) A^ s^ (Datas)
gBkuD xD.
[>VD B >_ V>D, D
V[ ]_ mk kkm^ _[
B_^ D u^. ]^, _^
k D u^>V_ \z kB
_ k u V^D k] c^m.
kV ]B >[ l_
>D gFk|^ [k _
w_ A4 kk]_ \|[.
>V_ VD k> gF x^ >s> Bt[
_ gFkV > m
V^[. gV_ >uz s]sV
]_ko \V[\BD >D^ _
w]_ gFk| z>| (Compact Disc)
ksKD \zD x xl_ c^m.
>
>Vm
>uVm
m
_wKD Dx [u|[m.
gFs[ VD, E_^ mV^, gF x^
gBku gFkV BV szD kl_
\m gFs \ xD. >V_ >V[
V_ k> m gw\VD, ko\BVD (Effective) ]B kVFA^m. kVFk| V|
115

c^ka
>kV^ (A) (External Examinar) \]|kmD
\BV \D. >V_ gFk|^
\]|k]_ c^ V>V\>> >s xm.
kVF\Va > (Online Video Conference)
gFk x> Wl_ kkVFA,
VV kV| _KD gBkV >V[
\> gFk[ kVF\Va >k
> m V| > VD.
>uV B]_ EV k] [ c^m.
TBV V[[E xl_ c[ > Jl_
mD kVF\Va >k ku\V x
BD c>sBV c^m. zB >k
m_VD k^ >V[ x[A BVuB V
_w]_ c^ gF \Vkz
>uVm zB >k \Vlo> TBV
V[E xl_ kzA^ | BD
kak Fm [m z>m.
B]_ _w^
>tV_ c^ m VlB_
_D V _wm[
|s. >V_ m VlB_
_D V _wm[ (annaniv.edu)
B]_ >V_ (Networking) > x^
(Result), sD (Online Application), V
[ sD, mV k_K[
mBV_ > >_ V[
k]^ [. z VlB_ _l_
z V_ \][ l_
c^ Vol x mBV_ (Counseling) _KD x[ m V^ xD.
cB_s \VMBz V_ c^ 240
116
_ w
JD zs[