ENT Mnemonics 1

ENT Mnemonics

Ear
***
Eustachian Tube

Cartilage is:

C-SHAPED
Collapsed under normal conditions, opens during swallowing, yawning,
chewing gums or Valsalva Maneuver.
***
Regarding Congenital Cholesteatoma (E
Pidermoid),
Aetiology:
-
Persistent Embryonic Squamous Epithelial cells.

Sites:
(( Related to
Petrous A
Cerebello
Petrous bone ))
Pex >> Trigeminal Facial Pain
Pontine angle >> Facial tics then Paralysis
Tym
Panum (Middle ear) >> CHL
***
In cholesteatoma,
if suspected
COMPlications , ask for COMPuted Tomography

(CT )
***
Gra
Denigos triad of Petrositis:
Can be encoded by
Discharging Ear.
Diplopia & squint due to cranial nerve VI affection, while passing in

Dorello Canal.
Deep Facial pain, due to affection of Trigeminal Gasserian ganglion at

the petrous apex.
***
Grie
SINgers sign is characteristic for Lateral SINus thrombosis
(Edema & Tenderness over the posterior border of Mastoid process,

resulting from Septic Thrombosis of the Mastoid Emissary vein 2ry to
Lateral sinus Thrombophlebitis.)
***
Otosclerosis
The golden Letter for Otosclerosis is
F
-Its a
-More common in
Familial Hereditary disease.
Females in Fertility period Related to Pregnancy.
- Characterized by Replacement of normal compact bone by Spongy
Fragile Bone, then Sclerotic Bone.
Hypervascular
- Most commonly occurs around the
Footplate of Stapes, leading to its
Fixation. (Stapedial Type).
- In active stage of the disease, Otoscopy may show a
Flamingo-Red
tympanic membrane (Schwartz sign).

Treatment:
- Surgical:
Stapedectomy: (The treatment of choice)
- Removal of Stapes & replacement by Te
Flon piston or Wire & Fat.
(This operation may be complicated by Perilymph

by Temporalis
Fistula, whichs treated
Fascia graft).
- Medical:
Fluoride.
Sodium
***
MENieREs Disease:
Using its name, we can encode:
Membranous Labyrinth with

ENdolymph, characterized by REcurrent attacks of the triad: Vertigo,
- Definition: distension of the
Deafness & tinnitus.

-Incidence: More common in
- Usually U
Males around the age of 50.
Nilateral (Bilateral in 25 %)
***
In congenital causes of SNHL,
MONdinis disease: Partial aplasia of the Cochlea, so its MONoturn (Single Turn).
***
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo:
The Golden Letter is
S
- Vertigo of
Sudden onset.
Short Duration (30 Seconds).
- When the patient takes a

- Cause: debris in posterior
Specific Position.
Semicircular canal.
Self-limiting within Six months & improved with Epley Maneuver,
(A specific sequence of head positions that would result in movement of the

debris out of the posterior canal, through the common crus and into the
vestibule.)
- Resistant cases are
Surgically treated by Singular Nerve Neurectomy.

***
Vestibular investigations (for Vertigo cases), can be encoded by the

Word:
CAROTiD
(But well use E instead of i :)
CAloric test
ROTating chair test
Electronystagmography
Dynamic posturography
***
Nystagmus can be observed by:
D, E, F, G
-
Direct looking at the eye.
Electronystagmography.
-
Frenzle Glasses.
***
In Tympanometry, to remember what each curve means, lets think &

remember that:
Tympanometry = Measurement of Middle ear pressure, through measuring
the TM Compliance (Mobility).
***
A = The Best (always class A is the Best).

So,
A = Normal
A = Normal ME Pressure
A Alone means also Normal TM Compliance
***
As =A+s
s = stunted = stiffness (Reduced Compliance)
s
e.g. Oto clerosis.

***
Ad=A+D
D = D ynamic = Hypermobility (Increased compliance)
e.g. Ossicular chain
D isruption or D islocation.
***
B curve:
B for Buildup of FLuid in Middle ear (Otitis Media with Effusion).
FLuid >> FLat curve.
***
C curve = Normal Compliance,

but ve ME Pressure.
- In Eustachian Tube Dysfunction.

***
Oscillating Tympanogram
=
Pulsatile Pressure = Pulsatile mass = Glomus Tumor

***
Mc Ewens triangle is the surgical Landmark for Mastoid Antrum

***
Nose
***
When the normal ciliary action is inhibited, the cilia stop & become
STILL
This can occur due to
STILL
Smoking
Temperature changes (Excessive heat or cold)
ILLness (Infection)
***
Cyclic Asphyxia is characteristic for

Bilateral
Choanal Atresia
***
Traumatic diseases of the Nose are 4
F:
Fracture Nasal Bones.

Foreign Body in the Nose.
Oroantral
CS
Fistula.
F Rhinorrhea.
***
CSF Rhinorrhea increases by CSF

Coughing
Straining
Forward leaning (Tea Pot Sign)
***
CSF Biochemical analysis shows the following Characteristics:

Clear & Colorless
Sugar more than 30%
Reduces
Fehlings solution
Contains B2 Trans errin (Diagnostic) (B2 only in CSF)

***
Investigations of
CSF Rhinorrhea can be encoded by CSF
- CT Scan with intrathecal Omnipaque.

- Intrathecal Fluoresciene, then detect it in the Nasal Cavity by Nasal
endoscope.
- CSF Biochemical Analysis (Mentioned before)

***
Treatment of
CSF Rhinorrhea can be encoded by CSF

Conservative :
-Most traumatic cases heal spontaneously.

- Bed rest in semi-setting position with head-up.
- Avoid CSF (Coughing, Straining &Forward leaning)
- Avoid Blowing of Nose.
- Avoid Nasal Medications (Drops or Packs)
- Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent Meningitis.
Surgical: If conservative failed

- Covering the defect by a graft (Temporails
Fascia) or Flap (Muco-
periosteal septal flap.

***
Traumatic surgical causes of Oro-antral fistula can be coded by:
DR. X
Dental Extraction.
Radical Antrum Operation.
Xcision of dental or dentigerous Cyst.
***
To remember the sequence stages of Rhinoscleroma, remember that

Rhino = Nose =
ANF =
-Active
Atrophic stage.
Nodular stage (Hypertrophic).

-
Fibrotic stage
***
LuPus Vulgaris affects the Anterior CartiLagenous part of the Nasal

septum, causing the characteristic APPLe Jelly nodules.
***
3ry
Syphilis affects the Posterior Bony part of the Nasal Septum, causing
Saddle Nose.
***
Complications of
Septal Abscess:
Supratip depression: due to Necrosis of septal cartilage & septal

perforation.
- Cavernous
Sinus Thrombosis: due to spread of infection via emissary

veins (Dangerous area of the face).
***
In management of Epistaxis:
First aid:
- The patient is seated with the head flexed forwards & Apply:
-Direct
Compression: pinching the nose between 2 fingers.

-
Cold Compresses.
Constrictors. (Introduce cotton piece soaked with Vasoconstrictor into

the nose for 10 minutes).
***
Investigations to detect the cause of Epistaxis:
-
Coagulation Profile.
Complete blood count.
Computed Tomography (CT).
Biopsy (If tumor is suspected).

***
Best Wishes
dr R.M

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What are the main causes of epistaxis?

What are the main causes of epistaxis?

What are the investigations used to detect the cause of epistaxis?

What are the investigations used to detect the cause of epistaxis?

ENT Mnemonics

Persistent Embryonic Squamous Epithelial cells.

Pex >> Trigeminal Facial Pain

Pontine angle >> Facial tics then Paralysis

Panum (Middle ear) >> CHL

COMPlications , ask for COMPuted Tomography

Denigos triad of Petrositis:

Diplopia & squint due to cranial nerve VI affection, while passing in

Deep Facial pain, due to affection of Trigeminal Gasserian ganglion at

SINgers sign is characteristic for Lateral SINus thrombosis

(Edema & Tenderness over the posterior border of Mastoid process,

Familial Hereditary disease.

Females in Fertility period Related to Pregnancy.

- Characterized by Replacement of normal compact bone by Spongy

Fragile Bone, then Sclerotic Bone.

- Most commonly occurs around the

Footplate of Stapes, leading to its

Fixation. (Stapedial Type).

- In active stage of the disease, Otoscopy may show a

tympanic membrane (Schwartz sign).

Flon piston or Wire & Fat.

(This operation may be complicated by Perilymph

Fistula, whichs treated

Membranous Labyrinth with

Deafness & tinnitus.

Males around the age of 50.

In congenital causes of SNHL,

Short Duration (30 Seconds).

- When the patient takes a

Self-limiting within Six months & improved with Epley Maneuver,

(A specific sequence of head positions that would result in movement of the

- Resistant cases are

Surgically treated by Singular Nerve Neurectomy.

Vestibular investigations (for Vertigo cases), can be encoded by the

Direct looking at the eye.

In Tympanometry, to remember what each curve means, lets think &

A = The Best (always class A is the Best).

e.g. Oto clerosis.

C curve = Normal Compliance,

- In Eustachian Tube Dysfunction.

Pulsatile Pressure = Pulsatile mass = Glomus Tumor

Mc Ewens triangle is the surgical Landmark for Mastoid Antrum

Cyclic Asphyxia is characteristic for

Traumatic diseases of the Nose are 4

Fracture Nasal Bones.

CSF Rhinorrhea increases by CSF

CSF Biochemical analysis shows the following Characteristics:

Contains B2 Trans errin (Diagnostic) (B2 only in CSF)

CSF Rhinorrhea can be encoded by CSF

- CT Scan with intrathecal Omnipaque.

- CSF Biochemical Analysis (Mentioned before)

CSF Rhinorrhea can be encoded by CSF

-Most traumatic cases heal spontaneously.

Surgical: If conservative failed

Fascia) or Flap (Muco-