Orbit insertion is the spaceflight operation of adjusting a spacecraft’s momentum, in particular to allow for entry into a stable orbit around a planet, moon, or other celestial body. This maneuver involves either deceleration from a speed in excess of the respective body’s escape velocity, or acceleration to it from a lower speed.
The result may also be a transfer orbit, there is e.g., the term descent orbit insertion. Often this is called orbit injection.
Deceleration
The first kind of orbit insertion is used when capturing into orbit around a celestial body other than Earth, owing to the excess speed of interplanetary transfer orbits relative to their destination orbits. This shedding of excess velocity is typically achieved via a rocket firing known as an orbit insertion burn. For such a maneuver, the spacecraft’s engine thrusts in its direction of travel for a specified duration to slow its velocity relative to the target body enough to enter into orbit. Another technique, used when the destination body has a tangible atmosphere, is called aerobraking, which uses the friction of atmospheric drag to slow a spacecraft. Generally aerobraking is used to circularize a highly elliptical capture orbit while minimizing the use of on board fuel. To date, only a handful of aerocapture maneuvers have been attempted by NASA.
Launched from Cape Canaveral on June 18, 2009 at 5:12 pm EDT, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission will reach lunar orbit on June 23, 2009 at 5:47 am EDT. This is a visualization of the satellite over the next few days as it uses the moon's gravity and thrusters to gradually shape its own orbit into optimum settings for the mission.
LRO orbit insertion with elapsed time since launch
This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) might look. LRO launches from Cape Canaveral, then flies around the Earth and on to the moon. Time speeds up during the journey to the moon, then slows again as LRO approaches the moon. LRO begins orbiting the moon and, through a series of several "burns", moves in closer to its desired orbit. LRO's initial orbit plane around the moon is parallel to the direction of the moon's travel.
This visualization was created before launch using simulated ephemeris data. The ephemeris data driving this visualization was based on a simulated nighttime launch on 11/24/2008; but, the actual launch may happen during the daytime.
Animation Number: ...
published: 31 Mar 2012
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
NASA decided to move the LRO/LCROSS from a June 2 window to a June 17 window so as to allow the LCROSS team additional time to mitigate a potential thrust disturbance associated with the Atlas V Centaur fill/drain valves. This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) might look. LRO launches from Cape Kennedy, then flys around the Earth and on to the moon. Time speeds up during the journey to the moon, then slows again as LRO approaches the moon. LRO begins orbiting the moon and through a series of several 'burns' moves in closer to it's desired orbit. LRO's initial orbit plane around the moon is parallel to the direction of the moon's travel.
published: 17 May 2009
ARTEMIS Maneuvers into Lunar Orbit
This animation visualizes the maneuvers required to move the ARTEMIS spacecraft from their kidney-shaped paths on each side of the moon to orbiting the moon. It took one and a half years, over 90 orbit maneuvers, many gravitational boosts and surprisingly little fuel to move the two spacecraft. The spacecraft have been through orbits never before attempted and made lovely curlicue leaps from one orbit to the next to reach their destination orbit.
published: 21 May 2013
LRO Transition from Earth-Centered to Moon-Centered Coordinates
This visualization illustrates the solution to a human factors problem in the visualization of an orbit path, in this case the launch and lunar orbit insertion of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) satellite.
The original visualization (found at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3612) shows LRO orbiting the Earth, traveling from the Earth to the moon, and entering lunar orbit. Throughout the visualization, a trail is drawn to show LRO's path. This trail is a history of LRO's motion.
The viewer's expectation is that LRO first travels in a circular orbit centered on the Earth, then follows a smoothly curving path connecting the Earth to the moon, and finally enters an elliptical orbit around the moon. The problem for the visualizer is that an accurate trail satisfying all of these expectat...
published: 11 Dec 2016
Stock footage: Apollo 11 lunar orbit insert burn
After a little more than four days, Apollo 11 has been captured by the moon’s gravitation and is going around the dark side. About 9 minutes after losing radio contact, they will initiate the first of two burns that will bring them into lunar orbit (lunar insertion burns).
Data-driven visualization for media use from AGI. For full HD versions without watermark, contact [email protected]. Copyright 2019 Analytical Graphics, Inc.
published: 03 Jul 2019
Apollo Trans Lunar Injection orbit
TLI Orbit Slice View of the injection orbit.
Discovering the Van Allen Belts
The Van Allen belts were discovered by the scientist whose name they bear: James Van Allen. In the mid 1950s, Van Allen began probing the intricate world of charged particles outside the Earth’s atmosphere using sounding rockets and rockoons (small rockets launched from balloons at altitude). The early experiments were limited to exploring the radiation around the planet from within the atmosphere, but Van Allen had a chance to take his research higher with the advent of the International Geophysical Year, an international scientific collaboration between nations probing into Earth science and solar activity.
published: 21 Nov 2016
Aiming for the Moon - The Trans-Lunar Insertion
Going to the moon is not a straight shot! Let's examine the three steps Apollo 11 took to get there.
EDIT: I don't know where I got it in my head that this maneuver is called a Trans-Lunar Injection; it's a Trans-Lunar *Insertion*.
You can support this channel once at http://ko-fi.com/LetsCodePhysics or monthly at http://patreon.com/LetsCodePhysics.
Thank you, patrons! Fan Xinyu, Don Williams, Tripp Bishop
Subscribe for more videos! https://www.youtube.com/LetsCodePhysics?sub_confirmation=1
More about VPython: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEMCiugDnKI&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOnMaPS1BgO7IOU_00ApuMo
More about making animations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPkJtpVJwSw&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOOutOEKggaZo1rCHtUYh-A
More about animating spaceflight: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNoZ3uZedgE&l...
Launched from Cape Canaveral on June 18, 2009 at 5:12 pm EDT, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission will reach lunar orbit on June 23, 2009 at 5:47 am EDT. T...
Launched from Cape Canaveral on June 18, 2009 at 5:12 pm EDT, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission will reach lunar orbit on June 23, 2009 at 5:47 am EDT. This is a visualization of the satellite over the next few days as it uses the moon's gravity and thrusters to gradually shape its own orbit into optimum settings for the mission.
Launched from Cape Canaveral on June 18, 2009 at 5:12 pm EDT, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission will reach lunar orbit on June 23, 2009 at 5:47 am EDT. This is a visualization of the satellite over the next few days as it uses the moon's gravity and thrusters to gradually shape its own orbit into optimum settings for the mission.
LRO orbit insertion with elapsed time since launch
This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) m...
LRO orbit insertion with elapsed time since launch
This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) might look. LRO launches from Cape Canaveral, then flies around the Earth and on to the moon. Time speeds up during the journey to the moon, then slows again as LRO approaches the moon. LRO begins orbiting the moon and, through a series of several "burns", moves in closer to its desired orbit. LRO's initial orbit plane around the moon is parallel to the direction of the moon's travel.
This visualization was created before launch using simulated ephemeris data. The ephemeris data driving this visualization was based on a simulated nighttime launch on 11/24/2008; but, the actual launch may happen during the daytime.
Animation Number: 3612
Completed: 2009-04-27
Animators: Greg Shirah (NASA/GSFC) (Lead)
Ernie Wright (UMBC)
Alex Kekesi (GST)
Horace Mitchell (NASA/GSFC)
Producer: Andrew Freeberg (NASA/GSFC)
Scientist: John Keller (NASA/GSFC)
Platforms/Sensors/Data Sets: LRO-Simulated Ephemeris (11/24/2008 - 12/02/2008 )
CPC (Climate Prediction Center) Cloud Composite (11/11/2008)
Series: The Moon
LRO - Animations
LRO Pre-launch
Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Simulated ephemeris data from Mark Beckman
LRO orbit insertion with elapsed time since launch
This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) might look. LRO launches from Cape Canaveral, then flies around the Earth and on to the moon. Time speeds up during the journey to the moon, then slows again as LRO approaches the moon. LRO begins orbiting the moon and, through a series of several "burns", moves in closer to its desired orbit. LRO's initial orbit plane around the moon is parallel to the direction of the moon's travel.
This visualization was created before launch using simulated ephemeris data. The ephemeris data driving this visualization was based on a simulated nighttime launch on 11/24/2008; but, the actual launch may happen during the daytime.
Animation Number: 3612
Completed: 2009-04-27
Animators: Greg Shirah (NASA/GSFC) (Lead)
Ernie Wright (UMBC)
Alex Kekesi (GST)
Horace Mitchell (NASA/GSFC)
Producer: Andrew Freeberg (NASA/GSFC)
Scientist: John Keller (NASA/GSFC)
Platforms/Sensors/Data Sets: LRO-Simulated Ephemeris (11/24/2008 - 12/02/2008 )
CPC (Climate Prediction Center) Cloud Composite (11/11/2008)
Series: The Moon
LRO - Animations
LRO Pre-launch
Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Simulated ephemeris data from Mark Beckman
NASA decided to move the LRO/LCROSS from a June 2 window to a June 17 window so as to allow the LCROSS team additional time to mitigate a potential thrust distu...
NASA decided to move the LRO/LCROSS from a June 2 window to a June 17 window so as to allow the LCROSS team additional time to mitigate a potential thrust disturbance associated with the Atlas V Centaur fill/drain valves. This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) might look. LRO launches from Cape Kennedy, then flys around the Earth and on to the moon. Time speeds up during the journey to the moon, then slows again as LRO approaches the moon. LRO begins orbiting the moon and through a series of several 'burns' moves in closer to it's desired orbit. LRO's initial orbit plane around the moon is parallel to the direction of the moon's travel.
NASA decided to move the LRO/LCROSS from a June 2 window to a June 17 window so as to allow the LCROSS team additional time to mitigate a potential thrust disturbance associated with the Atlas V Centaur fill/drain valves. This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) might look. LRO launches from Cape Kennedy, then flys around the Earth and on to the moon. Time speeds up during the journey to the moon, then slows again as LRO approaches the moon. LRO begins orbiting the moon and through a series of several 'burns' moves in closer to it's desired orbit. LRO's initial orbit plane around the moon is parallel to the direction of the moon's travel.
This animation visualizes the maneuvers required to move the ARTEMIS spacecraft from their kidney-shaped paths on each side of the moon to orbiting the moon. It...
This animation visualizes the maneuvers required to move the ARTEMIS spacecraft from their kidney-shaped paths on each side of the moon to orbiting the moon. It took one and a half years, over 90 orbit maneuvers, many gravitational boosts and surprisingly little fuel to move the two spacecraft. The spacecraft have been through orbits never before attempted and made lovely curlicue leaps from one orbit to the next to reach their destination orbit.
This animation visualizes the maneuvers required to move the ARTEMIS spacecraft from their kidney-shaped paths on each side of the moon to orbiting the moon. It took one and a half years, over 90 orbit maneuvers, many gravitational boosts and surprisingly little fuel to move the two spacecraft. The spacecraft have been through orbits never before attempted and made lovely curlicue leaps from one orbit to the next to reach their destination orbit.
This visualization illustrates the solution to a human factors problem in the visualization of an orbit path, in this case the launch and lunar orbit insertion ...
This visualization illustrates the solution to a human factors problem in the visualization of an orbit path, in this case the launch and lunar orbit insertion of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) satellite.
The original visualization (found at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3612) shows LRO orbiting the Earth, traveling from the Earth to the moon, and entering lunar orbit. Throughout the visualization, a trail is drawn to show LRO's path. This trail is a history of LRO's motion.
The viewer's expectation is that LRO first travels in a circular orbit centered on the Earth, then follows a smoothly curving path connecting the Earth to the moon, and finally enters an elliptical orbit around the moon. The problem for the visualizer is that an accurate trail satisfying all of these expectations is impossible to draw in a single coordinate system. A trail drawn in Earth-centered coordinates forms a looping, spring-like path when LRO enters lunar orbit, and a trail drawn in moon body-fixed coordinates becomes disconnected from the Earth and precesses through space.
Simply switching from one coordinate system to the other would make the trail appear to jump suddenly and dramatically. Creating a hybrid trail would leave a visually confusing elbow in LRO's path.
The solution illustrated here is to morph the trail from one coordinate system to the other. The blue trail is the Earth-centered path, the orange trail is the moon body-fixed path, and the white trail is the morph between the two. In the visualization, the Earth trail shortens, disconnecting it from the Earth, and then morphs over about 400 frames into the moon body-fixed trail. With careful timing, the result is a visually seamless transition from one coordinate system to the other.
Notice that the difference in coordinate systems creates no ambiguity about the present position of LRO at any given time. LRO is always at the intersection of the trails. The problem arises when attempting to depict the history of its motion. That history takes different shapes in coordinate systems that move relative to one another.
A visualization showing LRO's entire path in both coordinate systems simultaneously can be found at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3618
Visualizers: Greg Shirah (lead), Ernie Wright, Horace Mitchell
For more information or to download this public domain video, go to https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3621#9486
This visualization illustrates the solution to a human factors problem in the visualization of an orbit path, in this case the launch and lunar orbit insertion of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) satellite.
The original visualization (found at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3612) shows LRO orbiting the Earth, traveling from the Earth to the moon, and entering lunar orbit. Throughout the visualization, a trail is drawn to show LRO's path. This trail is a history of LRO's motion.
The viewer's expectation is that LRO first travels in a circular orbit centered on the Earth, then follows a smoothly curving path connecting the Earth to the moon, and finally enters an elliptical orbit around the moon. The problem for the visualizer is that an accurate trail satisfying all of these expectations is impossible to draw in a single coordinate system. A trail drawn in Earth-centered coordinates forms a looping, spring-like path when LRO enters lunar orbit, and a trail drawn in moon body-fixed coordinates becomes disconnected from the Earth and precesses through space.
Simply switching from one coordinate system to the other would make the trail appear to jump suddenly and dramatically. Creating a hybrid trail would leave a visually confusing elbow in LRO's path.
The solution illustrated here is to morph the trail from one coordinate system to the other. The blue trail is the Earth-centered path, the orange trail is the moon body-fixed path, and the white trail is the morph between the two. In the visualization, the Earth trail shortens, disconnecting it from the Earth, and then morphs over about 400 frames into the moon body-fixed trail. With careful timing, the result is a visually seamless transition from one coordinate system to the other.
Notice that the difference in coordinate systems creates no ambiguity about the present position of LRO at any given time. LRO is always at the intersection of the trails. The problem arises when attempting to depict the history of its motion. That history takes different shapes in coordinate systems that move relative to one another.
A visualization showing LRO's entire path in both coordinate systems simultaneously can be found at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3618
Visualizers: Greg Shirah (lead), Ernie Wright, Horace Mitchell
For more information or to download this public domain video, go to https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3621#9486
After a little more than four days, Apollo 11 has been captured by the moon’s gravitation and is going around the dark side. About 9 minutes after losing radio ...
After a little more than four days, Apollo 11 has been captured by the moon’s gravitation and is going around the dark side. About 9 minutes after losing radio contact, they will initiate the first of two burns that will bring them into lunar orbit (lunar insertion burns).
Data-driven visualization for media use from AGI. For full HD versions without watermark, contact [email protected]. Copyright 2019 Analytical Graphics, Inc.
After a little more than four days, Apollo 11 has been captured by the moon’s gravitation and is going around the dark side. About 9 minutes after losing radio contact, they will initiate the first of two burns that will bring them into lunar orbit (lunar insertion burns).
Data-driven visualization for media use from AGI. For full HD versions without watermark, contact [email protected]. Copyright 2019 Analytical Graphics, Inc.
TLI Orbit Slice View of the injection orbit.
Discovering the Van Allen Belts
The Van Allen belts were discovered by the scientist whose name they bear: James V...
TLI Orbit Slice View of the injection orbit.
Discovering the Van Allen Belts
The Van Allen belts were discovered by the scientist whose name they bear: James Van Allen. In the mid 1950s, Van Allen began probing the intricate world of charged particles outside the Earth’s atmosphere using sounding rockets and rockoons (small rockets launched from balloons at altitude). The early experiments were limited to exploring the radiation around the planet from within the atmosphere, but Van Allen had a chance to take his research higher with the advent of the International Geophysical Year, an international scientific collaboration between nations probing into Earth science and solar activity.
TLI Orbit Slice View of the injection orbit.
Discovering the Van Allen Belts
The Van Allen belts were discovered by the scientist whose name they bear: James Van Allen. In the mid 1950s, Van Allen began probing the intricate world of charged particles outside the Earth’s atmosphere using sounding rockets and rockoons (small rockets launched from balloons at altitude). The early experiments were limited to exploring the radiation around the planet from within the atmosphere, but Van Allen had a chance to take his research higher with the advent of the International Geophysical Year, an international scientific collaboration between nations probing into Earth science and solar activity.
Going to the moon is not a straight shot! Let's examine the three steps Apollo 11 took to get there.
EDIT: I don't know where I got it in my head that this man...
Going to the moon is not a straight shot! Let's examine the three steps Apollo 11 took to get there.
EDIT: I don't know where I got it in my head that this maneuver is called a Trans-Lunar Injection; it's a Trans-Lunar *Insertion*.
You can support this channel once at http://ko-fi.com/LetsCodePhysics or monthly at http://patreon.com/LetsCodePhysics.
Thank you, patrons! Fan Xinyu, Don Williams, Tripp Bishop
Subscribe for more videos! https://www.youtube.com/LetsCodePhysics?sub_confirmation=1
More about VPython: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEMCiugDnKI&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOnMaPS1BgO7IOU_00ApuMo
More about making animations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPkJtpVJwSw&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOOutOEKggaZo1rCHtUYh-A
More about animating spaceflight: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNoZ3uZedgE&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOExPW4u8H88S5mwrx_8vWK
Codes available at https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-1-leo/edit, https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-2-TLI/edit, https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-3-lunar-orbit/edit
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-launch-top-view/105/
https://www.videvo.net/video/apollo-command-and-service-module-separation/8/
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-launch-side-view-2/101/
https://www.videvo.net/video/lunar-excursion-module-orbiting-moon-2/75/
https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/video11.html
By Aresv at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40390459
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-stage-3-drifting-in-space/9/
Star Wars is copyrighted by Lucasfilm, Disney, and probably other organizations.
OC ReMix #1290: DuckTales 'Duck Blur' [The Moon] by Star Salzma, http://ocremix.org
#MoonLanding #Apollo11 #Gravity
Going to the moon is not a straight shot! Let's examine the three steps Apollo 11 took to get there.
EDIT: I don't know where I got it in my head that this maneuver is called a Trans-Lunar Injection; it's a Trans-Lunar *Insertion*.
You can support this channel once at http://ko-fi.com/LetsCodePhysics or monthly at http://patreon.com/LetsCodePhysics.
Thank you, patrons! Fan Xinyu, Don Williams, Tripp Bishop
Subscribe for more videos! https://www.youtube.com/LetsCodePhysics?sub_confirmation=1
More about VPython: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEMCiugDnKI&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOnMaPS1BgO7IOU_00ApuMo
More about making animations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPkJtpVJwSw&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOOutOEKggaZo1rCHtUYh-A
More about animating spaceflight: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNoZ3uZedgE&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOExPW4u8H88S5mwrx_8vWK
Codes available at https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-1-leo/edit, https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-2-TLI/edit, https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-3-lunar-orbit/edit
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-launch-top-view/105/
https://www.videvo.net/video/apollo-command-and-service-module-separation/8/
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-launch-side-view-2/101/
https://www.videvo.net/video/lunar-excursion-module-orbiting-moon-2/75/
https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/video11.html
By Aresv at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40390459
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-stage-3-drifting-in-space/9/
Star Wars is copyrighted by Lucasfilm, Disney, and probably other organizations.
OC ReMix #1290: DuckTales 'Duck Blur' [The Moon] by Star Salzma, http://ocremix.org
#MoonLanding #Apollo11 #Gravity
Launched from Cape Canaveral on June 18, 2009 at 5:12 pm EDT, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission will reach lunar orbit on June 23, 2009 at 5:47 am EDT. This is a visualization of the satellite over the next few days as it uses the moon's gravity and thrusters to gradually shape its own orbit into optimum settings for the mission.
LRO orbit insertion with elapsed time since launch
This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) might look. LRO launches from Cape Canaveral, then flies around the Earth and on to the moon. Time speeds up during the journey to the moon, then slows again as LRO approaches the moon. LRO begins orbiting the moon and, through a series of several "burns", moves in closer to its desired orbit. LRO's initial orbit plane around the moon is parallel to the direction of the moon's travel.
This visualization was created before launch using simulated ephemeris data. The ephemeris data driving this visualization was based on a simulated nighttime launch on 11/24/2008; but, the actual launch may happen during the daytime.
Animation Number: 3612
Completed: 2009-04-27
Animators: Greg Shirah (NASA/GSFC) (Lead)
Ernie Wright (UMBC)
Alex Kekesi (GST)
Horace Mitchell (NASA/GSFC)
Producer: Andrew Freeberg (NASA/GSFC)
Scientist: John Keller (NASA/GSFC)
Platforms/Sensors/Data Sets: LRO-Simulated Ephemeris (11/24/2008 - 12/02/2008 )
CPC (Climate Prediction Center) Cloud Composite (11/11/2008)
Series: The Moon
LRO - Animations
LRO Pre-launch
Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio Simulated ephemeris data from Mark Beckman
NASA decided to move the LRO/LCROSS from a June 2 window to a June 17 window so as to allow the LCROSS team additional time to mitigate a potential thrust disturbance associated with the Atlas V Centaur fill/drain valves. This visualization shows an example of how the orbit insertion for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) might look. LRO launches from Cape Kennedy, then flys around the Earth and on to the moon. Time speeds up during the journey to the moon, then slows again as LRO approaches the moon. LRO begins orbiting the moon and through a series of several 'burns' moves in closer to it's desired orbit. LRO's initial orbit plane around the moon is parallel to the direction of the moon's travel.
This animation visualizes the maneuvers required to move the ARTEMIS spacecraft from their kidney-shaped paths on each side of the moon to orbiting the moon. It took one and a half years, over 90 orbit maneuvers, many gravitational boosts and surprisingly little fuel to move the two spacecraft. The spacecraft have been through orbits never before attempted and made lovely curlicue leaps from one orbit to the next to reach their destination orbit.
This visualization illustrates the solution to a human factors problem in the visualization of an orbit path, in this case the launch and lunar orbit insertion of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) satellite.
The original visualization (found at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3612) shows LRO orbiting the Earth, traveling from the Earth to the moon, and entering lunar orbit. Throughout the visualization, a trail is drawn to show LRO's path. This trail is a history of LRO's motion.
The viewer's expectation is that LRO first travels in a circular orbit centered on the Earth, then follows a smoothly curving path connecting the Earth to the moon, and finally enters an elliptical orbit around the moon. The problem for the visualizer is that an accurate trail satisfying all of these expectations is impossible to draw in a single coordinate system. A trail drawn in Earth-centered coordinates forms a looping, spring-like path when LRO enters lunar orbit, and a trail drawn in moon body-fixed coordinates becomes disconnected from the Earth and precesses through space.
Simply switching from one coordinate system to the other would make the trail appear to jump suddenly and dramatically. Creating a hybrid trail would leave a visually confusing elbow in LRO's path.
The solution illustrated here is to morph the trail from one coordinate system to the other. The blue trail is the Earth-centered path, the orange trail is the moon body-fixed path, and the white trail is the morph between the two. In the visualization, the Earth trail shortens, disconnecting it from the Earth, and then morphs over about 400 frames into the moon body-fixed trail. With careful timing, the result is a visually seamless transition from one coordinate system to the other.
Notice that the difference in coordinate systems creates no ambiguity about the present position of LRO at any given time. LRO is always at the intersection of the trails. The problem arises when attempting to depict the history of its motion. That history takes different shapes in coordinate systems that move relative to one another.
A visualization showing LRO's entire path in both coordinate systems simultaneously can be found at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3618
Visualizers: Greg Shirah (lead), Ernie Wright, Horace Mitchell
For more information or to download this public domain video, go to https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/3621#9486
After a little more than four days, Apollo 11 has been captured by the moon’s gravitation and is going around the dark side. About 9 minutes after losing radio contact, they will initiate the first of two burns that will bring them into lunar orbit (lunar insertion burns).
Data-driven visualization for media use from AGI. For full HD versions without watermark, contact [email protected]. Copyright 2019 Analytical Graphics, Inc.
TLI Orbit Slice View of the injection orbit.
Discovering the Van Allen Belts
The Van Allen belts were discovered by the scientist whose name they bear: James Van Allen. In the mid 1950s, Van Allen began probing the intricate world of charged particles outside the Earth’s atmosphere using sounding rockets and rockoons (small rockets launched from balloons at altitude). The early experiments were limited to exploring the radiation around the planet from within the atmosphere, but Van Allen had a chance to take his research higher with the advent of the International Geophysical Year, an international scientific collaboration between nations probing into Earth science and solar activity.
Going to the moon is not a straight shot! Let's examine the three steps Apollo 11 took to get there.
EDIT: I don't know where I got it in my head that this maneuver is called a Trans-Lunar Injection; it's a Trans-Lunar *Insertion*.
You can support this channel once at http://ko-fi.com/LetsCodePhysics or monthly at http://patreon.com/LetsCodePhysics.
Thank you, patrons! Fan Xinyu, Don Williams, Tripp Bishop
Subscribe for more videos! https://www.youtube.com/LetsCodePhysics?sub_confirmation=1
More about VPython: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEMCiugDnKI&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOnMaPS1BgO7IOU_00ApuMo
More about making animations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPkJtpVJwSw&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOOutOEKggaZo1rCHtUYh-A
More about animating spaceflight: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNoZ3uZedgE&list=PLdCdV2GBGyXOExPW4u8H88S5mwrx_8vWK
Codes available at https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-1-leo/edit, https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-2-TLI/edit, https://www.glowscript.org/#/user/wlane/folder/Let'sCodePhysics/program/aiming-for-moon-3-lunar-orbit/edit
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-launch-top-view/105/
https://www.videvo.net/video/apollo-command-and-service-module-separation/8/
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-launch-side-view-2/101/
https://www.videvo.net/video/lunar-excursion-module-orbiting-moon-2/75/
https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/video11.html
By Aresv at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40390459
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg
https://www.videvo.net/video/saturn-v-stage-3-drifting-in-space/9/
Star Wars is copyrighted by Lucasfilm, Disney, and probably other organizations.
OC ReMix #1290: DuckTales 'Duck Blur' [The Moon] by Star Salzma, http://ocremix.org
#MoonLanding #Apollo11 #Gravity
Orbit insertion is the spaceflight operation of adjusting a spacecraft’s momentum, in particular to allow for entry into a stable orbit around a planet, moon, or other celestial body. This maneuver involves either deceleration from a speed in excess of the respective body’s escape velocity, or acceleration to it from a lower speed.
The result may also be a transfer orbit, there is e.g., the term descent orbit insertion. Often this is called orbit injection.
Deceleration
The first kind of orbit insertion is used when capturing into orbit around a celestial body other than Earth, owing to the excess speed of interplanetary transfer orbits relative to their destination orbits. This shedding of excess velocity is typically achieved via a rocket firing known as an orbit insertion burn. For such a maneuver, the spacecraft’s engine thrusts in its direction of travel for a specified duration to slow its velocity relative to the target body enough to enter into orbit. Another technique, used when the destination body has a tangible atmosphere, is called aerobraking, which uses the friction of atmospheric drag to slow a spacecraft. Generally aerobraking is used to circularize a highly elliptical capture orbit while minimizing the use of on board fuel. To date, only a handful of aerocapture maneuvers have been attempted by NASA.