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    The Ocean-Energy Economy: A Multifunctional Approach
    The Ocean-Energy Economy: A Multifunctional Approach
    The Ocean-Energy Economy: A Multifunctional Approach
    Ebook338 pages3 hours

    The Ocean-Energy Economy: A Multifunctional Approach

    By Asian Development Bank

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    About this ebook

    This publication explores marine renewable energy sources from floating solar farms to deep ocean turbines and shows how increasing the capacity of the blue economy can help the Asia and Pacific region transition to a clean energy, low carbon future. Providing an overview of ADB’s Marine Aquaculture, Reefs, Renewable Energy, and Ecotourism for Ecosystem Services (MARES) project, it examines stressors impacting the region’s oceans and examines the benefits of multifunctional approaches. It considers emerging ocean entrepreneurship and shows how adopting a holistic blue economy vision can produce a regenerative marine environment, support coastal communities, and help meet climate goals.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAsian Development Bank
    Release dateOct 1, 2023
    ISBN9789292703707
    The Ocean-Energy Economy: A Multifunctional Approach

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      Book preview

      The Ocean-Energy Economy - Asian Development Bank

      THE OCEAN–ENERGY ECONOMY

      A MULTIFUNCTIONAL APPROACH

      OCTOBER 2023

      Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)

      © 2023 Asian Development Bank

      6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines

      Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444

      www.adb.org

      Some rights reserved. Published in 2023.

      ISBN 978-92-9270-369-1 (print); 978-92-9270-370-7 (electronic); 978-92-9270-371-4 (ebook)

      Publication Stock No. TCS230403-2

      DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS230403-2

      The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.

      ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

      By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

      This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.

      This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.

      Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.

      Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.

      Notes:

      In this publication, $ refers to United States dollar.

      ADB recognizes China as People’s Republic of China, South Korea as the Republic of Korea, and Vietnam as Viet Nam.

      Tonne (metric) is equivalent to 1,000 kilograms. In the United States, ton is used, which is equivalent to 0.907185 tonne or 907.185 kilograms.

      Cover design by Mike Cortes.

      Contents

      Tables, Figures, and Boxes

      Foreword

      This New Ocean–Energy Economy Handbook is one of a series of reference materials on advanced technologies. The goal of this series is to assist the Asian Development Bank (ADB) operations in adopting and deploying advanced technologies in energy projects for its developing member countries, scale up the ADB Clean Energy Program, and move the energy sector closer to achieving its targets in climate finance.

      This handbook outlines the types of marine renewable energy sources and how they may be realized into affordable energy for all. The handbook provides an explanation of the technologies and the planning scenarios to make appropriate technology choices in an often-confusing sector.

      Case studies will be provided in an attached compendium of technologies provided from industry. The case studies present the project fundamentals including financial, technical, and operational aspects of each deployment.

      The emergence of the blue economy has changed the way governments think about our ocean. Developing planning scenarios, increasing awareness through capacity building, and capturing the cross-benefits of related technologies and business approaches are the key themes of this handbook.

      The handbook seeks to put some order and common sense to the confusing array of potential solutions that compete for marine spaces. This handbook provides insights into the reasoning behind policy and subsequent technology choices.

      May this handbook serve as a helpful reference for ADB operations and its developing member countries as they seek to transition to clean energy and a cleaner environment.

      Priyantha Wijayatunga

      Senior Director, Energy

      Sectors Group

      Acknowledgments

      This handbook provides an overview of how coastal and island states can adopt a multifunction approach to protect and regenerate their marine estates and exclusive economic zones, while deriving social and economic benefits from them. It was researched under the auspices of the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Marine Aquaculture, Reefs, Renewable Energy, and Ecotourism for Ecosystem Services (MARES) knowledge and support technical assistance (TA), Promoting Sustainable Energy for Developing Member Countries for Asia and the Pacific (TA 6619-REG). The TA project will facilitate an integrated development approach combining the four areas of MARES and emphasizing value-added economic activities.

      The MARES concept, handbook, and associated publications are the result of the team effort led by Stephen Peters, senior energy specialist (Waste-to-Energy), Energy Sector Office, Sectors Group (SG-ENE), with inspiration and support from Dan Millison, consultant, SG-ENE. We are also thankful to the following ADB staff for their valuable technical and operational inputs: Kee-Yung Nam, principal energy economist, SG-ENE; Rafayil Abbasov, senior specialist, SG-ENE; Len George, principal energy specialist, SG-ENE; Gary Krishnan, senior country specialist, Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division, Southeast Asia Department; Maria Dona Aliboso, operations analyst, SG-ENE; Ellen Paul, senior country officer, Pacific Department (PARD); and Francesco Ricciardi, senior environment specialist, Office of Safeguards.

      We extend our thanks to the many experts who contributed to researching and drafting the text, notably the MARES Expert Group, particularly Michael Abundo, chief executive officer (CEO), OceanPixel Pte Ltd.; Tom Bowling, CEO, Biota Inc.; Scott Countryman, executive director of the Coral Triangle Conservancy; Nguyen Dinh, head of Hydrogen and Principal in Ireland, Offshore Wind Consultants; Jack Dyer, Blue Economy Future SA; Andy Hamflett, co-founder and director of NLA International Ltd.; Gary Hesling, associate director, NLA International Ltd.; Gregor Hodgson, independent consultant and peer reviewer; Alex Rogers, director of Science, REV Ocean; Sabina Rustamova, social safeguards specialist; and Ivory Vogt, program manager, Climate and Resilience, Sustainable Travel International.

      Our in-country MARES representatives in the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau provided critical local information, contacts, and guidance. They are Don Hess and Setoki Qalubau, both from the Marshall Islands, and Fabian Iyar from Palau.

      We are also very grateful to the many organizations, companies, and people who contributed as speakers and panelists to the MARES webinar series and other events such as the ADB Asia Clean Energy Forums in 2021 and 2022. They include Ferhat Acuner, general manager, Navtek Naval Technologies Inc.; Richard Argall, technical director, Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc.; Karina Barquet, senior research fellow, Stockholm Environment Institute; Will Bateman, CEO, CCell Renewable UK; Alix Burrell, principal investment specialist, Infrastructure Finance Division 2, ADB; Christine P. Chan, senior advisor to the Vice-President, ADB; Tom Chi, founding partner, At One Ventures; Loke Ming Chou, National University of Singapore; Cindy Cisneros-Tiangco, principal energy specialist, SG-ENE, ADB; Agostinho Miguel Garcia, ADB consultant, Preparing Floating Solar Plus Projects under the Pacific Renewable Energy Investment Facility (TA 6680-REG); Emily Hazelwood and Amber Sparks of Blue Latitudes; Yasuyuki Ikegami, director of the Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University, Japan; Kirsten Isensee, programme specialist, Ocean Carbon, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; Stefan Kraan, chief scientific officer of The Seaweed Company, Ltd.; Marcel Kroese, marine biologist consultant, International Non-Government Organizations; Benjamin Martin, project manager, Xenesys Inc.; R. Duncan McIntosh, senior regional maritime specialist, ADB; President James Michel, former president of the Republic of Seychelles; Jan Newton, senior principal oceanographer and affiliate professor Oceanography, University of Washington; Santosh Kumar Srirangam, HSL Constructor Pte Ltd.; Pierre Rousseau, independent consultant, Sustainability and Finance; Gürdoğar Sarıgül, senior consultant, Environment, Climate Change and Maritime Decarbonisation; Leo Ban Tat, ECO-ARK, Aquaculture Centre of Excellence Pte Ltd.; Harry Thomson, future energy project manager, Shetland Islands Council; Monica Verbeek, executive director, Seas at Risk; and Steve Widdicombe, director of science and deputy chief executive, Plymouth Marine Laboratory.

      We are grateful to ADB team members Fely Arriola and Imee Aquino, both consultants, who provided guidance and support throughout.

      Special thanks also to Nick Lambert, co-founder and director of NLA International, for facilitating the coordination among these different companies and organizations. Nick’s extensive knowledge of the blue economy was underpinned by his carrier in the British Royal Navy, leaving his post as chief hydrographer as a rear admiral. Nick’s leadership was a key success factor for the MARES TA project. Thanks also go Nick’s other directors at NLAI, Jonathan and Andy Hamflett who stepped up to support the business plan competition and workshops.

      Thanks go to the staff at the Centre for Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (CIMT-GT) who partnered with ADB to host the MARES High-Level Investor Forum on 7 February 2023. Special thanks goes to Executive Director Pak Firdaus Dahlan. Thanks also to the CIMT Business Council for their support, especially Amzar Azhar.

      Thanks should also be extended to the team who managed the DevAsia dataroom with over 25 webinars by loading these and further technical reports and other content onto the ADB Data Room created for the MARES program. Thanks to Maria April Dela Cruz for her efforts with Kris Guico in editing and uploading webinars.

      This handbook presents the nontechnical reader the best available marine renewable energy technologies; provides explanation of the science and engineering involved; and identifies the policy gaps and the commercial outcomes leading to social and environmental needs. It will enable developing member countries to make decisions on the optimal marine renewable energy technology that is most applicable and suitable to their climate and environment, aligned to national policy and strategy.

      We hope that through this handbook, readers would be better able to comprehend the current state of development and how to move toward a regenerative economy while addressing the energy production challenges facing our civilization.

      Abbreviations

      Weights and Measures

      Introduction to the Handbook

      The Asian Development Bank (ADB) seeks to support blue economy opportunities by investing in regenerative activities that are economically sound and benefit the health of our ocean.

      The term regenerative is used to mean activities which restore and/or enhance ecosystem services. This document presents an overview of, and interim findings from ADB’s Marine Aquaculture, Reefs, Renewable Energy, and Ecotourism for Ecosystem Services (MARES) project. MARES is exploring how coastal and small island developing states can adopt a novel, multiple-use approach to better manage their coastal and marine areas and exclusive economic zones.

      ADB supports its developing member countries in harnessing renewable energy from the ocean to diversify and boost mariculture, promote marine ecotourism, and rehabilitate coral reefs as a source of food and coastal protection.

      This handbook attempts to present information on a wide range of blue economy domains and areas of practice, at the same time as setting out existing, emerging, and aspirational linkages between them. It is therefore structured in the following way to guide the reader through this complexity.

      Section 1 (Seascape) introduces the marine and

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