Preamble to the Final Rule
Published in the Federal Register on January 18, 2017 and amended on March 23, 2018.
36 CFR Parts 1193 and 1194
RIN 3014-AA37
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Standards and Guidelines
AGENCY: Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board.
ACTION: Final rule.
SUMMARY: We, the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Access Board or
Board), are revising and updating, in a single rulemaking, our standards for electronic and information technology
developed, procured, maintained, or used by Federal agencies covered by section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of
1973, as well as our guidelines for telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment covered by Section
255 of the Communications Act of 1934. The revisions and updates to the section 508-based standards and section
255-based guidelines are intended to ensure that information and communication technology covered by the respective
statutes is accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.
DATE: This final rule is effective March 20, 2017. [Note: The Board changed the effective
date to March 21, 2017, as indicated in a notice published on
March 2, 2017.] However, compliance with the section 508-based standards is not required until January 18, 2018.
Compliance with the section 255-based guidelines is not required until the guidelines are adopted by the Federal
Communications Commission. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in the final rule is
approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of March 20, 2017.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Timothy Creagan, Access Board, 1331 F Street NW, Suite 1000,
Washington, DC 20004–1111. Telephone: (202) 272–0016 (voice) or (202) 272–0074 (TTY). Or Bruce Bailey, Access Board,
1331 F Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20004-1111. Telephone: (202) 272–0024 (voice) or (202) 272–0070 (TTY)
E-mail addresses: [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Executive Summary
A. Purpose and Legal Authority
In this final rule, the Access Board is updating its existing Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility
Standards under section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, ("508 Standards"), as well as our Telecommunications
Act Accessibility Guidelines under Section 255 of the Communications Act of 1934 ("255 Guidelines"). Given the
passage of nearly two decades since their issuance, the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines are in need of a
"refresh" in several important respects. This final rule is intended to, among other things, address advances in
information and communication technology that have occurred since the guidelines and standards were issued in 1998
and 2000 respectively, harmonize with accessibility standards developed by standards organizations worldwide in
recent years, and ensure consistency with the Board's regulations that have been promulgated since the late 1990s.
The Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines support the access needs of individuals with disabilities, while also
taking into account the costs of providing accessible information and communication technology to Federal agencies,
as well as manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment.
The final rule also reflects a significantly revamped organizational structure relative to the existing standards
and guidelines. In sum, the final rule eliminates 36 CFR part 1193 (which formerly housed the existing 255
Guidelines) and substantially revises 36 CFR 1194 by replacing the existing 508 Standards with two regulatory
provisions—§§ 1194.1 and 1194.2—that direct readers to the four appendices accompanying part 1194, which, in turn,
set forth the scoping and technical requirements for the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. Appendix A
provides general application and scoping for Section 508, while Appendix B does likewise for Section 255. Appendix C
contains seven separate chapters setting forth the functional performance criteria and technical accessibility
standards that apply to both 508-covered and 255-covered ICT. These chapters are, generally speaking, broken down by
functional area (e.g., functional performance criteria, hardware, software, support documentation and services).
Lastly, Appendix D republishes the existing 508 Standards, which, as discussed below, may be needed to evaluate
Section 508-covered existing (legacy) ICT under the safe harbor provision.
In this preamble, the Board refers to provisions in the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines by their new
section numbers under this final rule: E101–E103 (508 Chapter 1: Application and Administration); E201–E208 (508
Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements); C101–C103 (255 Chapter 1: Application and Administration); C201–C206 (255 Chapter
2: Scoping Requirements); 301–302 (Chapter 3: Functional Performance Criteria); 401–415 (Chapter 4: Hardware);
501–504 (Chapter 5: Software); 601–603 (Support Documentation and Services); and 701–702 (Chapter 7: Referenced
Standards).
Additionally, the term "information and communication technology" (ICT) is used widely throughout this preamble.
Unless otherwise noted, it is intended to broadly encompass electronic and information technology covered by Section
508, as well as telecommunications products, interconnected Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) products, and
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) covered by Section 255. Examples of ICT include computers, information kiosks and
transaction machines, telecommunications equipment, multifunction office machines, software, Web sites, and
electronic documents.
1. Legal Authority for the Revised 508 Standards
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (hereafter, "Section 508"), as amended, mandates that Federal
agencies "develop, procure, maintain, or use" ICT in a manner that ensures Federal employees with disabilities have
comparable access to, and use of, such information and data relative to other Federal employees, unless doing so
would impose an undue burden. 29 U.S.C. 794d. Section 508 also requires Federal agencies to ensure that members of
the public with disabilities have comparable access to publicly-available information and services unless doing so
would impose an undue burden on the agency. Id. In accordance with section 508(a)(2)(A), the Access Board must
publish standards that define electronic and information technology along with the technical and functional
performance criteria necessary for accessibility, and periodically review and amend the standards as appropriate.
When the Board revises its existing 508 Standards (whether to keep up with technological changes or otherwise),
Section 508 mandates that, within six months, both the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council (FAR Council) and
Federal agencies incorporate these revised standards into their respective acquisition regulations and procurement
policies and directives. Thus, with respect to procurement-related matters, the Access Board's 508 Standards are not
self-enforcing; rather, these standards take legal effect when adopted by the FAR Council.
2. Legal Authority for 255 Guidelines
Section 255 of the Communications Act (hereafter, "Section 255"), requires telecommunications equipment and
services to be accessible to, and usable by, individuals with disabilities, where readily achievable. 47 U.S.C. 255.
"Readily achievable" is defined in the statute as "easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much
difficulty or expense." Id. In determining whether an access feature is readily achievable, the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC), which has exclusive implementation and enforcement authority under Section 255, has
directed telecommunications equipment manufacturers and service providers to weigh the nature and cost of that
feature against the individual company's overall financial resources, taking into account such factors as the type,
size, and nature of its business operation. Section 255 tasks the Access Board, in conjunction with the FCC, with
the development of guidelines for the accessibility of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment,
as well as their periodic review and update. The FCC, however, has exclusive authority under Section 255 to issue
implementing regulations and carry out enforcement activities. Moreover, when issuing implementing regulations, the
FCC is not bound to adopt the Access Board's guidelines as its own or to use them as minimum requirements.
B. Summary of Key Provisions
The Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines replace the current product-based regulatory approach with an approach
based on ICT functions. The revised technical requirements, which are organized along the lines of ICT
functionality, provide requirements to ensure that covered hardware, software, electronic content, and support
documentation and services are accessible to people with disabilities. In addition, the revised requirements include
functional performance criteria, which are outcome-based provisions that apply in two limited instances: when the
technical requirements do not address one or more features of ICT or when evaluation of an alternative design or
technology is needed under equivalent facilitation.
Some of the key provisions and updates reflected in the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines (relative to the
existing standards and guidelines) include:
1. New Regulatory Approach and Format
Technological advances over the past two decades have resulted in the widespread use of multifunction devices that
called into question the ongoing utility of the product-by-product approach used in the Board's existing 508
Standards and 255 Guidelines. Consequently, one of the primary purposes of the final rule is to replace the current
product-based approach with requirements based on functionality, and, thereby, ensure that accessibility for people
with disabilities keeps pace with advances in ICT. To ensure that compliance under both laws, to the maximum extent
possible, can be measured against a common set of technical requirements, the implementing regulations have been
consolidated into a single part: 36 CFR part 1194. The two sections in this part (§§ 1194.1 and 1194.2), in turn,
direct readers to the four separate appendices (Appendices A–D) that set forth the scoping and technical
requirements under Sections 508 and 255, respectively. As discussed below, this is a new organizational format for
the 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines that mirrors the formatting of other standards and guidelines issued by the
Access Board over the past decade.
The new organizational format in the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines—which sets forth scoping and
technical requirements in four appendices—is modeled after the regulatory approach first used Access Board's 2004
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Architectural Barriers Act (ABA) Accessibility Guidelines. Appendix A
applies only to Section 508-covered ICT and consists of 508 Chapter 1, which sets forth general application and
administration provisions, while 508 Chapter 2 contains scoping requirements (which, in turn, prescribe which ICT –
and, in some cases, how many – must comply with the technical specifications). Appendix B, which applies to
255-covered ICT only, is organized similarly with 255 Chapter 1 setting forth general application and administration
provisions and 255 Chapter 2 containing scoping requirements. Appendix C sets forth technical specifications that
apply equally to ICT covered under Sections 508 or 255. Appendix C includes five chapters, each of which (with the
exception of the final chapter) address a separate ICT functional area. These chapters are: Chapter 3: Functional
Performance Criteria; Chapter 4: Hardware; Chapter 5: Software; Chapter 6: Support Documentation and Services; and
Chapter 7: Referenced Standards. Lastly, in Appendix D, the existing 508 Standards are republished in full (albeit
with a revised section numbering system) for reference when evaluating Section 508-covered existing (legacy) ICT
under the "safe harbor" provision. See discussion infra Section IV.B (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other
Aspects of the Proposed Rule – 508 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements – E202 General Exceptions).
2. Broad Application of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0
The Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines incorporate by reference the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG) 2.0, a globally-recognized and technologically-neutral set of accessibility guidelines for Web content. For
Section 508-covered ICT, all covered Web and non-Web content and software – including, for example, Web sites,
intranets, word processing documents, portable document format documents, and project management software – is
required, with a few specific exceptions, to conform to WCAG 2.0's Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and
Conformance Requirements. By applying a single set of requirements to Web sites, electronic documents, and software,
the revised requirements adapt the existing 508 Standards to reflect the newer multifunction technologies (e.g.,
smartphones that have telecommunications functions, video cameras, and computer-like data processing capabilities)
and address the accessibility challenges that these technologies pose for individuals with disabilities. For Section
255-covered ICT, electronic content and software that is integral to the use of telecommunications and customer
premise equipment is required to conform to WCAG 2.0's Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance
Requirements. There are several exceptions related to non-Web documents and software.
3. Harmonization with International Standards
From the outset, one of the Access Board's primary goals in this rulemaking has been to increase harmonization with
international standards relating to ICT accessibility that have been developed worldwide over the past decade. Some
of these standards (such as WCAG 2.0) are incorporated by reference in the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines.
For other standards (such as EN 301 549, which is the European accessibility standard for public ICT procurement),
harmonization comes in the form of ensuring that the relevant accessibility specifications in such standard and the
final rule can both be met simultaneously without conflict. Harmonization with international standards and
guidelines creates a larger marketplace for accessibility solutions, thereby attracting more offerings and
increasing the likelihood of commercial availability of accessible ICT options.
4. Delineation of covered electronic "content"
The Revised 508 Standards specify that all types of public-facing content, as well as nine categories of
non-public-facing content that communicate agency official business, have to be accessible, with "content"
encompassing all forms of electronic information and data. The existing standards require Federal agencies to make
electronic information and data accessible, but do not delineate clearly the scope of covered information and data.
As a result, document accessibility has been inconsistent across Federal agencies. By focusing on public-facing
content and certain types of agency official communications that are not public facing, the revised requirements
bring needed clarity to the scope of electronic content covered by the 508 Standards and, thereby, help Federal
agencies make electronic content accessible more consistently.
5. Expanded interoperability requirements
The existing standards require ICT to be compatible with assistive technology – that is, hardware or software that
increases or maintains functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities (e.g., screen magnifiers or
refreshable braille displays). However, in the past the existing requirement resulted in ambiguity of application.
For example, some agencies interpreted the provisions of existing 36 CFR § 1194.21 (which addresses software
applications and operating systems) as applicable to assistive technology itself. The ensuing confusion led, in some
cases, to unnecessary delay in procurements intended to provide reasonable accommodations to employees under Section
501, creating a hardship for both agencies and their employees with disabilities. The final rule provides more
specificity about how operating systems, software development toolkits, and software applications should interact
with assistive technology. The final rule also specifically exempts assistive technology from the interoperability
provisions. The Board expects the final rule to improve software interoperability with assistive technology,
allowing users better access to the functionalities that ICT products provide.
6. Extended Compliance Date and Incorporation of Safe Harbor Provision for Section 508-Covered Legacy ICT
Federal agencies will have one year from publication of this final rule to comply with the Revised 508 Standards.
This extended period for compliance is responsive to some agencies' concerns about the time it will take them to
make ICT compliant with the Revised 508 Standards. In addition, the Revised 508 Standards include a "safe harbor"
provision for existing (i.e., legacy) ICT. Under this safe harbor, unaltered, existing ICT (including content) that
complies with the existing 508 Standards need not be modified or upgraded to conform to the Revised 508 Standards.
This safe harbor applies on an element-by-element basis in that each component or portion of existing ICT is
assessed separately. Corresponding definitions have also been added for "existing ICT" and "alteration." By
incorporating a safe harbor for legacy ICT into the Revised 508 Standards provision, the Board is being responsive
to agencies' concerns about the potential resources required to remediate existing ICT, including agency Web sites
or other public-facing legacy documents. Notably, the extended compliance date and safe harbor provision apply only
to Section 508-covered ICT; these provisions do not apply to telecommunications equipment and customer premises
equipment covered by Section 255. Since compliance with the Revised 255 Guidelines is not required unless and until
they are adopted by the FCC, matters addressed in these two provisions fall within the commission's province.
C. Summary of Final Regulatory Impact Analysis
Consistent with the obligation under Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 that Federal agencies promulgate regulations
only upon a reasoned determination that benefits justify costs, the final rule has been evaluated from a
benefit-cost perspective in a final regulatory impact analysis (Final RIA) prepared by the Board's consulting
economic firm. The focus of the Final RIA is to define and, where possible, quantify and monetize the potential
incremental benefits and costs of the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. We summarize its methodology and
results below. A complete copy of this regulatory assessment is available on the Access Board's Web site (https://www.access-board.gov/), and also on the Federal Government's
online rulemaking portal (https://www.regulations.gov/).
To estimate likely incremental compliance costs attributable to the final rule, the Final RIA estimates,
quantifies, and monetizes costs in the following broad areas: (1) costs to Federal agencies and contractors related
to policy development, employee training, development of accessible ICT, evaluation of ICT, and creation of
accessible electronic documents; (2) costs to Federal agencies of ensuring that speech-output enabled hardware with
closed functionality has braille instructions (e.g., small braille label or sign) indicating how to initiate the
speech mode of operation; and (3) costs to manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and customer premises
equipment of ensuring that their respective Web sites and electronic support documentation conform to accessibility
standards, including WCAG 2.0.
On the benefits side, the Final RIA estimates likely incremental benefits by monetizing the value of three
categories of benefits expected to accrue from the Revised 508 Standards: (a) increased productivity of Federal
employees with certain disabilities who are expected to benefit from improved ICT accessibility; (b) time saved by
members of the public with certain disabilities when using more accessible Federal Web sites; and (c) reduced phone
calls to Federal agencies as members of the public with certain disabilities shift their inquiries and transactions
online due to improved accessibility of Federal Web sites. The Final RIA, for analytical purposes, defines the
beneficiary population as persons with vision, hearing, speech, learning, and intellectual disabilities, as well as
those with manipulation, reach, or strength limitations. The Final RIA does not formally quantify or monetize
benefits accruing from the Revised 255 Guidelines due to insufficient data and methodological constraints.
Table 1 below summarizes the results from the Final RIA with respect to the likely monetized benefits and costs, on
an annualized basis, from the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. All monetized benefits and costs are
incremental to the applicable baseline, and were estimated for a 10-year time horizon (starting in 2018 since the
final rule requires Federal agencies to comply one year after its publication) and converted to annualized values
using discount rates of 7 and 3 percent. Three scenarios of incremental benefits and costs are presented using
alternative parameters that are assumptions-based. These scenarios include: a low net benefit scenario (using
parameters which results in lower benefits and higher costs), an expected scenario (consisting of expected values
for assumed parameters), and a high net benefit scenario (using parameters which results in higher benefits and
lower costs).
Table 1 - Annualized Value of Monetized Benefits and Costs under the Final Rule, 2018-2027 (in 2017 dollars)
| Type of Benefits or Costs |
Scenario |
7%
Discount Rate
(in millions) |
3%
Discount Rate
(in millions) |
| Monetized incremental benefits to Federal agencies and members of the public with certain
disabilities (under Revised 508 Standards) |
Low Net Benefit Scenario |
$32.0 |
$34.0 |
| Expected Scenario |
$72.4 |
$77.0 |
| High Net Benefit Scenario |
$187.4 |
$199.0 |
| Monetized incremental costs to Federal agencies (under Revised 508 Standards) |
Low Net Benefit Scenario |
$276.2 |
$287.4 |
| Expected Scenario |
$172.8 |
$181.1 |
| High Net Benefit Scenario |
$111.5 |
$117.2 |
| Monetized incremental costs to telecommunications equipment and CPE manufacturers (under Revised
255 Guidelines) |
Low Net Benefit Scenario |
$9.5 |
$9.6 |
| Expected Scenario |
$9.5 |
$9.6 |
| High Net Benefit Scenario |
$9.5 |
$9.6 |
While the Final RIA monetizes likely incremental benefits and costs attributable to the final rule, this represents
only part of the regulatory picture. Today, though ICT is now woven into the very fabric of everyday life, millions
of Americans with disabilities often find themselves unable to use – or use effectively – computers, mobile devices,
Federal agency Web sites, or electronic content. The Board's existing standards and guidelines are greatly in need
of a "refresh" to keep up with technological changes over the past fifteen years. The Board expects this final rule
to be a major step toward ensuring that ICT is more accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities – both
in the Federal workplace and society generally. Indeed, much – if not most – of the significant benefits expected to
accrue from the final rule are difficult, if not impossible, to quantify, including: greater social equality, human
dignity, and fairness. Each of these values is explicitly recognized by Executive Order 13563 as important
qualitative considerations in regulatory analyses.
Moreover, American companies that manufacture telecommunications equipment and ICT-related products will likely
derive significant benefits from the Access Board's concerted efforts to harmonize the accessibility requirements in
the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines with voluntary consensus standards. Given the relative lack of existing
national and globally-recognized standards for accessibility of mobile technologies, telecommunications equipment
manufacturers will, we believe, greatly benefit from harmonization of the Revised 255 Guidelines with consensus
standards. Similar benefits will likely accrue more generally to manufacturers of all ICT-related products as a
result of harmonization.
It is also equally important to note that some potentially substantial incremental costs arising from the final
rule are not evaluated in the Final RIA, either because such costs could not be quantified or monetized (due to lack
of data or for other methodological reasons) or are inherently qualitative. For example, due to lack of information,
the Final RIA does not assess the cost impact of new or revised requirements in the Revised 255 Guidelines on
computer and telecommunications equipment manufacturers. A more in-depth discussion of the Final RIA can be found in
Section V.A (Regulatory Process Matters – Final Regulatory Impact Analysis).
II. Rulemaking History
A. Existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines (1998–2000)
The Access Board issued the existing 255 Guidelines for telecommunications equipment and customer premises
equipment in 1998. Telecommunications Act Accessibility Guidelines, 63 FR 5608 (Feb. 3, 1998) (codified at 36 CFR
part 1193). Two years later, in 2000, the Board published the existing 508 Standards. Electronic and Information
Technology Accessibility Standards, 65 FR 80499 (Dec. 21, 2000) (codified at 36 CFR part 1194). In this preamble,
all citations to 36 CFR part 1193 refer to the existing 255 Guidelines in force since 1998, while all citations to
36 CFR Part 1194 refer to the existing 508 Standards in force since 2000.
The existing 508 Standards require Federal agencies to ensure that persons with disabilities — namely, Federal
employees with disabilities and members of the public with disabilities — have comparable access to, and use of,
electronic and information technology (regardless of the type of medium) absent a showing of undue burden. 36 CFR
Part 1194. Among other things, these standards: define key terms (such as "electronic and information technology"
and "undue burden"); establish technical requirements and functional performance criteria for covered electronic and
information technologies; require agencies to document undue burden determinations when procuring covered products;
and mandate accessibility of support documentation and services. Generally speaking, the existing 508 Standards take
a product-based regulatory approach in that technical requirements for electronic and information technology are
grouped by product type: software applications and operating systems; Web-based intranet and Internet information
and applications; telecommunications products; self-contained, closed products; and desktop and portable computers.
The existing 255 Guidelines require manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment
to ensure that new and substantially upgraded existing equipment is accessible to, and usable by, individuals with
disabilities when readily achievable. 36 CFR part 1193. The existing guidelines, as with the 508 Standards, define
key terms (such as "telecommunications equipment" and "readily achievable") and establish technical requirements for
covered equipment, software, and support documentation. These guidelines also require manufacturers of covered
equipment to consider inclusion of individuals with disabilities in their respective processes for product design,
testing, trials, or market research.
B. TEITAC Advisory Committee (2006–2008)
In the years following our initial promulgation of the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines, technology has
continued to evolve at a rapid pace. Pursuant to our statutory mandate, the Access Board deemed it necessary and
appropriate to review and update the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines in order to make them consistent with
one another and reflective of technological changes. In 2006, the Board formed the Telecommunications and Electronic
and Information Technology Advisory Committee (hereafter, "TEITAC Advisory Committee") to assist in the process of
revising and updating the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. See Notice of Establishment, 71 FR 38324 (July
6, 2006). The TEITAC Advisory Committee's 41 members comprised a broad cross-section of stakeholders representing
industry, disability groups, and Government agencies. This Advisory Committee also included international
representatives from the European Commission, Canada, Australia, and Japan. The TEITAC Advisory Committee recognized
the importance of standardization across markets worldwide and coordinated its work with standard-setting bodies in
the U.S. and abroad, such as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C®), and with the European Commission. The TEITAC
Advisory Committee addressed a range of issues, including new or convergent technologies, market forces, and
international harmonization.
In April 2008, the TEITAC Advisory Committee issued its final report to the Access Board (hereafter, "TEITAC
Report"). See Advisory Committee Report, U.S. Access Board (Apr. 2008), http://www.access-board.gov/teitac-report (last accessed Aug. 23, 2016). This TEITAC Report provided a set of recommended updates to the existing 508
Standards and 255 Guidelines, which, the committee noted, were intended to balance two competing considerations: the
need for clear and specific standards that facilitate compliance, and the recognition that static standards
"consisting of design specification[s] and fixed checklists" would tend to "stifle innovation" and "delay the
availability of technology advancements to people with disabilities." Id. at Section 1. To address these
considerations, the TEITAC Advisory Committee recommended that the Access Board jettison its existing product-based
regulatory approach in favor of technical requirements to achieve accessibility based on ICT functions or features.
Id. The Committee also noted the importance of harmonizing with international standards to both spur development of
accessible ICT products and reduce manufacturers' costs in the global market. Id. at Sections 4 & 4.3. To that
end, the Committee worked to harmonize its recommendations with the then-draft WCAG 2.0. Id. at Sections 4.3 &
8.2.
All told, the TEITAC Report provided a comprehensive recommended set of technical requirements applicable to a
broad range of ICT functions and features, including: closed functionality; hardware with and without speech output;
user interfaces; electronic content; processing and display of captions and audio description; RTT; authoring tools;
and, product support documentation and services.
C. First Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (2010)
1. General
Following publication of the TEITAC Report, the Access Board worked to develop a proposed rule that would "refresh"
the existing its existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. In March 2010, we issued an Advance Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (2010 ANPRM) inviting public comment on an initial set of draft revisions to the standards and
guidelines. See Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 75 FR 13457 (proposed Mar. 22, 2010); see also Draft
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Standards and Guidelines, U.S. Access Board, https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/communications-and-it/about-the-ict-refresh/background/draft-rule-2010 (last accessed Aug. 23, 2016).
In sum, the 2010 ANPRM proposed a set of accessibility requirements that largely tracked the TEITAC Report's
recommendations. While the majority of the proposed requirements in the draft rule were not substantively changed
from the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines, there were some notable proposed substantive revisions. Two of
the most significant were the proposals to require that Federal agencies make electronic content of specified
official communications accessible, and to harmonize with WCAG 2.0 by restating the Level AA Success Criteria and
Conformance Requirements in regulatory (mandatory) terms in the draft rule. Additionally, the 2010 ANPRM—in keeping
with the TEITAC Report—also sought to substantially update the structure and organization of the existing
regulations. In the draft rule, the proposed standards and guidelines shared a common set of functional performance
criteria (Chapter 2) and technical design criteria (Chapters 3-10), but had separate introductory chapters (Chapters
1 and 2), which outlined the respective scoping, application, and definitions for the revised 508 Standards and 255
Guidelines.
2. Public Hearings and Comments
The Access Board held two public hearings on the 2010 ANPRM — March 2010 (San Diego, CA) and July 2010 (Washington,
DC). We also received 384 written comments during the comment period. Comments came from industry, Federal and state
governments, foreign and domestic companies specializing in information technology, disability advocacy groups,
manufacturers of hardware and software, trade associations, institutions of higher education, research and trade
organizations, accessibility consultants, assistive technology industry and related organizations, and individuals.
In general, commenters agreed with our approach to addressing the accessibility of ICT through functionality rather
than discrete product types. Commenters also expressed strong support for our efforts to update the existing 508
Standards and 255 Guidelines, as well as our decision to follow the TEITAC Advisory Committee's recommendation to
require harmonization with WCAG 2.0. However, many commenters expressed concern that the 2010 ANPRM was not
user-friendly, e.g., that it was too long (at close to 100 pages), organized in a confusing manner, and suffered
from some internal inconsistencies. For example, commenters noted confusion by virtue of the fact that some chapters
focused on functional features of accessibility while others addressed specific types of technology, or that the
meaning of "ICT" seemed to vary depending on the context of the specific chapter. Other commenters opined that
deviations from WCAG 2.0 phrasing in the draft rule created ambiguities, particularly for those well familiar with
WCAG 2.0.
D. Second Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (2011 ANPRM)
1. General
By the following year, in 2011, the Access Board was poised to invite public comment on a revised version of the
draft rule. The Board acknowledged that, based on comments to the 2010 ANPRM, the draft rule needed to be
reorganized and made more concise. More importantly, we needed to obtain further comment on major issues and
harmonize with the European Commission's ICT standardization efforts that were already underway at that time.
Consequently, the Board issued a second Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (2011 ANPRM). See Advance Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking, 76 FR 76640 (proposed Dec. 8, 2011); Draft Updated Standards and Guidelines (2011), U.S. Access
Board, https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/communications-and-it/about-the-ict-refresh/draft-rule-2011.
In the 2011 ANPRM, the Access Board substantially revamped the structure and organization of the draft rule. To
address comments criticizing the length and organization of the 2010 ANPRM as unwieldy, the revised draft rule
consolidated and streamlined provisions into six chapters (from ten), consolidated advisories, and reduced the page
count from close to 100 to less than 50. We also made revisions to improve the clarity of various proposed
provisions and ensure a consistent organizational structure throughout this draft rule. See, e.g., U.S. Access
Board, Information and Communication Technology Standards and Guidelines; Proposed Rule (NPRM), 80 FR 10880,
10884–93 (Feb. 27, 2015) (providing detailed comparison of 2010 and 2011 ANPRMs). Additionally, to address
commenters' collective concern that rephrasing of WCAG 2.0 requirements introduced ambiguities, the revised draft
rule proposed to apply WCAG 2.0's requirements through incorporation by reference rather than restating its
requirements in the technical provisions for Web and non-Web content, documents, and user applications.
In issuing the 2011 ANPRM, the Access Board also took notice of the standardization work going on in Europe at the
time, stating:
[T]he Board is interested in harmonizing with standards efforts around the world in a timely way. Accordingly, the
Board is now releasing this second Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (2011 ANPRM) to seek further comment on
specific questions and to harmonize with contemporaneous standardization efforts underway by the European
Commission.
2011 ANPRM, 76 FR at 76642.
2. Public Hearings and Comments
Hearings were held in January 2012 in Washington, DC and in March 2012 in San Diego, CA. Additionally, 91 written
comments were received in response to the 2011 ANPRM. Comments came from industry, Federal and state governments,
foreign and domestic companies specializing in information technology, disability advocacy groups, manufacturers of
hardware and software, trade associations and trade organizations, institutions of higher education and research,
accessibility consultants, assistive technology industry and related organizations, and individual stakeholders who
did not identify with any of these groups.
In general, commenters continued to agree with our approach to address ICT accessibility by focusing on features,
rather than discrete product types. Commenters supported the conciseness of the proposed provisions in the 2011
ANPRM, and asked for further streamlining where possible. Commenters also generally voiced strong support for the
Board's decision to incorporate by reference WCAG 2.0 and apply it to all types of covered ICT; several commenters
did, however, question the propriety of applying WCAG 2.0 to non-Web ICT.
E. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (2015 NPRM)
1. General
In 2015, the Access Board formally commenced the rulemaking process by issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking to
update the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. See Notice of Proposed Rulemaking; Information and
Communication Technology Standards and Guidelines, 80 FR 10879 (proposed Feb. 27, 2015) (hereinafter, NPRM). This
proposed rule—while making editorial changes and other updates in response to comments on the 2011 ANPRM— retained
the same overall structure and approach to referencing WCAG 2.0.
2. Hearings and Comments
Hearings were held on March 5, 2015 in San Diego, CA, on March 11, 2015 in Washington, DC, and April 29, 2015 in
Salt Lake City, UT. Additionally, 137 written comments were received in response to the NPRM. Comments came from
industry, Federal and state governments, disability advocacy groups, manufacturers of hardware and software, trade
associations and trade organizations, institutions of higher education and research, and individuals who did not
identify with any of these groups.
Overall, we received about 160 comments in response to the NPRM, including written comments and oral testimony from
witnesses at the three public hearings. These commenters represented, when excluding multiple submissions, about 140
different entities or individuals. By general category, these NPRM commenters can be broken down as follows:
individuals (59); disability advocacy organizations (59); ICT companies (10); accessible ICT services providers
(11); trade associations representing ITC and telecommunications companies (11); individuals or groups identifying
themselves as ICT subject matter experts (13); academicians (6); state or local governmental agencies (7); standards
development organizations (3); international disability advocacy organizations (9); and, anonymous (4).
In general, commenters spoke positively about the proposed rule, and noted that it was much improved from earlier
iterations in the 2010 and 2011 ANPRMs. By a wide margin, the single most commented-upon aspect of the proposed rule
(and the issue on which commenters expressed the greatest unanimity) was timing. Characterizing refresh of the 508
Standards and 255 Guidelines as "long overdue," these commenters urged the Access Board to issue its final rule as
expeditiously as possible. On substantive matters, a large number of commenters addressed some aspect of the
requirements for electronic content, with the bulk of these comments relating to Section 508-covered content.
Another technical area receiving sizeable comment was our proposal that, under both Sections 508 and 255, WCAG 2.0
and PDF/UA-1 serve as the referenced technical standards for accessibility of electronic content, hardware,
software, and support documentation and services. Additionally, real-time text (RTT) was a subject of great interest
to NPRM commenters, with most commenters representing disability advocacy organizations and academicians supporting
the Board's RTT proposal, while ITC manufacturers and trade groups expressed opposition. Further, the issue of
harmonization with EN 301 549 received considerable comment. In general, ITC industry-related commenters urged the
Board to harmonize more closely with this European specification. Disability advocacy organizations and
consumer-related commenters, on the other hand, viewed the proposed rule and EN 301 549 as well harmonized already
and expressed concern that further harmonization would be improvident because, in their view, EN 301 549 set forth
weaker accessibility requirements in some areas.
Lastly, the Board received multiple comments from individuals or entities addressing various types of
electromagnetic sensitivities. These commenters requested that the final rule require accommodations for people with
electromagnetic intolerances, so that they might use Federal buildings and Federally-funded facilities. The Board
acknowledges the challenges faced by individuals with electromagnetic sensitivities, and notes that electromagnetic
sensitivities may be considered a disability under the ADA if the sensitivity so severely impairs the neurological,
respiratory, or other functions of an individual that it substantially limits one or more of the individual's major
life activities. However, most of the accommodations suggested by these commenters are beyond the scope of this
rulemaking or our statutory jurisdiction. Moreover, none of our prior rulemaking notices (i.e., 2010 ANPRM, 2011
ANPRM, and NPRM) proposed technical specifications relating to electromagnetic sensitivities. Thus, were the Board
to address electromagnetic sensitivity issues posed by ITC, this complex area would require thorough research and
notice-and-comment rulemaking before being addressed through rulemaking.
F. Harmonization with European Activities
1. History
While the Access Board was in the process of updating its existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines, a similar
process began in Europe to create the first European set of ICT accessibility standards. As a result of the 2005
EU-US Economic Initiative, the Access Board and the European Commission began to work closely on the issue of
Information and Communication Technology standards. See, e.g., European Comm., Implementation of the Economic
Initiative of the June 2005 EU-US Summit: Joint EU-US Work Programme (Nov. 2005), available at http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/june/tradoc_127643.pdf.
In 2005, the European Commission issued Mandate 376, which sought the assistance of several private European
standards organizations in the development of European accessibility guidelines for public ICT procurements. See
European Comm., M 376 – Standardisation Mandate to CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI in Support of European Accessibility
Requirements for Public Procurement of Products and Services in the ICT Domain (Dec. 7, 2005), available at http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/document/aboutETSI/EC_Mandates/m376en.pdf.
Specifically, Mandate 376 requested that the three European standards setting bodies —European Committee for
Standardization (CEN), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) — perform two main tasks: development of a set of functional European
accessibility requirements for public procurement of ICT products and services; and creation of an electronic
toolkit for use by public procurers.
In early 2014, the three European standardization organizations completed their development process by formally
adopting and publishing the first European set of specifications on e-accessibility for public ICT procurements, EN
301 549. See ETSI/CEN/CENELEC, EN 301 549 V1.1.1 (2014-02), Accessibility Requirements Suitable for Public
Procurement of ICT Products and Services in Europe (Feb. 2014), available at http://www.etsi.org/deliver/.1 The functional accessibility requirements specified in EN 301 549 are "closely harmonized" with
the then-current draft revisions Section 508 Standards (i.e., the 2011 ANPRM). Accessible ICT Procurement Toolkit –
Frequently Asked Questions, Mandate 376, http://mandate376.standards.eu/frequently-asked-questions#difference (last accessed Aug. 23, 2016). Unlike the 508 Standards, however, EN 301 549—by its own terms— establishes only
non-binding, voluntary accessibility requirements for public ICT procurements. Id.
In October 2016, the European Parliament and Council of the European Union issued Directive 2016/2102, which
generally requires EU member states to "ensure that public sector bodies take the necessary measures to make their
websites and mobile applications more accessible [to persons with disabilities] by making them perceivable,
operable, understandable and robust." Directive 2016/2102 on the Accessibility of the Websites and Mobile
Applications of Public Sector Bodies, Article 4 (Oct. 26, 2016), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32016L2102&from=EN.
Directive 2016/2102 further provides that, as a general matter, EN 301 549 V1.1.2 (2015-04) serves as the relevant
accessibility standard absent future adoption of technical standards or publication of references to harmonized
standards by the European Commission. Id. at Article 6. EN 301 549 is thus now available to government officials in
EU member states who may use it as technical specifications or award criteria in public procurements of ICT products
and services.
2. Comparison of Final Rule with EN 301 549
In the final rule, the Board has made multiple changes that are similar to EN 301 549. Both the final rule and EN
301 549 address the functions of technology, rather than categories of technologies. Similarly, both offer technical
requirements and functional performance criteria for accessible ICT. For example, our use of the phrase "information
and communication technology" (ICT) in the final rule, as a replacement of the existing term "electronic and
information technology," originates in the common usage of ICT throughout Europe and the rest of the world.
Moreover, both documents are organized in similar ways, in that they both have initial scoping and definitions
chapters, followed by separate chapters containing technical requirements and functional performance criteria.
Organizationally, the documents differ in several respects. These general differences are outlined in Table 2
below:
Table 2 - Formatting Differences between the Final rule and EN 301 549
| Differences |
EN 301 549 V1.1.2 (2015-04) |
Final Rule |
Number of chapters
Note: EN 301 549 breaks out several sections as separate chapters which are combined in the Board's final rule |
13 |
6 |
Chapter 2 – References
Chapter 3 – Definitions and Abbreviations |
Chapter 1 – Application and Administration |
Chapter 1– Scope
Chapter 9 – Web (lists each WCAG 2.0 Level AA success criteria)
Chapter 10 – non-Web Documents (lists each success criteria in WCAG 2.0 Level AA using non-Web phrasing as
needed. "Empty clause" is used for the four problematic success criteria, to align sub-provision numbering
with other chapters.) |
Chapter 2 – Scoping Requirements
We use incorporation by reference to include the WCAG 2.0 Level AA success criteria
For non-Web documents, we are explicit with the word substitution necessary, and provide an exception for
the four problematic success criteria |
| Chapter 4 – Functional Performance |
Chapter 3 – Functional Performance Criteria |
Chapter 5 – Generic requirements (e.g., closed functionality, biometrics, operable parts)
Chapter 6 – ICT with two-way voice communications
Chapter 7 – ICT with video capabilities
Chapter 8 – Hardware |
Chapter 4 – Hardware |
| Chapter 11 – Software |
Chapter 5 – Software |
| Chapter 12 – Documentation and support services |
Chapter 6 – Support Documentation and Services |
| Unique chapters |
Chapter 13 – ICT providing relay or emergency services |
No comparable chapter |
| Annex A (informative) – WCAG 2.0 |
No comparable chapter. We are using incorporation by reference, and not reprinting the entire standard. |
| Annex B (informative) – Relationships between requirements and functional performance statements. |
No comparable chapter. Similar comparisons are found in the TEITAC Report. |
| Annex C (normative) – Determination of compliance |
Not within the scope of Section 508 or Section 255, Section 508 compliance is determined by each Federal
agency |
Section 8.3.2 Clear floor or ground space
Section 8.3.2.1 Change in level
Section 8.3.2.2 Clear floor or ground space |
Not within the scope of Section 508 or Section 255
Most similar to "303 Changes in Level" and "305 Clear Floor or Ground Space" from the 2010 ADA Standards
for Accessible Design |
| Differing treatment of similar concepts |
Section 6.2 Real-time text (RTT) functionality |
412.5 Real-Time Text Functionality is reserved. |
| 6.5 Video communication |
412.7 Video Communication
Their 6.5 is a prescriptive standard while our 412.7 is a performance standard |
III. Major Issues
A. 508 Standards: Covered Electronic Content
The NPRM delineated specific types of electronic content that Federal agencies would need to make accessible
consistent with the technical requirements of the proposed rule. As explained in the NPRM, the Board proposed these
provisions to further clarify the requirement in the existing 508 Standards that Federal agencies make electronic
information and data accessible to employees and members of the public. NPRM, 80 FR 10880, 10893 (Feb. 27, 2015).
The Board noted confusion over what type of content was covered under the broad language of the existing 508
Standards, and the difficulty that Federal agencies displayed in effectively meeting their obligations to provide
accessible electronic content. Id.
The NPRM specifically proposed that two discrete groups of content be covered by the refresh of the 508 Standards.
First, in proposed E205.2, the Board proposed that all public-facing content comply with applicable technical
requirements for accessibility. Public-facing content refers to electronic information and data that a Federal
agency makes available directly to the general public. NPRM, 80 FR at 10893. The requirement to make accessible
public-facing content is discussed below in Section IV.B. (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the
Proposed Rule – 508 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements – E205.4) of this preamble. Second, in proposed E205.3, the
Board proposed that non-public-facing electronic content covered by the 508 Standards be limited to the following
eight categories of official agency communications: (1) emergency notifications; (2) initial or final decisions
adjudicating an administrative claim or proceeding; (3) internal or external program or policy announcements; (4)
notices of benefits, program eligibility, employment opportunity, or personnel action; (5) formal acknowledgements
of receipt; (6) survey questionnaires; (7) templates and forms; and (8) educational and training materials.
We sought comment in the NPRM on whether the proposed eight categories of non-public-facing content were
sufficiently clear, and whether they provided sufficient accessibility without unnecessarily burdening agencies. Id.
at 10894. The Board further requested comment on whether a ninth category for "widely disseminated" electronic
content should be included in the final rule. Id.
Nine commenters responded to the proposed provision regarding non-public-facing electronic content (proposed
E205.3). Commenters included two Federal agencies, one state/local agency, one disability advocacy organization, one
accessible ICT services provider, two ICT subject matter experts, and two individuals.
In general, commenters agreed with the proposed approach requiring that only certain categories of
non-public-facing content be made accessible, and most commenters found the categories to be sufficiently clear. One
commenter, a state/local agency, objected to the Access Board's statement in the preamble of the NPRM that only
"final electronic documents that are ready for distribution" would be subject to accessibility requirements under
proposed E205.3, and indicated that documents in all stages of preparation should be covered. NPRM, 80 FR at 10894.
Another commenter, an ICT subject matter expert, requested clarification of the internal and external program and
policy announcements category and suggested including an additional category for announcements sent to all
employees. An accessible ICT services provider was the only commenter to object to the eight categories, finding
them too confusing and too difficult to implement. That commenter preferred that the requirement for accessibility
of non-public-facing content be tied to the extent of the content's distribution, and suggested that any document
distributed to 50 or more individuals be made accessible.
Three other commenters responded to the NPRM's question five as to whether a "widely disseminated" category should
be added. Id. at 10895. One Federal agency opposed inclusion of this category, asserting that it would cause
confusion. One ICT subject matter expert and one Federal agency generally liked the idea of such a category, but
acknowledged that definitional challenges would make it difficult to implement.
The Federal agency supporting inclusion of the "widely disseminated" category indicated that the eight proposed
categories would not sufficiently encompass the internal Web pages available to employees, and suggested that the
problem could be solved with the addition of a ninth category for internal Web pages. This commenter asserted that
without such a category for internal Web pages, agencies would need to develop systems to categorize internal Web
page content, ensure that employees with disabilities could navigate to the covered content, and find a way to
create an integrated accessible experience across internal Web sites where some content is accessible and some is
not.
Upon careful consideration of the comments, we have decided to retain the proposed eight categories in the final
rule and have added a ninth category for intranet content, as described below. Most commenters concurred with the
proposed approach providing categories for non-public-facing content, and indicated that the categories were clearly
described. The Board, therefore, finds no reason to alter the eight proposed categories, and has retained them, as
proposed, in the final rule. However, the Board did not intend for the use of these categories to exclude some
intranet content; all intranet content is currently covered under the existing 508 Standards. 36 CFR §1194.22
(providing technical requirements for "[W]eb-based intranet … information and applications"). Therefore, in the
final rule, the Board has added a ninth category to final E205.3, requiring that "intranet content designed as a Web
page" also conform to accessibility requirements to ensure that the final rule does not inadvertently result in a
reduction in accessible intranet content. The Board agrees with commenters that a "widely disseminated" standard
would be difficult to define and implement in a consistent manner across agencies, and would likely cause confusion.
The Board thus declines to add such a category to the final rule.
B. Application of WCAG 2.0 to Non-Web ICT
The NPRM proposed to apply WCAG 2.0 equally to both Web and non-Web documents and software. NPRM, 80 FR at 10880. A
discussion of the scoping of these requirements under the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines can be found
below in Section IV.B (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule –508 Chapter 2:
Scoping Requirements) and Section IV.D (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule –
255 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements). In the NPRM preamble, we explained that applying WCAG 2.0 "outside the Web
browser environment not only ensures greater accessibility for persons with disabilities, but also minimizes the
incremental burden on regulated entities by simplifying compliance through incorporation of a technologically
neutral consensus standard." Id. at 10895.
Since the establishment of the TEITAC Advisory Committee, the general consensus has been that the success criteria
in WCAG 2.0 provided sufficient requirements to address the accessibility of non-Web documents and non-Web software
applications. Id. In the TEITAC Report and the 2010 ANPRM, the Board restated and recast each WCAG 2.0 success
criterion using phrasing appropriate for non-Web documents and software. 2010 ANPRM, 75 FR at 13457.
In response to concerns raised by commenters, in the 2011 ANPRM the Board proposed to incorporate by reference WCAG
2.0 and proposed a direct reference to WCAG 2.0 for non-Web content and software, instead of rewriting each
criterion. 2011 ANPRM, 76 FR at 76640. This approach stimulated the formation of an industry ad hoc working group
aimed at determining the practicality of using WCAG 2.0 for this purpose. This working group analyzed each WCAG 2.0
Success Criterion to determine its suitability for application to non-Web documents and software. W3C® Web
Accessibility Initiative, W3C® Working Group Note – Guidance on Applying WCAG 2.0 to Non-Web Information and
Communications Technologies (Sept. 5, 2013), https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag2ict/.
The working group determined that of the 38 Level A and Level AA Success Criteria in WCAG 2.0, 26 do not include
Web-related terminology that would cause the reader to question whether they are applicable to non-Web documents and
non-Web software. Id. Therefore, these Success Criteria can be applied directly as written to non-Web documents and
software. Of the remaining 12 Success Criteria, the working group found that 8 could be applied as written if
certain Web-specific terms or phrases, e.g., "Web page" are replaced with non-Web-specific terms or phrases, e.g.,
"non-Web documents" and "non-Web software." Id. The remaining four Success Criteria posed problems in being applied
to non-Web content because they refer to "sets of Web pages." Id. Applying these four criterion to non-Web documents
and software would require interpretation that could inadvertently change the meaning of the requirements. Id. In
their report, the working group concluded that circumstances in which those four Success Criteria could be applied
outside the context of Web content would be "extremely rare." Id.
Relying on the working group's findings, in the NPRM the Board proposed to directly apply WCAG 2.0 to all non-Web
documents and software. NPRM, 80 FR at 10895. Sixteen commenters responded to the proposal of applying WCAG 2.0 to
non-Web content. Six commenters (five ICT companies and trade associations, and an ICT subject matter expert)
strongly advocated for returning to the previous approach of reprinting three variants of WCAG 2.0 in the 508
Standards and rewriting the requirements with non-Web specific terminology. These commenters asserted that agencies
would not be able to consistently apply the WCAG 2.0 success criteria to non-Web documents without separate
chapters. They were also concerned that by incorporating WCAG 2.0 by reference, conformity assessment would become a
single check-off item in that agencies would not ensure compliance with each success criteria unless they were
specifically laid out in the regulatory text. Ten commenters (four disability advocacy organizations, three
academics, two individuals, and one ICT company) generally supported applying WCAG 2.0 to non-Web content. One of
these commenters explained that referencing WCAG 2.0 as a whole is not problematic because as a single standard, one
must comply with all of the provisions to comply with the standard. This commenter explained that there is much
overlap between Web and non-Web content, for example an eBook is a document that also has Web components, software,
and media. This incorporation of WCAG 2.0 for non-Web content as well as Web content allows the user to evaluate all
content with one standard.
Based on the comments received and the findings of the working group, we have decided that agencies are better
served by 508 Standards that incorporate WCAG 2.0 by reference than they would be if the final rule were to contain
three different versions of WCAG 2.0 for Web content, non-Web documents, and non-Web software. The value of a single
standard cannot be underestimated. We attempted to restate the WCAG 2.0 criteria in the 2010 ANPRM, and the approach
was widely criticized by commenters. Therefore, in the final rule we retain the approach proposed in the NPRM of
incorporating by reference WCAG 2.0 for non-Web documents and non-Web software.
To address concerns expressed by some commenters and the working group regarding the application of a few WCAG 2.0
Success Criteria to non-Web documents and non-Web software, in the final rule we have excepted non-Web documents and
non-Web software from compliance with these criteria. Specifically, non-Web documents and non-Web software need not
comply with WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks, 2.4.5 Multiple Ways, 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation, and
3.2.4 Consistent Identification. Additionally, we added new provisions to instruct the reader when applying WCAG 2.0
to non-Web documents and non-Web software to replace the term "Web page" with the term "document" or "software." We
added this exception and new provisions where applicable throughout the final rule text. (E205.4, E205.2.1, E207.2,
E207.2.1, C203.1, C203.2.1, C205.2, 501.1, 504.2, 504.3, 504.4, and 602.3).
C. Incorporation by Reference of PDF/UA-1
The NPRM proposed to incorporate by reference (IBR) PDF/UA-1 and allow compliance with this standard as an
alternative to compliance with WCAG 2.0. This proposal was in response to commenters to the 2010 and 2011 ANPRMs
that asserted that PDF/UA-1 was an international accessibility standard intended for developers using PDF writing
and processing software. These commenters asserted that the use of PDF/UA-1 would provide definitive terms and
requirements for accessibility in PDF documents and applications that generate PDFs. The Board was persuaded by
these comments and proposed to incorporate PDF/UA-1 by reference in the NPRM (proposed E102.6 and C102.6). The Board
included it as an alternative to compliance with WCAG 2.0 for electronic content and support documentation for both
the 508 Standards and the 255 Guidelines (proposed E205.4, C203.1, and 602.3). By including alternative compliance
with PDF/UA-1, the Board intended to give agencies flexibility in meeting accessibility requirements for PDFs. This
approach assumed that PDF/UA-1 was fully sufficient to meet the accessibility requirements of PDF users with
disabilities.
Ten commenters addressed the proposal to allow conformance with PDF/UA-1 as an alternative to WCAG 2.0. Three
commenters, two ICT companies and one accessible ICT services provider, explained that the PDF/UA-1 standard has
limitations and does not include requirements for contrast, embedded videos, captioning, or other related
requirements for the accessibility of multimedia. These commenters recommended requiring conformance with provisions
of WCAG 2.0 in addition to compliance with PDF/UA-1, to ensure that PDF documents are fully accessible. Four
commenters (one Federal agency and three ICT companies and trade associations) also noted the shortcomings of
PDF/UA-1 as an alternative to WCAG 2.0 conformance and recommended removing the proposed alternative from the final
rule. These commenters recommended that the Board instead indicate in an advisory that use of PDF/UA-1 is a method
of achieving conformance to WCAG 2.0. The Federal agency commenter explained that the PDF/UA-1 standard is
copyrighted, expensive, and the format is not easy for subject matter experts to work with. Additionally, this
commenter explained that the WCAG 2.0 guidelines are sufficient to communicate accessibility conformance. The
remaining commenters (two individuals and a disability advocacy organization) recommended clarification of the
application of the proposed standard to non-Web documents and asserted a preference for requiring HTML documents
instead of accessible PDFs, noting that accessible PDFs are not as useful as HTML documents.
The Board is persuaded by the majority of commenters that PDF/UA-1 should not serve as a referenced accessibility
standard for electronic content and support documentation in the final rule. The intent of the proposed IBR of
PDF/UA-1 in the NPRM was to make conformance assessment of PDF documents easier, assuming that, in the future,
PDF/UA-1 would become widely adopted. WCAG 2.0 strongly informed the development of PDF/UA-1. With the exception of
the contrast requirement, PDF/UA-1 includes most accessibility requirements relevant to the PDF format, including
textual equivalence for static graphical elements. However, PDF/UA-1 does not address scripting or the use of PDF
files as a container for video. Therefore, the end user would still have to reference WCAG 2.0 for some requirements
to ensure that a PDF file is fully accessible. Because WCAG 2.0 can be used as a sole standard for PDF compliance,
and PDF/UA-1 cannot, the Board finds WCAG 2.0 to be appropriate as the sole standard for PDF files. Therefore, in
the final rule, we have removed the reference to PDF/UA-1 from E205.4, C203.1, and 602.3. It is important to note,
however, that even without this reference, PDF/UA-1 can still be useful to agencies conducting assessments of PDF
files to ensure WCAG 2.0 conformance.
Although we have decided not to include PDF/UA-1 in the final rule as an alternate conformance standard for PDF, we
have determined that PDF/UA-1 remains an appropriate standard for authoring tools. Therefore, in the final rule, we
added a new provision expressly specifying that authoring tools capable of exporting PDF files must conform to PDF
1.7 (the current standard for PDF, also referred to as ISO 32000-1) and be capable of exporting PDF files that
conform to PDF/UA-1 (final 504.2.2). This provision is discussed in more detail in Section IV. (Summary of Comments
and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule).
D. Real-Time Text
The NPRM proposed to require that ICT providing real-time voice communication support real-time text (RTT)
functionality and ensure the compatibility of multiline displays and features capable of text generation. (proposed
410.6). More importantly, the NPRM sought to ensure the interoperability of RTT across platforms. To accomplish this
goal, the NPRM proposed to incorporate by reference specific standards for RTT interoperability in certain
environments typically used in the United States (proposed E102.5, E102.8.1, C102.5, and C102.8.1). The NPRM
proposed that when ICT interoperates with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) products or systems using Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP), the transmission of RTT must conform to the Internet Engineering Task Force's RFC 4103
standard for RTP Payload for Text Conversation. Where ICT interoperates with the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN), RTT would be required to conform to the Telecommunications Industry Association's TIA 825-A standard for TTY
signals at the PSTN interface (also known as Baudot).
In developing the proposed rule, the Board took note of the approach to RTT in the EN 301 549 Standard. Section 6.2
of EN 301 549, entitled "Real-time text (RTT) functionality," addresses ICT with two-way voice communication.
Section 6.2.3, entitled "Interoperability," lists five different standards for RTT operating in three different
environments: the publicly switched telephone network; VoIP using SIP; and other ICT using RTT conforming to the IP
Multimedia Sub-System (IMS) set of protocols specified in section 6.2.3(c). A sixth standard was proposed in section
6.2.3(d) for ICT operating in an unspecified environment, specifically that ICT is permitted to interoperate with "a
relevant and applicable common specification for RTT exchange that is published and available."
In the preamble to the NPRM, we asked nine questions about text-based communications and the different standards
the Board was considering incorporating. NPRM, 80 FR at 10880, questions 1–2, 8–13 and 36. Seven of the questions
addressed RTT functionality and standards, and two of the questions sought information on costs. Seventeen
commenters responded to the topic of RTT. While most of these commenters acknowledged the importance of RTT as a
replacement for outdated Text Telephone (TTY) technology, there was minor disagreement from industry trade
associations about whether RTT technology was sufficiently mature for deployment to replace TTYs. Most commenters
from industry, academia, and disability rights organizations agreed that RTT could be deployed, but disagreed about
which standard to use for RTT operating in different systems. ICT manufacturers and ICT industry associations urged
the Board not to adopt any specific standard for RTT, requesting that the final rule leave open the ability to use
some future technology that may provide better functionality than existing environments. In response to the Board's
questions in the NPRM, several commenters supported broad deployment of RTT at all times, both in the Federal sector
and in the private marketplace; however, one ICT industry commenter questioned the need or demand for the
technology. In response to our questions on cost, commenters from the ICT industry stated that RTT would not be
cost-effective and would limit manufacturers flexibility. On the other hand, commenters from academia, research
entities, and disability rights organizations described the benefits resulting from the implementation of RTT and
the inherent cost savings in decreased use of relay services mandated under the ADA.
In April 2016, during the pendency of the Access Board's ICT rulemaking, the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (FCC NPRM) seeking comment on proposals to replace the FCC rules
requiring support for TTY technology with rules requiring support for RTT technology. See Transition from TTY to
Real-Time Text Technology; Proposed Rule, 81 FR 33170 (proposed May 25, 2016); see also FCC, Transition from TTY to
Real-Time Text Technology; Petition for Rulemaking to Update the Commission's Rules for Access to Support the
Transition from TTY to Real-Time Text Technology, and Petition for Waiver of Rules Requiring Support of TTY
Technology, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, CG Docket No. 16-145, GN Docket No. 15-178, FCC 16-53 (released Apr. 29,
2016), available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-16-53A1.pdf.
As discussed above in Section I.A. (Executive Summary – Purpose and Legal Authority), the FCC is responsible for
enforcing Section 255 and issuing implementing regulations; it is not bound to adopt the Access Board's guidelines
as its own or to use them as minimum requirements. As the FCC had issued a notice of its intent to regulate in this
area, the Board determined that it would reserve the issue of RTT in the final rule to be addressed in a future
rulemaking.
In December 2016, shortly before publication of this final rule, the FCC issued a report and order establishing
rules to facilitate telecommunication service providers' transition from TTY to RTT. See FCC, Report and Order and
Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, CG Docket No. 16-145; GN Docket No. 15-178, FCC 16-169 (released Dec. 16,
2016) (hereafter, "FCC RTT Order"), available at https://www.fcc.gov/document/adoption-real-time-text-rtt-rules.
The FCC RTT Order establishes, among other things, requirements that: facilitate telecommunications service
providers' transition from TTY technology to RTT technology that permits simultaneous voice and text on the same
call using the same device; achieve interoperability adhering to RFC 4103 as a safe harbor standard; provide
backwards compatibility with TTYs for a specified period; and support RTT transmissions to 911 call centers and
telecommunications relay centers. Id. The FCC RTT Order also incorporates a notice seeking input on the integration
of these services into telecommunications relay services, and on the possible addition of RTT features for people
with cognitive disabilities and people who are deaf-blind. Id. The Access Board continues to monitor these
proceedings and will update the 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines as appropriate.
E. Functional Performance Criteria
1. Limited Vision and Limited Hearing
The NPRM proposed to revise the existing functional performance criteria (FPC) for users with limited vision. The
NPRM proposed that where technology provides a visual mode of operation, it must provide one mode of operation that
magnifies, one mode that reduces the field of vision, and one mode that allows user control of contrast. As
explained in the NPRM, the proposed FPC for limited vision was a significant departure from the FPC for limited
vision in the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines, which focused on accommodating a specific visual acuity.2 NPRM, 80 FR 10880, 10898 (Feb. 27, 2015).
In proposed 302.2, the Board replaced the visual acuity thresholds with requirements for magnification, reduction
of field of vision, and user control of contrast to provide criteria that would address a range of limited vision
disabilities. NPRM, 80 FR at 10898 (noting that commenters to the 2010 and 2011 ANPRMs recommended that the FPC
include features that would address accessibility for users with limited vision). The Board took a similar approach
to the FPC for limited hearing (proposed 302.5), proposing that where technology provides an auditory mode of
operation, it must provide at least one mode that improves clarity, one mode that reduces background noise, and one
mode that allows user control of volume. Id. at 10944.
We sought comment in the NPRM with respect to the proposed FPC for limited vision. Id. at 10913. In question 17 the
Board asked whether the requirements for magnification, reduction of field of vision, and user control of contrast
should be more specific. Id. The Board further requested that commenters provide a scientific basis for any
recommended thresholds. Id. The Board received 11 comments on the proposed FPC for limited vision (proposed 302.2),
including comments from three ICT companies, three ICT trade associations, an accessible ICT services provider, a
state/local government, an ICT subject matter expert, an individual, and a coalition of disability rights
organizations.
The individual commenter and the ICT subject matter expert generally concurred with proposed 302.2, but did suggest
possible improvements. The individual commenter suggested adding a "control of color" criteria so that users could
choose a black background with white text. The ICT subject matter expert asserted that the Board should include
specific thresholds for the criteria, but did not provide suggestions for specific thresholds supported by research
or data. The state/local government indicated that the proposed FPC did not adequately address the needs of people
with limited vision, but did not offer specific suggestions for improving the provision.
The coalition of disability rights organizations appreciated the Board's effort with respect to the limited vision
FPC, but felt that the proposed provision missed the mark. The group pointed out that the proposed provision assumed
a lack of accessibility, and without a baseline, could result in unnecessary magnification of content that is
already sufficiently large, or reduction of a field of vision that is already sufficiently small for limited vision
users. The group suggested that the Board alter the provision to require one mode readable by a user with 20/40
vision acuity, one mode that is usable with a 10-degree field of vision, and one mode that provides high contrast.
The ICT companies and trade associations asserted that the proposed FPC for limited vision was too prescriptive,
and was inconsistent with the level of specificity contained in the proposed FPCs for other disabilities. These
commenters further noted that the FPC for limited vision imposed criteria not required by the technical
requirements. In addition, the ICT companies expressed concern that mandating specific criteria in the FPC would
stifle innovation. One ICT company described how certain products could provide accessibility for people with
limited vision without meeting the proposed criteria. Some industry commenters noted that the proposed limited
vision FPC was not technology-neutral and pointed to EN 301 549 as a more useful model. These industry commenters
noted that EN 301 549 allows manufacturers the flexibility to include the limited vision accessibility features that
are most applicable to a particular type of technology. EN 301 549 clause 4.2.2. ICT industry commenters further
noted the benefits to manufacturers of harmonizing with international standards.
Upon consideration of the comments regarding proposed 302.2, the Board agrees that the proposed language of the
limited vision FPC is too prescriptive and risks ineffective implementation in the absence of specific baselines for
the proposed criteria. The Board is persuaded that the technology-neutral approach advanced throughout this refresh
of the 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines is equally appropriate with respect to the FPC. The Board thus finds that
harmonization with the language of EN 301 549 is a reasonable approach to the limited vision FPC, and adopts this
suggestion for the language of 302.2 in the final rule. Therefore, we have revised final 302.2 to require ICT that
provides a visual mode of operation also provide "at least one visual mode of operation that enables users to make
better use of their limited vision."
The proposed rule included a proposed FPC for limited hearing that closely mirrored the structure of the proposed
limited vision FPC. In proposed 302.5, the Board proposed a limited hearing FPC that would have required ICT that
provides an auditory mode of operation to also provide at least one mode of operation that improves clarity, one
mode that reduces background noise, and one mode that allows user control of volume. ICT industry commenters, and a
coalition of disability rights organizations, responded with the same issues that they presented with respect to the
proposed limited vision FPC. Specifically, they posited that the proposed limited hearing FPC would not necessarily
provide a better functional experience for users with limited hearing. An accessible ICT services provider, as well
as an ICT trade association and two ICT companies, noted that the requirements for reduction of background noise and
improvement of clarity would be difficult to define, measure, and achieve. As with the proposed FPC for limited
vision, ICT industry commenters indicated that harmonization with the language of EN 301 549 would be
technology-neutral and would give manufacturers the flexibility to develop accessibility features appropriate for
their specific technology. EN 301 549 clause 4.2.5.
Upon consideration of the comments, and in the interest of creating a consistent regulatory structure with respect
to all of the FPC in the final rule, the Board agrees that harmonization with the international standard is
appropriate for the limited hearing FPC. Therefore, in the final rule, we have revised 302.5 to require that where
ICT has an audible mode of operation, it must include "at least one mode of operation that enables users to make use
of limited hearing."
2. Limited Cognitive Abilities
The existing 255 Guidelines contain a FPC that expressly addresses operability of ICT by persons with cognitive,
language, and learning disabilities. 36 CFR §1993.41(i) (requiring that ICT operate in "at least one mode that
minimizes the cognitive, memory, language, and learning skills required of the user."). The existing 508 Standards
do not include a comparable provision. 36 CFR §1194.31 (listing six FPC, none of which address limited cognition).
During its review, the TEITAC Advisory Committee recommended eliminating this requirement citing a lack of common
standards or testable metrics. NPRM, 80 FR at 10910. The TEITAC Advisory Committee suggested that the Board
eliminate the limited cognition FPC until more research could be done. Id. The Board thus did not include the
provision in the 2010 and 2011 ANPRMs. Id. After considering comments received in response to the ANPRMs, the Board
concurred that more research was needed before it could propose a meaningful FPC for limited cognitive ability. Id.
Therefore, in the NPRM, we did not propose to include an FPC for limited cognition in the Revised 508 Standards or
Revised 255 Guidelines. Id.
A total of 11 commenters addressed the NPRM's failure to include provisions specifically addressing ICT operability
by persons with cognitive, language, or learning disabilities. These commenters included four individuals who
identified themselves as either having a learning or cognitive disability, or having a family member with a learning
or cognitive disability, one accessibility ICT services provider, one ICT subject matter expert, four disability
advocacy organizations, and a coalition of disability rights organizations.
The overarching sentiment that the commenters expressed was that the proposed rule marginalized cognitive,
language, and learning disabilities. Disability advocacy organizations, as well as individual commenters, provided
general background information on the incidence of cognitive, language, and learning disabilities in the United
States. They noted the significant portion of the United States population that is affected by a cognitive
disability, and further noted that the incidence of cognitive disability in the United States is growing as the
population ages. Individual commenters described challenges using ICT that they or their family members face as a
result of their cognitive disabilities.
Five commenters (including disability advocacy organizations, an ICT subject matter expert, an accessible ICT
services provider, and a coalition of disability rights organizations) criticized the Board for not including an FPC
expressly directed to the needs of individuals with cognitive or learning disabilities. These commenters urged
inclusion of a new provision in the final rule similar to § 1193.41(i) of the existing 255 Guidelines. Some of these
commenters noted that while the Access Board's proposed revision of the 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines was silent
on cognitive accessibility, the European ICT accessibility standard, EN 301 549, addresses cognitive accessibility
and provides adjustable timing, error indication and suggestion, and logical focus order as examples of relevant
design features for people with cognitive disabilities. EN 301 549 clause 4.2.10.
One individual commenter suggested that the Board rewrite proposed Chapter 3 to model all FPC on the underlying
accessibility principles of WCAG 2.0. W3C®, An Introduction to Understanding WCAG 2.0, (Mar. 17, 2016), https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/intro.html.
The commenter suggested that by eliminating references to specific disabilities, the FPC should equally address all
disabilities, including cognitive disabilities.
After careful consideration of the comments, we are persuaded that the final rule should include an FPC for limited
cognitive abilities. In light of the significant portion of the United States population that has cognitive,
language, or learning disabilities, the Board finds that it would be inappropriate to exclude the needs of this
population from the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. U.S. Census, Sex By Age By Cognitive Difficulty,
2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B18104&prodType=table (last visited on Aug. 8, 2016) (estimating that in 2014 almost 5 percent of the civilian non-institutionalized U.S.
population 5 years old and older had a cognitive disability). The existing 255 Guidelines contain an FPC for limited
cognition. While evaluation of accessibility under this existing provision has posed some challenges, the Board
nonetheless concludes that, given the significant population of Americans with limited cognitive, language, or
learning abilities, it is important and appropriate to include an FPC addressing their accessibility needs in
Chapter 3—which applies under both the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. Moreover, in an effort to maintain
a consistent regulatory structure for the FPC in the final rule, the language for this FPC in the final rule seeks
to harmonize with the FPC for limited cognition in EN 301 549. Therefore, in the final rule, we have added a new
section 302.9, which requires that ICT provide "features making its use by individuals with limited cognitive,
language, and learning abilities simpler and easier."
IV. Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule
Overall, we received 162 comments in response to the NPRM, including written comments submitted to the online
docket (https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=ATBCB-2015-0002)
and oral statements at three public hearings. In addition to comments received on the major issues discussed in the
preceding section, commenters also expressed views on a variety of other matters related to the proposed rule. The
Access Board's response to significant comments on these other matters are discussed below on a chapter-by-chapter
basis following the organization of the final rule. Also addressed below are requirements in the final rule that
have been substantively revised from the proposed rule. Provisions in the final rule that neither received
significant comment nor materially changed from the proposed rule are not discussed in this preamble.
A. 508 Chapter 1: Application and Administration
Chapter 1 of the Revised 508 Standards contains a general section that defines equivalent facilitation, addresses
application of referenced standards, and provides definitions of terms used in the Standards. In the final rule, the
provisions expressly incorporating the ten referenced standards into the Revised 508 Standards have been relocated
from proposed E102 to a new Chapter 7, which provides a centralized IBR section pursuant to regulations issued by
the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) that govern incorporations by reference in the Federal Register. This
reorganization of IBR provisions is discussed at greater length in Section IV.I (Summary of Comments and Responses
on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – Chapter 7: Referenced Standards). We have also made minor changes to 508
Chapter 1 in response to comments to improve clarity, accuracy, and ease of use. These changes are described below.
E101.3 Conventional Industry Tolerances
The NPRM proposed this section in the interests of being explicit about dimensions. We did not receive any comments
on this provision but have decided, for the purpose of clarity and consistency with the Board's other rulemakings,
to add "with specific minimum or maximum end points" to E101.3 in the final rule.
E102 Referenced Standards
This section has been significantly reorganized and revised in the final rule. The general statements in the first
two sentences regarding the application of referenced standards remain essentially unchanged from the proposed rule.
However, the subsequent provisions in the proposed rule that expressly IBR the ten referenced standards into the
Revised 508 Standards (i.e., proposed E102.2 – E102.10) have been moved in the final rule to a centralized IBR
section – new Chapter 7. This reorganization of IBR provisions was made to comply with OFR regulations that govern
incorporations by reference. See 1 CFR part 51. Comments related to proposed incorporations by reference into the
Revised 508 Standards are discussed below in Section IV.I (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the
Proposed Rule – Chapter 7: Referenced Standards).
E103.4 Defined Terms
We identified seven comments regarding proposed E103.4. These commenters asked the Board to clarify the definitions
of (or provide examples for) the following terms: "authoring tool," "application," "document," "operable part,"
"platform software," "public facing," and "software." Two commenters, an ICT company and an industry trade
association requested the Access Board to fully align the definition of "authoring tool" to the definition in EN 301
549.
After review of the comments, we have determined that we would be providing clearer information by including more
terms, and we therefore added definitions for "document," "non-Web document," "non-Web software," and "Web page" to
the list of defined terms in E103.4 in the final rule. The definitions provided for these terms closely track the
definitions used in WCAG 2.0 and EN 301 549. For similar reasons of completeness, we also added the terms "software
tools" and "variable message signs." Additionally, based on commenter concerns, we amended the definitions of
"software" and "operable part" in the final rule. The definition of "software" clarifies the term by giving the
examples of applications, non-Web software, and platform software. The definition of "operable part" now makes clear
that the term applies to physical parts (hardware). Finally, the Board added definitions for "alteration" and
"existing ICT," which are new terms used in the safe harbor provision applicable to existing 508-covered ICT
(E202.2). Additional discussion of these new terms appears below in section IV.C (508 Chapter 2: Scoping
Requirements in the discussion of the safe harbor provision at E202.2).
In response to the requests to align the definition for "authoring tool" to EN 301 549, the Board regards the two
definitions as being equivalent, but has decided to retain the definition from the proposed rule due to editorial
consideration. The main difference between the approach taken in the proposed rule and that of EN 301 549 is that
the EN 301 549 definition for "authoring tools" includes three notes containing advisory guidance. Our practice is
to provide advisory guidance in supplemental materials.
B. 508 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements
508 Chapter 2 addresses application and scoping of the Revised 508 Standards, including exceptions. We have made
multiple significant changes to this chapter. We added a ninth category to E205.3, official agency communications
that are non-public-facing electronic covered content, and clarified the application of WCAG 2.0 to non-Web
documents and software. We made corresponding changes to E205.4 and E207.2, including adding E205.4.1 and E207.3,
which specify the word substitution necessary to apply WCAG 2.0 to non-Web content. These changes are discussed
above in Section III.B. (Major Issues – Application of WCAG 2.0 to Non-Web ICT). In addition, we made editorial
changes for consistency and clarity. These editorial changes and the responses to other comments received are
discussed below.
E202 General Exceptions
In response to some agencies' concerns regarding the time and resources that might be needed to remediate existing
(legacy) ICT, the Board has incorporated a "safe harbor" provision into the Revised 508 Standards (E202.2). Under
this provision, legacy ICT that complies with the existing 508 Standards and has not been altered after the
compliance date (i.e., one year after publication of the final rule) need not be modified or upgraded to conform to
the Revised 508 Standards. However, when existing ICT is altered after the compliance, such alterations must comply
with the Revised 508 Standards. Application of the safe harbor provision will allow Federal agencies to focus their
ICT accessibility efforts primarily on new ICT.
This safe harbor provision applies on an "element-by-element" basis in that each component or portion of existing
ICT is assessed separately. In specifying "components or portions" of existing ICT, the safe harbor provision
independently exempts those aspects of ICT that comply with the existing 508 Standards from mandatory upgrade or
modification after the final rule takes effect. This means, for example, that if two paragraphs of text are changed
on an agency Web page, only the altered paragraphs are required to comply with the Revised 508 Standards; the rest
of the Web page can remain "as is" so long as otherwise compliant with the existing 508 Standards.
Additionally, to further clarify the specific circumstances under which existing ICT must be made to comply with
the Revised 508 Standards, the Board has added definitions for "alteration" and "existing ICT" in E103.4. "Existing
ICT" is defined as ICT that has been procured, maintained or used on or before the compliance date (which is one
year after publication of the final rule). The Access Board has intentionally omitted the term "developed" from this
definition because existing ICT that has been developed – but not yet used or procured – still presents an
opportunity to incorporate requisite accessibility.
"Alteration," in turn, is defined as a change to existing ICT that affects interoperability, the user interface, or
access to information or data. In defining "alteration," the Board seeks to distinguish between changes to existing
(compliant) ICT that trigger compliance obligations under the Revised 508 Standards, and those that do not. For
example, since correction of a typographical error on a Web page does not affect interoperability, user interface,
or access to information and data, this type of change would not trigger compliance obligations under the Revised
508 Standards. However, changing the footer portion of an agency Web site through a content management system (CMS)
would affect access to information and data (i.e., the information in the footer). In that case, changes to the
footer would need to conform to the Revised 508 Standards; however, other page content that was not affected by the
footer revision would not need to be upgraded or modified. In another example, a typical software security patch
does not affect interoperability, user interface, or access to information and data; therefore, deployment of such
software security patches would not be considered "alterations" under the safe harbor provision.
The safe harbor provision is applicable only to existing ICT covered by Section 508, and does not extend to Section
255-covered telecommunications equipment or CPE. Because the FCC has exclusive authority to implement and enforce
Section 255, compliance with the Revised 255 Guidelines is not required until they are adopted by the FCC through a
separate rulemaking. As such, application of the revised guidelines to existing ICT covered by Section 255 also lies
within the province of the Commission.
Agencies and the public may need to refer to the existing 508 Standards to determine whether existing ICT complies
with its accessibility requirements once the final rule takes effect. To that end, the existing 508 Standards have
been republished as an appendix (Appendix D) to part 1194 for reference when evaluating legacy ICT under the safe
harbor provision. In Appendix D, while the text and structure of each provision remains the same as in the existing
508 Standards, the numbering convention for each provision has been modified to comply with publication requirements
for matter located in regulatory appendices.
The NPRM proposed five other general exceptions that apply to ICT that: is an integral part of a national security
system (proposed E202.2); is acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract (proposed E202.3); is located in
maintenance spaces (proposed E202.4); would require a fundamental alteration to be accessible (E204.5); or, is not
commercially available (proposed E202.6). These five exceptions closely parallel equivalent requirements in existing
508 Standards (36 CFR §§1194.3(a), 1194.3(b), 1194.3(f), 1194.3(e), and 1194.2(b), respectively).
We received six comments expressing concern or requesting changes to proposed E202. Two commenters (a disability
advocacy organization and an ICT subject matter expert) requested deletion of proposed E202.2, which exempts
national security systems as defined by 40 U.S.C 1103(a). These commenters asserted that ICT that is part of a
National Security System should be required to conform to the maximum extent possible, instead of being exempted
entirely from compliance. Two commenters (a disability advocacy organization and an ICT subject matter expert) also
requested that the exception for ICT acquired incidental to a contract in proposed E202.3 be removed, asserting it
would discourage contractors from hiring employees with disabilities. Additionally, an individual commented that
proposed E202.3 needed a major change because it has not been successful in the past in getting software
manufacturers to make accessible software. This individual requested that the final rule require refunds if a future
version of software failed to meet accessibility requirements. The Board also received three comments (one ICT
company and two industry trade associations) seeking expansion of proposed E202.4, which exempts certain functions
of ICT located in maintenance or monitoring spaces, to include a "back office exemption" for maintenance functions
and maintenance spaces.
After carefully considering the comments received, we have decided not to make any changes to these five general
exceptions in proposed E202, except to shift the numbering of the provisions to accommodate the incorporation of a
safe harbor provision at E202.2 that applies to legacy 508-covered ICT. The exception proposed for National Security
Systems (final E202.3) is taken directly from the statute authorizing the 508 Standards (Section 508 of the
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, 29 U.S.C. 794d). Additionally, the statutory definition of "information
technology," which excludes equipment that is acquired by a Federal contractor incidental to a contract, prohibits
the Access Board from requiring such ICT to comply with the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. 40 U.S.C.
11101(6), stating that "[t]he term 'information technology' … does not include any equipment acquired by a Federal
contractor incidental to a Federal contract."
E202.4 in the proposed rule (final E202.5) was a change to existing 508 Standards §1194.3(f) in that the exception
was narrowed to apply only to those status indicators and operable parts that are available from maintenance spaces.
Since it is the usual case that rack-mounted equipment is operated remotely, this change makes it clear that the
Revised 508 Standards do not preclude this usual business practice.
In response to the commenters' requests seeking expansion of proposed E202.4 for a complete "back office
exemption," the Board, after careful consideration, declines to make a change. People with disabilities frequently
perform "back office" IT work and the majority of these job functions can be addressed with assistive technology.
The Board is sensitive to concerns raised by some commenters, that ICT will often not be accessible when there is a
physical problem or failure with the equipment. We note that we did not provide a complete exception for maintenance
functions in the proposed rule, as it only intended the requirements concerning the accessibility of operable parts
to apply to the normal operation of ICT by end-users. In order to ensure clarity in the final rule, in addition to
the edit to the definition for "operable part" mentioned above, we have revised 407.1 in the final rule to make the
application of these Standards to normal operation explicit. This is discussed in further detail below in Section
IV.F. (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Propose Rule – Chapter 4: Hardware – 407). In
addition, we note that the exception for maintenance spaces which are frequented only by service personnel for
maintenance, repair, or occasional monitoring is consistent with the ADA and ABA Accessibility Guidelines. 36 CFR
part 1191 (stating that "Spaces frequented only by service personnel for maintenance, repair, or occasional
monitoring of equipment shall not be required to comply with these requirements or to be on an accessible route").
Therefore, in the final rule, we have not made any changes to proposed E202.4, with the exception of its renumbering
(final E202.5).
E203 Access to Functionality
The NPRM proposed to require that all ICT be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, either
directly or by use of assistive technology. This section was based on the existing 508 Standards (36 CFR §§1194.1
and 1194.2(a)). We received ten comments regarding this proposed requirement; three individuals, a disability
advocacy organization, three trade associations, and three ICT companies.
An ICT company and an ICT trade association expressed concern with the proposed requirements and requested
clarification on the minimum required abilities assumed for operational functions of certain products. The specific
example provided was that it would be very difficult for a person who is blind to have a job operating a large
volume xerographic services machine, because that person would not be able to visually monitor the complex
equipment. An ICT subject matter expert in the field of geographic information systems raised concerns and
recommended that the Board expand the exceptions in proposed E203 to include rich content like maps that represent
information and data visually because they do not know of any other means to convey the information and data.
Another commenter raised concerns about the inability to make inherently visual representations, such as motion
pictures, fully accessible to a person who is blind even when assistive technologies are used. Finally, a disability
advocacy organization recommended that this provision be amended to require that people with disabilities be
provided training to evaluate, install, and configure assistive technology.
The Board has reviewed the comments received and find that the commenters' concerns requesting clarification of the
minimum required abilities for operation functions are misplaced. The 508 Standards apply to all ICT; deliberately,
they do not make assumptions regarding physical, cognitive, or sensory abilities associated with performing job
tasks. Presumably, a job operating a large volume copier would include the requirement to confirm by visual
inspection that output hard copy was correct. The fact that there may be specific performance requirements for
certain jobs is not a sufficient justification to exempt the core functions of the ICT from the Revised 508
Standards. In response to the commenter's request for an exception for ICT that cannot be adequately represented
through assistive technology, the Board notes that the intent of the 508 Standards is to provide comparable access.
In the Board's experience, the scope and nature of accessibility improves over time as technology advances. The
Board has concluded that these issues are well addressed by the technical and functional performance requirements,
and has declined to narrow the scoping or expand the available exceptions as suggested. Finally, in response to the
request that the final rule require training, we find that such a requirement is outside the scope of these
Standards and have declined to make this suggested change.
We have considered the commenters' suggestions regarding section E203, but as described above, found no reason to
make substantive changes. We have made a few editorial changes to E203 in the final rule for clarity. The most
significant of these editorial changes is in the title of E203.2, which is now "User Needs" instead of "Agency
Business Needs."
E204 Functional Performance Criteria
The NPRM proposed that where the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 do not address one or more features of ICT, the
features not addressed shall conform to the functional performance criteria (FPC) in Chapter 3. Many comments were
received regarding the individual FPC referenced in proposed E204. As the technical criteria are provided in Chapter
4, these comments are addressed below in Section IV.F. (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the
Proposed Rule – Chapter 4: Hardware). Some of the concerns with the FPC for limited vision, limited hearing, and
limited cognition are addressed in the Major Issues section of this preamble, at Section III.E. (Major Issues –
Functional Performance Criteria).
We identified 22 comments concerned with proposed E204. Several of these comments indicated that the applicability
of proposed E204.1 should be further clarified. An ICT company asserted that as written, proposed E204.1 could be
interpreted as requiring the applicability of the FPC to be considered on a feature-by-feature basis. Specifically,
this commenter explained that for software products that typically include a long list of "features," such a
feature-by-feature evaluation would be quite onerous. Additionally, one commenter provided suggested text for
inclusion in advisories in the final rule.
We concur with the commenter that proposed E204.1 could be misinterpreted. We intended for the functionality of the
ICT to be considered holistically, and not on a feature-by-feature basis. The final rule revises this requirement
and substitutes "functions" for "features," to avoid this confusion. The Board regards this change as editorial, as
it seeks to clarify the intent of the proposed provision, and makes the text of the provision consistent with the
chapter title and phrasing used elsewhere in the Revised 508 Standards. In response to the commenter's request for
advisories, as described above, advisories are no longer published in the final rule; however, the Board intends to
provide further guidance on the applicability of final E204.1 in its technical assistance.
E205.2 Public Facing
Three commenters raised concerns with proposed E205.2, specifically in regards to the application of this provision
to social media platforms. One individual questioned whether social media constituted public-facing content under
proposed E205.2. Another individual questioned whether third-party content added by members of the public to agency
controlled social media sites would constitute public-facing content under proposed E205.2. The third commenter, a
disability advocacy organization, recommended that agencies be precluded from using any social media platforms that
are not compliant with the final rule.
In the NPRM preamble, we described public-facing content and included social media pages as an example of such
content. 80 FR 10880, 10893 (Feb 27, 2015). The Board refers commenters on this topic to the discussion in the NPRM,
as its position on this matter has not changed. Additionally, we note that under Section 508 of the Rehabilitation
Act (as amended), agencies have responsibility for all content that they develop, procure, maintain, or use. 29
U.S.C. 794d. Agencies are therefore responsible for third-party content added to and maintained on their sites, and
will need to develop policies and practices to ensure the accessibility of that third-party content. This is
consistent with other policies and practices agencies employ regarding personally identifiable information,
security, obscenities, or other concerns presented by third-party content. If an agency invokes an exception and
uses inaccessible ICT to provide information and data to the public, the statute requires that the agency provide
the same information and data to individuals with disabilities by an alternative means. Id. (stating that "the
Federal department or agency shall provide individuals with disabilities covered by paragraph (1) with the
information and data involved by an alternative means of access that allows the individual to use the information
and data"). Under current law, an agency is not prevented from using an inaccessible social media platform under a
provided exception, as long as the agency provides individuals with disabilities an alternative means of accessing
the same information and data. Accordingly, the Board has not made a change to this requirement.
E205.3 Agency Official Communication
In addition to the changes made to E205.3, discussed above in Section III.A. (Major Issues – 508 Standards: Covered
Electronic Content), a commenter expressed confusion and questioned what the difference was between a questionnaire
and a survey. The Board notes it was not our intention for this item to refer to two different types of
communication. Therefore, in the final rule we have amended this item from "questionnaire or survey" to "survey
questionnaire."
E205.4 Accessibility Standards
The NPRM generally proposed to replace the existing technical standards for Web, software, applications, and
electronic content with incorporation by reference of the Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance
requirements of WCAG 2.0, which appear at proposed E205.4. There is no direct analogy in the WCAG 2.0 Success
Criteria for section 1194.22(d) of the existing 508 Standards, which states: "documents shall be organized so they
are readable without requiring an associated style sheet." 36 CFR §1194.22(d).
Three individual commenters expressed concern that eliminating the requirements of section 1194.22(d) of the
existing 508 Standards would significantly reduce the level of user control over customized styling (including
features such as magnification, color, and contrast), which is critical to some users with low vision. Section
1194.22(d) of the existing 508 Standards requires documents to be organized so that they are readable without an
associated style sheet. This enables persons with low vision to remove style sheets from Web pages so that they can
change aspects of text style, such as spacing, font, color, borders, and width of reading areas. A disability
advocacy organization indicated that replacing the current requirement with referenced provisions of WCAG 2.0 Levels
A and AA would result in scenarios problematic for some users with low vision, such as limiting the maximum required
magnification to 200 percent while permitting horizontal scrolling (WCAG Success Criteria 1.4.4). In addition, WCAG
2.0 Levels A and AA will provide for a sole fixed contrast setting instead of permitting user control over the
degree of contrast (WCAG Success Criteria 1.4.3), which presents a challenge for some individuals.
We have considered commenter concerns regarding the loss of user control over customized styling, and acknowledge
that some individuals who elect to use ICT without assistive technology may be affected by the loss of the
requirements in section 1194.22(d) of the existing 508 Standards. However, the Board finds that the existing section
1194.22(d) requirement is detrimental to the use of assistive technology, which has well-supported the use of
stylesheets for several years. All users, including users of screen reading software and other assistive technology,
rely on the presence of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) in order to format text for a variety of devices and Web
browsers. In complex Web applications, CSS is also used dynamically to hide content that is not relevant to the
user's current transaction and to selectively show content based on the user's choices. The need for content authors
to maintain support for section 1194.22(d) had the effect of slowing the adoption of robust accessible Web content.
Further, mainstream adoption of contemporary technologies (for example, ARIA or Accessible Rich Internet
Applications) depends on CSS being supported. Implementation of these newer, more advanced approaches is not
compatible with 1194.22(d). For these reasons, the Board declines to reintroduce the requirements of section
1194.22(d) in the Revised 508 Standards. The Board is also not persuaded that amending the language of select WCAG
2.0 Success Criteria, such as 1.4.4 (Resize Text) is a prudent approach. Requiring, for example, 400 percent
magnification might allow a select number of users with low vision to use ICT without assistive technology; however,
the overall consistency of the requirements, an important goal of harmonization with international standards, would
be lost.
Another individual commenter suggested that the technical requirements relating to text featured in software under
proposed 502.3.6 be made applicable to text in all content generally, under E205.4. The Board is not persuaded to
adopt the recommendation to apply proposed 502.3.6 to all content, including Web content. Adding such a requirement
to the WCAG 2.0 criteria would create harmonization issues internationally as well as among Federal agencies. The
technical requirement for "boundary of text rendered on the screen" is a detail that is readily available in
client-side software, but is not always available in a Web browsing environment.
The Board carefully considered the public comments and it finds that incorporation of the WCAG 2.0 standard,
without modification, adequately addresses the needs of the majority of users with low vision. The Board also notes
that W3C® has formed a task force charged with investigating the issue of accessibility requirements related to low
vision and with creating recommendations. Low Vision Accessibility Task Force, http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/low-vision-a11y-tf/, (last
visited Aug. 23, 2016). The Board is following that work and may incorporate their recommendations in future
rulemaking.
Conforming Alternate Version
The NPRM proposed that a Web page could conform to WCAG 2.0 either by satisfying all success criteria under one of
the levels of conformance or by providing a "conforming alternate version." Because WCAG 2.0 always permits the use
of conforming alternate versions, the Access Board sought input on whether there were any concerns that the
unrestricted use of conforming alternate versions of Web pages may lead to the unnecessary development of separate
Web sites or unequal services for individuals with disabilities, and whether the Board should restrict the use of
conforming alternate versions beyond the explicit requirements of WCAG 2.0. NPRM, 80 FR at 10897.
Eleven commenters responded to the proposed provision allowing conforming alternate versions. Seven of the
commenters (four ICT companies and trade associations, two disability advocacy organizations, and one individual)
supported the approach to conforming alternate versions proposed in the NPRM. Four commenters (two individuals, one
state government agency, and an ICT trade association) opposed the approach from the NPRM.
Under WCAG 2.0, in order for a non-conforming Web page to be included within the scope of conformance by using a
conforming alternate version, the alternate version must: conform at the designated level (i.e., WCAG 2.0 Level AA
success criteria); provide the same information and functionality in the same language; and be as up-to-date as the
non-conforming content or page. In addition to these requirements, at least one of the following must be true: (1)
the conforming version can be reached from the non-conforming page via an accessibility-supported mechanism; (2) the
non-conforming version can only be reached from the conforming version; or (3) the non-conforming version can only
be reached from a conforming page that also provides a mechanism to reach the conforming version. W3C®,
Understanding WCAG 2.0: Understanding Conforming Alternate Versions, Dec. 2012, http://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/conformance.html#uc-conforming-alt-versions-head.
The W3C® explains that providing a conforming alternate version is intended to be a "fallback option for
conformance to WCAG and the preferred method of conformance is to make all content directly accessible." Id. While
some commenters expressed specific concern that the use of conforming alternate versions could still create
separate, unequal Web sites for people with disabilities, the Access Board has concluded that when the requirements
for a conforming alternate version are viewed in conjunction with the W3C®'s guidance, it is clear that they are
meant to be used only in the limited circumstances where the primary Web page or content cannot be made accessible
for all users, typically due to a technical or legal limitation.
In the Revised 508 Standards, the Board has decided to retain the incorporation by reference to WCAG 2.0's
conforming alternate version, as proposed in the NPRM. WCAG 2.0's conforming alternate versions provision provides a
much clearer standard than the vague language of the existing 508 Standards. Section 1194.22(k) of the existing 508
Standards states that "[a] text-only page, with equivalent information or functionality, shall be provided to make a
Web site comply with the provisions of this part, when compliance cannot be accomplished in any other way. The
content of the text-only page shall be updated whenever the primary page changes." While on its face, the existing
508 Standards may seem to more strictly limit the use of alternate pages, in practice it is difficult to determine
when compliance cannot be accomplished in any other way, and thus, it is easy for agencies to justify the use of
text-only pages. Such alternate text-only sites often are poorly maintained, lack the same information and
functionality available on the non-conforming Web page, and have out-of-date content. As explained above, the WCAG
2.0 requirement for a conforming alternate version significantly exceeds the expectations for text-only pages, and
would not permit these deficiencies. Therefore, the Board has concluded that agencies using the Revised 508
Standards for conforming alternate versions under WCAG 2.0 will not create Web sites that suffer from these same
problems, because the requirements for conforming alternate versions under WCAG 2.0 are so rigorous.
Despite WCAG 2.0's requirement that conforming alternate versions follow far more robust standards than the
text-only pages permissible under the existing 508 Standards, some commenters have expressed concern that agencies
may choose to use conforming alternate versions even in circumstances in which compliance could be achieved on the
primary Web page. The Access Board expects that the stringent requirements for the use of conforming alternate
versions under the Revised 508 Standards will prevent this abuse. The Board expects that an agency that decides to
use a conforming alternate version of a Web page as opposed to making the main page accessible will typically do so
when, as the W3C® explains, certain limited circumstances warrant or mandate their use. For example, W3C® has noted
that a conforming alternate version may be necessary: (1) when a new emerging technology is used on a Web page, but
the new technology cannot be designed in a way that allows assistive technologies to access all the information
needed to present the content to the user (e.g., virtual reality or computer-simulated reality); (2) when it is not
possible to modify some content on a Web page because the Web site owner is legally prohibited from modifying the
Web content; or (3) to provide the best experience for users with certain types of disabilities by tailoring a Web
page specifically to accommodate those disabilities. Id.
The Access Board does not anticipate that an agency would choose to maintain a separate conforming alternate
version of a Web page for people with disabilities without a compelling reason, as maintaining separate sites in
most, if not all circumstances, would be expensive and overly time-consuming. The Board notes that meeting the
stringent criteria for a conforming alternate version under WCAG 2.0 is, in most cases, impractical if the primary
page can be made accessible. The Access Board further notes that agencies will have a disincentive to allow
conforming alternate versions of Web pages to become out-of-date, as this blatant failure to meet the requirements
of WCAG 2.0 for conforming alternate versions could be evidence of noncompliance under the Revised 508 Standards. If
the Board finds that use of conforming alternate versions, in practice, does not provide people with disabilities a
Web experience equivalent to that of people without disabilities, the Board will consider whether rulemaking is
appropriate to restrict the use of conforming alternate versions.
E206 Hardware
We received one comment on this provision from a disability advocacy organization which asserted that proposed E206
did not sufficiently include mobile phones and tablets. The Board disagrees with the commenter and finds that these
products are hardware, and are therefore subject to the hardware requirements in Chapter 4 of the final rule.
E207 Software
We received one comment on this provision from a disability advocacy organization that indicated that proposed E207
did not sufficiently encompass mobile applications. The Board disagrees with the commenter and finds that such
mobile "apps" are software applications and are therefore subject to the software requirements in Chapter 5 of the
final rule.
The W3C® has formed a task force charged with investigating and making recommendations on the issue of
accessibility requirements specific to mobile content. Mobile Accessibility Task Force, http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL/mobile-a11y-tf/ (last visited Aug.
23, 2016). The Board is following that work and may incorporate its recommendations in future rulemaking.
Additionally, the final rule contains an exception to E207.1 and E207.2 that excludes assistive technology software
that supports the accessibility services of the platform. This exclusion appeared in the proposed rule as an
exception to proposed 501.1. One commenter noted that the exception might be overlooked until after assistive
technology was evaluated for conformance to WCAG 2.0. In response to the commenter's concern, in the final rule, the
Board has moved this exception from chapter 5 to E207.1 and E207.2. The Board regards the relocation of this
exception as an editorial clarification since we never intended for assistive technology to be reviewed against the
WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria. Moving the exception from Chapter 5 to Chapter 2 makes this clear, but requires that the
exception be repeated in multiple places.
C. 255 Chapter 1: Application and Administration
Chapter 1 of the Revised 255 Guidelines includes a general section, defines equivalent facilitation, addresses
application of referenced standards, and provides definitions of terms used in the guidelines. Most of the comments
received on 508 Chapter 1, discussed above in Section IV.A. (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of
the Proposed Rule — 508 Chapter 1: Application and Administration), are also applicable to 255 Chapter 1. These are
noted below with the applicable section numbers. Additionally, we have made minor changes specific to the 255
Chapter 1 in response to comments to improve clarity, accuracy, and ease of use. These changes are described below.
C101.1 Purpose
An ICT trade association raised a concern that inclusion of the phrase "and related software," could be interpreted
to go beyond the scope of Section 255 to cover software other than that essential to telecommunications functions.
The Board agrees with the commenter that the inclusion of this phrase is problematic. The Communications Act defines
telecommunications equipment to include "software integral to such equipment including upgrades." 47 U.S.C. 153(45).
The FCC, in its 1999 Report and Order implementing its regulations under Section 255, went on to find that customer
premises equipment likewise includes software integral to the operations and functions of the equipment. FCC 99-181,
adopted July 14, 1999; Released Sept. 29, 1999, pp. 41-42. The Board has concluded that the inclusion of the term
"and related software" in proposed C101.1 is unnecessary and confusing, and has deleted it from the provision in the
final rule. The Board has also made changes to several definitions in the final rule, discussed below, to conform to
the terminology of Section 255 and the FCC implementing regulations.
C101.3 Conventional Industry Tolerances
For the same reasons discussed above in Section IV.A. (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the
Proposed Rule – 508 Chapter 1: Application and Administration – E101.3), we have added "with specific minimum or
maximum end points" to C101.3 in the final rule.
C102 Reference Standards
This section has been significantly reorganized and revised in the final rule. The general statements in the first
two sentences regarding the application of referenced standards remain essentially unchanged from the proposed rule.
However, the subsequent provisions in the proposed rule that expressly IBR the ten referenced standards into the
Revised 255 Guidelines (i.e., proposed C102.2 – C102.10) have been moved in the final rule to a centralized IBR
section – new Chapter 7 (Referenced Standards). This reorganization of IBR provisions was made to comply with OFR
regulations that govern incorporations by reference. See 1 CFR part 51. Comments related to proposed incorporations
by reference into the Revised 255 Guidelines are discussed below in Section IV.I (Summary of Comments and Responses
on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – Chapter 7: Referenced Standards).
C103.4 Defined Terms
In addition to the corresponding changes made to C103.4 that were described above in the Section IV.A. (Summary of
Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – 508 Chapter 1: Application and Administration –
E103.4), we have made a few additional changes based on public comments that are only applicable to the Revised 255
Guidelines.
We added a definition for "manufacturer" to final C103.4, and amended the definitions for "customer premises
equipment" and "telecommunications equipment" to conform to the language of Section 255 and the FCC implementing
regulations.
Finally, we received comments asking why the definitions for "closed functionality" and "ICT" in proposed C103.4
included examples that were not telecommunications equipment. The Board concurs with commenters' concerns that the
examples included with those definitions in proposed C103.4 were confusing because they were not telephony products,
and thus not within the scope of the 255 Guidelines. Therefore, in the Revised 255 Guidelines the Access Board has
amended the definitions for "closed functionality" and "ICT" by removing the examples.
D. 255 Chapter 2: Scoping Requirements
Chapter 2 of the Revised 255 Guidelines addresses application and scoping. Most of the comments received on 508
Chapter 2, discussed above in Section IV.B. (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule
– 508 Chapter 2: Scoping), are also applicable to 255 Chapter 2. The applicable 255 Chapter paragraph numbers are
referenced below. Additionally, we have made minor changes specific to the Revised 255 Chapter 2 in response to
comments to improve clarity, accuracy, and ease of use. These changes are described below.
C201.5 Design, Development, and Fabrication
An ICT subject matter expert was concerned that proposed C201.5 did not include the language from existing
§1193.23(b) that directs telecommunications manufacturers to consider using people with disabilities in the design
and development process. As the Board explained in the preamble of the NPRM, we did not retain this provision in the
Revised 255 Guidelines because "consider" is not mandatory language and therefore is more appropriate for inclusion
in advisory material providing guidance on best practices. 80 FR 10912 (Feb. 27, 2015). The Access Board is not
persuaded by this commenter that the final rule should include this requirement and, as discussed above, advisory
material is not included in the final rule. Therefore, this requirement has not been changed in the final rule.
C205 Software
In the final rule we have relocated an exception that excludes assistive technology software from proposed 501.1 to
final C205. This relocation was necessary to avoid confusion and is described in detail above in Section IV.B.
(Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – 508 Chapter 2: Scoping – E207).
E. Chapter 3: Functional Performance Criteria
Chapter 3 of the final rule contains functional performance criteria, which are outcome-based provisions that apply
when applicable technical requirements (i.e., Chapters 4 and 5) do not address one or more features of ICT. All
sections of this chapter are referenced by scoping provisions in Revised 508 Chapter 2 and in Revised 255 Chapter 2.
The functional performance criteria are also used to determine equivalent facilitation under both the Revised 508
Standards and the Revised 255 Guidelines (final E101.2 and C101.2).
We have made minor changes to Chapter 3 in response to comments to improve clarity, accuracy, and ease of use.
These changes are described below. In addition, two of the provisions in the final rule, 302.2 and 302.5, have been
significantly amended in response to comments and a new provision, and 302.9 has been added to the final rule. These
provisions are discussed above in Section III.E. (Major Issues – Functional Performance Criteria).
New Functional Performance Criteria Recommended
We received two comments (a coalition of disability rights organizations and an academic research institution)
suggesting that the Board add three new functional performance criteria (FPC) to the final rule addressing depth
perception, the use of ICT without gestures, and the use of ICT without human skin contact. The purpose of these
recommendations was to anticipate possible developments in technology that would require the use of functions not
currently addressed in the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. Each of these suggestions are discussed below.
The requested addition for a FPC addressing depth perception would require that one visual mode of operation be
provided that does not require binocular perception of depth. This commenter did not indicate what functions of ICT
would require binocular perception of depth, or where this criterion might apply, other than to suggest that at some
point in the future binocular perception of depth might be required to access functions of some ICT.
Similarly, the addition of a "use of ICT without gestures" FPC was suggested by a commenter without a rationale for
where the criterion might be used. The functional limitations suggested by the criterion are already addressed in
the FPC for limited vision. For example, a gesture-based system would not be usable by persons with no vision, since
they would be unable to perceive where their gestures were to be located or performed without vision. Therefore,
providing a mode of operation that does not require user vision would address those functional needs. The commenter
did not apply this suggested FPC to any existing technology or technology known to be in development.
Finally, a commenter suggested a new FPC for the use of ICT without human skin contact. It is the Board's
understanding that this suggestion is not technically feasible with modern touch screens which rely on capacitive
touch. Capacitive touchscreen displays rely on the electrical properties of the human body to detect when and where
on a display the user touches. Because of this, capacitive displays can be controlled with very light touches of a
finger and generally cannot be used with a mechanical stylus or a gloved hand. See "What is 'capacitive
touchscreen'?", http://www.mobileburn.com/definition.jsp?term=capacitive+touchscreen (last visited Aug. 3, 2016). While resistive, or pressure sensitive touch screens, are available for such functions
as signing an ATM screen, they can only recognize one activation point at a time. This technical limitation
precludes the use of resistive touch screens for common gestures used with personal devices (for example,
pinch-to-zoom on a smart phone). See "Okay, but how do touch screens actually work?" at Science Line, the Shortest
Distance Between You and Science, http://scienceline.org/2012/01/okay-but-how-do-touch-screens-actually-work/,
(last visited Aug. 3, 2016). Most touch screen technology today uses capacitive touch.
After consideration, the Board declines to adopt any of the suggested FPC. No specific examples of real-world
applications were provided for any of the suggested FPC. The suggested FPC would not have any close correlation to
technical criteria in the final rule, and the access barriers theoretically covered by the suggested FPC are
substantially addressed by the other FPC in the final rule. Additionally, the suggested FPC lack the necessary
research and public input to determine the need and benefit of such additional criteria. Therefore, at this time,
the Board declines to adopt the commenters' suggested functional performance criteria.
Section 301 General and 302 Functional Performance Criteria
We received a number of comments from a variety of stakeholders who sought clarification from the Board on the
relationship between the FPC and the technical requirements. This issue has been extensively discussed and commented
on during the history of this rulemaking. In the 2010 ANPRM, the Board recommended that for ICT meeting the
technical requirements, the FPC did not need to be considered at all. After numerous commenters opposed this
approach as being too limiting, and likely to lead to the procurement of ICT that is not actually usable by
individuals with disabilities, the Board proposed in the 2011 ANPRM that ICT must conform to the FPC, even when the
technical criteria are met. In response to the 2011 ANPRM, commenters noted that required conformance to the FPC
would be unduly burdensome and costly, and would greatly increase the time for accessible ICT procurement, without
notably improving the likelihood that accessible ICT would be procured. Accordingly, in the NPRM, we proposed that
the FPC need only be met when the features of the ICT are not addressed by the provisions in Chapters 4 or 5.
Fifteen general comments were received on Chapter 3. These comments encompassed a wide variety of responses to the
proposed FPC. Four commenters from disability advocacy organizations praised the approach taken by the Board in the
proposed rule of requiring compliance with the FPC when the technical requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 are not
applicable. Two commenters, one from an ICT trade association, and one from coalition of disability rights
organizations, suggested that we adopt an approach similar to that taken in EN 301 549, where the FPC are expressed
using very broad and conditional language. Three commenters, one from an accessible ICT services provider, one from
a state/local agency, and one ICT company, urged the Board to reinstate the proposed approach from the 2011 ANPRM
and require the use of the FPC and the technical requirements for all ICT. One commenter who self-identified as an
individual with a disability recommended that we revise the language of the FPC to focus only on functional
limitations, and not use disability-specific terminology. All other commenters approved of the approach proposed in
the NPRM of identifying specific functional limitations using disability-specific language and noted that this
approach was understandable, usable, and important in providing context for accessible solutions. Along with this
support, one commenter from an ICT trade association suggested that the Access Board change the approach of
describing the FPC to necessary to ensure accessibility, rather than providing more technical requirements. In the
final rule, we have retained the approach proposed in the NPRM and provide disability-specific context for the
functional performance criteria.
Finally, five commenters, two from disability rights organizations, two ICT companies, and an ICT trade
association, requested further clarification on our proposed approach. The most specific comment came from an ICT
trade association which expressed confusion about how to interpret and apply the FPC in Chapter 3 for individuals
with low and limited vision in conjunction with the scoping requirement for access to "all ICT functionality" as
required by proposed E203 and C201.3. This commenter requested clarification on how persons with limited or low
vison were supposed to access functions on ICT such as copiers, for example, when checking copy output quality, or
attempting to change paper trays. The comment also raised the concern that some functions, by their nature, such as
visual inspection for copy quality, assume a certain level of ability. In response, in the final rule, we have
revised the text of the provision for operable parts (final 407.1) to clarify that maintenance functions are
separate and distinct from normal operations and are not covered by the provisions in Chapters 3 and 4. Only the
functions of ICT used in normal operation must be made accessible. The discussion of 407.1 is found below in Section
IV.F. (Summary of Other Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – Chapter 4: Hardware). We also
retained the proposed provision on status indicators (final 409.1), which requires that information on the status of
ICT hardware, such as the need for maintenance, be provided visually, and by touch or sound. The discussion on 409.1
is found below in Section IV.F. (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – Chapter
4: Hardware – 409).
After review of all of these comments, we have decided to retain the proposed approach in the final rule of
requiring the FPC where the requirements in Chapters 4 and 5 do not address one or more functions of ICT. The Board
has also retained the requirement that the FPC are used when evaluating an alternative design or technology under
equivalent facilitation (final E101.2 and C101.2). The approach taken in the final rule reflects the longstanding,
established practice in the Federal Government of the application of the FPC when technical requirements do not
sufficiently address the features of the particular ICT at issue. It also allows for balance between providing for
accessible ICT while encouraging flexibility and innovation in the development of accessible ICT. We did make
changes to some of the individual FPC. The major changes are discussed above in Section III.E. (Major Issues –
Functional Performance Criteria); other changes are discussed below.
302.1 Without Vision
We received three comments on this section. One of the commenters was from a disability rights organization, one
was from a coalition of disability rights organizations, and one was an individual who self-identified as having a
disability. One commenter commended us on the functionality and usability of the FPC addressing the functional needs
of users with no vision, and had no recommendations for change. The remaining two commenters, a self-identified
individual with a disability and a disability rights organization, expressed concern that the requirement was too
limited and could lead some agencies to provide only an audio solution, which would not provide access for
individuals who are deaf-blind. These commenters recommended that the Board add language requiring the support of
auxiliary aids, such as refreshable braille devices, in order to ensure that all potential users without vision
could have access. In the final rule, we have declined to modify the criterion because mandating a specific solution
such as a refreshable braille keyboard would restrict the development of other potential solutions and would be
costly. The Board concluded that retaining the NPRM's open ended approach is the best way to maximize potential
solutions for this population of users. In addition, the Revised 508 Standards work in tandem with customized
solutions developed as appropriate to accommodate the needs of individuals under Sections 501 and 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act. The Revised 508 Standards ensure that all functionality of ICT is accessible to and usable by
individuals with disabilities either directly or by supporting the use of assistive technology (final E203).
302.3 Without Perception of Color
We received four comments on this provision. All four commenters generally approved of the proposed provision.
Three of these commenters, one from an ICT trade association and two ICT companies, requested guidance on allowable
alternatives to color. In response, the Board notes that the supporting materials for the WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria
contain technical assistance on the use of color. The remaining commenter, a coalition of disability rights
organizations, recommended that we add the word "visual" to clarify the mode of operation. We agree with this
comment and have added the word "visual" to describe the mode of operation in the final rule.
302.6 Without Speech
In response to a comment made by a coalition of disability rights organizations, the Board added the phrase where
"speech is used for input, control or operation" to clarify in the final rule when this FPC is applied.
302.7 With Limited Manipulation
Three commenters (an accessible ICT services provider, a coalition of disability rights organizations, and an ICT
company) requested changes to proposed 302.7. The accessible ICT services provider asserted that the provision was
insufficient to address the needs of users with limited manipulation in a touch screen environment because it did
not address motions that required more than one finger, such as a pinch zoom gesture, or a twisting motion that
required only a single control, but might not work for individuals with some types of limited manipulation
abilities. A provision in Chapter 4 addresses this concern by requiring at least one mode of operation operable with
one hand that does not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist (final 407.6). In addition, there
is an exception for input controls for devices for personal use that have input controls that are audibly
discernible without activation and operable by touch (final Exception 407.3). The ICT company recommended that we
reference the FPC from EN 301 549 clause 4.2.7 "Usage with limited manipulation or strength." We decline to adopt
the recommendation to use the language in EN 301 549 because it combined the functions of limited manipulations with
limited strength, which the Board has determined are distinct functions that should be treated separately. Finally,
the coalition of disability rights groups recommended that we clarify the text of the provision to make it easier to
understand. In response to this comment, we have added the phrase "simultaneous manual operations" to clarify the
limitation on this FPC.
F. Chapter 4: Hardware
Chapter 4 contains requirements for hardware that transmits information or has a user interface. Examples of such
hardware include computers, information kiosks, and multi-function copy machines. Chapter 4 in the final rule has
been substantially reorganized from the proposed rule in response to comments to improve clarity, accuracy and ease
of use. The changes are described below.
401 General
An ICT trade association asserted that the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA)
was the latest word from Congress, that the Board should avoid mandating technical requirements, and that the Board
was exceeding its jurisdiction. As discussed above in Section I.A. (Executive Summary – Purpose and Legal
Authority), both the 508 Standards and the 255 Guidelines are within the Board's purview, and the Board has not
introduced any conflict with the CVAA.
402 Closed Functionality
ICT with closed functionality has limited functionality by design or choice, which limits or prevents a user from
adding assistive technology. The NPRM proposed that ICT with closed functionality with a display screen must be
capable of providing speech output (proposed 402).
We received numerous comments on this section. One commenter, a coalition of disability rights organizations,
expressed confusion over the concept of closed functionality in software. Closed functionality as it relates to
software is discussed at length in Section IV.G (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Propose
Rule – Chapter 5: Software) of this preamble, below, and is not addressed here. The provisions in Chapter 4 only
pertain to closed functionality with regard to hardware. The same commenter also recommended that the provisions
related to closed functionality be separated into a standalone chapter. The Board has not accepted this
recommendation. We proposed that approach in the 2010 ANPRM and it was overwhelmingly rejected by commenters who
disagreed with the approach and found it awkward to use. Therefore, in the final rule we have retained the approach
from the NPRM.
This commenter, and many others representing disability rights organizations and ICT companies, also expressed
concern with the structure and organization of the various provisions related to ICT with closed functionality. One
commenter, a disability rights organization, suggested that provisions on transactional outputs (proposed 409) were
in the wrong place and recommended that we combine the section for transactional outputs into the section on closed
functionality as a subset of speech-output enabled ICT (final 402.2). Several commenters from industry (a trade
association for information technology companies and a large manufacturer of business software and hardware)
suggested edits to speech-output enabled ICT consistent with Section 707.5.2 of the 2010 ADA Standards.
The Board agrees that the clarity and coherence of these provisions could be improved by reorganization and has
significantly revised the final rule to relocate requirements related to hardware with closed functionality to 402.
We moved two exceptions that address audible output on devices with closed functionality from the proposed section
on transactional outputs into the section on speech output in the final rule (proposed 409.1 Exceptions 1, 3; final
402.2 Exceptions 5, 6) and we have deleted an exception for duplicative information as unnecessary (proposed 409.1
Exception 2). Additionally, the Board has revised the provision for transactional outputs to clarify that the speech
output shall be required to provide all information necessary to verify a transaction (proposed 409.1; final
402.2.2).
We also received numerous comments on technical requirements related to closed functionality. We received comments
from copier manufacturers who suggested that a speech output requirement was not needed for any ICT with closed
functionality that provides copying functions, because the needs of users with visual impairments were already
addressed by provisions in the NPRM requiring magnification (proposed 302.2) and supporting the use of assistive
technology (proposed E203). The Board disagrees with this suggestion as we have determined that it is too
restrictive and has the potential of leading to a lack of access for users with visual limitations. Therefore, we
have not made this recommended change in the final rule (final 302.2). If ICT is capable of attaching assistive
technology, then by definition it is not considered to have closed functionality, and the provisions on
speech-output for closed functionality do not apply (proposed E103; final E103; proposed C103; final C103). In
addition, we have concluded that magnification alone may be insufficient to address the functional needs of users
with disabilities, and the functional performance requirement for limited vision has been revised accordingly
(proposed 302.2; final 302.2; and Section III.E.1. (Major Issues – Functional Performance Criteria – Limited Vision
and Limited Hearing)).
Numerous commenters (disability advocacy organizations, individual commenters, and industry) recommended that the
Board add a requirement to explicitly address the needs of individuals who are both deaf and blind. At the present
time, the only technology that addresses these concerns is in the form of dynamic braille displays, which are
prohibitively expensive, costing as much as $3,000 to $5,000 to produce a single line of refreshable braille, and up
to $55,000 to produce a full page of refreshable braille, and require significant modifications in order to be
incorporated into existing ICT. The Board has concluded that the many examples of ICT with speech output currently
available with minimal hardware requirements are sufficient and appropriate to meet the needs of this population,
and accordingly no language has been added on this issue.
We received numerous comments on user control from industry, requesting that we clarify when a particular language,
such as English was required (proposed 402.2.1). We have determined it is unnecessary to address the use of
languages other than English because business requirements would dictate what languages would be used for interface
and speech output. If the interface of the ICT was in a language other than English, then the speech output would
also be in that language. Similarly, if the interface does not support multiple languages, then the speech output
would not have to support multiple languages.
Several commenters (a coalition of disability rights organizations and an academic research institution), supported
the requirement for stopping and resuming audio (proposed 402.2.1), stressing that such a feature is essential when
audio information is lengthy. An ICT company recommended that the Board reference the provision of EN 301 549 clause
5.1.34. The Board disagrees with this recommendation because the EN provision duplicates the proposed requirement,
and also includes additional notes that are confusing and could be interpreted as inconsistent with the basic
requirement. The provision in the final rule is renumbered due to restructuring, but is otherwise unchanged from the
proposed rule (proposed 402.2.1; final 402.2.4).
We received a significant number of comments on the proposed provision requiring braille instructions on hardware.
Five commenters from industry, (three ICT trade associations and two ICT companies), all stated that it would be
difficult for global manufacturers to use braille, and suggested that the Board follow the example in EN 301 549 and
require tactile indicators instead. On the other side of the issue, three commenters (a coalition of disability
rights organizations, a state/local government, and an academic research institution) all supported the proposed
provision, and requested that we retain it (proposed 402.2.2; final 402.2.5).
Based on the prior experience with requiring braille instructions under the ADA and ABA Accessibility Guidelines
mentioned above, and the favorable response for tactile instructions, the Board has decided to retain the provision.
The braille instructions need not be lengthy, so this is an appropriate requirement for copiers and similar types of
ICT, in helping provide equal access to users with low vision. We have declined to follow the approach of providing
tactile indicators as indicated in EN 301 549, clause 8.5 "Tactile indication of speech mode" in v.1.1.2 (2015-04)
since the EN provision as written allowed for the use of braille, but also permits other unspecified tactile
indicators. Instead, we have retained the approach from the NPRM, which specifies a known and predictable method of
communicating tactile instructions (final 402.2.5).
Industry commenters also objected to the proposed requirement for English braille, arguing that global markets may
spur the manufacture of devices for markets where English is not used as the primary language. In response to this
concern, we have revised the final rule to specify the use of contracted braille instead of Grade 2 (English)
braille. The Board has also modified the reference to provision 703.3.1 of the ADA and ABA Accessibility Guidelines
(proposed 402.2.2; final 402.2.5). Finally, several commenters from industry (ICT trade associations and ICT
companies), and a coalition of disability rights organizations asserted that personal use devices do not need
braille instruction for initiating the speech mode, and noted that the physical space available on a personal use
device would be insufficient to accommodate braille instructions. In response to these comments, we have added an
exception from the braille requirement for personal use devices (final 402.2.5 Exception).
The NPRM included a provision requiring volume control for ICT that provides private listening (proposed 402.3.1).
Commenters from both industry and disability advocacy organizations recommended that this provision should be
consistent with the provision addressing magnetic coupling (proposed 410.3). The Board agrees that the regulatory
language could be strengthened to clarify the relationship between private listening and magnetic coupling.
Accordingly, we have revised the provision on magnetic coupling to clarify that the requirement to provide effective
magnetic coupling applies where ICT delivers output by means of an "audio transducer held up to the ear" (proposed
410.3; final 412.3).
Numerous industry commenters expressed concerns with the proposed requirement that, where ICT provides non-private
listening, incremental volume control shall be provided with output amplification up to a level of at least 65 dB,
and where ambient noise level of the environment is above 45 dB, a volume gain of at least 20 dB above the ambient
level shall be user selectable (proposed 402.3.2). These commenters all criticized the proposed provision on
technical grounds as being imprecise and incapable of determination. We were persuaded by these criticisms and have
removed the requirement in the final rule.
These commenters also raised concerns with a requirement for non-private listening that requires automatic volume
reset to a default level after every use, on the grounds that the proposed rule was unclear what constituted a "use"
of the equipment (proposed 402.3.2). We have declined to make a change in response to this concern. Manufacturers
have the ability to determine what constitutes a "use" in the context of their device. For example, a device like a
walkie-talkie might reset only when turned off and on, whereas a copier machine might reset automatically after
several minutes of inactivity (final 402.3.2).
The NPRM proposed in 402.4 to address the size, font, and contrast requirements for characters displayed on a
screen. We received comments from a range of stakeholders (ICT trade associations and companies, two state/local, a
coalition of disability rights organizations and an academic research institution). Commenters from industry
objected to the size and contrast requirements as being vague and needing additional explanation. On the other hand,
commenters from the state agencies, disability advocacy organizations, and academia supported the provision as being
useful in providing criteria for a more accessible font style and size. The disability advocacy organizations wanted
an additional requirement to specify a font size in at least one mode where ICT did not have a screen enlargement
feature. We have declined to change the provision (final 402.4). The language of the provision is derived from
707.7.2 in the ADA and ABA Accessibility Guidelines. This language has proven over time to strike a fair balance as
a minimum standard that is technically feasible for a broad range of devices. While the Board agrees that a more
specific contrast requirement would be beneficial, there is not yet an industry consensus standard for measuring
contrast as delivered. We considered the metric for contrast as specified by WCAG 2.0 Level AA Success Criterion
1.4.3 but determined that it is inapplicable here, since it only applies to source content and is not appropriate
for displays, as addressed in this provision.
In the NPRM preamble we provided variable message signs (VMS) as an example of ICT with closed functionality that
would be covered by Section 402 but noted that we were not aware of any VMS technology that provides audible output.
We also noted that there is one voluntary consensus standard that addresses the needs of persons with low vision. In
Question 18, the Board sought comment on whether it should reference the requirements for VMS in ICC A117.1-2009
Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, if there were technologies that would allow blind users to receive
audible messages generated by VMS, and if VMS cannot be speech output enabled, should it at least require VMS to be
accessible to people with low vision. NPRM, 80 FR 10880, 10915 (Feb 27, 2015). Several commenters, with a wide
variety of backgrounds, agreed that the ICC A117.1-2009 requirements are appropriate to address the needs of many
users with low vision, and that we should use those requirements even if VMS cannot be speech output enabled. The
few commenters responding to our questions about technologies that might generate an audible version of VMS affirmed
that the commercially available products are not sufficiently mature to justify mandating their use. Consequently,
in the final rule we now reference the ICC A117.1-2009 standard and have added an exception to 402.2 Speech Output
Enabled for VMS (final 402.2 Exception 1). The Board has also added a new requirement for characters on variable
message signs (final 402.5) that references the requirements for VMS in ICC A117.1-2009.
Two commenters (a coalition of disability rights organizations and an academic research institution) requested that
the Board add a requirement for audio cutoff. The intention of the recommendation was to ensure privacy for users of
headsets. When users plugged their audio connectors into a standard connection port of ICT that delivers output
through an external speaker that broadcasts information in public, the sound from the speakers would be cut off. The
Board has declined to add a requirement for audio cutoff as it has determined that it is overly prescriptive, and
the objective is already addressed in the final rule by 405, which addresses privacy of input and output for all
individuals.
We received a detailed comment from an ICT company who suggested the addition of more requirements for products
with closed functionality. The commenter recommended that the Board add five provisions from EN 301 549 onto the
existing requirement for closed functionality (proposed 402). Two of the EN provisions, addressing privacy and
spoken language, are dependent on unspecified external conditions such as privacy policies and undefined terms such
as "indeterminate language" and are unenforceable. EN 301 549 clause 5.1.3.9 and clause 5.1.3.14. Accordingly, the
Board has declined to add them to the final rule. The commenter also proposed that the Board adopt a formula for
minimum text size as used in EN 301 549, clause 5.1.4. The Board has determined that this is unnecessary and would
be redundant of the final rule's provision addressing minimum text size (final 402.4), which we have decided is
straightforward and capable of being tested. The remaining two suggested provisions also had existing parallel
provisions in the final rule: a provision on audible signals (EN 301 549, clause 5.1.5) has a parallel provision in
411 of the final rule; and a provision on tactilely discernible controls and keys (EN 301 549, clause 5.1.6, clause
5.1.6.1, and clause 5.1.6.2) is addressed in the final rule provision for tactilely discernible controls and keys
(final 407.3). Accordingly, we did not add any of these recommended EN provisions to the final rule.
406 Standard Connections
The NPRM proposed that where data connections used for input and output are provided, at least one of each type of
connection shall conform to industry standard non-proprietary formats (proposed 406). Several industry commenters
recommended that we use the exact wording from EN 301 549, which specifies the direct or indirect use of
commercially available adapters (EN 301 549, clause 8.1.2). The proposed requirement closely corresponds to
§1194.26(d) of the existing 508 Standards and §1193.51(a) of the existing 255 Guidelines; the intent of this
requirement is to support compatibility with assistive technology hardware. Because hardware used with assistive
technology may require a different adapter from a commercially available one, the Board has concluded that it is
important to retain the flexibility to allow for both non-proprietary and proprietary connections. For all these
reasons, we have retained the phrasing used in the proposed rule (proposed 406; final 406).
407 Operable Parts
The NPRM contained a lengthy section addressing accessibility features of operable parts. We received several
comments from industry (ICT trade association and an ICT company) requesting that we delete the provision requiring
that keys and controls contrast visually from background surfaces, (proposed 407.2) as being imprecise and incapable
of being measured. We have declined to delete this requirement because contrast on controls and keys is an important
feature in providing access to the labels on the keys for persons with low vision. The language of the provision is
derived from 707.7.2 in the ADA and ABA Accessibility Guidelines. The language has proven to strike a fair balance
as a minimum standard and being technically feasible for a broad range of devices. While the Board would prefer to
have a more specific contrast requirement, there is not yet an industry consensus standard for measuring contrast as
delivered. The metric for contrast as specified by WCAG 2.0 Level AA Success Criterion 1.4.3 is inapplicable here,
since it only applies to source content and is not appropriate for displays, as addressed in this provision.
Accordingly, we have retained the provision without change from the proposed rule (proposed 407.2; final 407.2).
The NPRM proposed that at least one tactilely discernible control be provided for each function. Devices for
personal use with input controls that were audibly discernible without activation and operable by touch were
exempted from this requirement. Several commenters (a disability advocacy organization, two ICT trade organizations,
and three ICT companies) recommended providing an exception for tactile discernibility for products that are
discernable audibly or products that used other non-tactile methods to be discernable without vision. We have
determined that these suggestions would make the exception overly broad. For example, tactile discernibility is
essential for devices located in public spaces, such as an information transaction machine, where ambient sound may
interfere with an individual's ability to perceive instructions given solely in the form of audible output.
Likewise, an exception that permitted a device to rely solely on gesture controls might not be accessible to
individuals who are blind or who are unable to gesture. We have retained the exception proposed in the NPRM, which
is limited to personal use devices that are discernable audibly without activation (proposed 407.3; final 407.3).
The NPRM proposed that input controls be tactilely discernible and operable by touch and, where provided, that key
surfaces outside active areas of the display screen shall be raised above the surrounding surface. A number of
commenters (an ICT company, two ICT trade associations, and a disability advocacy organization), opposed the
requirement. The commenter from the disability advocacy organization stated that raised keys would be difficult to
use for some individuals with disabilities and potentially decrease accessibility. Industry commenters argued that
requiring raised keys would add to the cost of designing and fabricating ICT. In response to these concerns, we have
deleted the requirement that key surfaces be raised above their surroundings in the final rule. The provision in the
final rule now simply requires input controls to be operable by touch and tactilely discernible without activation
(proposed 407.3.1; final 407.3.1).
The proposed rule required alphabetic keys, where provided, to be arranged in a QWERTY layout, with the "f" and "j"
keys tactilely distinct from the other keys. The provision further required that, where an alphabetic overlay was
provided on numeric keys, the overlay must conform to the ITU-T Rec. E. 161. We received a number of comments from
industry (three ICT companies and two ICT trade associations) raising concerns that some culture-dependent keyboards
contained slight deviations from the strict "QWERTY" arrangement. The intent of this provision is to ensure that
individuals who are blind have a point of orientation when encountering an unfamiliar device that uses alphabetic
key entry. We have determined that QWERTY key arrangement, commonly used by touch typists, is the best for this
purpose. However, in response to comments, we changed the reference for the required keyboard layout from "QWERTY"
to "QWERTY-based" keyboards, which provides enough flexibility to be applied for settings where English is not the
preferred language (proposed 407.3.2; final 407.3.2).
The proposed rule also included a provision on numeric keys, in addition to the provision on alphabetic keys
discussed above. One commenter objected to the language of the provisions in the proposed rule and discussed the
difficulty of requiring the "f" and "j" keys to be tactually discernable when a numeric keyboard is used for
alphabetic key entry. We reviewed the language of the two provisions and saw that while the proposed provision had
one sentence addressing use of alphabetic keys and a second sentence addressing the use of an alphabetic overlay on
a numeric keyboard for alphabetic key entry, it was confusing. To clarify this distinction, in the final rule we
have moved the requirement for alphabetic overlay for numeric keys from the provision on alphabetic keys to the
associated provision on numeric keys (proposed 407.3.2 and 407.3.3; final 407.3.2 and 407.3.3).
The proposed rule had a provision requiring a fixed or adjustable key repeat rate, when a keyboard had the key
repeat feature. We received several comments from industry (an ICT trade association and an ICT company), suggesting
that the provision was unnecessary since a comparable key repeat requirement was also proposed for software
(proposed 502.4; final 502.4). The key repeat provision for hardware is found in the existing 508 Standards
§1194.23(k)(3) and we have determined that it continues to be useful for individuals with manual dexterity issues.
We disagreed with the assertion by the commenters that a hardware provision for key repeat was unnecessary and could
be adequately addressed solely by a provision addressing software. Accordingly, we made no change in the final rule
(proposed 407.4; final 407.4).
The proposed rule included a provision related to timed responses, which proposed that a user be alerted visually,
as well as by touch or sound, when a timed response was required. In addition, the user was to be provided the
opportunity to request an extension of time to complete their response. We received several comments from industry
(an ICT trade association and an ICT company), suggesting that the provision be deleted because a similar
requirement was proposed for software (WCAG 2.0 Success Criterial 2.2.1 Timing Adjustable). The requirement for
hardware to give the user the ability to extend the time for a response is found in the existing 508 Standards
§1194.22(p) and we have determined that this is an important feature for a number of users, including individuals
with manual dexterity issues, among others. We disagreed with the assertion by the commenters that a hardware
provision for key repeat was unnecessary and could be adequately addressed solely by a provision addressing
software. Accordingly, we made no change in the final rule (proposed 407.5; final 407).
The proposed rule had several requirements related to reach height which address how a user in a wheelchair can
reach the operable parts of controls and keys of stationary ICT from a forward or side position. The NPRM was an
expansion of requirements in the existing 508 Standards §1194.25(j), which address only side approaches to
stationary ICT, to include both forward and side approaches. These revisions add flexibility for users and for
manufacturers and designers of ICT (proposed 407.12; final 407.8).
A commenter addressing this reach height asked whether a paper tray on a copier could be used as a reference point
for the location of any controls. A paper tray is not used as a reference point in determining either the leading
edge or reference plane of stationary ICT. Access to a paper tray is considered a maintenance function, so it is not
addressed by the reach requirements. We have revised the language in the final rule to clarify that the operable
parts requirements apply to "operable parts used in the normal operation of ICT" (proposed 407; final 407). Normal
operation, such as using keys to input data or create content or operate ICT such as a multifunction copier, is
different from maintenance functions, such as changing toner on a printer. Placing paper on the surface of a copier
for making copies is considered normal operation. However, replacing paper in a paper tray is considered a
maintenance function, not a normal daily operation, so access to a copier paper tray is not covered under this
provision.
The NPRM proposed requirements for display screens on stationary ICT (proposed 408). In the preamble to the NPRM,
we sought comment on whether to add a requirement that the viewing angle of display screens be adjustable. 80 FR
10880, 10919 (Feb. 27, 2015), question 23. In response to this question, eight commenters (two ICT trade
association, three ICT companies, an accessible ICT services provider, a state/local agency, and an ICT subject
matter expert) all recommended against adding a provision for a tilted display screen, citing concerns that the
provision would be too prescriptive and would introduce maintenance and cost issues to the upkeep of the ICT. In
response to these comments, we have decided against adding such a provision to the final rule.
409 Status Indicators
The NPRM proposed that all status indicators should be visually discernible and discernible by either touch or
sound. The provision contained examples of the types of controls or keys that should be discernible. A commenter
(ICT company) found this approach confusing and asked whether discernibility was a feature that needed to be
available all the time, or whether it only needed to be discernible when a change of status occurred. In response,
the Board removed the reference to examples of types of controls and keys. We did not specify a limitation on when
discernibility was required, but have determined that a single notification of a change of state is sufficient
(proposed 407.6; final 409).
411 Audible Signals
The NPRM proposed that audio signaling shall not be used as the only means of conveying information, indicating and
action, or prompting a response (proposed 407.8). We received comments from a coalition of disability rights
organizations which strongly supported this provision. We also received a comment from an ICT company who expressed
confusion as to the meaning of the term, "audio signaling." In response to these comments, we have replaced the term
"Audio Signaling" with "Audible Signals or Cues," in the final rule. This section was elevated and renumbered from a
sub-provision in the proposed rule
412 ICT with Two-Way Communication
In the proposed rule, this section contained provisions for Real-Time Text Functionality (proposed 410.6). Those
provisions are now reserved, pending the outcome of rulemaking by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as
discussed in Section III.D (Major Issues – Real-Time Text). The majority of the remaining provisions in this section
address features of two-way communication such as volume gain, minimized interference, and magnetic coupling. There
were numerous comments on this section, resulting in the edits discussed below.
In the proposed rule, the Board referenced FCC regulations at 47 CFR §68.317 in anticipation of a pending
rulemaking by the FCC on volume control covering all types of communication technology that provides two-way voice
communication, to facilitate hearing aid compatibility (proposed 410.2). Currently 47 CFR §68.317 only addresses
volume gain for analog and digital wireline telephones. As noted by several commenters from ICT trade associations,
it does not address volume gain for wireless devices (e.g., mobile phones). We have amended the provisions on volume
gain to distinguish between volume gain requirements for wireline telephones and non-wireline devices. The Board
will consider further updates to these requirements at such time as the FCC completes its rulemaking on this issue.
The proposed rule contained two separate provisions addressing magnetic coupling and minimizing interference
(proposed 410.3 and 410.4). We received two comments, one from an ICT trade association and one from a coalition of
disability rights organizations, urging that the two provisions be combined since they address related features of
ICT with two-way voice common to wireless or wireline devices. The ICT trade association stated that the phrase "to
the lowest extent possible" was too subjective and should be removed, leaving the citation to the referenced
standard in the provisions. In the final rule, the requirements for magnetic coupling and minimizing interference
have been combined into a single provision that clarifies that, where ICT delivers output by a handset or other
audio transducer that is typically held to the ear, it shall reduce interference with hearing technologies and
provide a means for effective magnetic wireless coupling (final 412.3).
One commenter from an ICT trade association recommended that the Board reference the European standard ETSI ES 200
381-2 in addition to ANSI C63.19-2011 to address minimized interference on wireless handsets. We have reviewed ETSI
ES 200 381-2 and determined that it covers only a subset of the frequency ranges covered by ANSI C63.19-2011,
because it has a smaller operating range for devices (698 MHz to 3 GHz) compared to ANSI C63.19-2011 (698 MHz to 6
GHz). If the ETSI standard were applied by this rule, manufacturers of devices currently producing products with the
broader ANSI frequency ranges could potentially reduce the ranges offered by the products, thereby reducing
accessibility (proposed 410.4.1; final 412.3.1).
The NPRM included a proposed requirement for digital encoding of speech (proposed 410.5). In response to comments
from industry (ICT trade associations and an ICT company), we have updated the referenced standards cited for
digital encoding of speech to the current versions, ITU-T Recommendation G.722.2 and IETF RFC 6716 (also known as
the Opus Codec). In addition, we have deleted the exception because the updated standards address the technical
basis for the exception, and therefore it is not needed (final 412.4).
414 Audio Description Processing Technologies
In response to a comment from an ICT trade association, we have revised this provision in the final rule to clarify
that the standard referenced in this section, ATSC A/53 Digital Television Standard, Part 5 (2010) only applies to
ICT in the form of digital television tuners. We added a separate provision to require that ICT other than digital
television tuners provide audio description processing (proposed 412; final 414).
415 User Controls for Captions and Audio Description
The NPRM proposed that ICT provide user controls for the selection of captions in at least one location that is
comparable in prominence to the location of user controls for volume. It further proposed that ICT provide user
controls for selection of audio description in at least one location that is comparable in prominence to the
location of controls for program selection. An exception was provided for devices for personal use, which were not
required to comply with the proposed provision (proposed 413).
Commenters from a coalition of disability rights organizations strongly supported this requirement but expressed
concern over the exception, fearing that the language "personal use" could be interpreted so broadly as to exempt
many devices from coverage. Commenters from industry objected to the language "comparable in prominence" because
they found it imprecise and incapable of being tested. They asked that we either define the term or remove it.
Commenters from industry also objected to the requirement to provide a physical button arguing that it would
significantly impact the design of hardware devices such as remote controls.
After review of the comments, we have revised the exception to make it available when captions and audio
descriptions can be enabled through system-wide platform settings. We further revised the requirement for caption
selection to state that where operable parts are provided for volume control, ICT shall also provide operable parts
for caption selection. The requirement for selection of audio description was likewise revised to state that where
ICT provides operable parts for program selection, it shall also provide operable parts for the selection of audio
description. We have concluded that these changes will provide users of captions and audio description with
comparable access to those controls, without being overly prescriptive of technological solutions (final 415).
G. Chapter 5: Software
Chapter 5 contains the technical requirements for programs, procedures, rules, and computerized code that directs
the use and operation of ICT, and instruct ICT to perform a given task or function. Software includes applications
(including mobile apps) and operating systems, as well as processes that transform or operate on information and
data. The NPRM proposed that software with a user interface, including client-side and Web applications conform to
WCAG 2.0 Level AA. We have retained this requirement in the final rule. Traditional client-side software must also
conform to final 502 and 503. Software, including Web applications, that are authoring tools must conform to the
requirements of final 504.
Many commenters expressed concern with the complexity of the proposed rule. They urged us to adopt WCAG 2.0, and
only WCAG 2.0, as the complete and sufficient set of accessibility requirements for software. Chapter 2 of the final
rule incorporates WCAG 2.0 Level AA into the software requirements, and while some of what Chapter 5 requires is
parallel or redundant to WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria, Chapter 5 includes requirements that go beyond WCAG 2.0, provide
additional detail, or parallels those of the existing 508 Standards. The authors of WCAG 2.0 were informed by the
existing 508 Standards, but since WCAG 2.0 only addresses Web content, it has natural technical limitations with its
scope. Most subject experts agree that there would be a significant accessibility gap if software were only bound to
Success Criteria from WCAG 2.0, and the requirements of this chapter address that gap. Accordingly, no change was
made in this approach from the proposed rule to the final rule.
A state/local agency asked why the Board was not making additional references to technology standards, and asked
specifically about WAI-ARIA, ATAG 2.0, and UAAG 2.0, and EPUB3. The Board agrees that these are all useful
resources, but as discussed below, we have concluded that these additional standards are too detailed and
prescriptive as compared to what is being addressed with our Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines.
WAI-ARIA 1.0 (Accessible Rich Internet Applications 1.0, Mar. 20, 2014, http://w3.org/TR/2014/REC-wai-aria-20140320) is a completed
W3C® Recommendation but WAI-ARIA 1.1 is still under development and we cannot cite it until it is formally
completed. (Accessible Rich Internet Applications 1.1 Working Draft, July 21, 2016, http://w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1). It contains specifications for Web
technologies like HTML5, SVG, and Ajax (short for asynchronous JavaScript and XML). WAI-ARIA can be used to create
Web applications that conform to WCAG, but is not required for WCAG conformance. WAI-ARIA is a valuable
specification, but the technology it addresses is too narrow for our Standards and Guidelines to require its use at
this time.
Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 2.0 is a completed W3C® Recommendation. (ATAG 2.0, Sept. 24, 2015, http://w3.org/TR/ATAG20). The Board relied on ATAG 2.0 in developing the
requirements for authoring tools included in Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines (proposed 504; final 504).
Since ATAG 2.0 applies to software, many of its requirements are redundant to our requirements in 502 and 503. ATAG
2.0 is very narrowly focused on Web content and is very prescriptive. For these reasons, and because of the limited
use of ATAG 2.0 in the Federal sphere, the Board has declined to reference it. We have worked to ensure that there
are not any conflicts between our requirements and ATAG 2.0. Authoring tools that provide Level AA conformance to
ATAG 2.0 will conform to these Standards and Guidelines.
User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) 2.0 was published as a "working group note" and there are no plans to
move it forward as a W3C® Recommendation. (UAAG 2.0, Dec. 15, 2015, http://w3.org/TR/UAAG20). This last step would be necessary for it to be
characterized as an industry consensus standard so it is not appropriate to reference at this time. As an
accessibility metric for certain types of software (i.e., Web browsers, media players, document readers and other
applications that render Web content), UAAG 2.0 does not have any conflicts with the requirements of these Revised
508 Standards and 255 Guidelines.
EPUB® is the distribution and interchange format standard for digital publications and documents based on open Web
standards, and EPUB 3.0.1 is the current and stable version of the EPUB standard. See EPUB 3.0.1, International
Digital Publishing Form, http://idpf.org/epub/301 (last visited Aug. 23,
2016). EPUB3 is an excellent file format for electronic documents and accessibility features were integrated
throughout in the development of the specification. There are several popular (and accessible) platforms for reading
EPUB3 content, but the software currently available for interactively editing EPUB3 content is limited. The EPUB3
format is fundamentally accessible; however, it is possible to create content that technically is in the EPUB3 file
format, but not sufficiently accessible. One example would be an EPUB3 file with poor quality alternative text
associated with images. WCAG 2.0 Level AA provides an appropriate rubric for assessing the accessibility of EPUB3
documents and this rule would not gain substantively from a reference to EPUB3.
501 General
As with the other chapters, Chapter 5 begins with a reference back to the scoping provisions. We heard from several
commenters that people unfamiliar with standards might miss the incorporation by reference of WCAG 2.0 and that
they, and others, prefer the formatting approach used by EN 301 549 where the WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria are restated
as needed for each section. These commenters were concerned that the provisions of Chapter 5 were all that a
software developer might pay attention to. The Board is preparing advisory material to this effect to help users of
this rule avoid that oversight.
An ICT company and an ICT trade association urged the Board to modify the exception for Web applications from
technical requirements in Chapter 5, which is conditional on those Web applications being fully conformant with WCAG
2.0 Level AA. These commenters urged the Board to exempt all Web applications from proposed sections 502 and 503,
regardless of conformance with WCAG 2.0. They reasoned that for non-conformant Web applications, complying with
these sections would not necessarily address the non-compliant aspect of the application and would introduce
additional testing and compliance issues. Their position is that a conformity assessment against WCAG 2.0, perhaps
using a format similar to the current Voluntary Product Accessibility Template® developed by the Information
Technology Industry Council, is complete and sufficient for a Web application, so also assessing against final
sections 502 and 503 would be superfluous or even onerous. One commenter gave the example of Web software missing a
single text equivalent and thus being subject to the requirements of Chapter 5.
The Board supports having a single conformance model for accessible Web applications and agrees that WCAG 2.0 Level
AA is generally sufficient for assessing the accessibility of Web applications. The value of a single unified
standard for the accessibility of Web content outweighs the value of additional requirements particular only to
certain kinds of Web applications.
However, we have declined to extend an absolute exception from the requirements of Chapter 5 for Web applications
without regard to their conformance to WCAG 2.0. The Board recognizes that in some cases, reviewing those
non-conforming Web applications against 502 and 503 would not identify additional accessibility concerns. In other
cases, a Web applications failing against a particular WCAG 2.0 requirement, for example Success Criteria 4.1.1
Parsing, will have accessibility issues mitigated by addressing requirements from 502 and 503. Therefore, the Board
has retained the exception as only being applicable to Web applications that meet WCAG 2.0 Level AA.
In addition, we have narrowed the exception to Web applications that are not isolated from the operating system or
the platform they run on. During its examination of this exception, the Board became concerned that certain Web
applications that had access to platform accessibility services (and which conformed to WCAG 2.0) were not always
compatible with certain assistive technology (such as screen reading software). We concluded that the Exception to
501.1 should be somewhat narrowed from that of the proposed rule, to exclude only Web applications that do not have
access to platform accessibility services. This qualification is important because major developers are working hard
to make the distinction between desktop and Web applications less apparent to the end-user. As this class of Web
applications mature, it is reasonable to anticipate that they might gain the ability to use the accessibility
features of the underlining platform they run on. Accordingly, the 501.1 Exception has been changed in the final
rule to only be for those Web applications that conform to WCAG 2.0 Level AA and do not have access to platform
accessibility services (directly or through included components).
An ICT company and an ICT trade association disagreed with inclusion of Exception 2 in proposed 501.1, which
proposed to exempt assistive technology from the technical requirements in Chapter 5 when assistive technology
supports platform accessibility services. These commenters asserted that assistive technology software should be
held to the same requirements as mainstream software, and further recommended that the Board adopt an approach
similar to EN 301 549, which does not distinguish between assistive technology and other software, and imposes
additional requirements on assistive technology.
The purpose of Section 508 is to provide people with disabilities comparable access to ICT. Having additional
requirements for assistive technology, or even just holding assistive technology to the same technical requirements
as mainstream software, can be counter-productive to that purpose. For example, requiring an on-screen keyboard that
is used by a sighted switch user to also be compatible with screen reading software could impose technical
challenges that would decrease its utility or pose a barrier to product development. The Board does not want the 508
Standards to create an impediment to Federal agencies procuring assistive technology they need for their employees
with disabilities. However, we are aware that in order for mainstream software to work with all assistive
technology, the assistive technology must use the accessibility services of the platform. We have retained this
requirement as the basis on which assistive technology can obtain the exception from the requirements of Chapter 5.
The exception for assistive technology was moved from Chapter 5 to Chapter 2 (final E207.1; E207.2; C205.1; and
C205.2) to better ensure that assistive technology developers would not be asked for unnecessary conformity
assessment reviews.
502 Interoperability with Assistive Technology
The NPRM proposed that users have control over documented accessibility features (proposed 502.2.1) and that
software not disrupt documented accessibility features (proposed 5.2.2.2). An ICT company and an ICT trade
association recommended adding an exception to this latter requirement for "when requested to do so by the user
during the operation of the software."
We have not changed the requirement from the proposed rule. The suggested edit is not necessary since if the user
is changing the setting, then the accessibility feature could not be reasonably characterized as having been
disrupted. User selection and control of accessibility features is not the same as disrupting the accessibility
features. If an agency were to disable platform settings that provide accessibility (thereby violating 502.2.2) then
the agency would have the responsibility under 508 for demonstrating equivalent facilitation. This is similar to
causing software to be closed to the addition of assistive technology, changing the nature of the platform to be
functionally indistinguishable from closed hardware, and the requirements of 402 would be applicable.
The NPRM proposed that platform developers provide accessibility services (proposed 5.2.3) and the sub-provisions
listed the requirements for software running on those platforms. The Board has changed the phrasing of 502.3 in the
final rule to be more consistent with other parts of the rule but the requirements are fundamentally the same as
with the proposed rule. As discussed above in Section IV.A. (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of
the Proposed Rule – 508 Chapter 1: Application and Administration – E103.4), in the final rule we have added a
definition for "software tools" which is software used for developing software. We also made editorial changes based
on input from commenters.
The sub-provisions of 502.3 come from the existing 508 Standards and other accessibility standards and specify
details that the Board concluded are important for software accessibility. The authors of WCAG 2.0 included
requirements from §1194.21 of the existing 508 Standards where they could (for example, an explicit requirement for
keyboard accessibility is in WCAG 2.0 but was not in WCAG 1.0), but some requirements are not applicable to all
technologies and therefore are not explicit in WCAG 2.0. For example, the requirement for row and column headers of
data tables to be programmatically determinable (final 502.3.3) is explicit in the existing 508 Standards, and is in
WCAG 1.0, but not explicit in WCAG 2.0 because WCAG 2.0 is written to be technology neutral. The Board's approach in
the final rule is consistent with EN 301 549 and other standards for software accessibility.
The numbering of sub-provisions in 502.3 of the final rule has been changed significantly from the proposed rule.
Commenters requested that programmatically determinable object information, values, text, and other details be
separated from the requirement to set or change that object information, values, text, and other details. The
proposed rule had nine sub-provisions under proposed 502.3 whereas the final rule now has fourteen, but the
requirements are substantially unchanged. Another commenter suggestion was to clarify that by "table" we meant "data
table," so the Board has made that explicit in the final rule.
There was a recommendation from a disability advocacy organization that the event notification provision "should be
made to assure that a screen reader can retain control of the reading cursor" but did not offer a specific text
change. As part of renumbering and separating the requirements, we have added a separate requirement for
modification of focus cursor (final 502.3.13) which addresses this commenter's concern. An ICT company and an ICT
trade association recommended adding a requirement to this section, "Execution of Available Actions." The proposed
rule contained an equivalent requirement (the second of two sentences in proposed 502.3.7) and in the final rule it
is a separately numbered provision (final 502.3.11) requiring that: "Applications shall allow assistive technology
to programmatically execute available actions on objects." This provision is intended to address scenarios such as
when a person is using screen reading software and encounters a button control with four options. The person should
not only hear the description of the control, but also be able to select any one of those four options through the
usual keystrokes used with the screen reading software.
Section 502.4 in the final rule is unchanged from the proposed rule. It lists seven requirements from ANSI/HFES
200.2, Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces. In the NPRM preamble the Board asked if the cost was
excessive or if there was another authoritative standard we could use. An ICT company and an ICT trade association
confirmed the resource as being unique. These two commenters and a Federal agency characterized the standard as
relatively expensive and asked if the Board could instead excerpt the seven cited requirements in full. As noted in
the preamble to the proposed rule, the seven cited requirements mostly predate the existing 508 Standards and are
common features of operating systems. For people familiar with accessibility features, the requirements are readily
apparent just from the titles cited in the final rule. Therefore, the final rule retains a reference to the
ANSI/HFES 200.2 standard.
One ICT company recommended adding some additional requirements for assistive technology interoperability that
parallel clauses 11.3.2.2 and 11.3.2.3 in EN 301 549. The Board declines to follow this recommendation as we have
determined that 502.3 in the final rule already contains equivalent technical requirements for assistive technology
interoperability, and is simpler and more practical to apply relative to the EN approach, without compromising
accessibility.
503 Applications
The proposed rule included a general requirement that applications must permit users to set their preferences from
platform settings for color, contrast, font type, and focus cursor (proposed 503.2). For example, a user with low
vision might want the default windowing scheme to use yellow on black text with an 18 point sans-serif font. An
exception to this provision exempts applications that are designed to be isolated from their underlying platform
software (such as Web applications) from this requirement. We received several comments (from individuals, a
disability advocacy organization, and an accessibility ICT services provider) concerning the scope of the exception.
These commenters acknowledged that certain technologies (such as Adobe® Flash®) were properly exempted, but thought
that the exception was otherwise overbroad by sweeping in other types of Web applications (which were unspecified).
More generally, some of these commenters also suggested that the Board broaden 503.2 so that the requirement for
pass-through of user preferences apply to Web content, as well as applications.
With respect to commenters' suggestion of overbreadth, the Board declines to revise the exception to apply only to
certain types of Web applications. We are aware of no discernible basis for differentiating between Web applications
that do and do not warrant the exception, nor did commenters offer any such criteria. It is not technically feasible
to require Web applications to use platform preferences because generally the developer of a Web application has no
way of knowing what font characteristics a reader will be using for text in windows of their operating system.
Applications, including Web applications, which qualify for the exception to use platform settings are still subject
to the other requirements of Chapter 5, including the requirements referenced by WCAG 2.0 Level AA.
Likewise, the Board finds commenters' suggestion that the scope of proposed 502.3 be broadened to include Web
content to be misplaced. Section 502.3 in the final rule, as with all of Chapter 5, addresses technical requirements
for accessibility of software, not Web content. In any event, requiring Web content to meet requirements for
pass-through of user preferences would face the same technical challenges as Web applications.
504 Authoring Tools
This section contains additional requirements for software used to create and edit content and documents. The major
substantive change from the proposed rule is the addition of a new requirement (final 504.2.2) that authoring tools
capable of creating full-featured PDFs (that is, a PDF that conforms to PDF 1.7, also known as ISO 32000-1) must
also support creating PDFs conforming to PDF/UA-1. PDF/UA-1 is an extension to PDF 1.7, meaning that PDF/UA-1 is
only applicable to PDFs that already conform to PDF 1.7.
Based on comments from a standards developing organization, an ICT trade association, and an ICT company, we have
made some editorial changes to proposed sections 504.2, 504.3, and 504.4 for the final rule. For example, "all
features and formats" in the proposed rule have been changed to "all supported features and, as applicable, to file
formats" in the final rule, to clarify that the limitations of the file formats be taken into consideration.
A disability advocacy organization commented that the accessibility features should be turned on by default, but
the Board has decided that would be overly prescriptive. In addition, such a requirement could interfere with
automated testing of content for accessibility features. For example, it is significantly easier to identify missing
alternative text (as an error) than it is to test for overuse of placeholder or default alternative text. In
response to requests from commenters, the Board also plans to incorporate examples from EN 301 549 into forthcoming
technical assistance materials.
The NPRM proposed that authoring tools prompt authors to create content that conforms to WCAG 2.0 Level AA, and
went on to specify that the tools should provide the option for prompts during initial content creation or when the
content is saved (proposed 5.4.3). Based on a commenter observation that accessibility features might best be
addressed in the middle of a document workflow process, the last sentence from proposed 504.3 has been deleted in
the final rule. The Board agrees that prompts and conformance checks can be performed at any point, not just upon
content creation or when saving a file.
H. Chapter 6: Support Documentation and Services
601 General
Chapter 6 contains accessibility requirements for ICT support documentation and services. This section requires
support services such as help desks, call centers, training services, and automated self-service technical support
systems that provide documentation addressing accessibility and compatibility features available in accessible
formats. We received multiple comments on the application of the PDF/UA-1 standard to electronic support
documentation under proposed 602.3. Those comments are discussed in Section III.C. (Major Issues – Incorporation by
Reference of PDF/UA-1). Additionally, we received a few comments on some of the other proposed provisions of Chapter
6, which are discussed below.
602 Support Documentation
The NPRM proposed a provision addressing alternate formats for non-electronic support documentation for people who
are blind or have low vision (proposed 602.4). The Board received two comments on this provision, one from a
state/local agency, and another from a disability advocacy organization. Both commenters asked that we broaden the
application of proposed 602.4 to clarify that alternate formats must be provided to any requester with a disability,
not just individuals who are blind or have low vision. The Board concurs with this and has amended 602.4 to require
alternate formats usable by "individuals with disabilities." The intent of this provision is to address the needs of
individuals whose disability makes it difficult to use hardcopy materials. Examples of such disabilities include
blindness, low vision, fine motor impairments, and limited cognitive, language and learning abilities.
We received an additional comment from a disability advocacy organization requesting that a notification of the
availability of alternate formats be prominently displayed, and that the alternate format provided be that of the
requestor's choosing. The final rule requires that support documentation be provided on request in alternate formats
usable by individuals with disabilities. We do not agree that mandating a particular placement for notification of
this is necessary. In addition, the Board does not find that it is reasonable to require manufacturers and
government agencies to create alternate documentation in every format requested. We anticipate that most
manufacturers and agencies will provide accessible softcopy to those that need it, but manufactures are also
permitted the flexibility to instead provide non-electronic support documentation in formats such as large print and
braille if they choose to do so. We have concluded that the language of the final rule adequately ensures that
alternate formats of electronic support documentation will be made available to individuals who need them, without
overburdening manufacturers and government agencies.
603 Support Services
Three commenters discussed the proposed provision regarding support services to include information on
accessibility and compatibility features of ICT (proposed 603.2). One commenter was a self-identified individual
with a learning disability, one was an accessible ICT services provider, and one was a disability advocacy
organization. All three commenters suggested that the Board add language to the provision mandating continuing
education for personnel who staff help desks. The Board understands the concern, but declines to add the suggested
language as it is overly prescriptive. We intend to provide technical assistance after the final rule has been
promulgated that will address training programs as an example of a best practice in complying with this provision.
Therefore, this provision is unchanged in the final rule.
I. Chapter 7: Referenced Standards
This new chapter, which provides a centralized IBR section for standards referenced in the Revised 508 Standards or
Revised 255 Guidelines, was added to the final rule to comply with OFR regulations that govern incorporations by
reference into the Federal Register. See 1 CFR part 51. This reorganization does not alter or change in any way the
underlying application of the ten referenced standards in the revised standards and guidelines. Each of these
standards is still referenced and apply to the prescribed extent specified in the respective IBR provisions. Chapter
7, in effect, simply streamlines the final rule by combining the respective IBR provisions of the Revised 508
Standards and 255 Guidelines into one consolidated IBR section.
With respect to the NPRM's proposed IBR under Section 508, a number of commenters provided input on the proposed
referenced standards. Several commenters raised concerns about the specific technical application of certain
standards proposed for incorporation. These comments are addressed above in the applicable parts of Section III
(Major Issues) and Section IV (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule).
In addition, several commenters suggested that the Access Board reference other, additional standards in the
updated 508 Standards. While several of the suggested standards serve as useful resources, the Board has determined
that their incorporation into the standards is not necessary. With the exception of EN 301 549 (which is addressed
below), the Board's bases for declining the suggested reference of additional standards are discussed above in
Section IV.G (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – Chapter 5: Software).
Of the 32 commenters mentioned above, 22 addressed the potential incorporation by reference of EN 301 549. Five
commenters (three ICT companies and two ICT trade associations) suggested that the Access Board reference EN 301 549
as the sole technical standard for accessibility, or, at the very least, deem conformance with EN 301 549 as
compliance with the Revised 508 Standards. These commenters made their recommendations in the interest of
harmonization and, as one commenter put it, "promoting broader commercialization of accessible ICT systems." In
contrast, one commenter (an international disability advocacy organization) applauded the proposed rule as an
improvement on several aspects of EN 301 549. This commenter also noted that, after publication of this final rule,
EN 301 549 might well be revised to meet the higher (and, for some areas, more specific) accessibility requirements
in the Revised 508 Standards.
For several important reasons, we decline to follow some commenters' suggestion that the Access Board incorporate
by reference EN 301 549 into the final rule (or otherwise deem conformance with this European specification to be
compliance with Section 508). In sum, EN 301 549 was not developed using a voluntary consensus process, which makes
this specification unripe for incorporation by reference into Federal regulations. Moreover, even assuming that EN
301 549 was an appropriate standard for incorporation by reference, reference in the Revised 508 Standards would be
both unnecessary (e.g., due to the high degree of harmonization between the Standards and the European
specification) and contrary to law (e.g., certain EN 301 549 provisions failing to provide sufficient accessibility
under Section 508). Each of these considerations are discussed below.
First, EN 301 549 cannot be incorporated by referenced in the final rule because this European specification was
not adopted through the requisite voluntary consensus standard development process. Under section 12(d) of the
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (codified at 15 U.SC. 272 note) (NTTAA), Federal agencies
are directed to use technical standards developed by voluntary consensus standards bodies (as opposed to
government-unique standards) when carrying out their regulatory functions unless doing so would be inconsistent with
applicable law or otherwise impractical. OMB Circular A-119, which provides Federal agencies with interpretive
guidance on the NTTAA, specifies that standards must be developed under processes that feature five enumerated
characteristics to be deemed "voluntary consensus standards" (i.e., openness, balance, due process, appeals process,
and consensus). See OMB, Circular A-119, Federal Participation in the Development and Use of Voluntary Consensus
Standards and in Conformity Assessment Activities §§ 2(d)–(e) (revised Jan. 27, 2016).
EN 301 549, however, was not developed under such a process. Mandate 376, which was issued by the European
Commission and tasked the European standardization bodies (i.e., CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI) with development of a
harmonized set of functional accessibility requirements for publicly-procured ICT, did not require use of a
voluntary consensus process; instead, this mandate merely provided that CEN/CENELEC/ETSI "shall work in close
cooperation with relevant stakeholders" when developing the European procurement specification that became EN 301
549. See European Commission, Mandate 376 § 4 (Dec. 7, 2005), available at http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/document/aboutETSI/EC_Mandates/m376en.pdf.
Additionally, while there was public input during the development of EN 301 549 by various stakeholders (including
ICT industry representatives and some consumer groups), it does not appear that the process was sufficiently open or
balanced to satisfy the requirements of Circular A-119. See, e.g., ACT NOW! EDF Position on the European Standard on
Accessibility Requirements for Public Procurement of ICT, EASPD, http://www.easpd.eu/en/content/act-now-edf-position-european-standard-accessibility-requirements-suitable-public (last accessed Aug. 23, 2016) (noting concern that interests of persons with disabilities were not sufficiently
represented during the development of EN 301 549 due to non-voting status of disability rights organizations); VVA
Europe Ltd., European Association for the Coordination of Consumers Representation in Standardisation (ANEC),
Preliminary Study on Benefits of Consumer Participation in Standardisation to All Stakeholders 45-52 (Nov. 13,
2014), available at http://www.anec.eu/attachments/ANEC-R&T-2014-SC-006.pdf (noting similar concerns with respect to consumer groups) Thus, while EN 301 549 represents an important step
towards a more accessible ICT environment and serves as a meaningful set of technical specifications for public
procurements of ICT in the European Union, it is not a voluntary consensus standard within the meaning of Circular
A-119.
Moreover, even assuming that EN 301 549 was appropriate for incorporation by reference into the Revised 508
Standards, there is already broad harmonization between EN 301 549 and the final rule. As noted in prior preamble
sections summarizing key aspects of the final rule and describing its rulemaking history, the timelines for
development of the Revised 508 Standards and EN 301 549 largely overlapped; consequently, there was considerable
coordination amongst the Federal entities (Section 508) and private organizations (CEN/CENELEC/ETSI) working on
their respective technical accessibility standards for public ICT procurements. See Sections I.B.3 (Executive
Summary – Summary of Key Provisions – Harmonization with International Standards) & II.F (Rulemaking History –
Harmonization with European Activities).
Harmonization with international standards has been a guiding principle for this rulemaking from its earliest
stages. For example, TEITAC Advisory Committee included several international representatives (including, notably,
the European Commission), recognized the importance of standardization across markets worldwide, and coordinated its
work with standard-setting bodies in the U.S. and abroad. See II.B (Rulemaking History – TEITAC Advisory Committee
2006-2008) (summarizing TEITAC Advisory Committee deliberations and report). Moreover, in the 2011 ANPRM, the Access
Board express noted the standardization work going on in Europe at the time. See 76 FR at 76642, 76644–45. Indeed,
one of the Access Board's primary reasons for issuing a second ANPRM in 2011 was to afford the Joint Working Group
on eAccessibility3 and the European Commission an opportunity to see the Board's progress and to
promote harmonization. Id. at 76642. Consequently, EN 301 549 – which was initially finalized in 2014 – was largely
harmonized with the Board's 2011 ANPRM. Compare, e.g., ETSI, EN 301 549 V1.1.1 (2014-02) with U.S. Access Board,
2011 ANPRM, Draft Updated ICT Standards and Guidelines, available at https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/communications-and-it/about-the-ict-refresh/draft-rule-2011;
see also ETSI, EN 301 549 V1.1.2 (2015-04).
Harmonization, however, does not necessarily mean that the technical requirements for accessibility are exactly the
same as between the final rule and EN 301 549. Rather, harmonization exists when the two sets of technical
specifications are complimentary, in the sense that compliance with each can be achieved simultaneously without
conflict. The Access Board evaluated EN 301 549 on a provision-by-provision and has determined that there are no
conflicts between the technical requirements in the final rule and those specified in EN 301 549. However, we also
concluded that, in some situations, EN 301 549 does not provide sufficient accessibility.4 This
conclusion was also shared by several NPRM comments, principally European disability rights organizations. These
commenters urged the Board to "stick to its proposal," especially in relation to requirements for functional
performance criteria, real-time text interoperability, and wideband audio. These commenters not only applauded the
proposed rule's high level of harmonization achieved with EN 301 549, but also expressed hope that the European
specification would be revised at a future date to conform to the clearer requirements in, and higher levels of
accessibility achieved by, the proposed rule.
Lastly, in any event, reference to EN 301 549 would be premature at this time because the specification is still
likely to undergo revision after publication of the final rule. In December 2015, the CEN/CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working
Group on eAccessibility met and concluded that "[a]t this moment there is consensus within [the Joint Working Group]
on the need to revise EN 301 549 as soon as possible, with the aim to improve the document and to harmonize it with
the next version of Section 508 as soon as [it] is public." European Joint Working Group on eAccessibility, Draft
Minutes 9th eAcc Meeting 7 (Dec. 10, 2015), http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/jca/ahf/Documents/Doc%20219.pdf.
For the foregoing reasons, the Access Board declines to reference EN 301 549 in the Revised 508 Standards or
otherwise state that conformance with EN 301 549 equates to compliance with the final rule. The Revised 508
Standards' requirements closely track the EN 301 549 phrasing where appropriate. In places where the Revised 508
Standards diverge from EN 301 549, the Board has done so deliberately because it finds that other technical
requirements provide better accessibility. The Board anticipates providing technical assistance materials on its Web
site to assist product manufacturers with mapping EN 301 549 requirements to the Revised 508 Standards and vice
versa.
Additionally, several NPRM commenters pointed out to the Access Board that some of the specific editions of the
standards proposed for IBR in the NPRM had been supplanted by newer editions or versions. For example, commenters
noted that there were newer versions of ITU-T Recommendation G.722 and TIA 1083, which were respectively referenced
in proposed E102.7.1 and E102.8.2. One commenter also recommended the Opus Codec (IETF RFC 6716) as a modern
industry consensus standard for digital audio compression that has merits similar to ITU-T Recommendation G722.2. We
concur with commenters and, in the final rule, the Board has updated the references in 702.7.2 to ITU-T
Recommendation G.722.2, as well as the reference in 702.9.1 to TIA-1083-B. We also have added the Opus Codec as one
of the referenced standards for digitally encoding speech in 412.4 of the final rule. (Incorporation of this
standard appears at 702.8.1.)
We also made several other "housekeeping"-type changes to the standards referenced in the final rule. For example,
because the Access Board is not addressing Real-Time Text at this time, see discussion above Section III.D (Major
Issues – Real-Time Text), we have deleted the RTT-related references to TIA 825-A and IETF RFC 4103. In addition,
because the final rule specifies requirements for characters on variable message signs (402.5) see Section IV.G
(Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – Chapter 4: Hardware), we have added a
reference to ICC A117.1-2009 (Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities) in Chapter 7. Finally, we rearranged
the list of referenced standards in Chapter 7 by alphabetical order of publisher name (rather than publisher
acronym), which resulted in the reordering of some standards.
Finally, two commenters (an open government non-profit organization and an accessible ICT services provider)
objected to the Access Board's incorporation by reference of any voluntary consensus standard that are was not
available to the public free of charge on the ground that such standards were not "reasonably available." While the
Access Board agrees that making referenced standards reasonably available to interested parties is required under
both Federal administrative law and regulation, see 5 U.S.C 552(a); 1 CFR part 51, we strongly disagree with their
contention that the standards referenced in the final rule do not collectively meet this standard. Prior to
publication of the final rule, Access Board staff worked with the standards developing organizations (SDOs) to
ensure that versions of the referenced standards were, to the greatest extent possible, available to the general
public either without charge or at a reduced rate. See discussion infra Section V.G (Regulatory Process Matters –
Availability of Materials Incorporated by Reference). As a result, nine of the ten standards incorporated by
reference into the final rule will be available online free of charge, either because the standards developing
organization makes the standard freely available on its Web site or a read-only copy of the standard will be made
available on one or more SDO's online standards portal. Id. The only exception is TIA-1083-B, which is referenced in
412.3.2 and 702.9.1. In discussions with Access Board staff, the SDO (Telecommunications Industry Association)
declined to make a read-only version of this standard available online. Nonetheless, TIA-1083-B is still reasonably
available by purchase (i.e., publisher or online standards store) or personal inspection without charge at the
offices of either the Access Board or the National Archives and Records Administration. See id.; see also 702.9
(providing information on obtaining standard from publisher).
J. Revised 508 Standards: Compliance and Effective Dates
In the NPRM, the Board noted that it was considering making the Revised 508 Standards effective six months after
publication in the Federal Register. The Board also noted it was considering deferring to the Federal Acquisition
Regulatory Council (FAR Council) to establish the effective date for application of the Revised 508 Standards to new
ICT contracts awarded after publication of the FAR Council's final rule, as well as existing ICT contracts with
award dates that precede that final rule.
The Board received 11 comments regarding the compliance date (seven from ICT companies and trade associations, two
from state/local governments, one from a Federal agency, and one from an individual). Most of the commenters
supported the Board's proposal to defer to the FAR Council for establishing the compliance date for new and existing
ICT contracts. However, a few of the commenters also requested more than the six-month delay suggested in the NPRM
for application of the Revised 508 Standards to ICT other than procurements. These commenters asserted that a
six-month delay was too short given the amount of potential remediation required for legacy technology and content,
and the limited availability of resources to effect the changes.
As noted in Section IV.A (Summary of Comments and Responses on Other Aspects of the Proposed Rule – 508 Chapter 2:
Scoping Requirements), the Board has incorporated a safe harbor into the Revised 508 Standards (E202.2) that,
generally speaking, exempts unaltered, existing (legacy) ICT from having to upgrade or modify to conform to the
Revised 508 standards. The Access Board expects that the addition of this safe harbor provision in the final rule
substantially addresses some agencies' concerns about the potentially high cost of remediating currently-compliant
legacy Web sites and other public-facing electronic content. In addition, to allow agencies to maximize planning and
resources for timely compliance with the Revised 508 Standards, the Board has extended the compliance date for the
Revised 508 Standards from six months (as proposed in the ICT NPRM) to twelve months from the date of publication of
the final rule. Prior to this date, agencies must continue to comply with the existing 508 Standards. For ease of
reference, the existing 508 Standards have been republished as Appendix D to 36 CFR part 1194. (Note that, while the
text of each provision provided in Appendix D remains identical to the existing 508 Standards, the numbering for
each has been revised to conform to CFR publication requirements.)
This one-year compliance for the Revised 508 Standards is applicable to all ICT except that which is covered by the
Federal Acquisition Regulations. The Board continues to defer to the FAR Council to establish the compliance date
for new and existing ICT procurements subject to the Revised 508 Standards.
While the compliance date for the Revised 508 Standards is one year from the date of publication in the Federal
Register, the overall effective date of the rule remains 60 days from publication. On the effective date of the
rule, the existing 255 Guidelines will be replaced by the Revised 255 Guidelines, which may then be considered or
adopted by the FCC pursuant to Section 255. Once the final rule is effective, the FAR Council within six months will
incorporate the Revised 508 Standards into the FAR and establish an effective date for application of these revised
regulations to new and existing procurements.
V. Regulatory Process Matters
A. Final Regulatory Impact Analysis
Executive Orders 13563 and 12866 direct agencies to propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned
determination that its benefits justify its costs; tailor the regulation to impose the least burden on society,
consistent with obtaining the regulatory objectives; and, in choosing among alternative regulatory approaches,
select those approaches that maximize net benefits. Important goals of regulatory analyses are to (1) establish
whether Federal regulation is necessary and justified to achieve a market failure or other social goal and (2)
demonstrate that a range of reasonably feasible regulatory alternatives have been considered and that the most
efficient and effective alternative has been selected. Executive Order 13563 also recognizes that some benefits are
difficult to quantify and provides that, where appropriate and permitted by law, agencies may consider and discuss
qualitatively those values that are difficult or impossible to quantify, including equity, human dignity, fairness,
and distributive impacts.
The Access Board contracted with an economic consulting firm, Econometrica, Inc. (Econometrica), to prepare a final
regulatory impact analysis (FRIA) that assesses the likely benefits and costs of the Revised 508 Standards and 255
Guidelines. Expected benefits are evaluated and discussed and likely incremental costs for new or revised
requirements are monetized for the projected 10-year regulatory timeframe. A complete copy of the final regulatory
assessment is available on the Access Board's Web site (https://www.access-board.gov/),
as well the Federal Government's online rulemaking portal (https://www.regulations.gov/).
1. Summary of Methodology, Revisions, and Overall Results
The Final RIA embodies a comprehensive benefit-cost analysis that assesses the incremental costs and benefits of
the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines relative to a primary baseline. While the methodological framework and
assumptions underlying the Final RIA largely mirror those used in the Preliminary RIA, the final regulatory
assessment nonetheless does reflect some revisions that were aimed at incorporating more recent data, responding to
public comments, or accounting for changes in scoping or technical requirements in the final rule. The Access Board
believes that the resulting benefit and cost estimates in the Final RIA represent a reasonable measure of the likely
effects of the final rule that can be quantified and monetized. However, some potentially significant benefits (and
costs) from the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines could not be evaluated in the Final RIA due to lack of data
or other methodological constraints. These unquantified benefits and costs are described qualitatively in the final
regulatory assessment.
On the benefits side, the Final RIA monetizes benefits under the Revised 508 Standards attributable to, among other
things, increased productivity of Federal employees who are expected to benefit from improved ICT accessibility,
time savings to members of the public from more accessible Federal Web sites, and reduced call volumes to Federal
agencies as individuals with disabilities shift their inquiries and transactions online due to improved online
accessibility. In terms of benefit-side revisions reflected in the Final RIA, the beneficiary population has been
modestly expanded. In order to evaluate the impact of the new functional performance criteria addressed to limited
cognitive abilities (section 302.9) and address public comments, the Final RIA adds individuals with learning and
intellectual disabilities to the group of persons expected to experience monetizable benefits under the final rule
(collectively referred to in the Final RIA as "addressable disabilities"). Additionally, in the Final RIA, estimates
concerning time loss due to inaccessible Web sites – which factor into the benefits equation – were adjusted
slightly downward for persons with vision-related disabilities and slightly upward for persons with other types of
addressable disabilities. Assumptions relating to productivity benefits to Federal employees with vision
disabilities from the Revised 508 Standards were also modestly increased. These adjustments to benefits assumptions
were spurred by public comments and are supported by additional empirical research. See Final RIA, Section 6.
From the cost perspective, the Final RIA separately monetizes likely incremental compliance costs attributable to
the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. For Federal agencies, contractors, and vendors, estimated costs under
the Revised 508 Standards include both in-house ICT (e.g., policy development, employee training, development of Web
sites and electronic documents to ensure accessibility under revised standards), and procured ICT (e.g., procurement
of Section 508-compliant hardware, software, services from Federal contractors and vendors). To address concerns
expressed by commenters that the Preliminary RIA did not sufficiently account for the fact that, at many agencies,
an ever-widening range of workers are becoming actively involved in ensuring the accessibility of electronic
content, the Final RIA assumes that a larger number of Federal employees (across a wide range of job categories)
will need to receive training on the Revised 508 Standards. In addition, to address some commenters' concerns
regarding evaluation and remediation of covered ICT (particularly certain types of so-called "legacy" content), the
final rule includes a "safe-harbor" provision that exempts existing ICT from modification to conform to the Revised
508 Standards so long as such ICT complies with the existing 508 Standards and is not altered after the date upon
which agencies must comply with the Revised 508 Standards (one year from the date of publication of the final rule).
As a result, no remediation costs are taken into account.
For manufacturers of telecommunications and customer premises equipment, projected costs under the Revised 255
Guidelines relate to ensuring that their respective support documentation and services (e.g., product support Web
sites and electronic support documentation) comply with applicable accessibility requirements in WCAG 2.0. There
were no material changes in the Final RIA relating to cost estimates for Section 255-covered equipment manufacturers
under the revised guidelines.
The Final RIA (as with the Preliminary RIA) evaluates incremental benefits and costs of the final rule relative to
separate baselines applicable to Sections 508 and 255. Baseline compliance costs to covered entities under the
existing 508 Standards are derived from current spending levels for relevant ICT-related products, services, and
personnel. Current spending by Federal agencies, vendors, and contractors on compliance with the existing 508
Standards is estimated to be $1.3 billion annually. This amount represents less than 2 percent of annual ICT
spending, which is estimated at $88 billion to $120 billion, depending on which products and services are included
in the total. Baseline compliance costs for telecommunications equipment manufacturers under the existing 255
Guidelines for accessible product documentation and user support is estimated at $106 million annually. Taken
together, overall baseline compliance costs under the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines are therefore
assumed to be $1.4 billion annually.
Finally, it bears noting that, in recognition of budget constraints that may initially limit any needed increases
in resources for Section 508 compliance, Federal agencies are required to comply with the Revised 508 Standards one
year after publication of the final rule; thus, Federal agencies are expected to incur incremental costs starting in
2018. The Final RIA also assumes that both initial costs and benefits under the Revised 508 Standards will be spread
over three years, rather than the 2-year period used in the Preliminary RIA. (A similar 3-year implementation period
is assumed for Section 255-related costs and benefits in recognition that software development and similar
technology tasks typically take place over an extended period of time.)
Table 3 below summarizes the results from the Final RIA in terms of likely monetized benefits and costs, on an
annualized basis, from the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. All benefit and cost values are incremental to
the applicable baseline, and were estimated for a 10-year time horizon starting in 2018 (since the final rule
requires Federal agencies to comply one year after its publication) and converted to annualized values using
discount rates of 7 and 3 percent. Three scenarios of incremental benefits and costs are presented, using
alternative parameters that are assumptions made (not based on published estimates). These three scenarios include:
a low net benefit scenario using parameters that result in lower benefits and higher costs; an expected scenario
consisting of expected values for assumed parameters; and a high net benefit scenario using parameters that result
in higher benefits and lower costs.
Table 3 - Annualized Value of Monetized Benefits and Costs under the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines,
2018-2027 (in Millions of 2017 Dollars)
| |
Low Net Benefit Scenario |
Expected Scenario |
High Net Benefit Scenario |
| |
7%
Discount
Rate |
3%
Discount
Rate |
7%
Discount
Rate |
3%
Discount
Rate |
7%
Discount
Rate |
3%
Discount
Rate |
| Monetized Incremental Benefits |
| Benefits to Federal agencies from increased productivity by Federal employees with addressable disabilities |
$18.2 |
$19.3 |
$47.7 |
$50.6 |
$151.8 |
$160.9 |
| Benefits to individuals with addressable disabilities from improved Federal Web site accessibility |
$2.8 |
$3.0 |
$2.8 |
$3.0 |
$2.8 |
$3.0 |
| Benefits to Federal agencies from reduced call volumes |
$10.9 |
$11.7 |
$21.9 |
$23.4 |
$32.8 |
$35.1 |
| TOTAL Annualized Value of Monetized Incremental Benefits |
$32.0 |
$34.0 |
$72.4 |
$77.0 |
$187.4 |
$199.0 |
| Monetized Incremental Costs |
| Costs to Federal agencies, contractors, and vendors: |
$276.2 |
$287.4 |
$122.8 |
$181.1 |
$111.5 |
$117.2 |
| (a) In-house |
$150.1 |
$156.2 |
$93.8 |
$98.3 |
$60.4 |
$63.5 |
| (b) Procured ICT |
$126.1 |
$131.2 |
$79.0 |
$82.8 |
$51.1 |
$53.7 |
| Costs to telecommunications equipment and CPE manufacturers for accessible Web sites and support
documentation |
$9.5 |
$9.6 |
$9.5 |
$9.6 |
$9.5 |
$9.6 |
| TOTAL Annualized Value of Monetized Incremental Costs |
$285.7 |
$296.9 |
$182.4 |
$190.7 |
$121.0 |
$126.8 |
It is important to note that some potentially material benefits and costs from the Revised 508 Standards and 255
Guidelines are neither reflected in the table above nor monetized in the Final RIA due to lack of data or for other
methodological constraints. These unquantified benefits and costs are described qualitatively below.
2. Benefits of the Final Rule
Overall, results from the Final RIA demonstrate that the Revised 508 Standards will likely have substantial
monetizable benefits to Federal agencies and persons with disabilities. As shown in Table 3 above, the annualized
value of monetized benefits from these revised standards is estimated to be $ 72.4 million at a 7 percent discount
rate over the 10-year analysis period (sensitivity estimates of $32 million and $187.4 million). In calculating
these monetized benefits, the Final RIA makes the following assumptions: (a) one-third of the recurring annual
benefits derived from accessible ICT would be realized in the first year of implementation, two-thirds of the
recurring annual benefits in the second year of implementation, and full annual benefits would start in the third
year of implementation; and (b) the number of individuals with vision impairments and other addressable disabilities
who visit Federal agency Web sites will increase every year, but a constant proportion of those individuals will
visit such Web sites every year.
It is also important to note that the final rule is expected to generate significant benefits that could not be
evaluated in the Final RIA, either because they were not quantified or monetized (due to lack of data or for other
methodological reasons) or are inherently qualitative. Estimating the economic impact of a civil rights-based
regulatory initiative in an area – and marketplace – as dynamic as ICT is a complex and difficult task. Some of
these unquantified (or inherently unquantifiable) benefits of the Revised 508 Standards are listed in Table 4 below.
The fact that these benefits were not be formally assessed in this Final RIA should not diminish their importance or
value.
Table 4 - Unquantified Benefits of the Final Rule
| Increased employment of individuals with disabilities |
| Increased ability of individuals with disabilities to obtain information on Federal agency Web sites and
conduct transactions electronically |
| Greater independence for individuals with disabilities to access information and services on Federal agency
Web sites without assistance |
| More civic engagement by individuals with disabilities due to improved access to information and services on
Federal agency Web sites |
| Increased ability of individuals with disabilities to evaluate, purchase, and make full use of
telecommunications products due to increased accessibility of support documentation and services |
| Increased ability of individuals without disabilities to access information and conduct their business
electronically when they face situational limitations (in a noisy place, in a low-bandwidth environment, or in
bright sunlight) |
| Potential cost savings to Federal agencies due to reduced levels of in-person visits and mail correspondence |
| Larger pool of ICT developers and content creators with accessibility knowledge and skills, providing more
choice to Federal agencies due to use of internationally recognized, industry-driven standards) |
| Potential cost savings to manufacturers of telecommunications and CPE, state and local governments, and
non-profit entities, as internationally harmonized standards reduce costs for ICT manufacturers and allow them
to sell a single line of accessible products and services across all types of markets |
| Intrinsic existence value that individuals both with and without disabilities derive from the
non-discrimination and equity values served by Sections 508 and 255 |
| Cost savings to agencies already complying with equivalent WCAG 2.0 standards because of the availability of
WCAG 2.0 support materials |
3. Costs of the Final Rule
The Final RIA shows that the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines will likely increase compliance costs
substantially when first implemented, but will thereafter result in only a small percentage increase in recurring
annual costs in later years. Overall, the Final RIA estimates that the total incremental cost of the Revised 508
Standards and 255 Guidelines is expected to be $182.4 million on an annualized basis over the 10-year analysis
period, based on a 7 percent discount rate with sensitivity estimates of $285.7 million and $121 million (see Table
3 above). It is assumed that, given a variety of budget constraints Federal agencies have faced in recent years, the
one-time incremental costs would be incurred across the first three years of implementation.
The Final RIA does not, however, quantify and monetize all potential compliance costs arising from the final rule –
due primarily to insufficient data or for other methodological limitations. The impact of the Revised 255 Guidelines
on telecommunications equipment manufacturers is, as the Final RIA notes, particularly difficult to quantify.
(Information on the impact of the proposed guidelines was solicited unsuccessfully in both the 2010 and 2011 ANPRMs,
as well as the 2015 NPRM.)
Some of these unquantified costs of the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines are listed in Table 5 below.
Table 5 - Unquantified Costs of the Final Rule
| Possible increase in Federal Government expenditures to provide accommodations if the government hires more
people with addressable disabilities |
| Possible decrease in the amount or variety of electronic content produced, as government seeks to reduce
Section 508 compliance costs |
| Potential costs to state and local governments and non-profit organizations that may be required to make
electronic content accessible in order to do businesses with Federal agencies |
| Potential costs to ICT manufacturers of developing and producing hardware and telecommunications products
that comply with the revised accessibility requirements |
| Possible increase in social costs to people with certain vision disabilities because they would have to use
commercial screen magnification tools rather than turning off the style sheets (free of charge) in order to
read Web pages. |
| Costs of increased compliance by foreign telecommunications manufacturers shifted to U.S. end users
(consumers) |
In addition, incremental cost estimates in the Final RIA do not reflect other potentially influential factors that
may occur over time – such as future changes in the fiscal environment and its effect on ICT budgets, the impact of
recent government-wide initiatives to manage ICT more strategically, efforts to harmonize standards for a global ICT
market, and trends in technological innovation.
4. Conclusion
While the Final RIA estimates that incremental costs, as assessed and monetized in the assessment, exceed the
monetized benefits of the final rule, this finding represents only a piece of the regulatory story. Today, though
ICT is now woven into the very fabric of everyday life, millions of Americans with disabilities often find
themselves unable to use – or use effectively – computers, mobile devices, Federal agency Web sites, or electronic
content. The Board expects this final rule to be a major step toward ensuring that current and future ICT is more
accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities – both in the Federal workplace and society generally.
Indeed, much – if not most – of the benefits expected to accrue from the final rule are difficult if not impossible
to quantify or monetize, including: greater social equality, human dignity, and fairness. These are all values that,
under Executive Order 13563,5 may properly be considered in the benefit-cost calculus.
Moreover, American companies that manufacture telecommunications equipment and ICT-related products would likely
derive significant benefits from the harmonized accessibility standards. Given the relative lack of existing
national and globally-recognized standards for accessibility of mobile technologies, telecommunications equipment
manufacturers would greatly benefit from harmonization of the 255 guidelines with consensus standards. Similar
benefits would likely accrue more generally to all ICT-related products as a result of harmonization. These
manufacturers would earn return on investments in accessibility technology, remain competitive in the global
marketplace, and achieve economies of scale created by wider use of nationally and internationally recognized
technical standards.
Accordingly, when considering all unquantified benefits and costs, the Access Board, along with its consulting
economic firm (Econometrica), jointly conclude that the benefits of the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines
justify its costs.
5. Potential Regulatory Alternatives
We considered two alternative approaches to updating the existing 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines:
- In the 2010 ANPRM, the Board proposed a set of requirements that were based on, but not identical to, the WCAG
2.0 standards and other voluntary consensus standards. Comments received from stakeholders and the public
indicated that this approach was potentially confusing, as Federal agencies, contractors, and vendors would have
to make specific compliance determinations in cases where the language used in updated 508 Standards differed from
that in the referenced standard.
- The Board also considered requiring ICT to comply with the full set of functional performance criteria, which
state in general terms the features of ICT that ensure its accessibility to people with one or more of different
types of disabilities. Comments from stakeholders indicated that this approach would make it difficult for ICT
producers to be able to determine whether or not their products and services conformed to the updated 508
Standards.
Based on the public feedback on the two policy alternatives, we determined that the clearest and most
cost-effective way to set out revised accessibility requirements was to identify and directly reference existing,
voluntary consensus standards, wherever possible.
B. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) requires Federal agencies to analyze the impact of regulatory actions on small
entities, unless an agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of
small entities. 5 U.S.C. 604, 605 (b). Section 604 of the RFA requires agencies to prepare and make available for
public comment a final regulatory flexibility analysis describing the impact of the final rule on small entities.
Because the Revised 255 Guidelines regulate non-Federal entities (e.g., telecommunications equipment manufacturers),
these guidelines fall within the purview of the RFA. The Revised 508 Standards, on the other hand, directly regulate
only Federal entities, which are not covered by the RFA. Accordingly, the Access Board evaluates here only the
impact of the Revised 255 Guidelines on small entities. The Board provides below a final regulatory flexibility
analysis (Final RFA) for these final guidelines.
Objectives of, and need for, the final rule. Section 255 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C.
255), as amended, requires telecommunication equipment to be accessible to and usable by individuals with
disabilities, where readily achievable. The Access Board is statutorily responsible for developing accessibility
guidelines for telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment (CPE). The Access Board is also required
to review and update the guidelines periodically. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), however, is solely
responsible for issuing implementing regulations and enforcing Section 255. The FCC is not bound to adopt the Access
Board's guidelines as its own or to use them as minimum standards.
In 1998, the Board issued the existing 255 Guidelines (36 CFR part 1193). Since then, telecommunications technology
and commercial markets have changed dramatically, along with the usage of telecommunications equipment. The Access
Board is thus updating the existing 255 Guidelines to keep pace with the revolution in ICT that has occurred since
the promulgation of the initial guidelines nearly twenty years ago.
The Board's Revised 255 Guidelines will provide a much-needed "refresh" of the existing 255 Guidelines, and,
thereby, better support the access needs of individuals with disabilities, while also taking into account
incremental compliance costs to covered manufacturers of CPE and telecommunications equipment. The revised
guidelines, if adopted by the FCC, will only be applicable to new products to the extent that compliance is readily
achievable; they do not require retrofitting of existing equipment or retooling. Manufacturers may consider costs
and available resources when determining whether, and the extent to which, compliance is required.
Significant issues raised by public comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis. The Access Board received no public comment in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis provided in
the NPRM.
Agency response to comments filed by the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in
response to the proposed rule. The Access Board received no comments filed by the Chief Counsel in response
to the proposed rule.
Description and estimate of the number of small entities to which the final rule will apply. The Revised
255 Guidelines cover manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and CPE, as well as the manufacturers of
equipment that functions as telecommunications and CPE.6 The Board used publicly available data
from the United States Census Bureau (Census Bureau) and Small Business Administration (SBA) to estimate the number
of small businesses that potentially would be affected by the revised guidelines, as well as the likely economic
impact of these guidelines.
To determine the number of small businesses potentially subject to the Revised 255 Guidelines, the Board reviewed
SBA's small business size standards for ICT-related industry classifications, based on the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS).7 The Board determined that three NAICS-based industry
classifications may be subject to the Revised 255 Guidelines. These industry categories and their accompanying
six-digit NAICS codes are: (a) NACIS Code 334111 – Electronic and Computer Manufacturing; (b) NAICS Code 334210 –
Telephone Apparatus Manufacturing; and (c) NACIS Code 334220 – Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless
Communications Equipment Manufacturing. The Board then matched these three NAICS classifications with SBA size
standards (based on number of employees) to determine the number of small businesses within each respective
classification.
Table 6 below provides the potential number of small businesses, based on SBA size standards, for each of the three
categories of telecommunications and customer premises equipment manufacturers (by NACIS code) that may be affected
by the Revised 255 Guidelines.
Table 6 - Small Businesses Potentially Affected by the Revised 255 Guidelines
| NAICS code |
Industry title |
SBA small business size standard |
Number of firms |
Number of small firms |
| 334111 |
Electronic Computer Manufacturing |
1,250 or fewer employees |
382 |
365 |
| 334210 |
Telephone Apparatus Manufacturing |
1,250 or fewer employees |
249 |
231 |
| 334220 |
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing |
1,250 or fewer employees |
748 |
702 |
| TOTAL |
1,379 |
1,298 |
A few notes are in order about the foregoing estimates of the number of small firms potentially affected by the
Revised 255 Guidelines. First, because all telephone equipment is covered by Section 255, all entities included in
the telephone apparatus manufacturing category (334210) are necessarily subject to the guidelines. However, not all
entities in the remaining two industry categories (334220 and 334111) are covered by the revised guidelines because
many of these entities may manufacture only equipment that falls outside the scope of Section 255. For example, only
radio and broadcasting equipment that meets the statutory definition of telecommunications (that is, "the
transmission, between or among points specified by the user, of information of the user's choosing, without change
in the form or content of the information as sent and received"), is covered by the revised guidelines. Also,
computers lacking modems or Internet telephony software are not covered by the revised guidelines. However, the
Board lacks quantitative information to differentiate regulated from non-regulated manufacturing firms within these
two NAICS categories, as well as to determine how many of the "small businesses" in each NAICS category are subject
to the final guidelines. The number of small entities listed in Table 6 that may be affected by the Revised 255
Guidelines should, therefore, be considered an upper-bound estimate.
Second, the number of small firms listed under each NAICS code may include an unknown (though likely small) number
of firms that modestly exceed the applicable SBA size standard. This potential over count results from a disconnect
between the particular SBA size standard for these three NAICS classifications (1,250 or fewer employees) and the
manner in which annual economic statistics for U.S. businesses are compiled by the Census Bureau and SBA.
Specifically, the Census Bureau's annual "Statistics of United States Businesses" (which is also used by SBA)
presents firm size-based data by various predetermined size "bands" only, the closest of which is the size band for
businesses with 1,000 to 1,499 employees. Because there is no principled way to segment firms employing 1,250 or
fewer persons from other firms falling within the 1,000-to-1,499 employee size band, all firms in this size band are
deemed "small businesses" for purposes of this Final RFA.
Third, given that manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and CPE must comply with Section 255 only to the
extent such compliance is "readily achievable" (i.e., easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much
difficulty or expense), there will likely be some small firms for which compliance with the final guidelines will
prove too difficult or expensive. This is not a new proposition. Under both the existing guidelines and current FCC
regulations, compliance for manufacturing firms of all sizes is limited by the readily achievable limitation, though
it necessarily applies with greater frequency to smaller entities. (See 36 CFR 1193.21; 47 CFR 6.3(g)). The Access
Board also understands that many small firms in the three NAICS categories relevant to this analysis serve as
partners or suppliers to larger firms that provide a full range of products and services. For these reasons, the
Board assumes that many small firms identified in Table 6 –particularly those with fewer than 20 employees – likely
would not incur new costs under the Revised 255 Guidelines. Accordingly, the mid-point estimate for the number of
small businesses that may be affected by the Revised 255 Guidelines is assumed to be small firms that meet the
applicable SBA size standard and employ twenty or more workers.
Description of the projected reporting, record keeping, and other compliance requirements for small
entities. As discussed above, the Revised 255 Guidelines contain many requirements that are similar to the
existing guidelines. There is, however, one new accessibility requirement (final 602.3) in the revised guidelines.
Section 602.3 requires manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and CPE to make their electronic support
documentation (such as Web-based self-service support and electronic manuals) accessible for users with disabilities
by ensuring that such documentation conforms to all applicable Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance
Requirements in WCAG 2.0. This new requirement for accessible electronic documentation would potentially impose new
costs on small manufacturing firms. The Final RIA develops estimated incremental costs, heavily relying on the cost
methodology used by the Department of Transportation (DOT) in the regulatory assessment of its recent final rule
requiring, among other things, airlines to make their Web sites accessible to persons with disabilities.8 (See Section V.A – Regulatory Process Matters – Final Regulatory Impact Analysis).
Based on the methodology and estimates used in the Final RIA, the Board's Final RFA assesses potential compliance
costs under the Revised 255 Guidelines for small manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and CPE based on
estimated (a) one-time costs to create accessible electronic support documentation and Web sites, and (b) recurring,
annual maintenance costs. One-time costs are assumed to be spread equally over the first three years (i.e.,
one-third of covered firms realizing costs in the first year, and the other two-thirds equally in years two and
three), with annual maintenance costs incurred thereafter for the remainder of the 10-year regulatory horizon.
Estimated compliance costs are based on firm size. For small businesses with 100 or more employees, average one-time
costs are assumed to be $125,000 for bringing their respective support documentation and Web sites into compliance
with the revised guidelines. For firms with fewer than 100 employees, average per-firm one-time costs under the
revised guidelines are assumed to be $25,000. Annual recurring maintenance costs are estimated as twenty percent of
one-time costs regardless of firm size.
Using these cost assumptions, the Final RFA evaluates the monetary impact of the Revised 255 Guidelines from three
perspectives. The first scenario uses the upper-bound estimate for small businesses that may be affected by the
final guidelines (i.e., all small firms meeting SBA size standards) to assess total one-time and annual maintenance
costs across all affected industry categories. These costs, which should be considered an upper-bound estimate, are
reflected below:
Table 7 - Estimated Incremental Costs for Small Firms Subject to the Revised 255 Guidelines (Scenario 1 – All
Small Firms)
| Firm size |
Firms meeting SBA small business size standards |
Average one-time cost per firm |
Total one-time costs |
Average annual maintenance cost per firm |
Total annual maintenance costs |
| 100 or more employees |
136 |
$125,000 |
$17,000,000 |
$25,000 |
$3,400,000 |
| 99 or fewer employees |
1,162 |
$25,000 |
$29,050,000 |
$5,000 |
$5,810,000 |
| Total |
1,298 |
--- |
$46,050,000 |
--- |
$9,210,000 |
Second, to reflect the reality that compliance may not be readily achievable for the smallest firms (and, as well,
the fact that such firms often serve as suppliers to larger firms and thus may not be covered by Section 255), the
second scenario uses the mid-point estimate for small businesses that may be affected by the revised guidelines
(i.e., small firms that meet the SBA size standard and have twenty or more employees) to assess total one-time and
annual maintenance costs across all industry categories. These costs, which should be considered a mid-point
estimate, are reflected below:
Table 8 - Estimated Incremental Costs for Small Firms Subject to the Revised 255 Guidelines (Scenario 2 – Small
Firms with 20 or More Employees)
| Firm size |
Firms meeting SBA small business size standards |
Average one-time cost per firm |
Total one-time costs |
Average annual maintenance cost per firm |
Total annual maintenance costs |
| 100 or more employees |
136 |
$125,000 |
$17,000,000 |
$25,000 |
$3,400,000 |
| 20-99 employees |
284 |
$25,000 |
$7,100,000 |
$5,000 |
$1,420,000 |
| Total |
420 |
--- |
$24,100,000 |
--- |
4,820,000 |
Third, to assess the magnitude of potential compliance costs for small businesses under the Revised 255 Guidelines
relative to annual receipts, the third scenario evaluates the ratio of average annualized costs per-firm to average
receipts per firm for each of the three NAICS codes. Average annualized costs represent the per-firm stream of
estimated one-time and recurring annual costs over the 10-year regulatory horizon at a 7 percent discount rate.
Annualized costs are assumed to be consistent across the three NAICS codes for each of the two studied small firm
sizes (i.e., more or less than 100 employees) because the Board does not have NAICS code-based data differentiating
receipts by firm size. Annual estimated average per-firm receipts for each NAICS code, in turn, are derived from the
2012 annual dataset of the Statistics of United States Businesses (SUSB) compiled by the Census Bureau. The ratio of
average per-firm annualized costs and annual per-firm receipts is then calculated for each NACIS code and firm size,
with the resulting percentage serving as a metric to evaluate the relative economic significance of compliance costs
to small businesses under the Revised 255 Guidelines.
The results are presented below in two separate tables by the size (in terms of number of employees) of small firms
covered by Section 255.
Table 9 - Annualized Per-Firm Costs as a Percentage of Per-Firm Receipts for Small Firms with 100 or More
Employees (by NAICS Code)
| NAICS code |
Industry title |
Annualized per-firm costs (7% discount rate) |
Average per-firm annual receipts† |
Annualized per-firm costs as percent of per-firm annual receipts |
| 334111 |
Electronic Computer Manufacturing |
$34,883 |
$129,699,213 |
0.03% |
| 334210 |
Telephone Apparatus Manufacturing |
$34,883 |
$67,998,062 |
0.05% |
| 334220 |
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing |
$34,883 |
$63,164,314 |
0.06% |
† Note: Average per-firm annual receipts based on data from
the Census Bureau's 2012 annual SUSB dataset. See U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 SUSB Annual Datasets by
Establishment Industry, U.S. 6-digit NAICS, detailed employment sizes (release date June 22, 2015).9
Table 10 - Annualized Per-Firm Costs as a Percentage of Per-Firm Receipts for Small Firms with 20 and 99 Employees
(by NAICS Code)
| NAICS code |
Industry title |
Annualized per-firm costs (7% discount rate) |
Average per-firm annual receipts‡ |
Annualized per-firm costs as percent of per-firm annual receipts |
| 334111 |
Electronic Computer Manufacturing |
$7,305 |
$11,654,754 |
0.06% |
| 334210 |
Telephone Apparatus Manufacturing |
$7,305 |
$7,305
$10,602,855 |
0.07% |
| 334220 |
Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing |
$7,305 |
$7,305
$12,352,012 |
0.06% |
‡ Note: Average per-firm annual receipts based on data from
the Census Bureau's 2012 annual SUSB dataset. See U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 SUSB Annual Datasets by
Establishment Industry, U.S. 6-digit NAICS, detailed employment sizes (release date June 22, 2015).
The results of these annualized cost/receipt analyses demonstrate that incremental costs of the Revised 255
Guidelines for small businesses—whether larger or smaller than 100 employees—are expected to be minimal relative to
firm receipts. In no case would this ratio exceed one-tenth of one percent, with values ranging from a low of 0.03%
to a high of 0.07%. Accordingly, based on the foregoing analysis, the Board does not believe that the Revised 255
Guidelines are likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
Description of significant alternatives to the Revised 255 Guidelines. In the Board's view, there are no
alternatives to the final guidelines that would accomplish the goal of meeting the access needs of individuals with
disabilities, while taking into account compliance costs of manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and CPE.
C. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
The final rule adheres to the fundamental Federalism principles and policy making criteria in Executive Order
13132. The Revised 508 Standards apply to the development, procurement, maintenance, or use of ICT by Federal
agencies. The Revised 255 Guidelines apply to manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and customer premises
equipment and require that equipment is designed, developed, and fabricated to be accessible to and usable by
individuals with disabilities, if it is readily achievable to do so. As such, the Board has determined that the
final rule does not have Federalism implications within the meaning of Executive Order 13132.
D. Executive Order 13609: Promoting International Regulatory Cooperation
Executive Order 13609 serves to promote international regulatory cooperation and harmonization. The Board has
promoted the principles of the executive order by making concerted efforts with a number of foreign governments
throughout the development of the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. For example, the Board and the European
Commission have made significant efforts to coordinate development of their respective ICT standards. This
cooperation began with the 2005 EU-US Economic Initiative (http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/june/tradoc_127643.pdf)
and our participation in regular meetings with the U.S. Trade Representative's office and the European Commission in
discussions on e-accessibility around the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). These cooperative
efforts continued through the joint work of the Access Board and representatives from the European Commission,
Canada, Australia, and Japan on the TEITAC Advisory Committee, which helped inform the requirements in the proposed
508 Standards and 255 Guidelines. In our view, the Revised 508 Standards and 255 Guidelines are the product of the
Board's coordination with international regulatory partners, which will ultimately help American companies better
compete globally.
E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act does not apply to regulations that enforce constitutional rights of individuals or
enforce statutory rights that prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age,
handicap, or disability. The Revised 508 Standards are issued pursuant to the Rehabilitation Act. When Federal
agencies develop, procure, maintain, or use electronic and information technology, they are required to ensure that
the electronic and information technology allows Federal employees with disabilities to have access to and use of
information and data that is comparable to the access enjoyed by Federal employees without disabilities, unless
doing so would impose an undue burden on the agency. The statute also requires that members of the public with
disabilities seeking information or services from a Federal agency have access to and use of information and data
that is comparable to that provided to other members of the public unless doing so would impose an undue burden on
the agency. The Revised 255 Guidelines, in turn, are issued pursuant to Section 255 of the Communications Act, which
requires manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment to ensure that the equipment
is designed, developed, and fabricated to be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, if it is
readily achievable to do so. Accordingly, an assessment of the effect of the Revised 508 Standards and 255
Guidelines on state, local, and tribal governments is not required by the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
F. Paperwork Reduction Act
The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA) (44 U.S.C. 3501–3521) requires Federal agencies to obtain approval from
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) before requesting or requiring a "collection of information" from the
public. As part of the PRA process, agencies are generally required to provide a 60-day notice in the Federal
Register concerning each proposed collection of information to solicit, among other things, comment on the necessity
of the information collection and its estimated burden. 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A). The 255 Guidelines, in both their
existing and revised form, impose PRA-covered "information collection" obligations on manufacturers of
telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment by requiring such manufacturers to ensure that their
support documentation and services meet specified accessibility requirements. Accordingly, in the NPRM, the Board
published a notice of proposed collection of information to accompany the proposed revisions to the existing 255
Guidelines. The Board received one responsive comment, which addressed our estimated PRA-related time burdens under
the proposed guidelines. We discuss below our estimates under the Revised 255 Guidelines of the projected annual
time burden (in hours) on 255-covered manufacturers to make their support documentation and services accessible.
Section C206, in conjunction with the technical provisions in Chapter 6 (Support Documentation and Services),
obligates manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment to provide accessible
support documentation and services, which constitute "collections of information" under the PRA. More specifically,
the revised guidelines require covered manufacturers, when providing support documentation and services, to ensure
accessibility for individuals with disabilities in four respects: (1) support documentation must list, and explain
how to use, accessibility and compatibility features of telecommunications products (602.2); (2) electronic support
documentation must conform to WCAG 2.0 (602.3); (3) non-electronic support documentation must be provided upon
request in alternate formats (e.g., braille, large print) usable by individuals with disabilities (602.4); and (4)
support services (e.g., help desks, call centers) must offer information on accessibility and compatibility
features, as well as ensure a contact method that accommodates the communication needs of individuals with
disabilities (603.2 and 603.3).
Taken together, these four accessibility requirements in the final rule impose PRA-covered information collection
obligations on Section 255-covered manufacturers that are generally similar to those under the existing 255
Guidelines (which previously received PRA approval from OMB) (OMB Control Number 3014-0010), though compliance with
WCAG 2.0 is new. The Revised 255 Guidelines do establish a new information collection by requiring that covered
manufacturers ensure their electronic support documentation (such as Web-based self-service support or PDF user
guides) complies with specified accessibility standards (602.3).
The Board estimates the annual burden on manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and customer premises
equipment for the four categories of information collections under the final rule as follows:
Table 11 - Estimated Annual Recordkeeping and Documentation Burden
| Provision in final rule |
Number of respondents |
Annual number of responses per respondent |
Average response time (hours) |
Estimated annual burden (hours) |
| Section 602.2 |
1,379 |
6 |
1.5 |
12,411 |
| Section 602.3 |
1,379 |
95% of 6 |
300 |
2,358,090 |
| Section 602.4 |
1,379 |
5% of 6 |
25 |
25 10,343 |
| Section 603 |
1,379 |
6 |
.5 |
4,137 |
| Total |
2,384,981 |
These estimates are based on the Access Board's experience with the current information collection requirements
under the existing 255 Guidelines, as well as public comment received in response to the 2010 and 2011 ANPRMs.
(While the Board received one comment to the 2015 NPRM suggesting that our assumptions about average response times
were too high, for the reasons discussed below, we believe these time estimates are sound and have carried them
forward to this PRA analysis.)
Highlighted below are the key assumptions used in the burden estimation calculus reflected above in Table 11:
Number of respondents. The estimated number of manufacturers of telecommunications equipment and customer
premises equipment (1,384) is based on Census Bureau/NAICS data for the three ICT-related industry classifications
potentially subject to the Revised 255 Guidelines. (See Section V.B (Regulatory Process Matters – Regulatory
Flexibility Act)).
Number of responses annually per manufacturer. The number of annual responses for each manufacturer (6) is
based on the estimated number of new products released in 2013 according to the Consumer Electronic Association.
Average response time. The Access Board estimates the average response time to comply with the
accessibility requirements in Chapter 6 of the Revised 255 Guidelines as follows:
-
Section 602.2 – The estimated response time assumes that documenting the accessibility and
compatibility features will take 1.5 hours for each new product.
-
Section 602.3 – The estimated response time assumes that development of accessible electronic support
documentation will take 300 hours for each new product. This estimate, in turn, is based on the assumption that
each product will have, on average, 200 pages of electronic documentation, and that each page will require 1.5
hours of formatting and editing to comply with WCAG 2.0. With respect to the annual number of responses for each
manufacturer, it is assumed that support documentation for nearly all new products will be provided in an
electronic format given current trends in the telecommunications industry. Specifically, it is estimated that 95
percent of the six new products introduced annually by each manufacturer (7,889 products) will have electronic
support documentation that must conform to the accessibility requirements for electronic support documentation
in 602.3.
An NPRM commenter expressed concern that our time estimate of 1.5 hours per page to make electronic support
documentation compliant with WCAG 2.0 was overly generous, stating that 10 to 20 minutes per page would be more
likely. In our experience, while text-only or other less complex documents may well take, on average, only 10 to
20 minutes per page to ensure accessibility, the electronic documents at issue here – user manuals and Web-based
self-service support – are typically more complex and often feature pictures, graphics, or tables interspersed
with textual material. This complexity would likely make the process of ensuring compliance with applicable
accessibility requirements more time intensive as compared to text-only documents. Consequently, to be
conservative, we have retained the 1.5 hours per page assumption used in both the NPRM and Preliminary RIA.
-
Section 602.4 – The estimated response time assumes that development of accessible
non-electronic support documentation in alternate formats (e.g., braille, large print) will take 25 hours for
each new product. With respect to the annual number of responses for each manufacturer, it is assumed that
support documentation for only a few new products will have support documentation in a non-electronic format in
recognition of the fact that most support documentation is now posted online or otherwise provided in electronic
formats. Thus, it is assumed that only 5 percent of the six new products introduced annually by each
manufacturer (415 products) will have non-electronic support documentation that must conform to 602.4.
-
Section 603.1 – The estimated response time assumes that, for each new product in a given year,
manufacturers will receive three 10-minute telephone calls to support centers (or emails or chat-based
interactions) from individuals with disabilities seeking information on the accessibility and compatibility
features of these products.
G. Availability of Materials Incorporated by Reference
Regulations issued by the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) require Federal agencies to describe in their
regulatory preambles the steps taken to ensure that incorporated materials are reasonably available to interested
parties, as well as summarize the contents of referenced standards. See 1 CFR part 51.
In keeping with these obligations for materials that are incorporated by reference in the Revised 508 Standards and
255 Guidelines, the Access Board provides below: (a) information on the public availability of these ten standards
(or, alternatively, how Access Board staff attempted to secure the availability of these materials to the public at
no cost or reduced cost, if not already publicly available free of charge by the standards development
organization); and (b) summaries of the materials to be incorporated by reference. In addition to the information
provided below relating to public availability, a copy of each referenced standard is available for inspection at
the Access Board's office, 1331 F Street NW, Suite 1000, Washington, DC 20004.
ATSC A/53 Part 5: 2014, Digital Television Standard, Part 5—2014 AC-3 Audio System Characteristics (2014) (see
414.1.1, 702.2.1). The standard for digital television provides the system characteristics for advanced
television systems. The document and its normative parts provide detailed specification of system parameters. Part 5
provides the audio system characteristics and normative specifications. It includes the Visually Impaired (VI)
associated service, which is a complete program mix containing music, effects, dialogue and a narrative description
of the picture content. Availability: Copies of this standard may be obtained from the Advanced Television Systems
Committee (ATSC), 1776 K Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20006–2304. Free copies of ATSC A/53 Digital
Television Standard are available online at the organization's Web site (https://atsc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/A53-Part-5-2014.pdf).
ANSI/AIIM/ISO 14289-1-2016, Document Management Applications – Electronic Document File Format Enhancement for
Accessibility - Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-1 (2016) (PDF/UA-1) (see 504.2.2, 702.3.1). This standard (known as
PDF/UA-1) defines how to represent electronic documents in the PDF format in a manner that allows the file to be
accessible. This is accomplished by identifying the set of PDF components that may be used and restrictions on the
form of their use. Availability: Copies of this standard may be obtained from Association for Information and Image
Management (AIIM), 1100 Wayne Ave., Ste. 1100, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910. This standard is available without
cost to AIIM professional members and for a small fee ($15.00) by other members of the public through the AIIM Web
site (http://www.aiim.org/Resources/Standards/AIIM_ISO_14289-1).
It is also the Board's understanding, based on discussions with the standards developer, that a free, read-only copy
of the referenced portions of ANSI/HFES 200.2 would be made available on ANSI's IBR Standards Portal (https://ibr.ansi.org/Standards/hfes.aspx) following
publication of the final rule.
ANSI/HFES 200.2, Human Factors Engineering of Software User Interfaces – Part 2: Accessibility (2008) (see
502.4, 702.4.1). This standard provides design specifications for human-system software interfaces to
increase accessibility for persons with disabilities. It covers the design of accessible software for people with a
wide range of physical, sensory and cognitive abilities, including those with temporary disabilities and older
adults. Availability: Copies of this standard may be obtained from the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES),
P.O. Box 1369, Santa Monica, CA 90406–1369. This standard is also available for purchase on the HFES Web site (http://www.hfes.org). In discussions with Access Board staff, an HFES senior
representative noted that, consistent with the Society's standard practice of making read-only copies of standards
available when incorporated by reference into Federal regulations, a free, read-only copy of the referenced portions
of ANSI/HFES 200.2 would be made available on ANSI's IBR Standards Portal (https://ibr.ansi.org/Standards/hfes.aspx) following
publication of the final rule.
ANSI/IEEE C63.19-2011 American National Standard for Methods of Measurement of Compatibility between Wireless
Communications Devices and Hearing Aids (2011) (see 412.3.1, 702.5.1). This standard provides a uniform
method of measurement for compatibility between hearing aids and wireless communications devices. Availability:
Copies of this standard may be obtained from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 10662 Los
Vaqueros Circle, P.O. Box 3014, Los Alamitos, CA 90720–1264. This standard is also available for purchase on the
IEEE Web site (http://www.ieee.org). Additionally, a free, read-only version of
ANSI/IEEE C63.19-2011 is available on the ANSI IBR Standards Portal.
ICC A117.1-2009, Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities (2010) (see 402.5, 702.6.1). This standard
provides technical criteria for making sites, facilities, buildings, and elements accessible to and usable by people
with disabilities. Availability: Copies of this standard may be obtained from ICC Publications, 4051 W. Flossmoor
Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478-5795 (http://www.iccsafe.org). A free,
read-only version of ICC A117.1 is available online at the ICC's public access standards portal (http://codes.iccsafe.org/app/book/toc/ICC%20Standards/ICC%20A117.1-2009/index.html).
ITU-T Recommendation E.161, Series E: Overall Network Operation, Telephone Service, Service Operation and Human
Factors—International operation – Numbering plan of the international telephone service, Arrangement of digits,
letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network
(2001) (see 407.3.3, 702.7.1). This standard defines the assignment of the basic 26 Latin letters (A to Z) to
the 12-key telephone keypad. Availability: This standard may be obtained from ITU-T, Place des Nations CH-1211,
Geneva 20, Switzerland. Free copies of ITU-T Recommendation E.161 are available online at the organization's Web
site (http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-E.161-200102-I/en).
ITU-T Recommendation G.722.2: Series G: Transmission Systems and Media, Digital Systems and Networks, Digital
terminal equipments – Coding of analogue signals by methods other than PCM, Wideband coding of speech at around 16
kbit/s using Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) (2003) (see 412.4, 702.7.2). This standard describes the
high quality Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband (AMR-WB) encoder and decoder that is primarily intended for 7 kHz
bandwidth speech signals. AMR-WB operates at a multitude of bit rates ranging from 6.6 kbit/s to 23.85 kbit/s.
Availability: This standard may be obtained from the International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunications
Standardization Sector (ITU-T), Place des Nations CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland. Free copies of ITU-T
Recommendation G.722.2 are available online at the organization's Web site (http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.722.2-200307-I/en).
IETF RFC 6716, Definition of the Opus Audio Codec (2012) (see 412.4, 702.8.1). This standard establishes
specifications that define the Opus interactive speech and audio codec. The Opus codec is designed to handle a wide
range of interactive audio applications, including Voice over IP, videoconferencing, in-game chat, and even live,
distributed music performances. This codec scales from low bitrate narrowband speech at 6 kbit/s to very high
quality stereo music at 510 kbit/s. Availability: Free copies of this standard are available online at the Internet
Engineering Task Force's Web site (http://www.rfc-base.org/txt/rfc-6716.txt).
TIA-1083-B: Telecommunications—Communications Products—Handset Magnetic Measurement Procedures and Performance
Requirements (2015) (TIA-1083-B) (see 412.3.2, 702.9.1). This standard defines measurement procedures and
performance requirements for the handset generated audio band magnetic noise of wireline telephones. This standard
also addresses magnetic interference issues not covered by 47 CFR part 68. This standard can be used to evaluate
devices with analog interfaces and digital interfaces that provide narrowband and wideband transmission.
Availability: Copies of this standard, which is published by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), may
be obtained from the IHS Standard Store (IHS), 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112. This standard is also
available for purchase on the IHS Markit Standards Store (http://www.global.ihs.com). In March 2016, Access Board staff spoke with TIA
representatives to explore potential options for making TIA-1083-B readily available to the public. TIA took the
position that this standard is available for sale and is, therefore, reasonably available.
WCAG 2.0, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, W3C Recommendation (2008) (see E205.4, E205.4 Exception,
E205.4.1, E207.2, E207.2 Exception 2, E207.2 Exception 3, E207.2.1, E207.3, C203.1, C203.1 Exception, C203.1.1,
C205.2, C205.2 Exception 2, C205.2 Exception 3, C205.2.1, C205.3, 408.3 Exception, 501.1 Exception, 504.2, 504.3,
504.4, 602.3, and 702.10.1). WCAG 2.0, published by the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (W3C), specifies
success criteria and requirements to make Web content more accessible to all users, including persons with
disabilities. The W3C Web site also provides online technical assistance materials linked to each success criteria
and technical requirement. Availability: Copies of this standard may be obtained from the W3C Web Accessibility
Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar Street, Room 32-G515, Cambridge, MA 02139. Free copies
of WCAG 2.0, and its related technical assistance materials, are available online at W3C's Web site (http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20).
List of Subjects
36 CFR Part 1193
Civil rights, Communications, Communications equipment, Incorporation by reference, Individuals with disabilities,
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Telecommunications.
36 CFR Part 1194
Civil rights, Communications, Communications equipment, Computer technology, Electronic products, Government
employees, Government procurement, Incorporation by reference, Individuals with disabilities, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Telecommunications.
Approved by vote of the Access Board on September 14, 2016.
/s/
David M. Capozzi,
Executive Director.
NOTES
- Subsequently, in 2015, the three European standards bodies issued an updated version of EN 301 549, which
contained minor editorial changes only relative to the 2014 version. See ETSI/CEN/CENELEC, EN 301 549 V1.1.2
(2015-04), Accessibility Requirements Suitable for Public Procurement of ICT Products and Services in Europe (Apr.
2015), available at http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301500_301599/301549/01.01.02_60/en_301549v010102p.pdf.
- The existing 508 Standards require that technology provide at least one mode of operation and information
retrieval not requiring visual acuity greater than 20/70 in both audio and enlarged print output, working together
or independently. 36 CFR § 1194.31(b). The limited vision FPC in the existing 255 Guidelines is similar; it
requires that the technology provide a mode that permits operation by users with visual acuity that ranges between
20/70 and 20/200, without relying on audio output. 36 CFR § 1193.41(b).
- The Joint Working Group on eAccessibility consists of the three European Standardization Organizations, CEN,
CENELEC and ETSI.
- For example, the final rule and EN 301 549 vary significantly in their respective levels of specificity of
technical requirements for ICT with closed functionality. In EN 301 549, the requirements for software with closed
functionality are a subset of the requirements for software that does not have closed functionality (compare,
e.g., EN 301 549 Clause 11.2.2 with EN 301 549 11.2.1) and, as such, they fail to offer technical criteria that
adequately and unambiguously address closed functionality. The only affirmative requirement for such ICT in EN 301
549 is that it be operable without the use of assistive technology (Clause 5.1.2.2), which is essentially the
definition of closed functionality. EN 301 549 does not require ICT with closed functionality to be speech output
enabled (cf. Clause 5.1.3.1), which is critical for persons with limited vision. The final rule, on the other
hand, affirmatively requires ICT with closed to have this critical functionality. See 402.2 (Speech-Output
Enabled).
- See also Office of Management and Budget, Circular A-4 (2003); Office of Management and Budget, Regulatory
Impact Analysis: A Primer 3 (2011), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/inforeg/regpol/circular-a-4_regulatory-impact-analysis-a-primer.pdf.
- Examples of CPE include wireline and wireless telephones or computers when employed on the premises of a person
to originate, route, or terminate telecommunications (e.g., Internet telephony, interconnected VoIP). Only a
computer with a modem or internet telephony software can function as telecommunications equipment and only the
modem functions are associated with telecommunications. Therefore, the requirements of the final rule apply only
to the modem or internet telephony software functions and incidental functions required for turning the computer
on and launching the telecommunications programs. All other functions of the computer not related to
telecommunications would not be covered, such as word processing or file searching or video conferencing.
- The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies
to classify business establishments. The Census Bureau provides detailed NAICS information on the agency's Web
site. See U.S. Census Bureau, Introduction to NAICS, http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ SBA provides, on its Web
site, small business size standards for each NAICS code. See U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Small
Business Size Standards, https://www.sba.gov/contracting/getting-started-contractor/make-sure-you-meet-sba-size-standards/table-small-business-size-standards (updated Feb. 26, 2016).
- Dept. of Transportation, Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in Air Travel: Accessibility of Web Sites
and Automated Kiosks at U.S. Airports, 78 FR 67882 (Nov. 12, 2013); Econometrica, Inc., Final Regulatory Analysis
on the Final Rule on Accessible Kiosks and Web Sites (Oct. 23, 2013), available at https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=DOT-OST-2011-0177-0108;
see also Preliminary RIA, Sections 6.3, 8.11
- SUSB employer data is collected and produced by the U.S Census and contains, for each NAICS code, such
information as: number of firms, employment figures, estimated annual receipts, and annual payroll. In accordance
with Federal law, certain SUSB data elements are "masked" (e.g., receipts for a particular establishment size
range) when publication would disclose the identity of individual business establishments. See U.S. Census Bureau,
Statistics of U.S Businesses (SUSB) – Methodology, http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb/technical-documentation/methodology.html (last revised June 8, 2016); see also 13 U.S.C. 9. As a result, when calculating average per-firm annual receipts
presented for each NAICS codes in Table 9 and Table 10, it was occasionally necessary to estimate missing data
elements using other available, pertinent data for that NAICS code.
For the reasons stated in the preamble, and under the authority of 47 U.S.C. 255(e), the Board amends 36 CFR
chapter XI as follows:
PART 1193—[REMOVED]
1. Remove part 1193.
PART 1194 – INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
2. The authority citation for part 1194 is revised to read as follows:
Authority: 29 U.S.C. 794d, 47 U.S.C. 255.
3. The heading for part 1194 is revised to read as set forth above
4. Remove the designations of subparts A through D
5. Add appendix D to part 1194 to read as follows:
Appendix D to Part 1194 - Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Standards as Originally
Published on December 21, 2000
Sections D1194.6 through D1194.20 [Reserved]
Sections D1194.27 through D1194.30 [Reserved]
Sections D1194.32 through D1194.40 [Reserved]
Sections D1194.42 through D1194.50 [Reserved]
§§ 1194.1 through 1194.5 [Transferred to Appendix D to Part 1194 as Sections D1194.1 through
D1194.5]
6. Redesignate §§ 1194.1 through 1194.5 as sections D1194.1 through D1194.5, respectively, and transfer to appendix
D to part 1194.
§§ 1194.21 through 1194.26 [Transferred to Appendix D to Part 1194 as Sections D1194.21 through
D1194.26]
7. Redesignate §§ 1194.21 through 1194.26 as sections D1194.21 through D1194.26, respectively, and transfer to
appendix D to part 1194.
§ 1194.31 [Transferred to Appendix D to Part 1194 as Section D1194.31]
8. Redesignate § 1194.31 as section D1194.31 and transfer to appendix D to part 1194.
§ 1194.41 [Transferred to Appendix D to Part 1194 as Section D1194.41]
9. Redesignate § 1194.41 as section D1194.41 and transfer to appendix D to part 1194.
Appendix—Figures to Part 1194 [Transferred to Appendix D to Part 1194 as Section D1194.51]
10. Redesignate Appendix—Figures to Part 1194 as section D1194.51 and transfer to appendix D to part 1194, and
revise its heading to read "Figures".
11. Add §§ 1194.1 and 1194.2 to read as follows:
§1194.1 —; Standards for Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act.
The standards for information and communication technology developed, procured, maintained, or used by Federal
agencies covered by Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act are set forth in Appendices A, C and D to this part.
§ 1194.2 — Guidelines for Section 255 of the Communications Act.
The guidelines for telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment covered by Section 255 of the
Communications Act are set forth in Appendices B and C to this part.
