Social Science Research Network

Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) is generally accepted to be necessary for teachers to deliver quality instructions and promote significant learning among pupils. Thus, research on Teachers’ PCK is highly relevant. Although there have been numerous researches exploring PCK in different areas such as Mathematics, Science and Language Education, limited studies have been conducted focusing on Teachers’ PCK in Music Education. This study examined the pedagogical content knowledge in music education among public elementary teachers in the District of Mariveles, Bataan, SY 2019-2020. In addition, this study also investigated the challenges faced by teachers in teaching music. Descriptive research design was utilized, and data were obtained through questionnaire and interview from 54 elementary teachers who were selected purposively. Gathered data were encoded and analyzed in SPSS using frequency, percentage and mean for descriptive data. One-Way ANOVA was used to identify significant ...

This study proposed an infrared image-based method for febrile and subfebrile people screening to comply with the society need for alternative, quick response, and effective methods for COVID-19 contagious people screening. The methodology consisted of: (i) Developing a method based on facial infrared imaging for possible COVID-19 early detection in people with and without fever (subfebrile state); (ii) Using 1206 emergency room (ER) patients to develop an algorithm for general application of the method, and (iii) Testing the method and algorithm effectiveness in 2558 cases (RT-qPCR tested for COVID-19) from 227,261 workers evaluations in five different countries. Artificial intelligence was used through a convolutional neural network (CNN) to develop the algorithm that took facial infrared images as input and classified the tested individuals in three groups: fever (high risk), subfebrile (medium risk), and no fever (low risk). The results showed that suspicious and confirmed COVID-19 (+) cases characterized by temperatures below the 37.5 • C fever threshold were identified. Also, average forehead and eye temperatures greater than 37.5 • C were not enough to detect fever similarly to the proposed CNN algorithm. Most RT-qPCR confirmed COVID-19 (+) cases found in the 2558 cases sample (17 cases/89.5%) belonged to the CNN selected subfebrile group. The COVID-19 (+) main risk factor was to be in the subfebrile group, in comparison to age, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking and others. In sum, the proposed method was shown to be a potentially important new tool for COVID-19 (+) people screening for air travel and public places in general.

established in 1975, provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition. IFPRI's strategic research aims to foster a climate-resilient and sustainable food supply; promote healthy diets and nutrition for all; build inclusive and efficient markets, trade systems, and food industries; transform agricultural and rural economies; and strengthen institutions and governance. Gender is integrated in all the Institute's work. Partnerships, communications, capacity strengthening, and data and knowledge management are essential components to translate IFPRI's research from action to impact. The Institute's regional and country programs play a critical role in responding to demand for food policy research and in delivering holistic support for country-led development. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world.

Although vaccination as a modern public health measure has been accompanied with controversies since its very beginning, today medicine has no doubts with respect to its benefits for individuals and whole communities. It is to be noted that vaccination has significantly decreased the incidence and mortality rate of a number of infectious diseases. When propagating vaccination, scientists point not only to its effectiveness but also to its efficiency. It is believed that preventive national mass vaccination programmes have saved billions of euros considering treatment and other medical costs which would be incurred due to the outbreak of a disease. Vaccination and other medications may imply certain unwanted reactions. Although severe side effects of vaccination are rare, in such cases compensation of injuries bears great relevance for the success of immunization policies and maintenance of the public trust. This paper attempts to clarify why traditional tort litigation is not convenient in this view. The injured parties often face long-lasting judicial proceedings with an uncertain outcome. What is even worse is that such cases often concern children who are likely to need lifelong care. On the other hand, vaccine manufacturers are also vulnerable. Vaccine production is expensive and subject to strict supervision. High costs cases are particularly discouraging for manufacturers, which jeopardizes public health goals. Our aim is to demonstrate that the Republic of Croatia should introduce the so-called "no-fault" compensation programme which would bind the state to compensate for the damage done to its citizens in the name of the principles such as solidarity and justice.

Public deliberation elicits informed perspectives on complex issues that are values-laden and lack technical solutions. This Deliberative Methods Demonstration examined the effectiveness of public deliberation for obtaining informed public input regarding the role of medical evidence in U.S. healthcare. We conducted a 5-arm randomized controlled trial, assigning participants to one of four deliberative methods or to a reading materials only (RMO) control group. The four deliberative methods reflected important differences in implementation, including length of the deliberative process and mode of interaction. The project convened 76 groups between August and November 2012 in four U.S. locations: Chicago, IL; Sacramento, CA; Silver Spring, MD; and Durham, NC, capturing a sociodemographically diverse sample with specific attention to ensuring inclusion of Hispanic, AfricaneAmerican, and elderly participants. Of 1774 people recruited, 75% participated: 961 took part in a deliberative method and 377 participants comprised the RMO control group. To assess effectiveness of the deliberative methods overall and of individual methods, we evaluated whether mean pre-post changes on a knowledge and attitude survey were statistically different from the RMO control using ANCOVA. In addition, we calculated mean scores capturing participant views of the impact and value of deliberation. Participating in deliberation increased participants' knowledge of evidence and comparative effectiveness research and shifted participants' attitudes regarding the role of evidence in decision-making. When comparing each deliberative method to the RMO control group, all four deliberative methods resulted in statistically significant change on at least one knowledge or attitude measure. These findings were underscored by self-reports that the experience affected participants' opinions. Public deliberation offers unique potential for those seeking informed input on complex, values-laden topics affecting broad public constituencies.

This is a preliminary report on a statewide Deliberative Poll (DP) held in Porto Alegre, June 5-7, 2009. Porto Alegre is world famous as the home of “participatory budgeting”, the “Orçamento Participativo (OP), so the contrast in methods in the two approaches provides ...

economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

Pakistan, along with other nations worldwide, is experiencing the extreme effects of climate change. This article analyzes the policies and initiatives undertaken by the Pakistani government, in collaboration with Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and nongovernment organizations (NGOs), to address climate change challenges through the adoption of renewable energy solutions. While Pakistan has developed numerous climate and renewable energy policies, there is a significant gap in their execution. Key obstacles include insufficient financial resources, inadequate public awareness, and ineffective regulatory frameworks. This article provides recommendations for Pakistani policymakers to strengthen national legislation and establish more efficient implementation mechanisms. By addressing these challenges, the country can create a more conducive environment for international organizations and MDBs to implement projects effectively. These efforts will help advance renewable energy initiatives, improve policy effectiveness, and enhance public awareness of sustainable energy solutions .

Purpose: This study shows the neural basis which lies behind the success of advertising and promotion processes, represented in the degree of activation of audiences' sensory receptors, in addition to the connectivity of their brain regions. It directs attention to the effect of these processes on their appetitive and defensive motivational systems as well.

Navigating a Total and Permanent Disability (TPD) claim is a complex and often overwhelming process. Whether you're dealing with a physical injury or psychological condition that prevents you from working, securing the right support is critical. This is where TPD lawyers Brisbane come into play. Expert legal guidance can mean the difference between a rejected claim and a successful payout.

Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

Disaggregated data from 30 two-digit manufacturing industries in the east and west parts of unified Germany are used to estimate employment for three skill categories of blue collar workers. Employment elasticities are uniformly higher in the east, and for unskilled labor. The former result contradicts union claims that wages had little relevance for east German job losses, while the latter confirms the capital-skill complementarity hypothesis.

Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit company supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.

Categorization has been extensively studied in both the psychology and marketing literatures. However, very little methodological research has demonstrated the heterogeneity in consumers' unobserved category structures and activations. We propose a new latent structure procedure that simultaneously identifies the unobserved categories that consumers use and represents consumer heterogeneity via different groups of consumers who have activated different unobserved latent categories. The results of an empirical study in Sports Marketing about sports fans' perceptions of various sports illustrates how the proposed methodology can capture heterogeneity at the group level and account for a variety of different category structures.

In the last two decades, research on English-medium education (EME) has grown exponentially because of internationalisation and globalisation. Many early studies have examined university lecturers' attitudes to the change in the language of instruction as well as on their linguistic and pedagogical needs. However, much less attention has been paid to students and, most specifically, to how they view disciplinary literacies (DLs) in EME. Our examination of DLs deviates from previous research in that it foregrounds two dimensions which have not received sufficient attention in the EME setting, namely internationalisation of higher education and students' perceived use of bi/plurilingual repertoires. This article describes the step-by-step process of developing a psychometric survey that examines students' views of internationalisation and bi/ pluriliteracies in the development of DLs in EME contexts. The resulting survey shows the presence of four interrelated constructs: student L1/s in disciplinary practices, internationalisation, English in disciplinary practices, and international community of practice. This instrument demonstrates strong reliability after several piloting stages and adjustments. Implications for pedagogy and policy development are also provided in the conclusions.

This authoritative four-volume collection presents the most important published articles and papers on the economics of intellectual property – a subject that is of increasing interest to both economists and lawyers. Publication is timely in view of the growing interest in the relationship of innovation and knowledge to economic growth as well as the challenges to copyright being posed by the new electronic media. International in scope, this four-volume set will be an essential source of reference to both economists and lawyers concerned with the rapidly developing field of intellectual property.

Social protection faces a number of specific hurdles and challenges in complex polities, be they multilayered or plurinational, or both. The intersection between social policy-making and institutional design raises issues of effective management, policy preferences, economies of scale and tension between “recognition” and “redistribution”. In this article, the author explores how comparative federalism can shed some light on processes of social protection in the context of European multilevel governance and how public actors in a multi-layered and interdependent set-up can contribute to an inclusive social project. She considers three dimensions of the potential dialogue between social protection in federal contexts and in the EU. First, she outlines why, given the wide diversity between MLG systems, it is illusory to go beyond an embryonic response to the intersection between multi-layered and multinational regimes on the one hand and social policy on the other. She then explains t...

Regardless of institutional design, all federal systems imply substantial degrees of interaction between federal partners. “Intergovernmental relations” (IGR) refer to the many modalities through which this interaction takes place. IGR take many shapes and forms. They fluctuate with time and according to policy areas. In this sense, they are idiosyncratic. They are, however, the essential “oil in the machinery” of every federal system, and as such may be rather ubiquitous. Following a short incursion in the terminological challenges relating to intergovernmental relations (and its companion: “comparative federalism”), this article explores the actors in the IGR game as well as the rich catalogue of legislative – and mostly executive-techniques on which these actors rely to structure their relations. IGR waltz between institutionalization and informality, often in an opaque fashion which tends to reinforce the executive branch of each federal partner. This brief overview of IGR from ...

In multinational polities, different orders of government are involved in determining the norms of social protection. In this context, this article addresses the question of who does what, how and why. The first section deals with the distribution of normative power concerning social protection in federal states and in the European Union. The second section examines a variety of devices enabling the articulation of shared power. Finally, a third section concentrates on the different functions of normative power in the social domain. The first one is obviously redistributive. Secondly, the exercise of normative power legitimises public institutions of all government levels involved. The third function, which is of particular interest in the context of multinational States (or political spaces such as Europe) consists in the consolidation of citizenship. The solidarity inherent in norms of social protection reflects the sense of belonging to a particular social group, and in this cont...

Chilean pension fund industry is largely questioned by public; therefore it becomes essential to work on a strategy to enhance brand's credibility and positioning. This study objective is to analyze and build a brand personality scale to identify consumer's perception. An exploratory study aided by qualitative tools was carried out to track those brand's personality traits not considered in Latorre, . As a result, 38 personality traits have been evidenced in the pension fund administrators industry, some of which are specific to this industrial sector, such as transparency and ambition. This study findings come to complement the five dimensions identified by and subsequently validated by Latorre, Martínez y Sotelo (2016).

We study the e¤ects of underground activities on labour market dynamics in a RBC model with search frictions in the labor market, bargained wage and quadratic hiring costs. Underground activities, which allow agents to (partially) evade taxes, are modelled through a moonlighting production scheme where both regular and underground labor use the same capital equipment inside the …rm. Calibrating the model on the U.S. economy, we show that a higher relative size of underground production implies lower average employment and a lower job …nding rate, together with higher volatility of employment and lower volatilities of hours worked and wages of regular labor services. The theoretical explanation we provide is that a higher level of the underground activity increases the ratio of the ‡ow contribution of non-working to the ‡ow contribution of a worker to a labour match.

We study the e¤ects of COVID-19, and the ensuing lockdown and …scal policies, on the welfare of di¤erent age-groups within a life-cycle macroeconomic scheme, adapted from Gertler (1999), where the pandemic is represented as a shock to the mortality rate. We obtain two main results. First, we can show that lockdown policies have a negative impact on the dynamics of economic welfare of younger agents relative to that of older agents, thus providing analytical support to the idea that the management of the COVID-19 pandemic through lockdown policies has hit mainly the young generations. Second, we show that expansionary …scal policies aimed at supporting income after the lockdown a¤ect the relative welfare index of age-groups mainly through the repayment scheme of the consequent public debt; the more the repayment scheme entails a postponement of the debt repayment, the more older agents are favored (in relative terms).

This study used a structural equation modelling approach to assess the association between employee work-life policies, psychological empowerment, and academic staff job commitment in universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. Three null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study following a descriptive survey research design. Multistage sampling procedure was adopted in the selection of 315 academic staff from two universities in the study area. “Work-Life Policies, Psychological Empowerment and Job Commitment Questionnaire (WPPEJCQ)” was used as the instrument for data collection. The construct validity of the instrument was ascertained through an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The Kaiser-Meyer-Ohlin of .894 and the Bartlett coefficient of 7795.820 were obtained. Several fit indices of Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used to accept the model such as RMSEA=.031, TLI=.969, CFI=.971 and many others. The null hypotheses were all t...

The electrical and electronics industry is the leading industrial sector in Malaysia and is taken in to account as a major contributor to the country's manufacturing export. Export activities in each country are performed by companies working in different industries in that country and therefore possessing a high level of customer responsiveness is one of the most important factors in export success of firms and consequently the export success of that country. This study is conducted with the purpose of studying the relationship between customer responsiveness and export performance of selected electronic equipment exporting companies in Malaysia. Through this study the impact of firm's customer responsiveness on export performance is investigated. The data collected from 51 electronic equipment export companies in Malaysia are analyzed by simple regression method through SPSS tool .The results of this study illustrated that customer responsiveness contributes positively to export performance of selected electronic export companies in Malaysia. This survey was tailored based on the Malaysia's business environment and culture. Therefore, it can be seen as a platform to Malaysian companies to have a rare glimpse into their business environment and the way they respond to their customers' needs in order to survive in the industry.

The IoT(internet of things) devices are used to speed up the research on different ways to make a cloud-based system and its services more scalable. The framework of fog computing acts as a significant and novel concept. The idea behind the approach is to change the traditional approach by performing the decentralization of the cloud. Fog computing helps to decrease communication bandwidth between the sensors and data centers. Fog computing methodology is beneficial for smart building designs so that this system must integrate to design more intelligent facilities. The architecture of fog computing with its different applications, security issues, and communication protocols are discussed in this paper.

Higher education, a key driver of women's empowerment, is still segregated by gender across the world. Agricultural higher education is a field that is male-dominated, even though internationally women play a large role in agricultural production. The purpose of this study was to understand the experience, including challenges and coping strategies, of women from 10 Latin American countries attending an agricultural university in Latin America. The participants were 28 women students with a mean age of 20.9 ± 1.8 years. Following informed consent and assurance of confidentiality, four focus group sessions (one for each year of study with a mean duration of 81 min) were conducted in Spanish. The central question was, "what has been your experience at the university?" Sessions were recorded and transcribed. Thematic coding was performed independently by two teams of researchers (from Latin America and North America), with the resulting schemas combined through mutual discussion. Member checking, auditing, and reflexivity contributed to trustworthiness of the process. Students reported that the personal qualities needed for success included determination, persistence, and self-efficacy. Many described an empowerment process, including increased discipline and self-efficacy from the first to fourth year of study. University life encompassed six themes: university structure and discipline (part of the exosystem), two supportive microsystems (friends and classmates and institutional support) as well as three challenges (academics, peers, and machismo). Cultural influences instantiated in students' daily experiences included familism, machismo, and religious faith. Students anticipated futures involving further education and contributions to society. We conclude that higher education in agriculture can serve as an effective means of empowering women to feed the world.

Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.2.9.1. Decision-making method -The greatest problem in the functioning of the Constitutional Court is an increased inflow of cases whereby the capacity of the Constitutional Court to "absorb" such an inflow, 28 Arrangements stipulated in Annex 4, or, more specifically, in Article VI that regulates the operation and jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court also envisage an inefficient system of decision-making given that the quorum requires half of the total number of judges, which means that every decision, even those rejecting appellations or requests, must be taken by at least five judges. When we add to this the interpretation of the Constitutional Court itself that this implies that every decision must be made with at least five votes for or against the proposed decision, then we get a rather inefficient institution which is shown in the number of unresolved cases in 2008 (about 5,000). This practically means that, according to the current arrangement, the Constitutional Court can make its decision solely in the plenary sitting or at the session where there is a panel of at least 5-member judges so that there is no possibility to form other panels, e.g. 3-member panels that would adjudicate the cases in the Court's appellate jurisdiction. So far, the Constitutional Court has succeeded, with the existing decisionmaking method, in efficiently resolving a great inflow of cases remains the same. Therefore, the Constitutional Court must be reformed urgently. The number of judges must be changed from nine to 13 or 15 at least. The reason for such a radical increase lies exclusively in the need for a more efficient functioning of the Constitutional Court. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Annex VI of the Dayton Peace Agreement has established a rather unusual state institution for the protection of human rights -the Human Rights Commission made of the Human Rights Ombudsman and the Human Rights Chamber. The main difference between these two institutions is as follows: while the

La situación energética mundial ha experimentado cambios significativos en los últimos años tras la pandemia de COVID-19. Las perspectivas futuras se centran en Argentina (con la extensión de reactores de uranio natural),  Brasil (con una participación energética nuclear de 2%) y México (busca asesoramiento y capacitación técnica del
Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica). Particularmente Venezuela ha reportado una producción total de energías renovables de 68537 GWh para el año 2022. El presente estudio bajo el enfoque cuantitativo- descriptivo, presenta un análisis de la situación energética global,  con un enfoque en América Latina, y particularmente en Venezuela. Entre las principales conclusiones se señalan:
a) limitado acceso a tecnología y equipos necesarios para la producción y distribución de energía, b) formar recursos humanos implica, en materia energética, enfrentar los
desafíos de las universidades autónomas venezolanas, c) los sistemas de energía solar y eólica no generan lo suficiente para satisfacer las necesidades del sector industrial venezolano y d) probablemente la relación con China permita a Venezuela oportunidades para el aprendizaje.

, in which the Wisconsin Supreme Court, considering a challenge to a law requiring motorcyclists to wear helmets, stated: We do not deal here with the wisdom or lack of wisdom of these . . . legislative enactments. The legislative history of these laws, in this state and others, demonstrates that they have dedicated proponents and equally dedicated opponents. The question before us is not what a legislature should do, but what the legislature can do. As has been said: "Subject to specific constitutional limitations, when the legislature has spoken, the public interest has been declared in terms well-nigh conclusive. In such cases the legislature, not the judiciary, is the main guardian of the public needs to be served by social legislation ....

A person's right to reasonable notice of a charge against him, and an opportunity to be heard in his defense-a right to his day in court-are basic in our system of jurisprudence; and these rights include, as a minimum, a right to examine the witnesses against him, to offer testimony, and to be represented by counsel.'

The purpose of the article. Financial inclusion, similar to social inclusion, is recognized as a priority at national, community, and international levels, supported by initiatives such as the EU Financial Inclusion Initiative launched by the European Commission. It plays a crucial role in generating well-being both for individuals and society as a whole. The research aimed to correlate the dimensions of financial inclusion with indicators of sustainable economic growth. Methodology: To achieve this objective, the methodology involved systematizing and analyzing data provided by databases such as the World Bank Group and GGGI. The main indicators used included Global Findex scores and sustainable economic growth indices, such as the Sustainable Development Goals Index and Green Growth Index. Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation matrix, multifactor regression, comparison, and the monographic method. The results The research conclusions highlight a positive and direct relationship between the level of financial inclusion and sustainable economic growth indicators. Additionally, the results support the argument that financial inclusion is essential for achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The Peruvian economy has exhibited remarkable growth in the past 20 years. Good tax and monetary policies, along with comprehensive structural adjustment, which has attracted substantial foreign investment, are regarded as the pillars of this success. Notwithstanding the advances experienced on reducing poverty, lowering inequality and unemployment continue to be elusive targets for the Peruvian government and constitute main causes of social unrest. This paper assesses the impact of Peruvian public expenditures in education, health, and infrastructure on economic growth, poverty, and income distribution in the past 20 years using a Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model (DCGEM), which is an economy-wide model that describes the behavior of producers and consumers and the linkages among them.

Pre-College human capital investment occurs within a competitive environment and depends on market incentives created by Affirmative Action (AA) in college admissions. These policies affect mechanisms for rank-order allocation of college seats, and alter the relative competition between blacks and whites. We present a theory of AA in university admissions, showing how the effects of AA on human capital investment differ by student ability and demographic group. We then conduct a field experiment designed to mimic important aspects of competitive investment prior to the college market. We pay students based on relative performance on a mathematics exam in order to test the incentive effects of AA, and track study efforts on an online mathematics website. Consistent with theory, AA increases average human capital investment and exam performance for the majority of disadvantaged students targeted by the policy, by mitigating so-called "discouragement effects." The experimental evidence suggests that AA can promote greater equality of market outcomes and narrow achievement gaps at the same time.

Poland's economic and political transition, one of the most successful transitions, has depended very heavily on the job creation in new firms to replace the jobs lost in the formerly state-owned enterprises. This uses evidence from both survey and aggregate data to analyze four Polish elections during the transition. These analyses indicate that these de novo firms, the individuals they employ, and the residents in the local areas where they exist become an important constituency supporting pro-reform political parties and constraining the actions of parties less sympathetic to the reforms. The creation of this political constituency helps explain how countries can successfully pursue both economic and political reforms.

Chère (s) lectrice (s).. cher (s) lecteur(s)..
Rien que le progrès…Progressez-vous donc en mathématiques !!!... Faites-le avec méthode!!!
      C’est le premier numéro de votre Collection Méthodos, intitulé « Calculs et Organisation de données (1)». Ce numéro de la série "Maths méthodiques au collège"  est susceptible de vous fournir un outil méthodologique précieux qui vous permettra de savoir comment analyser des problèmes de mathématiques de manière simple mais efficace.
      Les exercices proposés, dont les solutions détaillées sont présentées immédiatement après les exercices de méthodes de chaque chapitre, sont organisés selon un degré de difficultés progressif, allant du simple au complexe, et du général au particulier.
      Étant donné que c’est justement la méthodologie qui compte, ne vous lancez jamais, et ne vous précipitez jamais, à voir, sans faire de véritables efforts, les solutions des exercices. Ce n’est qu’au terme d’un travail bien structuré que vous avez droit à comparer ce produit avec la solution proposée.             
        Par ailleurs, exprimer des contenus scientifiques, oralement et par écrit,  en une langue claire et correcte, c’est l’objectif que je vous conseil fermement de se fixer en permanence et durant toute votre carrière d’apprenant, maintenant en secondaire collégial, demain en secondaire qualifiant, après demain à l’université... et le processus d’apprentissage n’a pas de limite..
                                                                                        NOUREDDINE  HALI

What variables lead judicial and non-judicial decision-making bodies to introduce policy change? In the theoretical framework proposed, the path dependent nature of law has a differential effect on courts and legislatures. Further, political institutions such as elections and accountability lead those bodies to introduce policy change under dissimilar circumstances. Global trends, however, affect both institutional paths equally. We test this theory with data for the repeal of sodomy laws in all countries from 1972-2002. Results from two disparate multivariate models overwhelmingly confirm our predictions. Uniquely positioned institutionally, courts of last resort are less constrained than legislatures by either legal path dependence or political accountability. Globalization, on the other hand, has an equal effect on both. This work is the first to offer a theoretical framework explaining policy change via different institutional paths, systematically test it comparatively and with respect to a policy issue still on the agenda in many countries.

Chère (s) lectrice (s).. cher (s) lecteur(s)..
Rien que le progrès…Progressez-vous donc en mathématiques !!!... Faites-le avec méthode!!!
      C’est le cinquième numéro de votre Collection Méthodos, intitulé « Calculs et Organisation de données (3)». Ce numéro de la série "Maths méthodiques au collège"  est susceptible de vous fournir un outil méthodologique précieux qui vous permettra de savoir comment analyser des problèmes de mathématiques de manière simple mais efficace.
      Les exercices proposés, dont les solutions détaillées sont présentées immédiatement après les exercices de méthodes de chaque chapitre, sont organisés selon un degré de difficultés progressif, allant du simple au complexe, et du général au particulier.
      Étant donné que c’est justement la méthodologie qui compte, ne vous lancez jamais, et ne vous précipitez jamais, à voir, sans faire de véritables efforts, les solutions des exercices. Ce n’est qu’au terme d’un travail bien structuré que vous avez droit à comparer ce produit avec la solution proposée.             
        Par ailleurs, exprimer des contenus scientifiques, oralement et par écrit,  en une langue claire et correcte, c’est l’objectif que je vous conseil fermement de se fixer en permanence et durant toute votre carrière d’apprenant, maintenant en secondaire collégial, demain en secondaire qualifiant, après demain à l’université... et le processus d’apprentissage n’a pas de limite..
                                                                            NOUREDDINE  HALI

This paper uses a comprehensive firm level data set for the manufacturing sector in Italy to investigate the effect of government support on privately financed R&D expenditure. Estimates from a two-step equation model suggest that public assistance has a positive effect on private R&D investment. A non parametric matching procedure is also used to investigate the same effect. Here again the results suggest that the recipient firms achieve more private R&D than they would have without public support. The paper also examines whether public funding effects the financial sources available for R&D and finds that grants encourage credit financing for R&D. The effects on the use of internal sources are not conclusive.

This paper uses a comprehensive firm level data set for the manufacturing sector in Italy to investigate the effect of government support on privately financed R&D expenditure. Estimates from a two-step equation model suggest that public assistance has a positive effect on private R&D investment. A non parametric matching procedure is also used to investigate the same effect. Here again the results suggest that the recipient firms achieve more private R&D than they would have without public support. The paper also examines whether public funding effects the financial sources available for R&D and finds that grants encourage credit financing for R&D. The effects on the use of internal sources are not conclusive.

RESUMO: A execução de obrigação pecuniária fundada em título executivo judicial, a partir da reforma ditada pela Lei 11.232, de 22/12/2005, passou a ser fase do mesmo processo, quando a sentença é oriunda do processo de conhecimento. Assim, o autor e, em casos de reconvenção o próprio réu, exerce pretensão de cognição, pretensão e execução como etapas da mesma relação processual civil. Nesse contexto, examinamos o procedimento de liquidação de sentença, aperfeiçoando o o título executivo com um de seus elementos caracterizadores, qual seja a liquidez. Desse modo, estando formalmente pleno o pressuposto jurídico da execução (art. 586/CPC), deve o credor exercer pretensão executiva, mediante requerimento expresso, para o cumprimento da obriqação, sob pena de multa, penhora e avaliação de bens suficientes para garantir a execução. Efetivada a garantia o juízo passamos a examinar a defesa do executado que, no caso, o remédio clássico é a impugnação, sem prejuízo de eventual exceção de pré-executividade quando for possível demonstrar de plano, a nulidade da execução. Ainda, comentamos as modalidades de expropriação, bem como o remédio clássico para a desconstituição dos atos expropriativos que são os embargos à adjudicação, à alienação particular ou à arrematação. Palavras-chaves: Cumprimento de sentença. Obrigação pecuniária. Liquidação de sentença. Impugnação. Modalidades de expropriação. Embargos à adjudicação, à alienação particular, à arrematação.

This article discusses donor anonymity in Canada and the need for law reform in this area. Currently, assisted reproduction is regulated by both the provincial and federal governments, meaning this area is regulated in a piecemeal fashion. Disclosure of donor identifying and non-identifying factors is restricted to limited information, utilized only to keep statistical records. Due to the law limiting identifying information, donor-conceived persons struggle in their attempt to discover their genetic origins. Further, provincial family law does not recognize third party reproduction, which leaves modern family units unprotected. A definition of openness in gamete donation is given in Part II. Part III addresses the law-making and assisted reproduction difficulties arising from the division of powers. Part IV analyzes the potential impact of federal prohibitions on the purchase of sperm and eggs and whether disclosing a donor’s identity will negatively impact gamete supply in Canada....

This paper addresses whether sperm donor anonymity should continue in Canada and what the effects might be of abolishing anonymity, particularly for marginalized groups such as lesbian mothers. The first part of the paper outlines the legislative and historical context surrounding the donor anonymity debate in Canada. The second part of the paper addresses the interests of the various social and legal stakeholders, including donor conceived offspring, the social and biological parents of those offspring, and sperm donors. The final segment outlines a twofold law reform agenda. First, it is proposed that Canada prospectively abolish donor anonymity in an effort to meet the health and psychological needs of donor conceived children. Second, it is recommended that legal parentage laws be simultaneously amended so that the legal vulnerabilities women-led families currently experience, and which would be exacerbated by the de-anonymizing of donors, are removed.

This article in scrapbook form represents the endeavour of the eight authors to document a recent, collective, academic journey. The project was one embarked upon as a means to explore tensions between the ideas of embodiment that connected our work, and the rigidities of academic convention. Using various media, this article strives, in substance and form, to provoke, challenge and confront its audience into dialogue, while simultaneously asking questions about the limits of our own legal imaginations.

Les juges de premie`re instance qui travaillent dans des communaute´s autochtones e´loigne´es du Grand Nord canadien utilisent des cercles de de´termination de la peine, convoque´s judiciairement, pour recueillir de l'information et des recommandations quant ...