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The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables

There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D.

Use the drop menus below to search & select from the more than 1300 Period Tables in the database:�

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The 10 Periodic Tables most recently added to the database:

Kapustinsky's Structure of The System of Elements

Ren� Vernon writes:

Kapustinsky AF 1951, Structure of the periodic table of chemical elements (in Russian), Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 47–50

Below the title Kapustinsky gives two equations that he says determine the structure of the system:

• The equation of periods Š = 4 x n²;
• The equation of cycles/dyads S = 2(n²₁ + n²₂).

The legend at the bottom left is:

• Period
• Cycle
• Number of elements

Kapustinsky refers to the periodic system of elements in terms of its emergence (proto-elements), formation (typical elements), and disintegration (synthetic elements). Kapustinsky refers to e, n, H, He as "proto-elements".

The electron and the neutron are not chemical elements but are elements in the sense of each being a rudiment, which means a beginning; an initial or imperfect form or stage. As Kapustinsky says, the properties of ordinary elements are not yet associated with them.

H and He can be considered "proto-elements" in the sense that they were the first building blocks from which heavier elements were later formed through nucleosynthesis in stars. Kapustinsky says that the system is thus:

• a harmonious whole, with a beginning and end
• regular and symmetrical
• without exception, it embraces all of its constituent members with simple mathematical expressions

Social Issues, Periodic Table of

By www.wearedorothy.com, a Periodic Tables of Social Issues - Signed Limited Edition A tabular display of the worst elements of humankind. 1st edition print of 100.

Click to enlarge:

Thanks to Vicci for the tip!

Oliver Sacks, Uncle Tungsten: Memories of Tungsten of a Chemical Beyond

Ren� Vernon writes:

On the paperback cover of Oliver Sack's Uncle Tungsten (below) the periodic table shows a 16–wide set of elements at its base. This is quite unusual since this set is normally shown as being 15— or 14— elements wide. See, for example, the table found on the site of the International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry which shows a 15–wide set of elements at its base.

It looks like the second pair are La and Ac, but what then are two immediately preceding elements?

I suspect they are probably the alkaline earth metals, Ba and Ra. This may be an homage to Mr Rare Earth^ aka Karl A. Gschneidner Jr (1930–2016), who wrote that:

...since Ba has a 4f⁰6s² configuration, these three elements are the first (Ba), mid (Eu), and end (Yb) members of the divalent 4f transition series.

The notion of 4f⁰ is not unprecedented; the IUPAC periodic table, with its 15-wide f-block presumably implies La as 4f⁰ 5d¹ 6s².

There is some good chemistry going on here, given the pronounced similarities between Ba and the lanthanides, and the alkaline earth metals generally with about 20 properties involved:

• Most of the physical properties of Eu and Yb, "such as the atomic volumes, metallic radii, melting and boiling points, heats of sublimation, compressibilities, and coefficients of expansion are more like those of the alkaline-earth metals, Ca, Sr, and Ba, than those of the rare-earth metals" (Pauling 1960, p. 418; Gschneidner 1964, p. 286).
• Liquid ammonia dissolves certain alkali, alkaline earth, and Ln metals, and... combines with them to form solid compounds. Those metals whose compound-forming ability has been confirmed are Li, Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu and Yb. (Mammano (1970, p. 367)
• The lanthanides are sometimes regarded as trivalent versions of the alkaline earth metals (Evans 1982).
• The electron configurations of lanthanide cations are similar to those of alkaline earth metal cations, as the inner f- orbitals are largely or completely unavailable for bond formation; (Choppin & Rizkalla 1994)
• The lanthanide trivalent cations are essentially spherical and present an environment very similar to alkali and alkaline earth ions towards complex formation... the standard electrode potentials for the lanthanides have similar values and are comparable with the redox potentials of alkaline earth metals (Sastri et al. 2003)
• Ba-Eu-Yb have cubic crystalline structures whereas the rest of the Ln are hexagonal, or rhombohedral in the case of Sm (Russell & Lee 2005)
• There is a close alloying similarity between the lanthanides and Ca, Sr and Ba (Artini 2007)
• Lanthanides are effective mimics of calcium and can stimulate or inhibit the function of calcium-binding proteins (Brayshaw 2019)
• Lanthanide cations can substitute for Ca2+ and Sr2+ cations in host materials for solid state lasers (Ikesue 2013)
• There is a knight’s move relationship between Ca and La:
  • The ionic radius of Ca²⁺ is 114 pm; that of La³⁺ is 117 pm
  • The similarity in sizes means La³⁺ will compete with Ca²⁺ in the human body, and usually win on account of having a higher valence for roughly the same hydrated radius
  • The basicity of La₂O₃ is almost on par with CaO₂ Freshly prepared La2O3 added to water reacts with such vigour that it can be quenched like burnt lime (CaO)
  • The electronegativity of Ca is 1.0; that of La is 1.1.

Kudos to Oliver.

^Pecharsky 2016

Sources

• Artini C (ed.) 2017, Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds: From Modeling to Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, p. 92
• Brayshaw et al. 2019, Lanthanides compete with calcium for binding to cadherins and inhibit cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, Metallomics, vol. 11, no. 5, 2019, pp. 914–924
• Choppin GR & Rizkalla EN 1994, Solution chemistry of actinides and lanthanides, Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, pp. 559–590(560)
• Evans WJ 1982, Recent advances in the low valent approach to f-element organometallic chemistry, in McCarthy GJ, Silber HB and Rhyne JJ (eds), The Rare Earths in Modern Science and Technology, vol. 3, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 61–70(62)
• Gschneidner KA 1965, in Seitz F & Turnbull D (eds), Solid State Physics, vol. 16, Academic Press, New York, p. 286
• Ikesue A, Aung YL, Lupei V 2013, Ceramic Lasers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 26, 28
• Mammano N 1970, Solid metal ammonia compounds, in Metal–Ammonia Solutions, Proceedings of an International Conference on the Nature of Metal–Ammonia Solutions: Colloque Weyl II, pp. 367-393 (367), https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-408-70122-8.50030-4
• Pauling L 1960, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd ed., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, p. 418
• Pecharsky V 2016, Karl A. Gschneidner Jr (1930–2016), Nature Materials, vol. 15, no. 1059, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4751
• Russell AM & Lee KL 2005, Structure-property relations in nonferrous metals, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, inside cover
• Sastri et al. 2003, Modern Aspects of Rare Earths and their Complexes, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 377, 878

Periodic Table of Rock, Metal And Other Elements

From an Etsy Shop: Periodic Table of Music Poster Print

Thanks to Marcus for the tip!

International Year of the Periodic Table – Artwork Competition

From Chemistry A European Journal the results of a Periodic Table artwork competition, where the full stories can be read.

First Place: V�ctor Duarte Alaniz from Mexico City with "Cycles in Space, In Time... and in Chemistry"

Second Place: Yuliia Oleksii from Vinnytsia, Ukraine "Noble Gases"

Third Place: Joanna Cwynar-Wojtonis from Poland

Elements of Fire & Light

Ren� Vernon presents Elements of Fire and Light: The Majesty of The Periodic Table

Classical Periodic Table

A Classical Periodic Table from xkcd:

Thanks to Marcus for the tip!

New Periodic Table of the Elements Based on the Structure of the Atom

Tomkeieff SI, 1954, A New Periodic Table of the Elements Based on the Structure of the Atom, Chapman & Hall, London.

Thanks to Ren� Vernon for the tip, who writes:

It is a helix wrapped on the surface of a cone. The shadow on the left is from the edge of my hand holding down the table; the shadow on the right is from the edge of a different book, again used to hold down the table into some semblance of flatness.

Mazurs said: "This is not a very successful table".

First, there is the cumbersome nature of a table on a cone, Secondly, see how the eight main group numbers at the top are sort of mushed into the 18 A and B series group numbers. This does not work well.

The colour scheme shows the dominant acid-base properties of the elements:

Dark blue — strong bases
Light blue — weak bases
Light red — weak acids
Dark red — strong acids
White — Inert gases

Since nonmetals never form basic oxides it is interesting to note that the (23) nonmetals fall on the right side of the table:

H He
B C N O F Ne
Si P S Cl Ar
Ge As Se Br Kr
Sb Te I Xe
Rn

[Water is amphoteric; hydrogen peroxide is weakly acid.]

While the underlined elements are sometimes called metalloids, it is has been known for over 100 years that metalloids predominately behave chemically like nonmetals.

Astatine would’ve been a nonmetal but for relativistic effects. Immediately following its production in 1940, early investigators considered it a metal.

Ziggurat Formulation

Thanks to Ren� Vernon for finding this "Ziggurat" formulation (with a dash of Segr� Chart, upper left) on the RSC page for Oganesson:

Dufour’s Elementree in 2D by Vernon

A 2 dimension (flat) drawing of Dufour’s 3 dimensional Elementree by Ren� Vernon.

Ren� Vernon writes:

"I was surprised by its lack of symmetry in Dufour’s Elementree, caused by the awkward placement of He, and the assignment of H as floating above Li and Be. Hydrogen is as much subject to the periodic law as any other element. Without aligning H over Li, and He over Be, I am not sure that Elementree can be made symmetrical."

� Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –

Queries, Suggestions, Bugs, Errors, Typos...

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