Utilitarianism

In this article, I suggest and support a utilitarian
approach to business ethics. Utilitarianism is already
widely used as a business ethic approach, although it is
not well developed in the literature. Utilitarianism provides
a guiding framework of decision making rooted in
social benefit which helps direct business toward more
ethical behavior. It is the basis for much of our discussion
regarding the failures of Enron, Worldcom, and even
the subprime mess and Wall Street Meltdown. In short,
the negative social consequences are constantly referred
to as proof of the wrongness of these actions and events,
and the positive social consequences of bailouts and
other plans are used as ethical support for those plans to
right the wrongs.
I believe the main cause of the neglect of the utilitarian
approach is because of misguided criticisms. Here, I
defend utilitarianism as a basis for business ethics
against many criticisms found in the business ethics
literature, showing that a business ethics approach
relying on John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism supports
principles like justice, is not biased against the minority,
and is more reasonable than other views such as a
Kantian view when dealing with workers and making
other decisions in business. I also explain utilitarian
moral motivation and use satisficing theory to attempt to
defend utilitarian business ethics from questions raised
regarding utilitarian calculus.

In this piece, I consider various problematic themes of the transhumanist literature that carry significant ethical import, to point out that traditional utilitarian approaches, the ones standardly preferred by transhumanism, reveal some grave conundrums and are thus unable to satisfactorily address several pressing issues that afflict the movement. Instead of aiming at solving each one of them, I propose rethinking the novel ethical problems triggered by transhumanism via a consideration of divergent ethical frameworks, as opposed to the utilitarian one used by default. I advance that alternative ethical positions, such as duty and virtue ethics, deserve to be seriously examined as viable systems of moral reasoning for this pervasive phenomenon. In this vein, I jump-start the articulation of deontological and aretaic narratives applied to transhumanism. I conclude by urging further investigation on alternative ethical outlooks applied to the movement, suggesting further scholarship on the intersection of these with the shared aim of human flourishing.

espanolDesde la Antiguedad la pena de muerte es aplicada como castigo analogo a la accion cometida contra la vida y los credos religiosos. La religion habia asimilado esta sancion como una forma de salvaguardar a los no pecadores, de aquellas personas consideradas como peligrosas para la fe. Su discusion es de larga data y las posiciones a favor y en contra, siempre se'han hecho presentes, En America Latina, las altos indices de criminalidad llevan a que sectores sociales exijan se discuta sobre la necesidad de la aplicacion de la pena capital, como forma de combatir. la inseguridad, lo que desde lo teorico contrapone las teorias retributivas y utilitarias, asi como la normativa internacional en materia de proteccion de derechos humanos. EnglishSince ancient times, death penalty has been applied as a punishmentthat deserves those who attempt against lile and against religious beliefs, Religion had assimilated sanction as a way to preserve it from sinners, people considered as da...

espanolA partir de la doctrina de Joel Feinberg, el presente articulo reflexiona sobre el harm principle, principio de la filosofia etica propio de los paises de Common Law. La base del estudio es la obra The Moral Limits of Criminal Law, compuesta por cuatro volumenes, en la que Feinberg aborda posibles comportamientos indeseados por la sociedad y la legitimidad del Estado para prohibirlos y castigarlos por medio del derecho penal. Se senalan criticas relevantes a las ideas de Feinberg y, en la parte final, se pone en relacion la teoria del bien juridico, tipica del sistema rornano-germanico, con el concepto del harm principle, con el fin de analizar como un sistema puede complementar al otro. EnglishThis article discusses the harm principle, the principle of ethical philosophy, typical of Common Law countries, with emphasis on the doctrine ofJoel Feinberg, whose work devoted to its application in criminal law. The basis of the study is the work "The Moral Limits of Criminal L...

Para la economía clásica, la felicidad general es entendida como el disfrute de la calidad
de vida que tienen todos los habitantes de una nación o territorio. Por lo tanto, el
objeto de la presente investigación es entender el concepto de “felicidad general” a
través de un caso práctico en la ciudad afrodescendiente de Quibdó. Para lograrlo, la
investigación desea conocer qué tan felices son los jóvenes universitarios y adolescentes de undécimo grado de la capital afrodescendiente en Colombia. Para tal efecto, se realizaron doscientos cincuenta cuestionarios, bajo el método de análisis multivariado, con  un  nivel  de  confianza  del  95%  y  un  margen  de  error  del  5%.  La  investigación concluye la existencia de una felicidad subjetiva pero no social o intersubjetiva.

The main purpose of this paper is to survey the origins of educational policies during the colonial period. The emphasis on elite English education, and its displacement from traditional instructional models, resulted in a break with the everyday experiences of the "illiterate masses," and thus reified the gap between the classes. The educated elites' perception of "the uneducated population as an object of moral improvement"  is mirrored in the Utilitarian, Evangelical, Victorian educational models. Though British rule was cast off with relish, the educational models inherited from the colonizers continue to create paradoxical curricular paradigms in post-independence India.

I also briefly trace their appropriation and application by the nationalist movement and the persistence of these pedagogical paradigms in post-independence India. This discussion is situated within a critique of textbook-centered instruction. At the end of this paper I discuss a controversy that arose in the representation of history and the production of textbooks during the Janata government in the late seventies. The central question driving the writing of this paper asks, "Can a modern/traditional multi-ethnic political nation-state such as India, build a democratic entity through the schools, using textbooks as resources?" This paper thus discusses the influences of colonialism and nationalism on curriculum and textbook design in India, and offer a conclusion that raises more questions than answers.

Depuis son passage de l'utilitarisme des préférences à l'utilitarisme hédoniste, Peter Singer est exposé à l'argument du remplacement, fréquemment cité en éthique animale. Le philosophe l'accepte, il va jusqu'à affirmer qu'en théorie l'argument s'applique également aux humains. Un autre argument, qui est davantage traité en éthique des populations et auquel il a toujours dû faire face, est la conclusion répugnante de Derek Parfit. Là encore, l'Australien estime ne pas avoir de solution satisfaisante. Les difficultés que ces deux arguments posent à la position de Singer ont été vues et revues, mais ce n'est pas le cas du résultat de leur combinaison qui a des implications majeures en éthique animale. Si l'industrialisation permet d'augmenter le nombre d'animaux systématiquement remplacés dans l'élevage, elle tend à diminuer leur niveau de bien-être individuel. L'augmentation du nombre d'animaux étant proportionnellement plus importante que la diminution de leur niveau de bien-être individuel, nous retrouvons la logique de la conclusion répugnante. Dès lors, jusqu'à un certain point, l'industrialisation de l'élevage est synonyme d'augmentation de la quantité de bien-être générée dans le monde, d'un point de vue total. Nous pouvons alors énoncer la conclusion du remplacement répugnant : « Il existe un élevage X, industrialisé de sorte à pouvoir rassembler et remplacer un nombre x de vaches et de taureaux dont la qualité de vie est fortement inférieure par rapport à d’autres élevages, mais qui d’un point de vue total génère la plus importante quantité de bien-être possible. ». Contrairement aux populations fictives de la conclusion de Parfit, de tels élevages industriels existent et le remplacement répugnant est une réalité. Selon ce dernier, au-delà des considérations écologiques, économiques ou sanitaires, Singer est forcé de conclure que l'élevage idéal est industriel.

Liberalismos: rasgos comunes.
Liberalismo y liberalismos.
El radicalismo republicano de Thomas Paine.
El utilitarismo de Jeremy Bentham.
El compromiso radical de James Mill.
La apertura liberal de John Stuart Mill.
Las dos libertades de Benjamin Constant.
El Estado constitucional de Derecho liberal: el legado.

Aquí va el prólogo a Praxis. Una introducción a la moral, la política y el Derecho, Atelier, Barcelona, 2017. Refleja y amplía la introducción que he venido dando a mis estudiantes de teoría política y filosofía del derecho en la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de Toledo. Bajo el presupuesto de la unidad o no fragmentación de la razón práctica tomo como punto de partida la disputa metodológica entre hermenéuticos y analíticos a los fines de partir de ese contraste algunas distinciones analíticas (ser/deber; niveles de lenguaje; juicios analíticos/sintético; contexto de descubrimiento/justificación) para ver su utilidad para el estudio del discurso moral. Por tanto se estudia metaética como paso previo a un estudio de ética normativa mediado por un capítulo de trolelogía (trolley problem philosophy) que da pie a describir el utilitarismo, luego el deontologismo y finalmente el constructivismo kantiano en las versiones de Rawls, Habermas y Nino. En los epígrafes Q se tratan cuestiones quodlibetales, que posibilitan una aproximación, si se quiere, más heterodoxa a los problemas estudiados.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo defender a permissibilidade moral da eutanásia ativa voluntária desde a perspectiva utilitarista de John Stuart Mill. A discussão sobre este tema tem levado muitos filósofos a pensarem se é correto ou não matar indivíduos que solicitam morrer
em decorrência de doença incurável. Considerando apenas aqueles que defendem a sua permissibilidade, podem-se destacar filósofos contemporâneos como Peter Singer e James Rachels, ambos utilitaristas. No entanto, neste trabalho, é a obra de Mill que norteará a defesa, tendo em vista que dos autores clássicos do utilitarismo, considera-se que o dele possui melhores ferramentas conceituais que ajudam a analisar o problema da eutanásia e a propor uma defesa plausível. Sendo assim, primeiro serão apresentados os conceitos-chave da obra de Mill; em seguida, explicar-se-á o que é eutanásia e o que se entende neste trabalho por “doença incurável”. No terceiro momento serão discutidos os aspectos relevantes que envolvem a competência do indivíduo e se eutanasiar deve ser considerado moralmente errado. Por último será feita a defesa a partir dos princípios millianos.

spremna študija k slovenskemu prevodu knjige J.S. Mill: O svobodi; Utilitarizem, Ljubljana: Krtina, 2003; str. 75-132) Uvod -zgodovinski kontekst nastanka, viri, navdihi in teoretski rivali Utilitarizem Johna Stuarta Milla, ta drobni in nepretenciozni spis, velja danes, stoletje in pol po nastanku, za enega temeljnih kamnov moralne filozofije. Občudovalci ga postavljajo ob bok tako monumentalnim delom, kot sta Aristotelova Nikomahova etika in Kantova *Utemeljitev k metafiziki nravi. Mill je delo izdal v svojem zrelem ustvarjalnem obdobju, ki ga je zaznamovala smrt življenjske in intelektualne sopotnice Harriet Taylor. Z letnico izida 1861 se spis tako kronološko umešča med dve drugi prelomni deli, odmeven in strasten zagovor osebne svobode (O svobodi, 1859) in prvi sistematičen filozofski zagovor enakopravnosti žensk (Podreditev/Podrejanje žensk, 1868). Millova moralno-filozofska stališča so se pod vplivom očeta, filozofa Jamesa Milla in zlasti njegovega tesnega prijatelja, Jeremyja Benthama, oblikovala v daljšem časovnem obdobju, vse od poglobljene kritike Benthamove moralne filozofije iz leta 1838 dalje. 1 »Utilitarizem« je tako sad večdesetletnega razmišljanja in hkratnega neumornega propagiranja utilitaristične ideje ter Millova dokončna formulacija in zagovor njegovih dveh nosilnih idej: da je treba vsa človeška dejanja in ustanove ocenjevati po njihovem prispevku k človeški sreči in da ta sestoji iz tistega ugodja, ki bi mu dala prednost z vsemi raznovrstnimi ugodji seznanjena razumna oseba. Millov Utilitarizem je polemično, toda tudi nekonfliktno filozofsko delo. Njegove ambicije Mill sam skromno opredeli kot poskus »prispevati k boljšemu razumevanju in presoji utilitaristične teorije ali teorije sreče in k določitvi dokaza, ki ga dopušča«. (U; ??*) Poznavanje zgodovinskega konteksta nastanka tega po obsegu, ne pa tudi globini skromnega spisa je zaradi tega za njegovo razumevanje manj odločilno, kot bi pričakovali. V pričujoči spremni študiji se bom zato bolj kot zgodovinskim izvorom klasičnega utilitarizma posvetil kritičnim odmevom, ki 1 Ta je izšla ob Benthamovi smrti v London and Westminster Review.

ABSTRACT - Consumer behaviour can change according to time and conditions. The hedonic and utilitarian values that evoke our sense of purchase can be effective in producing these differences. Specifically, consumers display purchasing activities with different values and behaviours when they feel insecure, such the feeling of a potential threat to their lives, such as during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The present cross-sectional study aims to investigate the effects of such a potential threat on online purchase intentions toward food products and whether hedonic and/or utilitarian shopping values play a mediating role in these relations during the current COVID-19 pandemic conditions in Turkey. More specifically, data was collected from 556 food consumers during April 2020 using an online survey. This study used a structural equation model to analyse and test the research hypotheses. The results show that a perceived potential threat to life (death threat) is positively related to both utilitarian versus hedonic shopping value and online purchase intentions toward food products. Also, utilitarian versus hedonic shopping values are positively related to a death threat with regard to food products. Utilitarian shopping and hedonic shopping values can play a mediating role between death threat and online purchase intentions. This demonstrates that a strong perceived threat to life, such as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic or other high risk factors, will result in the intention to buy foods providing hedonic or utilitarian value, which promotes online shopping.

South Africa is a highly distributively unequal country, and its inequality continues to be largely along racial lines. Such circumstances call for assessment from the perspective of contemporary theories of distributive justice. Three such theories – Rawlsian justice, utilitarianism, and luck egalitarianism – are described and applied. Rawls’ difference principle recommends that the worst off be made as well as they can be, a standard which South Africa clearly falls short of. Utilitarianism recommends the maximization of overall societal well-being, a goal which South Africa again fails to achieve given its severe inequality and the fact of the diminishing marginal value of money – that a given amount of money tends to produce more utility for a poor person than it does for a rich person. The final theory, luck egalitarianism, aims to make distributions sensitive to individual exercises of responsibility. This view also objects to South Africa’s inequality, this time on the basis that the poor are overwhelmingly worse off through no fault or choice of their own. These major theories of distributive justice therefore all propose large scale redistribution to the benefit of the (predominantly black) poor. Perhaps more surprisingly, all three views also provide support for class-based affirmative action, as opposed to South Africa’s race-based Black Economic Empowerment.

“You should select the best child!” A critique of Procreative Beneficence’s Concept of Obligation: According to liberal eugenics, couples should be free to determine the genetic condition of their future offspring. The most famous position in this debate is Procreative Beneficence (PB). PB is a maximizing principle which states that, albeit the right to reproduction autonomy, couples have a moral obligation to select the best child of the possible children they could have. Thus, reproducers have moral reasons to undergo assisted reproduction in order to genetically profile embryos to fulfill this obligation. By analyzing PB’s concept of “moral obligation”, I argue that in decisive cases PB fails to show that parents have significant reasons to select for the best. Furthermore, it might be obligatory to conceive naturally, even if this does not lead to the best possible child.

Utilitarian concerns increasingly drive machine ethics, particularly the few ethical discussions in learning analytics. Determining the most good for the most people is a responsible way forward, but perhaps not the most comprehensive, especially when assessing potential outcomes. Innovations in learning analytics may occur more rapidly and with better outcomes if informed ethical discussions occur at every step of development.

Historiquement, c'est-à-dire dans les faits, l'École s'est plutôt et presque toujours montrée au service de la reproduction du corps social, structuré par tel ou tel imaginaire dominant. Mais nous pensons que l'École recèle, de droit, un potentiel de libération qui excède les faits. Nous nous penchons alors ici, patiemment, sur l'imaginaire contemporain qui affecte l'École. Plus précisément, nous souhaitons rendre intelligible cette réforme appelée "Pacte pour un Enseignement d'Excellence", en faisant apparaître qu'elle doit sa grande cohérence à une matrice extrêmement précise : l'utilitarisme. Aussi, c'est en mesurant la profondeur du mal actuel, qui va jusqu'à s'attaquer aux promesses et aux exigences de l'institution, que nous allons tenter de sortir par le haut : en redéfinissant à grands traits les lignes de force de ce qui est en péril.

In this chapter, Mark Budolfson and Dean Spears analyse the marginal effect of philanthropic donations. The core of their analysis is the observation that marginal good done per dollar donated is a product (in the mathematical sense) of several factors: change in good done per change in activity level of the charity in question, change in activity per change in the charity’s budget size, and change in budget size per change in the individual’s donation to the charity in question. They then discuss the “hidden zero problem” that some of the terms in the equation (in particular, the last term) might be “hidden zeros” that prevent donations from doing any good—or worse, imply that they do harm—even if the charity is at the top of effective altruism rankings based on the other factors.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et a ̀ la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Documents de Travail du Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne

1. Through the Experience Machine (EM) thought experiment, Robert Nozick purports to show that something matters other than our subjective experiences, namely contact with objective reality. As a descriptive claim about the intuitions people have vis-à-vis the EM, Nozick has the facts right: many people do care about things other than their own subjective mental states. But just because an intuition is widely shared doesn't make it rational. In this essay, I argue that the intuitive revulsion many feel at the prospect of plugging into the EM is irrational. Such intuitions do not reveal anything about the intrinsic value of contact with reality, but are best explained by the notion of imaginative failure. The argument proceeds with the claim that we can conceive of very low levels of well-being at which plugging into EM appears prima facie rational. The individuals typically exposed to the EM thought experiment, affluent Western academics and their similarly privileged students, tend to lead lives that realize much higher levels of well-being. It is therefore unsurprising that such individuals feel a strong intuitive revulsion at the prospect of plugging into the EM. We make a serious error, however, when we infer from our particular, intuitive revulsion a general normative conclusion. We must first examine our intuitions more closely. Or, rather, we must consider the prospect of the EM from other perspectives, particularly those that are far different from our own, to see if we can generate different intuitions that provide counter-evidence to our initial revulsion.

It has been a debate for a long time, from the days of Aristotle till this very day, about where ethics come from? Is what we are doing make us good or we have virtues that are good and that is why we do good things? And how to evaluate whether our actions have any moral values? The answers to these questions are actually the basis of the most important ethical theories.

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem von Peter Singer vorgebrachten Argument, dass Wohl-habende eine Verpflichtung zur Hilfe gegenüber Armen besitzen. Es wird dessen utilitaristisches Prinzip dargelegt, welches diese Verpflichtung begründet. Dem Prinzip wird vorgeworfen, dass es zu hohe Anforderungen stellt, die den Menschen überfordern. Ob dies zutreffend ist, wird unter Rückgriff auf Positionen Henning Hahns, Richard J. Arnesons und Jan Narvesons näher untersucht. Da Singer sich eines fiktiven Vergleichs eines ertrinkenden Kindes in einem Teich bedient, um die Brisanz der gegenwärtigen Situation der Notleidenden darzustellen, beinhaltet diese Arbeit eine Überprüfung, ob dieses Gedankenexperiment zulässig ist. Eine praktische Beleuchtung der Problematik findet durch eine kritische Analyse des Konzepts der Entwicklungshilfe statt. Neben der Darstellung von Ansichten verschiedener Opponenten auswärtiger Hilfen und Unterstützungen,  werden die konträren Theorien von Jeffrey Sachs und William D. Easterly vorgestellt. Es zeigt sich das Sachs die Entwicklungshilfe als einzigen Weg aus der Armutsfalle erkennt, während Easterly ausländische Interventionen grundsätzlich ablehnt und sie eher als risikoreiche und schädliche Eingriff ansieht.

This chapter executes a reading of the character of Walter White / Heisenberg ('Breaking Bad') through John Stuart Mill's 'On Liberty'.  This chapter pays attention to issues related to Mill's harm principle, freedom, individuality, individual sovereignty, individual spontaneity, collective mediocrity, authority, the tyranny of the majority, legislated morality, justice, and punishment.

Am I doing good?  My purpose in this essay is to explore whether a person may find ethical absolutes without reference to God.  My premise is that we ultimately need a transcendent source of values.  Keep in mind, I am not saying that only theists do good things.  In fact, many theists do bad things and many non-theists, including atheists, do a lot of good in the world.  My point is that we need some standard that tells us what are the good things being done and what are the bad things. My contention is that we need God to tell us when people, even atheists, are doing good things and when people, even theists, are doing bad things.

The one of the focal points of philosophy stems from the desire to answer fundamental questions about our own humanity and morality in order to improve the quality of life for all.  In the case of utilitarianism, this ideology centers on the concept of “many over one”, making this a quantitative philosophy.  Based on the concept that a decision should be based in order to benefit the majority, it also neglects the minority.  This problem inherently lies in the practice of xenotransplantation, or the use of animal tissue for transplant purposes.  It may help or even save lives; however, it too neglects a minority.  This paper will discuss the backgrounds of both utilitarianism and xenotransplantation; however, I will go one-step further and discuss the viability of xenotransplantation as applied to utilitarianism.  Perhaps, by utilizing philosophy to understand a medical technique, we may be able to attain a solution that truly benefits the human race.

An exposition of John Rawls' arguments in his paper "Two Concepts of Rules", and comparative analysis against John J.C. Smart's "Extreme and Restricted" Utilitarianism, and H.J. McCloskey's "Restricted Utilitarianism". Written to 3000 word limit.

ETHICS: A PLURALISTIC APPROACH TO MORAL THEORY, FIFTH EDITION provides a comprehensive yet clear introduction to the main traditions in ethical thought, including virtue ethics, utilitarianism, and deontology. Additionally, the book presents a conceptual framework of ethical pluralism to help readers understand the relationship among various theories. Lawrence Hinman, one of the most respected and accomplished professionals in ethics and philosophy education today, presents a text that gives readers plentiful opportunities to explore ethical theory and their own responses to them, using fascinating features such as the "Ethical Inventory" sections that appear at the beginning and the end of the text. End-of-chapter discussion questions, and the use of current issues and movies help students retain what they've learn and truly comprehend the subject matter

Alicja Dłuż ewicż (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickewicża, Pożnan ) Ro wnos c jest podstawową żasadą etycżną, Nie żas stwierdżeniem faktu (Singer 2007, 43) Etyka utylitarystyczna Petera Singera -szanse i możliwości przekształcenia praw zwierząt Abstrakt: W artykule tym autorka podejmuje się pro by prżedefiniowania i posżerżenia podstawowych termino w prawnych, takich jak osoba i sprawiedliwos c , na samos wiadome żwierżęta pożaludżkie, włącżając je we wspo lnotę moralną. Potrżeba ta jest powodowana ewolucją moralnos ci, żwiążaną ż procesem użnania. Ochrona prawna żwierżąt jako prżedmioto w prawa moż e byc ugruntowana na żastosowaniu etyki utylitarystycżnej Petera Singera, kto ra pokażuje jak waż ne jest posżanowanie intereso w innych, oraż danie im moż liwos ci ż ycie w miarę dobrych/porżądnych warunkach.

Le présent article interroge la capacité des théoriques éthiques à justifier ou non la GPA en général, et plus spécifiquement, à se prononcer sur une possible légalisation en France dans les années à venir. Il montre que, contrairement à une idée reçue, l'argument kantien de la dignité humaine ne permet pas de conclure à son illégitimité. Les théories contractualistes et conséquentialistes permettent de la justifier sous certaines conditions mais un certain nombre d'arguments posent problème. Je suggère que l'utilitarisme des raisons développé par Derek Parfit offre certains éléments de réponse. Abstract : The present paper questions the capacity of ethical theories to justify or not surrogacy, generally speaking, and more specifically to find for or against the legalization of surrogacy in France in a foreseeing future. It shows that, contrary to a popular belief, the kantian idea of human dignity is of no use here. Contractualist and consequentialist theories can justify surrogacy under certain conditions but their arguments is no without raising issues. I suggest Derek Parfit's reason utilitarianism can offer some valuable answers to these difficulties.

When consumers choose to abstain from purchasing meat, they face some uncertainty about whether their decisions will have an impact on the number of animals raised and killed. Consequentialists have argued that this uncertainty should not dissuade consumers from a vegetarian diet because the "expected" impact, or average impact, will be predictable. Recently, however, critics have argued that the expected marginal impact of a consumer change is likely to be much smaller or more radically unpredictable than previously thought. This objection to the consequentialist case for vegetarianism is known as the "causal inefficacy" (or "causal impotence") objection. In this paper, we argue that the inefficacy objection fails. First, we summarize the contours of the objection and the standard "expected impact" response to it. Second, we examine and rebut two contemporary attempts (by Mark Budolfson and Ted Warfield) to defeat the expected impact reply through alleged demonstrations of the inefficacy of abstaining from meat consumption. Third, we argue that there are good reasons to believe that single individual consumers-not just consumers in aggregate-really do make a positive difference when they choose to abstain from meat consumption. Our case rests on three economic observations: (i) animal producers operate in a highly competitive environment, (ii) complex supply chains efficiently communicate some information about product demand, and (iii) consumers of plant-based meat alternatives have positive consumption spillover effects on other consumers.

her approach between ethical frameworks that appeal to the preferences of individuals and those that are 'platonic'-that posit objectives independent of desires and choices. However, her reluctance to appeal to preferences is so great-even considered preferences are likely to be distorted, she believes-that her position is hard to distinguish from platonism, with all the problems that this entails. She criticises procedural approaches to social ethics for building into the presuppositions of the procedure assumptions about the capabilities and relationships of participants. But her approach is at least as a priori.

Sudah sekitar dua tahun lamanya Indonesia dilanda pandemi covid-19 sejak awal kemunculannya pada awal Maret 2020, bahkan dari data terbaru Desember ini terdapat varian virus baru yang mengancam masyarakat Indonesia. Tidak hanya menimbulkan persoalan di bidang kesehatan dan ekonomi, pandemi juga berkaitan dengan persoalan etis apalagi ketika berkaitan dengan penanganannya. Setiap tindakan atau kebijakan publik yang diambil berarti ada kebutuhan yang tidak dapat terhindarkan untuk memprioritaskan kebutuhan orang banyak. Namun tidak memungkinkan juga untuk memperlakukan warga negara dengan setara, terlebih lagi di saat pandemi konsekuensinya adalah hilangnya nyawa banyak orang. Oleh karena itu dalam penanganan pandemi ada kebutuhan etis yang kuat untuk mempertimbangkan bagaimana melakukan atau memutuskan suatu tindakan yang terbaik secara keseluruhan. Utilitarianisme merupakan salah satu aliran filsafat yang menyatakan suatu tindakan dianggap benar apabila memberikan kebaikan terbesar. Artikel ini tidak menyatakan bahwa utilitarianisme merupakan satu-satunya aliran yang relevan ataupun mendukung pendekatan utilitarian murni. Namun, memberikan pertimbangan dengan jelas kepada masyarakat mengenai opsi mana yang memberikan hasil paling baik secara keseluruhan.

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to enhance ethical evaluation literature. The tool consists of two subscales named 'Bases of ethical evaluation', and 'Grounds of ethical evaluation'. In order to determine the factor structure of the scales, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied. The results revealed that Ethical Evaluation Questionnaire is a valid and reliable scale. The results presented that there was a positive correlation between the factors and the total 'Bases of ethical evaluation' scale. Similarly, there was a positive correlation between the factors and the total 'Grounds of ethical evaluation' scale. Since the Ethical Evaluation Questionnaire is a valid and reliable scale, it can be generalized for the other professions. The instrument is developed with respect to Islam religion in Turkish culture. However, scholars and managers can use the instrument for different cultures and religions. While there have been many studies examining ethical decision-making with different factors, intentions for examining religiosity as an underlying reason for ethical evaluation has been inadequate. So, studying Muslims in Turkey, this study is supposed to contribute to the literature related to ethical ideology and religiosity with regard to Islamic perspective.

This objective of this paper is four-fold: firstly, to study the concept of minority shareholders in the light of the Utilitarian Theory of Bentham and the Natural Law Theory; secondly, to analyze the rights of minority shareholders under the Companies Act, 2013 that to what extent these are protected, maintained and regulated; thirdly, to study the implications of the Companies Act, 2013 on the minority shareholders; and fourthly, the judicial approach in protecting the rights and interests of the minority shareholders.

What are the implications of how we talk about human extinction?

A new philosophical field has emerged. “Existential risk” studies any real or hypothetical human extinction event in the future. This movement examines catastrophes ranging from runaway global warming to nuclear warfare to malevolent artificial intelligence, deploying a curious mix of utilitarian ethics, statistical risk analysis, and, controversially, a transhuman advocacy that would aim to supersede almost all extinction scenarios. The proponents of existential risk thinking, led by Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom, have seen their work gain immense popularity. They have attracted endorsement from Bill Gates and Elon Musk, millions of dollars, and millions of views.

'Calamity Theory' is the first book to examine the rise of this thinking. In a time of pandemics, global heating, and the proliferation of new super-technologies that put the whole planet at risk, we must all become existentially conscious. But Schuster and Woods’s three critiques of existential risk address the field’s failures to acknowledge how some communities and lifeways are more at risk than others. They ask what such omissions imply about the role of human extinction in political and scientific worldviews, while suggesting alternatives grounded in critical theory and ecological thought.

https://manifold.umn.edu/projects/calamity-theory