Attitude

Purpose Religious delusions are common and are considered to be particularly difficult to treat. In this study we investigated what psychological processes may underlie the reported treatment resistance. In particular, we focused on the perceptual, cognitive, affective and behavioural mechanisms held to maintain delusions in cognitive models of psychosis, as these form the key treatment targets in cognitive behavioural therapy. We compared religious delusions to delusions with other content. Methods Comprehensive measures of symptoms and psychological processes were completed by 383 adult participants with delusions and a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis, drawn from two large studies of cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis. Results Binary logistic regression showed that religious delusions were associated with higher levels of grandiosity (OR 7.5; 95 % CI 3.9-14.1), passivity experiences, having internal evidence for their delusion (anomalous experiences or mood states), and being willing to consider alternatives to their delusion (95 % CI for ORs 1.1-8.6). Levels of negative symptoms were lower. No differences were found in delusional conviction, insight or attitudes towards treatment. Conclusions Levels of positive symptoms, particularly anomalous experiences and grandiosity, were high, and may contribute to symptom persistence. However, contrary to previous reports, we found no evidence that people with religious delusions would be less likely to engage in any form of help. Higher levels of flexibility may make them particularly amenable to cognitive behavioural approaches, but particular care should be taken to preserve self-esteem and valued aspects of beliefs and experiences.

Despite suggestive early findings on the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the treatment of substance use disorders, rigorous follow-up has not been conducted. To determine the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as an adjunct to tobacco smoking cessation treatment we conducted an open-label pilot study administering moderate (20 mg/70 kg) and high (30 mg/70 kg) doses of psilocybin within a structured 15-week smoking cessation treatment protocol. Participants were 15 psychiatrically healthy nicotine-dependent smokers (10 males; mean age of 51 years), with a mean of six previous lifetime quit attempts, and smoking a mean of 19 cigarettes per day for a mean of 31 years at intake. Biomarkers assessing smoking status, and self-report measures of smoking behavior demonstrated that 12 of 15 participants (80%) showed seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up. The observed smoking cessation rate substantially exceeds rates commonly reported for other behavioral and/or ph...

Gambling is an important public health concern. To better understand gambling behavior, we conducted a classroom-based survey that assessed the role of the theory of planned behavior (TPB; i.e., intentions, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and attitudes) in past year gambling and gambling frequency among college students. Results from this research support the utility of the TPB to explain gambling behavior in this population. Specifically, in TPB models to predict gambling behavior, friend and family subjective norms and perceived behavioral control predicted past year gambling and friend and family subjective norms, attitudes and perceived behavioral control predicted gambling frequency. Intention to gamble mediated these relationships. These findings suggest that college responsible gambling efforts should consider targeting misperceptions of approval regarding gambling behavior (i.e., subjective norms), personal approval of gambling behavior (i.e., attitudes), and perceived behavioral control to better manage gambling behavior in various situations.

Children with disabilities are facing many challenges in inclusive settings. Many barriers like attitudinal and infrastructural barriers are creating hindrances in avail quality inclusive education by children with disabilities. This study primarily focuses (i) to compare general and special teachers on their attitudes towards inclusive education with reference to its barriers and facilitators according to their-(a) Gender (b) Locality and (ii) to compare general and special teachers on their attitudes towards inclusive education with reference to its barriers and facilitators according to their-(a) Teachers' category (b) School category (c) Teaching experience (d) Age (e) Academic qualifications (f) Professional qualifications. A total sample of 238 (145 general teachers) was chosen using a simple random sampling technique and (93 special teachers) were selected using the purposive sampling technique. A tool "Teacher Attitude Scale towards Inclusive Education" developed and standardised by Dr. Vishal Sood and Dr. Arti Anand (2011) was used to collect the data. Results of the study indicate that (i) Teachers were found significantly different on their attitudes towards inclusive education according to their gender (male and female), their category (general and special teachers), teaching experience, age, academic qualifications, and professional qualifications. (ii) Teachers were not found significantly different on their attitudes towards inclusive education according to their locality and school category (class I-V and Class VI-VIII) (iii) Male teachers expressed positive attitudes than that of their female counterparts; urban teachers also showed slightly positive attitudes as compared to their rural counterparts and similarly, primary school teachers showed a little higher level of attitudes towards inclusive education to their upper primary counterparts. Regular inclusive pedagogical training for general teachers and provision of adequate support services, infrastructural facilities, recruitment of required rehabilitation professionals, and availability of equipments in schools are recommended by the teachers.

Stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. Studies 1 and 2 varied the stereotype vulnerability of Black participants taking a difficult verbal test by varying whether or not their performance was ostensibly diagnostic of ability, and thus, whether or not they were at risk of fulfilling the racial stereotype about their intellectual ability. Reflecting the pressure of this vulnerability, Blacks underperformed in relation to Whites in the ability-diagnostic condition but not in the nondiagnostic condition (with Scholastic Aptitude Tests controlled). Study 3 validated that ability-diagnosticity cognitively activated the racial stereotype in these participants and motivated them not to conform to it, or to be judged by it. Study 4 showed that mere salience of the stereotype could impair Blacks' performance even when the test was not ability diagnostic. The role of stereotype vulnerability in the standardized test performance of ability-stigmatized groups is discussed.

US Latino adults are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic and experience disparities in access to HIV care. However, relatively little is known about how acculturation affects perceived barriers to engagement in care among Latinos. This article examines factors that may be associated with engaging HIV-infected persons in primary care by using interview data from 651 Latino and non-Latino adults presenting for services at five agencies that participated in a multisite demonstration project Latinos (n=219) were more likely than non-Latino Whites (n=117) to be male, recently diagnosed with HIV, less educated, without health insurance, not on Medicaid, taking HIV medications, and in better physical health. In addition, Latinos were more likely to report facing numerous structural barriers, stigma-related worries/concerns, and belief barriers than were non-Latino Whites. Upon closer examination of the Latino subsample, acculturation (based on language) was associated with repo...

US Latino adults are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic and experience disparities in access to HIV care. However, relatively little is known about how acculturation affects perceived barriers to engagement in care among Latinos. This article examines factors that may be associated with engaging HIV-infected persons in primary care by using interview data from 651 Latino and non-Latino adults presenting for services at five agencies that participated in a multisite demonstration project. Latinos (n5219) were more likely than non-Latino Whites (n5117) to be male, recently diagnosed with HIV, less educated, without health insurance, not on Medicaid, taking HIV medications, and in better physical health. In addition, Latinos were more likely to report facing numerous structural barriers, stigma-related worries/concerns, and belief barriers than were non-Latino Whites. Upon closer examination of the Latino subsample, acculturation (based on language) was associated with reported structural barriers, worry/ concern barriers, and belief barriers. In the final multivariate model that controlled for site, Spanish language was significantly associated with experiencing stigma-related worries/concerns that impact HIV status.

Research has shown that mindfulness-based treatment interventions may be effective for a range of mental and physical health disorders in adult populations, but little is known about the effectiveness of such interventions for treating adolescent conditions. The present randomized clinical trial was designed to assess the effect of the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program for adolescents age 14 to 18 years with heterogeneous diagnoses in an outpatient psychiatric facility (intent-to-treat N ϭ 102). Relative to treatment-as-usual control participants, those receiving MBSR self-reported reduced symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatic distress, and increased self-esteem and sleep quality. Of clinical significance, the MBSR group showed a higher percentage of diagnostic improvement over the 5-month study period and significant increases in global assessment of functioning scores relative to controls, as rated by condition-naïve clinicians. These results were found in both completer and intent-to-treat samples. The findings provide evidence that MBSR may be a beneficial adjunct to outpatient mental health treatment for adolescents.

Using a sample of dental students (N=373) from four Canadian dental schools, this longitudinal study determined whether the new Canadian Dental Association (CDA) structured interview was a predictor of clinical and academic performance. The new interview predicted clinical performance in the third and fourth years of dental school, but not academic performance. The Canadian Dental Aptitude Test (DAT) continued to predict first- and second-year academic performance, but not clinical performance in the senior years. A personality factor, "Conscientiousness," predicted clinical and academic performance to various degrees across the four years of dental school. A second personality factor, "Openness to Experience," predicted third-year academic performance. The results suggest that a combination of scores from the DAT, a valid measure of personality, and a well-designed structured interview will provide the best prediction of those applicants who will do well in both...

The paper examined the effect of educational technology (computer-aided instruction
CAI) in teaching on the attitude and performance of primary six pupils in mathematics in Jos metropolis.
The aim was to examine how the use of computer-aided instruction in the teaching of mathematics will
cause an improvement in the attitude and performance of pupils in mathematics. Four research questions
were raised and two hypotheses was formulated to guide the study. The sample consisted of 151 pupils
drawn from two public primary schools in Jos metropolis. The sample was divided into two groups called
control and experimental groups. Pupils in the experimental group were taught mathematics using CAI
while the central group was taught conventionally. Data for the study were elicited using a mathematics
attitude scale (MAS) and a mathematics achievement test (MAT) designed by the researchers. The means
score was used to answer all the research questions and t-test was used to test hypotheses. Results
obtained showed that the attitude of pupils towards mathematics was negative before the treatment; also
the pupils were below average in their performance in mathematics. After the treatment, pupils in the
experimental group were found to have a more positive attitude and better performance than those in
control group. It was recommended among other things that teachers of mathematics should endeavour to
use CAI in their teaching of mathematics. The study concluded therefore that the use of educational
technology (CAI) is effective in improving the attitude and performance of primary six pupils in
mathematics.

WADEY, R., L. EVANS, S. HANTON, and R. NEIL. Effect of Dispositional Optimism before and after Injury. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 387-394, 2013. Purpose: This study examined the direct, moderating, and indirect effects of dispositional optimism on the prediction of, and athletes' responses to, injury. Methods: A 2-yr longitudinal design was conducted with a baseline sample of 694 asymptomatic participants (389 men, 305 women; mean T SD age = 19.17 T 1.69 yr), 104 of which subsequently became injured. Logistic regression, Pearson product-moment correlations, and a bootstrapping procedure were used to analyze the data. Results: Findings revealed a significant direct effect (i.e., as optimism increased, the likelihood of injury occurrence decreased) and a nonsignificant moderating effect for optimism before injury. Significant direct and indirect effects for optimism after injury were found. Conclusions: These findings have important implications for practitioners who have a vested interest in reducing the likelihood of injury and expediting the rate and quality of recovery from injury. Future avenues of research that include the need to embrace more objective indicators of recovery from injury are discussed.

This longitudinal research aimed to determine the utility of psychosocial and eating characteristics in early teenage years in predicting eating attitudes and behaviors in early adulthood. Self-esteem, perfectionism, family function, and eating attitudes were measured at 12 years and eating attitudes and behavior were assessed at 19 years. Sixty-three women (71.6%) remained in the study over the 7 years. Bulimic attitudes in early teenage years were related to subsequent bulimic features, while restrictive attitudes were more closely related to later purging behaviors. Self-esteem and perfectionism were only weakly linked with subsequent eating. However, different perceived family characteristics at the first stage were associated with specific aspects of eating in early adulthood. There is consistency of eating characteristics across time, but psychosocial characteristics have a more limited predictive power. Future longitudinal studies should begin earlier in childhood if psychoso...

As teacher quality becomes a central issue in discussions of children's literacy, both researchers and policy makers alike express increasing concern with how teachers structure and allocate their lesson time for literacy-related activities as well as with what they know about reading development, processes, and pedagogy. The authors examined the beliefs, literacy knowledge, and proposed instructional practices of 121 first-grade teachers. Through teacher self-reports concerning the amount of instructional time they would prefer ...

Introduction: Although recent advances in psychiatry have increased our understanding of psychiatric disorders, many people may be unaware about mental illness and its treatment. The negative attitude is known hindrance to providing quality service to mental ill people. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and attitude about mental illness among nursing students. Method: The study was carried out in mental hospital, Lagankhel, Nepal. All one hundred eight nursing students posted for psychiatric posting for two weeks formed the study population. A structured standard questionnaire was supplied to the students at the first day of posting for their responses. Results: It was a purposive, descriptive study with 108 respondents of age group 15-20 (85.1%). The study revealed that 97.2% of the respondents thought that all mentally ill patients are not mad. The majority had showed their knowledge about cause of mental illness as genetic (78.6%) and biochemical disturbances (97.2...

Background: Attitude about mental illness determines health seeking of the people. Success of National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) is dependent on attitude about mental illness of various stakeholders in the programme. Material & Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in Ballabgarh block of Faridabad district in Haryana. We aimed to study attitude about mental illness of various stakeholders of health care providers (HCP), community leaders in rural area of Haryana, north India. Study area consisting of five Primary Health Centers (PHCs) serving 2,12,000 rural population. All HCP working at PHCs, Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) and community leaders in study area were approached for participation. Hindi version of Opinion about Mental illness Scale for Chinese Community (OMICC) was used to study attitude. Results: In total, 467 participants were participated in the study. Of which, HCP, ASHAs and community leaders were 81 (17.4%), 145 (31.0%) an...

Children's pro-ecological behaviors are usually registered using scales based on the idea of a simple connection between attitudes and behaviors. However, this relationship seems to be more complicated. The Children's Ecological Behavior (CEB) Scale has been proposed as an alternative. Based on the Rasch model, it considers the different efforts needed to conduct a series of behaviors. This paper presents an improved adaptation of the CEB to Spanish population. We back-translated the CEB into Spanish, increased the number of behaviors and collected data from 6- to 12-year-olds, using a game format procedure. The scale can detect differences in the effort needed to perform various behaviors. Children's pro-ecological attitudes and behaviors are positively related. No relationship was found between parents' and children's pro-ecological attitudes and behaviors. The Spanish version of the CEB scale emerges as a reliable tool to measure children's pro-ecological ...

We investigated in the female inmate population whether they had and which were the foundations of hope for a better future after liberation. We created and applied a questionnaire structured on four general information chapters regarding health, attitude and spiritual life. In total, 67 questions with 293 items. For this study, we selected 62 items. Hope for better reintegration was layed on family support and (re)imployment. The majority considered that the length of the detention influences the chances for social reintegration. The family perception was clarified and the relationship with the parents and spouse was tightened. The spiritual questions reflected a moderate return to religion. The study proved that the female detainees have a positive perception on the role of education and that the efforts of different educational factors during detention was strongly positive. The development of moral, family, social and spiritual values was beneficial and raised the hopes of socia...

Dose-finding trials are essential to drug development as they establish recommended doses for later-phase testing. We aim to motivate wider use of model-based designs for dose finding, such as the continual reassessment method (CRM). We carried out a literature review of dose-finding designs and conducted a survey to identify perceived barriers to their implementation. We describe the benefits of model-based designs (flexibility, superior operating characteristics, extended scope), their current uptake, and existing resources. The most prominent barriers to implementation of a model-based design were lack of suitable training, chief investigators' preference for algorithm-based designs (e.g., 3+3), and limited resources for study design before funding. We use a real-world example to illustrate how these barriers can be overcome. There is overwhelming evidence for the benefits of CRM. Many leading pharmaceutical companies routinely implement model-based designs. Our analysis iden...

Background: The purpose of this study was to identify various barriers and facilitators associated with participation in fitness and recreation programs/facilities among persons with disabilities. Methods: Focus groups were conducted in ten regions across the United States in 2001 to 2002 with four types of participants: (1) consumers with disabilities, (2) architects, (3) fitness and recreation professionals, and (4) city planners and park district managers. Sessions were tape-recorded and content analyzed; focus group facilitators took notes of identified barriers and facilitators to access. Results: Content analysis of tape recordings revealed 178 barriers and 130 facilitators. The following themes were identified: (1) barriers and facilitators related to the built and natural environment; (2) economic issues; (3) emotional and psychological barriers; (4) equipment barriers; (5) barriers related to the use and interpretation of guidelines, codes, regulations, and laws; (6) information-related barriers; (7) professional knowledge, education, and training issues; (8) perceptions and attitudes of persons who are not disabled, including professionals; (9) policies and procedures both at the facility and community level; and (10) availability of resources. Conclusions: The degree of participation in physical activity among people with disabilities is affected by a multifactorial set of barriers and facilitators that are unique to this population. Future research should utilize this information to develop intervention strategies that have a greater likelihood of success.

Self-harm is a risk factor for further episodes of self-harm and suicide. The most common service used by self-injurers is the emergency department. However, very often, nurses have received no special training to identify and address the needs of these patients. In addition this care context is typically bio-medical and without psychosocial skills, nurses can tend to feel unprepared and lacking in confidence, particularly on the issue of selfharm. In a study that aimed to improve understanding and teach solution-focused skills to emergency nurses so that they may be more helpful with patients who self-harm, several outcome measures were considered, including knowledge, professional identity and clinical reasoning. The think-aloud procedure was used as a way of exploring and improving the solution-focused nature of nurses" clinical reasoning in a range of self-harm scenarios. A total of 28 emergency nurses completed the activity. Data were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed. The results indicated that significant improvements were noted in nurses" ability to consider the patients" psychosocial needs following the intervention. Thus this study has shown that interactive education not only improves attitude and confidence but enlarges nurses" reasoning skills to include psychosocial needs. This is likely to improve the quality of care provided to patients with mental health problems who present to emergency settings, reducing stigma for patients and providing the important first steps to enduring changeacknowledgement and respect.

The present study examined the role of attributions to discrimination and competence in predicting depression among a sample of 93 Latino/a adults. The major findings showed that attributions to discrimination were related to decreases in both general competence and intercultural competence, which were in turn associated with increases in depressive symptoms. This pattern of results suggests that general and intercultural competence partially mediated the relationship between attributions to discrimination and depression. The findings are discussed within the context of the cultural adaptation process and factors that ameliorate Latino/a mental health. In addition, theoretical and practical implications are outlined along with areas of future research.

The aim of this study was to assess Australian girls' beliefs and feelings about menarche and menstruation using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Eighty-seven Grade 6 girls were interviewed and completed questionnaires, including both self-report and projective measures, relating to pubertal status, attitudes to and knowledge about menstruation. Results showed knowledge to be limited, with evidence of incorrect and negative myths about menstruation. Attitudes to menstruation were characterized by embarrassment, discomfort, and ambivalence about growing up. Themes in story completion tasks further reflected these attitudes, along with shame and anxiety, linked periods with incapacity or illness, and expressed the norm of periods as events which require the use of deception and denial as coping strategies. Mature problem-solving approaches to the hypothetical situations in the stories were rare. Factor analysis of the attitudinal and knowledge data revealed four factors — Comfort through Knowledge; Negative Feelings: Discomfort through Knowledge; and Independence — which were discussed in terms of the ambivalent social construction placed on menstruation.

Purpose . To estimate workforce participation characteristics and employees' attitudes regarding participation in workplace wellness programs. Design . Data from a statewide stratified random sample were used to compare small (<50 employees) and larger (50+ employees) workplaces to estimate participation in screening programs and likelihood of participation in workplace wellness programs. Setting . A telephone survey of employed Iowans registered to vote. Subjects . Surveyed were 1171 employed Iowans registered to vote, ages 18 to 65. Measure . Among questionnaire survey modules were items from the Wellness Council of America Employee Needs and Interest Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau for employment documentation, and the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire for assessment of sickness absenteeism and presenteeism. Analysis . Prevalence of participation in screening and wellness programs was analyzed by employment size and levels of likeliness to ...

Cultural differences in the amount of time spent on homework and in beliefs and attitudes about homework were investigated through interviews with more than 3,500 elementary school children, their mothers, and their teachers. The children lived in 5 cities: Beijing, Chicago, Minneapolis, Sendai (Japan), and Taipei. Chinese children were assigned more homework and spent more time on homework than Japanese children, who in turn were assigned more and spent more time on homework than American children. Chinese children also received more help from family members with their homework than did American and Japanese children. Chinese children were found to have more positive attitudes about homework than American children; Japanese children's attitudes were between those of the Chinese and American children. Relations between amount of time spent on homework by children, amount of time parents spent assisting their children with homework, and children's achievement were also explored. The views of both parents and teachers about the value of homework are discussed.

In this era of globalization, the world at large are looking towards integrating information and communication technologies into the education sector to promote economic and technological advancements and make education available to all. It is against this backdrop this study examines Basic Technology Teachers ’ awareness and attitude towards ICT. The data for the study were collected through questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings showed that Basic Technology Teachers ’ have the right attitude towards ICT but lack adequate information integration methodologies.

Background: The incidence and prevalence of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections among American adolescents remain unacceptably high. Purpose: This research examines adolescent intentions to have sexual intercourse, their expectancies about having sexual intercourse, and maternal communication about the expectancies of engaging in sexual intercourse. Methods: Six hundred sixty-eight randomly selected inner-city middle school students and their mothers completed self-administered questionnaires. Adolescents reported their intentions to have sexual intercourse and the perceived positive and negative expectancies of doing so. Both mothers and adolescents reported on the frequency of communication about these expectancies. Results: Boys reported higher intentions, more positive expectancies, and lower levels of maternal communication than did girls. Expectancies statistically significantly associated with intentions focused on the positive physical, social, and emotional advantages of having sex rather than on concerns about pregnancy and HIV=AIDS. With some exceptions, maternal communication was associated with adolescents' expectancies about engaging in sexual intercourse. However, only modest correlations between maternal and adolescent reports of communication were observed. Conclusions: Results indicate that intervention programs should address the positive expectancies youth have about having sex, not just the threat of pregnancy and HIV=AIDS, and should address potential gender differences in expectancies between boys and girls.

Modern-day zoos and aquariums market themselves as places of education and conservation. A recent study conducted by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) (Falk et al., 2007) is being widely heralded as the first direct evidence that visits to zoos and aquariums produce long-term positive effects on people’s attitudes toward other animals. In this paper, we address whether this conclusion is warranted by analyzing the study’s methodological soundness. We conclude that Falk et al. (2007) contains at least six major threats to methodological validity that undermine the authors’ conclusions. There remains no compelling evidence for the claim that zoos and aquariums promote attitude change, education, or interest in conservation in visitors, although further investigation of this possibility using methodologically sophisticated designs is warranted.

We examine the degree to which an individual's religious involvement significantly mediates and buffers the effects of neighborhood disorder on youth crime. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the fifth wave of data from the National Youth Survey, focusing on black respondents given the historical as well as contemporary significance of the African-American church for black Americans. Results from estimating a series of regression models indicated that (1) the effects of neighborhood disorder on crime among black youth are partly mediated by an individual's religious involvement (measured by the frequency of attending religious services) and (2) involvement of African-American youth in religious institutions significantly buffers or interacts with the effects of neighborhood disorder on crime and, in particular, serious crime. Theoretical and methodological implications of the present findings are briefly discussed.

Epidemiologia; Gestantes; Saúde bucal; Ati tudes. Epidemiology; Pregnant women; Oral health; Atti tude. DESCRITORES KEYWORDS Objeti vo: Traçar o perfi l epidemiológico e ati tudinal de gestantes usuárias do serviço público de Juiz de Fora, MG, a fi m de conhecer a condição dentária, necessidades de tratamento, condição periodontal e ati tudes frente à dieta, higiene bucal, relação bidirecional entre saúde bucal e gestação, crenças e mitos relacionados à saúde bucal e assistência odontológica. Método: Foram incluídas 312 gestantes com idade entre 14 e 43 anos. O exame clínico determinou a condição dentária pelo índice CPO-D e as necessidades de tratamento e condição periodontal pelo Índice Periodontal Comunitário (IPC), segundo códigos e critérios recomendados pela OMS. As ati tudes foram avaliadas por entrevista individual. Os dados foram submeti dos à análise descriti va. Resultados: O CPO-D médio na amostra total foi 10,79 (± 6,08); entre as adolescentes foi 7,92 (± 5,08); e entre as adultas foi 14,85 (± 5,15). A necessidade de tratamento mais frequente entre as gestantes foi restauração (71,5%). Sangramento e cálculo dentário foram as condições periodontais mais frequentes (74,7% e 67,6%, respecti vamente). O formulário que avaliou as ati tudes obteve boa consistência interna (α de Cronbach = 0,82). A análise das ati tudes avaliadas pelas subescalas do instrumento demonstrou aumento da frequência alimentar e baixo uso do fi o dental após cada refeição Embora as gestantes percebam alterações bucais após a gestação, a maioria não sabe ou discorda da relação entre a condição bucal e o feto e/ou parto. Conclusão: As gestantes apresentaram quadro de saúde bucal precária. Ati tudes desfavoráveis foram identi fi cadas entre os aspectos de saúde bucal avaliados. Os resultados obti dos irão subsidiar o planejamento e execução de programas de educação e atenção odontológica dirigidos a esta população, com vistas à saúde materno-infanti l. Objecti ve: To determine the epidemiological and atti tudinal oral health profi le of pregnant women att ending the public health service of Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, in order to determine the dental conditi ons, treatment needs, periodontal conditi ons and atti tudes with respect to diet, oral hygiene, bidirecti onal relati onship between oral health and pregnancy, beliefs and myths related to oral health and dental assistance. Method: 312 pregnant women aged 14 to 43 years were included. The clinical examinati on determined the dental conditi on according to the DMF-T, index and the treatment needs and periodontal conditi on were determined using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), according to guidelines and criteria recommended by the WHO. The atti tudes were evaluated by an individual interview. Data were subjected to descripti ve analysis. Results: The mean DMF-T index in the sample was 10.79 (± 6.08), being 7.92 (± 5.08) among adolescents and 14.85 (± 5.15) among adults. The most frequent treatment need among pregnant women was restorati on (71.5%). Gingival bleeding and dental calculus were the most frequent periodontal conditi ons (74.7% and 67.6%, respecti vely). T|he form used to evaluate the atti tudes had good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.82). The analysis of the atti tudes evaluated by the subscales of the instrument showed an increase in the frequency of feeding and low use of dental fl oss aft er each meal. Although the pregnant women perceived oral alterati ons aft er pregnancy, most of them did not know or did not agree with the existence between oral conditi on and the fetus and/or delivery. Conclusion: The pregnant women presented poor oral health. Unfavorable atti tudes were identi fi ed among the oral aspects evaluated in the study. The obtained results will support the planing and performance of educati onal campaigns and dental care programs directed to this populati on, aiming at the motherchild health.

Gay men tend to be more dissatisfied with their bodies and may be at greater risk for symptoms of eating disorders compared to heterosexual men. However, the majority of research conducted with gay and heterosexual men has implemented instruments designed to assess eating disorder symptomatology in women. The present study assessed differences between gay and heterosexual men using the Male Eating Behavior and Body Image Evaluation (MEBBIE), an instrument designed to assess attitudes and behaviors related to eating, exercise and body image specifically in men. Analyses of MEBBIE scale means with body mass index (BMI) as the covariate indicated that, relative to their heterosexual counterparts, gay men diet more, are more fearful of becoming fat, and are more dissatisfied with their bodies in general as well as with their degree of muscularity. Gay men were also more likely than heterosexual men to hold distorted cognitions about the importance of having an ideal physique. Contrary to hypotheses, however, gay and straight men did not differ in the degree to which they exercised or felt guilty about missing a workout. Results are discussed in light of previous findings, and implications for clinical practice and future research are considered.

In this study, I consider variables associated with an individual’s most recent move into his or her current residence as predictors of neighborhood attachment. Using the 1978–1979 Seattle Community Attachment Survey, I find that elements of the mobility experience such as an individual’s past history of migration, the motivations for moving, the amount of time involved in the move, and the distance traveled during the move have an effect on shortand long-term neighborhood attachment patterns independent of residential stability and investment predictors. The findings imply that psychosocial factors such as familiarity with the environment, increased premove exposure to the new environment, and perceived control during instances of transition have some impact on individuals’ postmove attitudes and behaviors, and suggest that researchers should look beyond traditional “types of people” explanations of urban neighborhood attachment.

Changes in the job market are affecting how employees view their current positions and careers leading to more employees (so-called 'free agents') developing portfolio careers. To maintain their long-term employability, free agents need to continually enhance and expand their expertise, knowledge-base, reputation and networks, and it has been argued that this will influence how employees view and approach their workplace learning. This article reports the findings of qualitative research aimed at exploring the free agent concept, the implications for workplace learning and the implications for human resource development (HRD) functions in organizations. The research used a convenience sample of 11 organizations from three continents, with data collected from senior HRD executives through telephone and face-toface interviews and e-mails. The results highlighted how some employees are changing their attitudes towards workplace learning, particularly those considered 'high potential' or working in 'high tech' positions. The research also identified how organizations are increasingly viewing learning as a means of attracting and retaining high quality employees, with implications for HRD functions in terms of a greater emphasis on delivery methods for learning beyond traditional training and greater emphasis on career development activities.

This study assessed the relation between mother mental state language and child desire language and emotion understanding in 15 -24-month-olds. At both time points, mothers described pictures to their infants and mother talk was coded for mental and nonmental state language. Children were administered 2 emotion understanding tasks and their mental and nonmental state vocabulary levels were obtained via parental report. The results demonstrated that mother use of desire language with 15-month-old children uniquely predicted a child's later mental state language and emotion task performance, even after accounting for potentially confounding variables. In addition, mothers' tendency to refer to the child's over others' desires was the more consistent correlate of mental state language and emotion understanding.

This study was designed to examine participants' perceptions of targets who varied in Likelihood to Sexually Harass (LSH; scores. Ninety-four Caucasian participants were shown videotapes of male targets who had scored either high or low on the LSH scale. In half of the sessions, the participants watched the videotapes without sound and in the other half the participants watched the videotapes with the sound on. Participants then generated open-ended responses to a question asking them to imagine what it would be like to have this man as an employer. Judges who were unaware of the purpose of the study independently rated the open-ended responses for their evaluative implications (positive or negative), context (professional or interpersonal), as well as their domain (affiliative or dominant). Results indicate that overall men who were high in LSH were viewed most negatively and least positively compared to their low LSH counterparts. This is consistent with previous research by on identification of men with sexual harassment proclivity. Men who are high or low in LSH behave in different ways and participants are able to pick up on the cues associated with this important personality factor.

Who killed whom?: victimization and culpability in the social construction of murder ABSTRACT Based on in-depth interviews with relatives of people convicted of murder, this article examines the ways in which everyday understandings of 'murder' are socially constructed, as revealed by the narratives of murderers' relatives. To this end, interviewees' explanations of the killings are analysed and a distinction is drawn between interviewees who understood the killings committed by their relatives as manslaughter and those who accepted the murder verdict. In de ning the offences in this way, interviewees identi ed the signi cance of victimization and culpability to understandings of interpersonal violence. Through the analysis of interview data, it is possible to examine the ways in which 'murder' is seen to have occurred only when particular criteria of victimization and culpability are met.

The aim of this study was to establish test-retest reliability of a Spanish version of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity (Campo-Arias, Oviedo, & Cogollo, 2009) among adolescent students in Cartagena, Colombia. A group of ninth grade students from two public schools in Colombia (N =157) completed the five-item scale. Cronbach's alphas were .74 and .76 in the first and second administrations, respectively. Both Pearson's ρ and intra-class correlation coefficient were .69. A Spanish translation of the 5-item scale had consistent stability over four weeks.

The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of gender, loss of academic year(s), confidence and attitudes of students on the clinical experience gained by undergraduate education. The survey was conducted during 2004 and 2005 in a sample of 182 students of the 5 th and the 6 th year at J.J.Strossmayer University School of Medicine in Osijek. The participants were grouped and matched according to their gender, regular studying, the number of time(s) student has performed certain practical medical procedure and the self-confidence arisen by performing one. Furthermore, participants were grouped and compared due to their own assessment of their own practical and theoretical medical knowledge, courses which provide them the least and oppositely -the most practical medical knowledge and their attitude toward current medical faculty curriculum on clinical courses as well as the possibilities of improving them. Fisher's exact test and c 2 -test were used to estimate statistical differences between the groups and the parameters in research, while coefficient of contingency was introduced with the aim of defining their correlation. The results showed statistically significant differences between male students who performed more practical medical procedures than female (p<0.001), nonrepeaters performed medical procedures more often than repeaters (p<0.001, C=0.658) while repeaters thought higher of their theoretical knowledge than non-repeaters (p<0.005). Data analysis showed statistically significant correlation between clinical experience and the level of confidence (C=0.944). This study confirmed influence of male gender, regular studying, better opinion about one's own practical skills and higher confidence in one's own work on greater number of clinical skills performed during undergraduate education.

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