Sociology Of Scientific Knowledge

Actualmente, las universidades se enfrentan a aumentos en sus necesidades de financiaci-n, cuando el criterio predominante es que los poderes poeblicos tengan una menor presencia en la misma. Por otra parte, algunos investigadores indican que la Universidad parece estar perdiendo posiciones como centro de generaci-n de conocimiento, el cual, como recurso en s' mismo, est ‡ siendo objeto de creciente atenci-n por parte de las empresas y los gobiernos, consider ‡ndosele el recurso clave en la consecuci-n de ventajas competitivas. En estas circunstancias, estimamos que la Universidad debe hacer mayores esfuerzos en orientar su investigaci-n a la aplicaci-n del conocimiento cient'fico-tŽcnico, en colaboraci-n con las empresas y las administraciones poeblicas,

Este texto aborda el desarrollo metodológico empleado para estudiar un campo que no ha sido suficientemente explorado en el siglo XXI: las teorías de la arquitectura latinoamericana; discutir esto es clave dada la gran cantidad de productos de divulgación, diferencias temáticas, contextuales e ideológicas. Para ello, mostramos cómo se pasó de una exploración basada en métodos cualitativos tradicionales hasta la construcción de un modelo de inteligencia artificial. Esto incluye explicar el marco analítico propio compuesto de siete enfoques, la selección de revistas académicas como fuentes principales y cómo ambos se han validado con un modelo de análisis de lenguaje natural.

This essay is an account of the reception of Émile Durkheim’s thought in Colombia. Special attention is given to its application aand use by Colombian sociologists, educators and historians. It also covers the teaching of Durkheim’s work in universities and the translation of his texts by Colombian scholars.

Science is a good thing in itself as a system of provisionally established ideas and as an activity producing new ideas. Science has grown from general knowledge but scientific content cannot be judge according to common sense because it has involved its own rules. Falseness and paradigm are concepts which hare marked the scientific history of a good part of the twentieth century. The paths of philosophy of science during the twentieth century, following the linguistic turn at the beginning of the century, lead to the historical orientation of the science, for whose more extreme defenders there would hare to be a deconstruction to clarify the true reasons for one or other paradigm. The scientific method and the capacity for reasoning permit us to continue advancing in search of the truth and to create models to increase our scientific knowledge of the world

Modern studies speak more about Ghazali's influence on the history of Islamic science than about his attitude to the philosophical thought of the Islamic world. The main reason for this is that philosophy at that time was also a system of sciences. Whereas, during the Islamic Middle Ages, sciences were an integral part of philosophy, being recognized as a system of rational sciences, just as in the Middle Ages in the West, the seven liberal arts were part of philosophy. That is, philosophy preserved the humanities and the exact sciences, and sciences were not separated from philosophy. At the same time, the acceptance of philosophy as a system of sciences was a consequence of the fact that it also had the character of an educational program. In fact, the foundations of this thought go back to Aristotle and developed in the Hellenistic period. For this reason, Ghazali, criticizing the worldview of philosophers in general, also criticized their philosophical system of sciences in general. This criticism, in the form in which Ghazali interpreted the philosophical sciences, demonstrates the extent to which it coincides or does not coincide with the general Islamic worldview, and corresponds to an approach that analyzes these sciences through the prism of a religious worldview. Ghazali set boundaries for the analysis and interpretation of scientific innovations, preparing the ground for the rejection of scientific concepts that ran counter to the Sharia or did not support it. He prevented the inclusion of philosophical sciences in the educational system of madrasahs, defended the idea of the uselessness of religious and philosophical sciences, and was the initiator of the emergence of an approach in Islamic culture, the supporters of which doubted the expediency of philosophical sciences. It even went so far as to establish a view according to which such concepts as philosopher, philosophical science, reason were equated with unbelief (kufr), apostasy and zindiqism. It can be said that similar views, the cause of which was Ghazali, are still defended in the Islamic world today.

Con el proposito de identificar potenciales factores de resiliencia en ninos de contextos rurales y urbanos de 9 a 12 anos pertenecientes a las clases socioeconomica baja y media-baja, se evaluo a traves de Familia Kinetica Actual, Escala de Autoconcepto Infanto-juvenil y Escala Sucesos de Vida (Adapt. M.M. Casullo) a una muestra urbana de 19 ninos y a otra rural de 18 ninos, respectivamente. A los tutores a cargo de la crianza de los ninos se les administro una Entrevista construida a los fines de esta investigacion. Se construyeron indicadores de resiliencia ad hoc en las tecnicas. Los resultados arrojaron diferencias significativas entre ambas poblaciones a favor de la rural en la Escala de Autoconcepto; asi tambien se observo una mayor proporcion de indicadores de resiliencia en el resto de las tecnicas proyectivas. Se concluye que los ninos urbanos utilizan en mayor medida, como recurso salugenico ante las situaciones adversas la capacidad reflexiva, mientras que los ninos rura...

From a European point of view, one of the most puzzling aspects of the contemporary USA is the large proportion of its citizens who assent to belief in the supernatural. In sociology, that has given rise to a debate about whether secularising Europe or the religious USA represents 'normality' and which is 'exceptional'. In this essay, the work of Norbert Elias is used in an explanatory way to shed light on the peculiarities of America. Although Elias has often been accused of neglecting religion in his theory of civilising processes, it is argued that his closely related sociological theory of knowledge and the sciences is useful in this context.

la profesora teresa Franquesa aboga por una «sociedad educadora», recordándonos que «el espacio educativo se expande mucho más allá de las instituciones escolares. nuestro aprendizaje no se limita a las aulas, sino que se extiende a todos los aspectos de la vida cotidiana y a la interacción con el entorno. el pueblo, la ciudad o el barrio donde vivimos
integra la educación en diversos aspectos de la vida diaria, como el
medio ambiente, la participación cívica y el desarrollo comunitario.
el aprendizaje ocurre en cualquier momento, en cualquier  lugar y a lo largo de toda la vida y determina en buena parte nuestra manera de entender la ciudadanía» (p. 184).

Una proposta di analisi quali-quantitativa della letteratura scientifica sulle allucinazioni uditive o voci, sviluppata implementando il software T-LAB. L'elaborato si propone di fornire un metodo alternativo di rappresentazione ed elaborazione della letteratura scientifica, andando ad identificare modelli, paradigmi e strutture discorsive implicite.

Figure is the idea one has of the world, whereas form is the totality of determinations, it is the essence in its phenomenal manifestation. Human knowledge takes three forms, that is, ordinary, scientific and philosophical. In the ordinary form men can have knowledge without recourse to particular wits; in scientific form knowledge is organized and disciplined and seeks to establish constant relations between phenomena, in the last instance, in the philosophical form knowledge has the characteristic of offering ultimate explanations to all phenomena. The split between science and philosophy that began in the seventeenth century with Descartes's dissociation between the thinking/self, the ego cogitans, and the material thing, the extended Res, creates a tragic problem in science: science is not known, does not have the self-reflective ability. This drama also concerns philosophy, which, no longer being empirically nourished, suffered the agony of the philosophy of nature and the failure of the philosophy of life; There was as much extralucidity in Husserl when he diagnosed the crisis of scientific knowledge as metaphysical delusion, stratospheric evasion in the idea of "transcendental ego." This study is articulated in three points 1) figures and forms of sensitive2) science, technique and technology and 3) Cultural meaning of technologies.

The role of scientific values has taken on new urgency with recent changes in the politics of Western societies. The threat is the erosion of the distinction between true and false in political circles. This could rapidly lead to democracy sliding into populism thence fascism. In the light of this, philosophy and sociology of science should themselves re-examine their role. The main point of the paper is to argue that science could and should push against the erosion of truth in society. Sociological thinking has sometimes tended to erode the difference between science and ordinary thought but it should no longer ignore the political consequences and should, instead, start to take scientific values as a positive resource in society. The philosophical analysis of scientific values, which I will refer to as ‘scientific value analysis, or ‘SVA’, has championed the impact of societal values on science but should also look at the way scientific values could positively affect societal val...

Corría el año 2000 y tenía bajo mi responsabilidad la elaboración y redacción del boletín Derechos Jóvenes, una publicación mensual del Centro de Promoción Ecuménica y Social CEPECS. En algún momento el coordinador del proyecto me planteó la necesidad de fortalecer el boletín con más información empírica, recuerdo que le manifesté que podíamos conseguir auxiliares de investigación; al final esto no se logró, pero en cambio surgió la idea: el espacio en el que podría investigar, hacerlo con jóvenes que aprendieran a investigar investigando y hacerlo sobre las problemáticas del país era… ¡la universidad!

This article seeks to analyze Freudian psychoanalysis from its general framework. It considers that the epistemological bases formulated by Freud shed light on theoretical aspects of the historical discipline which prove to be decisive in defining its nature and cognitive limits. The main thesis posits that the relation between psychoanalysis and historiography proposes the conditions under which the complex connections of theoretical vocabulary and practical application aspects express a change in the perspective of epistemological analysis in a way that now supposes reflexive description of the sciences as an exercise of the operative rationalities. It is from this change that its importance is highlighted for both disciplines, their connections with the area of social research and for modern societies' forms of self-description.

This article seeks to analyze Freudian psychoanalysis from its general framework. It considers that the epistemological bases formulated by Freud shed light on theoretical aspects of the historical discipline which prove to be decisive in defining its nature and cognitive limits. The main thesis posits that the relation between psychoanalysis and historiography proposes the conditions under which the complex connections of theoretical vocabulary and practical application aspects express a change in the perspective of epistemological analysis in a way that now supposes reflexive description of the sciences as an exercise of the operative rationalities. It is from this change that its importance is highlighted for both disciplines, their connections with the area of social research and for modern societies' forms of self-description.

What is the status and role in public action of the knowledge possessed by 'simple' citizens, users and professionals? That is the question broached in both this article and the entire special issue for which it serves as the introduction. To this end, we explore the abundant scientific literature pertaining to the topic and try to situate our own position within the broader setting. After discussing the gradual questioning of the social representations that have made scientific knowledge the ideal and standard by which we measure all knowledge, we argue that many authors with an essentialist approach to knowledge have stressed the differences between scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge, often leaving us at an impasse. We argue therefore that it is preferable to advance an approach in which knowledge is as at once relational and in a constant process of hybridization. Having opted for and justified this position, we then focus on the -hybrid -knowledge possessed by citizens, users and professionals, by first probing the reasons for the growing involvement of these actors in the production of knowledge and policies. We then ponder the nature and foundations of the complaints and criticisms frequently levelled at participatory mechanisms as to the actual role played in these areas by the knowledge held by 'local' actors. In the end, we identify proposals defended by certain authors to make the interactions of actors from different social worlds more symmetrical.

В отличие от визуального как компонента научных практик, исследование научных визуализаций – достаточно молодая, совсем недавно начавшая набирать обороты область эпистемологии. Несмотря на свой «юный» возраст, данная сфера исследований уже успела обогатиться разного рода подходами, концептами и самостоятельными выводами. На наш взгляд, книгу Питера Галисона и Лоррейн Дастон «Объективность» можно рассматривать в качестве труда, который и привносит очевидные новшества в понимание того, как производится знание, в том числе знание о производстве знания, и суммирует все достижения современной эпистемологии и истории науки, в первую очередь эпистемологии визуального, или Visual Science and Technology Studies. Исходя из этого, делается вывод, что, помимо изучения объективности, авторы изобретают новый способ говорения о науке. Визуальное в науке, со всеми возможными способами его практиковать, позволяет авторам, так или иначе двигающимся в русле прагматических подходов, избежать экстернали...

Abstract: Mapping Communication and Media Research is a project of the Communication Research Center (CRC, University of Helsinki) that examines the contents and trends of the current communication and media research in seven countries. These countries include Finland, the USA, Germany, France, Japan, Estonia and Australia. The research project is funded by Helsingin Sanomat Foundation, which has also funded a similar project on communication and media research conducted in South Korea. The focus of the project is ...

The interaction between political decisions and economic indicators constitutes the main subject of political economy and it surfaces the performance that policymakers display in the point of the solution of economic problems. In other words, the most significant results of political decisions have been seen in the field of economy. In this regard, the stability of political decisions and the existence of political stability which is defined as political order affect economic order, development and stability as well. The economic stability that affects the welfare level of one country have several determinants like the macroeconomic indicators such as general level of prices, rate of employment, level of production and balance of payments, and the continuity of political order, the size of military power, corruption, accountability in politics, political transparency and fair distribution of income. In this study, on the other hand, how political stability affects financial developm...

The expected increase of maritime activities in the North Sea and the growing awareness of its natural environmental value require enhanced science-based environmental advice for more efficient and effective marine management. The North Sea Open Science Conference organised by the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences and the Belgian Biodiversity Platform in 2016 aimed to take stock of the present-day scientific knowledge on the North Sea ecosystem, its interactions with human activities and its management. The conference was structured along three themes: (1) 'the scientific backbone of the North Sea ecosystem: adequacy of the knowledge base?', (2) 'A new era in environmental monitoring and assessment: what is at stake?', and (3) 'Sustainability: one for all, all for one?'. Focusing on 'open science', we welcomed about 200 participants from around the North Sea with different backgrounds and interests in environmental sciences. The participants were challenged to reflect on current and future challenges for the North Sea management and, in particular, to explore possible nature-friendly solutions for addressing these challenges during a series of introductory oral (69) and poster (59) presentations, and World Cafe ´and Fish Bowl participatory sessions. The participants agreed on six main actions to (1) provide S. Degraer, V. Van Lancker, and T. A. G. P. Van Dijk shared first authorship.

A recente decisão do Conselho Universitário da Universidade Federal Fluminense, que negou a concessão do título de Doutor Honoris Causa ao ex-ministro Nelson Jobim, é motivo de profunda preocupação e merece ser revisada pelo colegiado acadêmico institucional competente.

Sustainability is the major issue of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) all across the globe. Although SMEs contribute to GDP of any country their negative contribution to environment is also significant. Prior studies on SMEs' sustainability mainly classified into three categories -the correlation between environmental and social practices with economic performance, sustainable supply chain performance measurement, and empirical research on sustainability practices. There is no study that objectively derives the sustainable structure of SMEs through optimal combination of sustainability practices (inputs) and performance (outputs). Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to generate optimal structure of sustainable SMEs by combining neural network and particle swarm algorithm while considering Multi-Objective framework. The study uses data from 54 SMEs of Normandy in France and 30 SMEs of Midlands in the UK. The data was gathered through questionnaire survey. As we do not have the explicit expression of our objective functions, we train a Neural Network (NN) on our databases in order to enable the generation of value of the different objectives for any profile. We design and run a multi-objective version of Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) to generate efficient companies' structures. The weighted sum method is then used for different weights. The comparison of observed data and the results of the PSO analysis facilitates to derive improvement measures for each individual SME.

This paper uses both the descriptive and comparative approaches to provide an overview of migration of international students from the Middle East and North Africa MENA region and mobilizing skills in the MENA Region. We fill the gap in the MENA literature and present a more comprehensive and updated analysis of migration of international students from the MENA region. Our findings support the first hypothesis that the number of international students from the MENA region increased substantially over the past years. Our results corroborate the second hypothesis that international students from the MENA region are concentrated in few countries. Our findings support the third hypothesis that skills of international students can be better mobilized in their countries of origin by addressing the push-pull factors that determine migration of skills from the MENA region.

Introducción: el compromiso ciudadano es un factor clave para el fortalecimiento de la democracia en América Latina, lo que resalta la importancia de comprender las actitudes y prácticas de los y las jóvenes en el ejercicio de su ciudadanía. Objetivo: analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Prácticas Ciudadanas en Jóvenes (PRACIJ) como una herramienta para medir dichas actitudes y prácticas. Método: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 228 participantes (141 mujeres, 85 hombres, 1 persona no binaria y 1 sin reporte de sexo). Para evaluar la estructura interna del instru-mento, se aplicaron: la prueba de normalidad de Kolmogorov-Smirnov; la prueba de Levene para heterocedasticidad; la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett para analizar el grado de intercorrelación; y el método de rotación Varimax en un análisis factorial exploratorio. Resultados: los hallazgos indican que el cuestionario presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas y que sus componentes se ajustan a lo teóricamente esperado. Conclusión: el PRACIJ es un instrumento válido y confiable para el análisis de las prácticas ciudadanas en jóvenes colombianos.

This paper is based on our attempt to repeat, with undergraduate students, the 1850 and 1862 speed-of-light measurements by Foucault with the rotating mirror technique. "Good questions" arise naturally and lead to a deep discussion about the motivations for specific measurements in Science and a critique of the so-called—"crucial" experiments which are supposed to decide between opposing theories, for example, the wave-particle dilemma from the XVII th to XIX th centuries, and the new role of the speed of light after 1862. A discussion follows, related to pedagogical, experimental, theoretical and epistemological points of view.

Semiotics life. A vivre ensemble of a scientific collective Michele Dentico C'è una tendenza oggi a ridurre il discorso scientifico alla tecnica per il suo incalcolabile impatto sulla natura e sull'uomo. E magari a limitarlo alle tecniche di conservazione delle conoscenze, come se il problema stesse nella accumulazione e non nella strutturazione e valorizzazione dei saperi. Le scienze […] hanno il compito fondamentale di dare voce agli attori non umani che fanno comunità con noi: animali e batteri, atomi e macchine. Il discorso scientifico ci aiuta a fare eleggere un 'parlamento' di uomini e cose. Che poi sia in crisi questo discorso-penso alla fisica, già regina dell'epistemologia-dipende proprio dalla complessità della sua rilevanza. Ci vorrebbe, per i testi scientifici, una critica come quella letteraria, ma se questa passa il tempo a dirsi in crisi… Paolo Fabbri, L'efficacia semiotica, pp. 100-101.

Canlilar dunyasinda dusunebilen ve cevresindeki olaylari izleyip, sorgulayabilen tek canli turu olan insan, cok eski devirlerden bu yana kendi varliginin kaynagini, nereden geldigini, nasil ortaya ciktigini sorgulamis, evrenin ve canliligin kaynagi ile ilgili gorusler ileri surmustur. Her ne kadar, daha eski uygarliklarda da bu yonde cabalar bulunsa da, canliligin kaynagi ile ilgili ilk somut gorusler, Antik Yunan’da Anadolu topraklarinda ortaya cikmistir. Darwin’in dogal secilim mekanizmasini ortaya koyarak, evrim teorisini bilimsel bir temele oturtmasindan cok once Antik Yunan’da “karsitlar savasi”ndan soz edilmekte, canliligin sudan ortaya ciktigi fikirleri acikca dile getirilmekteydi. Bu makale calismasinda, Antik Yunan’daki biyolojik evrim dusuncesi ile ilgili gorusler degerlendirilmektedir.

During the February 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquakes, people looked for explanations. As scientists, we did our best to share our knowledge in a way that reached and connected with people beyond the scientific community. We did this through communicating uncertainties, and by listening to and learning from our audiences' questions, concerns, and ideas. On February 6th, 2023, a tectonic chain reaction began at the plate boundary between the Anatolian, Arabian, and African plates. The figures are unfathomable: more than 50,000 people dead, some 150,000 injured, thousands missing, millions homeless. Two major earthquakes (Mw7.8 on the East Anatolian Fault and Mw 7.6 on the Çardak Fault 1,2 rocked Turkey and Syria and turned entire cities into mounds of rubble. According to estimates of the World Bank, the immediate damage in Turkey and Syria is estimated at US$34 billion 3 and US$5 billion 4 , respectively, which equals around 4% of Turkey's and 10% of Syria's annual economic output. But the indirect cost of the quake is much higher, and recovery will be neither easy nor quick. As the 19th-century essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "We learn geology the morning after the earthquake" 5 , and indeed, the events in Turkey and Syria set off a parallel chain reaction of interaction between scientists and the public: seismologists, geologists, geophysicists, and engineers from around the world shared data and interpretations on social media; Turkish colleagues on the ground contributed field observations (Figs. and) and expertise. The shaking had barely stopped, when data sharing and discussion on Twitter amongst scientists began. Social media platforms offer scientists opportunities to publish content quickly and widely, well beyond their networks of peers. As three Earth scientists who work on timescales ranging from minutes to millions of years, we share our personal experiences with communicating science on social media, for an audience beyond our scientific networks following the sequence of earthquakes in Turkey and Syria. We discuss the opportunities and challenges with this fastpaced media landscape, suggest strategies we found useful, and highlight pitfalls that face researchers interested in science communication in the wake of disasters.

The paper discusses the role of the interaction between parents and healthcare professionals in overcoming or heightening childhood vaccine hesitancy. Childhood vaccine hesitancy is seen as a set of attitudes and behaviours-that is, dispositionsthat are highly dependent on how trust and vulnerability intersect during vaccination appointments. Drawing on a rapid team ethnography conducted in the Northwest of Italy, we discuss how parents' trust in vaccination changes along specific trajectories, depending on how healthcare professionals manage epistemic conflicts with hesitant parents. We employ the concept of interactional trust to show how trust can be eroded or restored during specific interactions, regardless of the initial trust capital. Healthcare professionals' discursive and interactive strategies during inoculation can have long-term effects on parents' interpersonal trust and institutional trust in both immunisation and in the healthcare system. If parents and healthcare professionals fail to embrace their reciprocal vulnerability, the trust building system is flawed. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This study tried to identify the factors that have effects on the academic performances of university students in the Sylhet Region. Student's perceptions were taken to determine the factors affecting academic performance. Independent t-test was used to find out the mean difference of academic results between two groups of students. Results showed that there is a significant difference between male and female students in the case of academic study time and CGPA; as the female students have higher CGPA than male students by utilizing most of the academic study time. To find out the effective factors, the result showed that students who attend class regularly, feel comparatively less academic stress, submit assignments in due time and spend more time for the academic study were found to have higher academic marks compared to others who do not. By assessing other factors, results showed the students coming from the nuclear family got good marks rather than the extended family. Besides, the students having sufficient access to healthy food, satisfied with the current accommodation level had good academic marks, and students who spent more time in unproductive activities got poor marks in academics. Improving these factors would also influence much of the academic success of students.

textabstractThe use of research evidence (URE) in policy and practice is relevant to many academic disciplines; and indeed many policy and practice domains. Different methods and approaches to measuring, evaluating, promoting and describing the various ways in which evidence and policy/practice interact have sprung up, reflecting the broad and diverse areas where this is a concern. There has also been an explosion of research into how evidence is produced and used, with dedicated journals and increased funding for URE work emerging over last 15 years. Yet at the same time, those engaged in the scholarship and practice of URE face challenges advancing the field in terms of both accumulation of knowledge over time and across disciplines and intervention and improvement in evidence use. Our shared interest in advancing URE and its efforts, in collaboration with the William T. Grant Foundation, brought us together to “map the field”, with the objective of provoking a conversation about ...

Does an infectious disease have one, singular pathogenic cause, or many interacting causes? In the discipline of medical microbiology, there is no definitive theoretical answer to this question: there, the conditions of aetiological possibility exist in a curious tension. Ever since the late 19th century, the “germ theory of disease”–“one disease, one cause”– has co‐existed with a much less well known theory of “multifactorality”–“one disease, many interacting causes”. And yet, in practice, it is always a singular and never a multifactorial aetiology that emerges once the pathogenic world is brought into the field of medical perception. This paper seeks to understand why. Performing a detailed, genealogical reading of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, it foregrounds a set of links that connect the practical diagnostic tools at work within contemporary, 21st century laboratories to the philosophical assumptions at work within late‐19th century understandings...

Despite unprecedented knowledge of conservation science, loss of biodiversity continues on a global scale. In this study, we investigate how choices are exercised where science, local and traditional knowledge come together for conservation decision-making. Our case study is the Palau Protected Areas Network, a program established to support conservation in the Pacific island nation of Palau. We apply a framework based on the concept of knowledge governance to explore the rules and norms that shape the relationships between knowledge and decision-making across both customary and Western-styled institutional lines. The major practical implications from this study are that: (1) there are internal and external audiences for Palauan conservation, (2) these audiences are associated with different expectations around what makes knowledge a legitimate basis for action, (3) the current conservation system operates in parallel, with science informing largely external audience and local and traditional knowledge speaking more directly to internal audiences and (4) this parallel system is likely to come under increasing pressure as the audiences for conservation change.

Although, the process of the capitalization of academic scientific knowledge is not benign across university campuses, recent acceleration of the process have sparked debates in many circles. Th is debate mirrors two sets of issues-public versus private interests. While the discourse has shed some light on the socio-economic and political forces at work, it is not devoid of problems. Th e paper argues that the understanding of the university as a catalyst for the science-based knowledge economy should be built around the framework that the university like industry and government is responding to a wide range of socio-economic and political demands that cannot be delinked from each other. It contends that, in a period of an ever-increasing demand for science and technology, universities' as citadels of knowledge have through the capitalization of academic scientific knowledge become a catalyst for the science-based knowledge economy.

Early detection of leaks in gas transmission systems is crucial for ensuring uninterrupted gas supply, enhancing operational efficiency, and minimizing environmental and economic risks. This study aims to develop an analytical method for accurately identifying leak locations in gas pipelines based on unsteady gas flow dynamics. A novel approach is proposed that utilizes pressure variations at the inlet and outlet points to determine the minimum fixation time (t = t1) required for real-time leak detection. Through mathematical modeling and numerical analysis, the study demonstrates that the ratio of pressure drops at different points along the pipeline can be effectively used to pinpoint leakage locations. The results indicate that the proposed method significantly improves detection accuracy and response time, making it a viable solution for integration into gas pipeline monitoring and control systems.

When approached from a Kuhnian perspective, it becomes evident that, just as in the philosophy of physics, normal science, discoveries, crises, and revolutions also play crucial roles in the history of biology. Until Darwin, the fixed typological concept of speciesbelieved to be created by God and without transitional forms-prevailed. However, with Darwin, this notion was replaced by a dynamic understanding of speciation, where species are not fixed but instead originate from a single common ancestor and are related to one another through natural selection. It can be argued that Darwin's theory of evolution triggered a revolution comparable to the Copernican Revolution and that there was a paradigm shift in the history of biology from an Aristotelian paradigm to a Darwinian one. Since Darwin's theory of evolution, no further paradigm shifts have occurred. Fisher, Haldane, and Wright significantly contributed to the maturation of the theory, making evolution quantitatively measurable. Later, the works of Dobzhansky, Huxley, and Simpson were added to these developments. While Fisher, Haldane, and Wright's studies were concerned with microevolution, the works of Dobzhansky, Huxley, and Simpson focused on macroevolution. The integration of microevolution and macroevolution ensured the coherence of the modern synthesis. Although there was conceptual unity regarding the synthesis, disagreements arose over the question of the unit of selection. While Dawkins and Williams argued that genes were the sole unit of selection, Sober and Wilson opposed this view. They suggested that not only genes but also organisms and groups could serve as units of selection. In response to Sober and Wilson's claim, this study aims to demonstrate that individual holobionts function as units of selection.

La guerre! C'est une chose trop grave pour la confier à des militaires (Clemenceau) and so I here defy the general staff of English etymology (and what is more to the point the millions of people who ENABLE the handful of pompous scholars who THINK they OWN a particular field of study--because of the course the whole hourse of cards would collapse if the consumers, who are like voters and keep voting against their own interest, were for once to vote NO) and I offer a real etymology of TOAD (actually of course of its OLD English etymon, which is so strange looking that it HAS to be an even older older compound, and since it has to be, it is).  The similar-looking Scandinavian words are not attested far back enough (or far enough back?) to allow us to be at all confident, but two possibilities are suggested with a little less confidence than for the English one, for either the same or a parallel compound.  Yes yes I know.  You will keep voting YES for the Reign of Error.  Do I look worried?

Nombres de los integrantes del equipo. Asesor, curso, instituci ón y fecha. Presentaci ón breve del equipo y agradecimiento al asesor. Mencionar el contexto académico (curso PSE-115). Introducir el tema central: Las vivencias de estudiantes que trabajan. *Conectar:* "Hoy compartiremos los resultados de nuestra investigaci ón cualitativa sobre una realidad muy presente en nuestra universidad..." Diapo 2: Problema y Objetivo General Tiempo Estimado: 1 minuto Contenido Clave: Problema: "Vivencias de universitarios que compaginan..." Objetivo General: . A nalizar las vivencias..." Puntos para Exponer: Enunciar claramente el problema de investigaci ón. Enfatizar que el foco está en la *experiencia subjetiva* (vivencias). Presentar el objetivo general como la meta principal del estudio: comprender en profundidad estas experiencias. *Interpretaci ón:* Subrayar la relevancia del tema ante el creciente n úmero de estudiantes en esta situaci ón. *Conectar:* "Nos propusimos ir más allá de los n úmeros y entender realmente qué significa ser estudiante y trabajador a tiempo completo en la UNAH. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar esas experiencias desde la perspectiva de los propios actores." Diapo 3: Objetivos Específicos Tiempo Estimado: 1 minuto Contenido Clave: OE1: Factores de conflicto/sobrecarga. OE2: Estrategias de autogesti ón/resiliencia. OE3: Impacto en identidad dual/autoconcepto. OE4: Rol del apoyo social/redes. Desglosar el objetivo general en las cuatro áreas específicas que se investigaron. Mencionar brevemente cada objetivo, enfocándose en el concepto clave (conflicto, estrategias, identidad, apoyo). *Interpretaci ón:* Mostrar c ómo estos objetivos cubren las dimensiones centrales de la experiencia estudiada. *Conectar:* "Para lograr nuestro objetivo general, nos enfocamos en cuatro aspectos clave: primero, entender las dificultades como el conflicto y la sobrecarga; segundo, identificar c ómo los estudiantes afrontan esto mediante estrategias; tercero, analizar c ómo se ve afectada su identidad; y cuarto, explorar la importancia del apoyo que reciben."

Analysis of global trends, issues in the development of the gas industry, and possible levels of gas consumption in various countries indicates that natural gas is increasingly taking on a more significant role compared to other fuel types in the developed countries of the world. However, with the increase in consumers adapted to using gas, there is a need for a substantial increase in natural gas reserves, expansion of networks, and regulatory complexes. Growing gas demand and resource consumption can be met not only through the construction of new networks and structures but also through the reconstruction of gas pipelines using potential reserves and efficient management. Ensuring the reliable operation of existing gas supply systems requires ongoing operational and capital expenditures, meaning that the continuous updating of morally and physically outdated equipment and networks is necessary. The gas supply system, as an energy transmission system, continues to develop successfully compared to other fuel types. Along with the development of the resource base, the management system related to the reliable operation of the fuel and energy complex is also continually evolving. This reliability is primarily ensured through high-tech safety measures, considering the current trends in the globalization of the energy sector. However, this process is accompanied by reconstruction in existing gas pipelines. Currently, the reconstruction of main gas pipelines is a priority area for the innovative development of the management system, taking into account the use of advanced technologies and the operational principles of the fuel and energy complex. This also facilitates the prompt resolution of automation issues. An important feature of the monograph is the extensive analysis and examination of the parameters of non-stationary gas flow in complex gas pipelines, with a key characteristic being the in-depth study of the problem. Specifically, obtaining mathematical expressions for nonstationary gas flow allows for targeted control of gasodynamic processes. To this end, effective solutions for the reconstruction of gas transport systems have been investigated based on an information database about pipeline failure conditions, which was derived from changes in the technological parameters of gas flow in the peripheral sections of pipelines during emergency modes. Simultaneously, the resolution of dynamic issues in complex main gas pipelines has led to the discovery of previously unknown relationships and regularities, a more comprehensive analysis of problems, and the provision of well-founded conclusions and recommendations. Based on the results of theoretical studies, a calculation scheme has been developed that enables the creation of normative-technical documents for justifying organizational and technological decisions in the operation of main gas pipelines. Ensuring a high level of guaranteed gas supply to consumers is typically achieved through the reserve capacity of the pipeline system. Therefore, in the reconstruction of main gas pipeline systems, networks are generally proposed as parallel multi-line configurations. In the event of an emergency, due to the operational management of pipeline sections, there is no significant interruption in gas supply at the output (end) of the multi-line system, and consumers receive a continuous gas supply. During the justification stage of the reconstruction of main gas pipelines, to achieve the required levels of reliability and productivity, pipelines are usually arranged in multi-line configurations (a minimum of two lines) that are interconnected. Proposals have been made for the theoretical and technical foundations of operating parallel gas pipelines to ensure the efficient placement of distances between these connecting pipelines. The high-level operational reliability and efficiency of the reconstructed gas transmission scheme are achieved under several specific conditions:

Based on the results of theoretical research, a computational scheme has been developed that allows the establishment of normative-technical documents for the organization and technological decision-making in the exploitation of main gas pipelines. The study extensively explores the dynamic behavior of processes for the supply of modern automatic devices for gas pipelines and the use of an efficient automated control system. The analytical determination of the optimal time for transition processes has been widely applied to ensure the high reliability of pipeline transportation and the most favorable operating conditions for the system. Methods for calculating complex transient processes in main gas pipelines, from non-stationary to stationary modes, have been utilized when gas ingress occurs in a non-stationary regime. A comparison of mathematical expressions for calculating transient processes in complex main gas pipelines has been conducted through theoretical sources.

This study aims to determine the perceptions and levels of preservice science, preschool, and primary school teachers about epistemology, the nature of science, and scientific process skills. The phenomenological method, one of the qualitative research approaches was used. The study group consists of 24 selected preservice teachers based on the principle of voluntariness. The descriptive analysis method, one of the qualitative data analysis methods was used while analyzing the data, Analyzes were made by adapting the semi-structured interview form and coding applied by to Turkish. The findings are given together with the tables and supported by quotations from the participants. According to the results of the research, it was revealed that the preservice teachers were at a low level about the goal of science, the natu re of science, the nature of the experimental process, the nature of hypotheses and theories, and the relationship between them, the change of hypotheses and theories, and scientific accuracy. It can be argued that the competence to comprehend the nature of science is very important, especially for preservice teachers who will take the responsibility of teaching science and natural sciences. Therefore, it can be concluded that higher education teacher training programs should be reorganized in the context of preservice teachers' gaining competence in epistemological beliefs and the concept of the nature of science.

Open access to scientific knowledge is considered as a new neo liberal project in the globalized world. The advantages and disadvantages that members of the open access obtain are described. Open access greatly facilitates monitoring, analysis, and control of scientific research by global institutions and transna tional corporations, and enables them to identify promising branches of knowledge on the periphery of the global science system that are obtained outside of the "mainstream" and use them for their interests. The link between open access to scientific knowledge and knowledge feudalism is developed.