Last Updated: August 15, 2024

Overview

South Dakota stretches from fertile lowlands in the eastern part of the state across rolling hills, canyons, and buttes to the state's famous Badlands and Black Hills in the west. The state's modest crude oil and natural gas reserves are concentrated in western South Dakota.^1,2,3,4 However, substantial renewable resources are found statewide. The Missouri River, the longest river in North America, cuts across central South Dakota and, along with its many tributaries, provides this landlocked state with abundant hydroelectric resources.^5,6 Four of the six major hydroelectric dams along the Missouri River are located in South Dakota.⁷ Winds that blow unobstructed across the state's broad plains and prairie provide a significant wind energy resource.^8,9 Solar resources are found statewide but are greatest in southwestern South Dakota, and much of the western two-thirds of the state also has geothermal resources.^10,11 Biomass, from the state's more than 43 million acres of farmland and from its western forests, provides additional renewable resources.^12,13,14 Uranium, the source for nuclear reactor fuel, was found in western South Dakota in the early 1950s. Although it is not currently mined in the state, a uranium in-situ leach mining project is in development.^15,16

The industrial sector, which accounts for almost half of the state's total energy use, is South Dakota's leading energy consumer, and agriculture is the state's primary industry.^17,18 In addition to farming and food production, the state's manufactured products include machinery, chemicals, fabricated metal products, and transportation equipment.¹⁹ The Black Hills, along the state's western border, are a mineral-rich area with gold, silver, copper, and lead deposits.²⁰ South Dakota's Homestake Mine had the largest single gold deposit ever found in the Western Hemisphere and produced more than 40 million ounces of gold during its 125-year history. In 2001, the mine closed, and it became an important deep underground scientific research site.^21,22 South Dakota is still a leading gold producer. Other large-scale energy-intensive mining activities continue in the state, including the extraction of mica, sand, gravel, crushed stone, and clay.²³ Natural gas and crude oil production contribute to the state's energy-intensive mining activities as well.²⁴

South Dakota's transportation sector accounts for about three-tenths of the state's total energy consumption, and the residential and commercial sectors split the remaining one-fourth.²⁵ In part because South Dakota's population is less than in all but four other states, its total energy consumption ranks among the lowest 10 states in the nation.^26,27 However, because of its energy-intensive industries and a climate typified by hot summers and exceptionally cold winters, South Dakota ranks 16th among the top energy-consuming states in the nation on a per capita basis and the state consumes about 50% more energy than it produces.^28,29,30

Electricity

In 2023, wind provided 55% of South Dakota's total electricity net generation. Wind surpassed the state's previous leading electricity source, hydroelectric power, for the first time in 2021. Hydropower accounted for 21% of the state's generation in 2023. Natural gas surpassed coal in 2023 to become the third-largest source of in-state generation.³¹

Three of South Dakota's four largest power plants by capacity and the two largest by generation are hydroelectric facilities located on the upper Missouri River and operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.³² The northernmost is the Oahe Dam, which forms a 231-mile-long lake that is the fourth-largest man-made reservoir in the nation. It began generating hydroelectric power in 1962. Downstream is the Big Bend Dam, whose power plant went into operation in 1964. The Fort Randall Dam, just north of the Nebraska state line, is the oldest of the three and first produced power in March 1954. Water released from those and other upstream dams is stored in Lewis and Clark Lake behind South Dakota's fourth large federal dam, Gavins Point. That dam straddles the border between South Dakota and Nebraska; however, its power plant is on the Nebraska side. The Gavins Point Dam plays an important role in controlling the water flow on the 800 miles of open river between the South Dakota border and St. Louis, Missouri.^33,34 The state's only other utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger capacity) hydroelectric power plant, Spearfish Hydro, has 4 megawatts of generating capacity and has been in operation since 1912.³⁵

South Dakota's remaining net generation comes almost entirely from natural gas and coal. Coal's contribution declined from more than half of the state's net generation in 2008 to 9% in 2023. Natural gas exceeded coal and provided about 14% of South Dakota's net generation in 2023. Petroleum, biomass, and solar energy together contributed less than 1%.³⁶ South Dakota does not have any nuclear power plants.³⁷

South Dakota consumes less electricity than all but seven other states.^38,39 However, because of its small population, South Dakota's per capita electricity consumption is greater than in 35 of the states.⁴⁰ Electricity sales have steadily increased for more than two decades. In 2023, the residential sector accounted for about 40% of the state's electricity sales, followed closely by the commercial sector at about 37%. Most of the rest was purchased by the industrial sector.⁴¹ Per capita electricity sales to South Dakota's residential sector are more than in almost three-fourths of the states, in part because almost one-third of households uses electricity for home heating during the state's extremely cold winters.^42,43,44

In May 2024, South Dakota had about 100 public electric vehicle charging locations.⁴⁵ The majority of these charging locations are in and around Sioux Falls and Rapid City, as well as along the major highways throughout the state.⁴⁶ As part of the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Grand Program, the South Dakota Department of Transportation is looking to expand the state's charging network through both public and private investments. Their plan is to have no more than a 50-mile distance between charging locations.⁴⁷

Renewable energy

Renewable resources generated 77% of South Dakota's total in-state electricity in 2023, almost all of it from wind and hydroelectric power. After surpassing hydroelectric power's contribution to in-state electricity generation in 2021, wind provided nearly three times as much electricity as hydropower in 2023.⁴⁸ The state has some of the best onshore wind resources in the nation, and in 2023, wind supplied 55% of South Dakota's total in-state net generation, a larger share than in all other states except Iowa.^49,50 In mid-2024, South Dakota had about 3,200 megawatts of wind energy capacity at 24 active wind farms.^51,52 Two 200-megawatt wind farms came online in 2023—the Sweetland Wind Farm and North Bend Wind Project.⁵³ Hydropower accounted for 21% of the state's total electricity generation in 2023, down from 55% in 2019, due in part to drought conditions in some areas of the state.^54,55,56

South Dakota's agricultural activities and forest waste provide the state with important renewable resources. South Dakota is one of the nation's top corn producers, and the abundant corn crop is used, in part, to supply the feedstock for the state's fuel ethanol production industry.^57,58 South Dakota is among the top five fuel ethanol producers in the nation, accounting for about 9% of total U.S. fuel ethanol output.^59,60 The state's 16 fuel ethanol plants can produce about 34 million barrels per year. Only about 1.2 million barrels of fuel ethanol are consumed in the state.^61,62 There are no biodiesel production plants in South Dakota.⁶³ However, there is a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) plant being built in South Dakota. The plant will use corn as a feedstock to produce SAF. The plant is scheduled to come online in 2025 and have a capacity to produce 1.3 million barrels of SAF annually.^64,65

Almost half of South Dakota‘s agricultural economy comes from raising livestock, primarily cattle and hogs.⁶⁶ There are several renewable natural gas (RNG) projects in South Dakota that use animal manure from some of the state's farms to produce biogas.^67,68 The city of Sioux Falls also uses biogas created by anaerobic digestion at its water reclamation facility to generate enough electricity to meet about two-fifths of the facility's needs.⁶⁹ In 2023, biomass was used to fuel 0.1% of South Dakota's in-state electricity generation.⁷⁰ Wood pellets are manufactured from forest and mill waste and can be used for electricity generation and space heating.⁷¹ One fuel ethanol plant in the state uses wood waste to generate power for the plant's own use.⁷² South Dakota has two wood pellet manufacturing plants that have a combined production capacity of about 70,000 tons per year.⁷³

There are additional renewable resources in South Dakota. Moderate solar photovoltaic (PV) potential exists across most of the state, with the greatest solar resources in the southwest corner of South Dakota.⁷⁴ However, the state has only small amounts of solar electricity generation, and prior to 2023, half of the capacity came from customer-sited, small-scale (less than 1 megawatt capacity) installations, such as rooftop solar panels.⁷⁵ However, the addition of the utility-scale (1-megawatt or larger) Fall River Solar Farm in 2023 in the southwest corner of the state has added 80 megawatts of solar generation capacity. South Dakota's largest solar farm, the 128-megawatt Wild Springs project, is expected to come online in mid-2024.⁷⁶ Geothermal energy is used in direct heat applications in South Dakota, such as district heating through distribution networks. It is also used to heat individual spas, swimming pools, residences, barns, and other buildings.⁷⁷ However, there is no utility-scale electricity generation from geothermal energy in the state.⁷⁸

South Dakota does not have a renewable portfolio standard that mandates utilities to obtain a certain amount of their electricity or power sales come from renewable energy sources. However, the state did have a voluntary renewable portfolio goal that called for 10% of the state's electricity sales by 2015 to be generated from renewables. Many, but not all, of South Dakota's electricity providers met that goal.^79,80 South Dakota does have other state and utility policies, financial incentives, and technical resources that encourage energy efficiency and renewable electricity generation. The state also has interconnection standards for solar panel generating systems as large as 10 megawatts but does not have net metering to make utilities pay consumers for the excess electricity they generate and put on the gird, and interconnection costs are usually paid by the generating system owner.^81,82,83

Petroleum

South Dakota has no significant proved crude oil reserves and no oil refineries, but it does have a small amount of crude oil production.^84,85,86 Although the Williston Basin extends into South Dakota from the north, its oil-rich Bakken Shale does not.⁸⁷ Almost all of the state's crude oil production is concentrated in the northwestern corner of the state, where Harding County produces most of South Dakota's crude oil and natural gas.⁸⁸ Since the 1980s, the state's annual crude oil production has ranged between about 1 million and 2 million barrels per year. It declined from a peak of nearly 1.9 million barrels in 2013 to 929,000 barrels in 2023, the lowest level since 1981.^89,90 Crude oil production in South Dakota accounts for 0.02% of the nation's total.⁹¹ Two crude oil pipelines that cross eastern South Dakota transport oil to refineries and terminals in other states. Other petroleum product pipelines bring refined products to South Dakota consumers through neighboring states.⁹²

South Dakota uses less total petroleum than all but three other states. However, because of the state's small population, its petroleum use per capita is among the highest 10 states.⁹³ The transportation sector accounts for about three-fourths of the state's petroleum consumption, most of it as motor gasoline and diesel fuel.^94,95 In part because of its relatively low population density and lack of access to alternative forms of public transportation, the state has a high number of vehicle miles traveled per capita.^96,97 As a result, it is one of only a handful of states with significantly higher motor gasoline expenditures per capita than the U.S. average—it ranked fourth-highest in 2022.⁹⁸ South Dakota does not have any U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air quality non-attainment areas, and conventional gasoline without ethanol can be sold statewide.^99,100 However, like most states, almost all gasoline sold in South Dakota is blended with at least 10% ethanol.¹⁰¹ There also are about 80 fueling stations in South Dakota that sell E85, a motor gasoline blend that is 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.¹⁰² In April 2024, the EPA issued a fuel waiver for the sale of E15 during the 2024 summer season.¹⁰³ South Dakota is a major producer of ethanol and the state legislature passed a bill that allows gas stations to claim a tax credit for E15 sales.¹⁰⁴ The industrial sector and the residential sector consume almost all the rest of the petroleum used in the state. In 2022, the industrial sector accounted for about 16% of state consumption. The residential sector, where about one in six South Dakota households use petroleum products, mostly propane, for heating, accounted for 5% of the state's petroleum use. The commercial sector used about 2%. The electric power sector uses a minimal amount of petroleum, primarily as a backup fuel for generating electricity when additional power is needed.^105,106

Natural gas

South Dakota does not have any significant proved natural gas reserves, and with fewer than 100 producing wells, natural gas production in the state is modest.^107,108,109 Natural gas is produced from both natural gas and crude oil wells in Harding County in the northwest corner of the state.¹¹⁰ Gross withdrawals of natural gas in South Dakota increased steadily from 1980 until 2013 when they reached an annual high of more than 16 billion cubic feet. They remained near that level through 2015, but then rapidly decreased as the number of producing wells declined.^111,112 Since 2020, South Dakota has produced less than 200 million cubic feet of natural gas per year and accounts for much less than 0.01% of U.S. total natural gas gross withdrawals.^113,114

In part because of its small population, South Dakota uses little natural gas. However, more natural gas is consumed in the state than is produced there.^115,116 The industrial sector is South Dakota's largest natural gas-consuming sector. In 2023, it accounted for about 54% of the natural gas delivered to the state's consumers. The electric power sector accounted for 19%. Although almost half of South Dakota households use natural gas as their primary fuel for home heating, the residential sector accounted for only 14% of the natural gas delivered to state consumers. The commercial sector used 13%.^117,118

South Dakota does not have any intrastate pipelines other than local distribution systems owned by natural gas utilities. A handful of major interstate pipelines bring natural gas into the state.^119,120 Almost all the natural gas that enters the state comes from North Dakota. South Dakota does not have any underground natural gas storage fields, and nine-tenths of the natural gas that enters South Dakota leaves the state. Almost all of it continues on to Minnesota.^121,122

Coal

South Dakota does not have any coal mines and the state's estimated recoverable coal reserves are small, less than 300 million tons or 0.1% of the nation's recoverable reserves.¹²³ Coal arrives from Wyoming by rail and truck to meet the state's limited needs.¹²⁴ In 2022, about 83% of the 1.5 million tons of coal consumed in South Dakota was used for electricity generation at the state's only coal-fired power plant. The rest of the coal was delivered to industrial facilities in the state. ^125,126

Energy on tribal lands

South Dakota has nine federally recognized tribes and is home to about 78,200 Native Americans, making up about 9% of the state's population.^127,128 South Dakota has the fifth-largest amount of acreage in tribal hands in the nation, with the tribes or individual tribal members holding almost one-tenth of the state's land. The tribes on the Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, Rosebud, and Standing Rock reservations are among the largest tribal landholders in the lower 48 states.¹²⁹ South Dakota is home to nine reservations, two of which straddle the North Dakota-South Dakota border.¹³⁰

South Dakota's tribal lands have some of the best onshore wind resources in the nation. Four of the nation's top five reservations with the greatest wind-powered electricity generation potential are in South Dakota.¹³¹ In 2003, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe installed a 750-kilowatt wind turbine. It was the first tribe-owned and -operated commercial wind turbine that large in the Lower 48 states.¹³² In 2013, six South Dakota Sioux tribes announced plans to collaborate in the development of an interconnected grid of wind farms that would have more than 1,000 megawatts of generating capacity.¹³³ To develop the wind project the tribes formed the Oceti Sakowin Power Authority.¹³⁴ Phase one of the development includes two wind power projects: the 450-megawatt Ta'teh Topah Wind Farm and 120-megawatt Pass Creek Wind Farm. However, both projects are experiencing delays due to interconnection and financing issues.^135,136

South Dakota tribes also have biomass and solar resources. The Sisseton Tribe of northeastern South Dakota is one of the five tribes in the nation with the greatest potential for biomass-fueled electricity generation. The Pine Ridge reservation of southwestern South Dakota and northern Nebraska has some of the largest potential for concentrated solar power generating potential in the nation. The Standing Rock reservation that straddles the North and South Dakota border is one of the five reservations with the greatest utility-scale solar PV power potential in the nation.¹³⁷ A planned solar farm, Lookout Solar Park, on 810 acres leased from tribal members of the Pine Ridge reservation could provide up to 140 megawatts of power to the regional electric grid. Once operational, it would be the state's largest solar farm to date.^138,139 Other smaller solar projects are in development on South Dakota tribal lands.¹⁴⁰ In April 2024, South Dakota tribes were part of a 14-tribe coalition that was awarded $135.6 million for solar projects from the Environmental Protection Agency.¹⁴¹

Endnotes

¹ WorldAtlas, South Dakota, updated March 2, 2023.
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³ U.S. EIA, Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production, Gross Withdrawals, Annual, 2018-23.
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⁷ U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Missouri Basin and Arkansas-Rio Grande-Texas Gulf Regions, Lewis and Clark: Big Dam Era, updated September 29, 2017.
⁸ WorldAtlas, South Dakota, updated March 2, 2023.
⁹ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, WINDExchange, Wind Energy in South Dakota, accessed July 17, 2024.
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¹¹ Roberts, Billy J., Geothermal Resource of the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (February 22, 2018).
¹² U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2023 State Agriculture Overview, South Dakota, Farm Operations.
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