- published: 13 Jun 2021
- views: 315014
Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can also be effected by artificial means in other cells. For transformation to happen, bacteria must be in a state of competence, which might occur as a time-limited response to environmental conditions such as starvation and cell density.
Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into a bacterial cell, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium).
"Transformation" may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, including animal and plant cells; however, because "transformation" has a special meaning in relation to animal cells, indicating progression to a cancerous state, the term should be avoided for animal cells when describing introduction of exogenous genetic material. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is often called "transfection".
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Transformation_(genetics)
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. It is generally considered a field of biology, but it intersects frequently with many of the life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.
The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied 'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits were handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still a primary principle of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance) and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of sub-fields including epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domain of life, including bacteria, plants, animals, and humans.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Genetics
Genetics (journal)
Genetics is a monthly scientific journal publishing investigations bearing on heredity, genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology. Genetics is published by the Genetics Society of America. It has a delayed open access policy, and makes articles available online without a subscription after 12 months have elapsed since first publication. Since 2010, it is published online-only.George Harrison Shull was the founding editor of Genetics in 1916. Its 2014 impact factor is 5.963.
Editors-in-Chief
References
External links
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Genetics_(journal)
Genetic relationship (linguistics)
In linguistics, genetic relationship is the usual term for the relationship which exists between languages that are members of the same language family. The term genealogical relationship is sometimes used to avoid confusion with the unrelated use of the term in biological genetics. Languages that possess genetic ties with one another belong to the same linguistic grouping, known as a language family. These ties are established through use of the comparative method of linguistic analysis.
Two languages are considered to be genetically related if one is descended from the other or if both are descended from a common ancestor. For example, Italian is descended from Latin. Italian and Latin are therefore said to be genetically related. Spanish is also descended from Latin. Therefore, Spanish and Italian are genetically related. In a similar way, Swedish and Norwegian are genetically related through the North Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)
Machine-or-transformation test
In United States patent law, the machine-or-transformation test is a test of patent eligibility under which a claim to a process qualifies for consideration if it (1) is implemented by a particular machine in a non-conventional and non-trivial manner or (2) transforms an article from one state to another.
The test was first articulated under its present form in the government's brief in Gottschalk v. Benson, In its reply brief on the merits in that case, the government said that “we submit that the cases follow such a rule––implicitly or explicitly––and that they cannot be rationalized otherwise.”. The court declined to adopt the proposed rule as categorical and as an exclusive test. It opined that future cases might present fact patterns calling for a different rule from that applicable to past cases, and therefore the machine-or-transformation test was just a "clue" to eligibility for a patent.
The test has been recently articulated in Bilski, but dates back to the nineteenth century. The test is articulated also in the patent-eligibility trilogy—Gottschalk v. Benson,Parker v. Flook, and Diamond v. Diehr. In the wake of the Supreme Court's opinion in Bilski v. Kappos, rejecting machine-or-transformation as the sole test of patent eligibility, and confirming that it is only a "useful clue," it is now clear that this test is only a way to measure whether the patent claim in issue preempts substantially all applications of the underlying idea or principle on which a patent is based—such preemption being a far more basic and general test of patent eligibility or ineligibility.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Machine-or-transformation_test
Alex Skolnick Trio
The Alex Skolnick Trio is an American jazz music trio comprising the guitarist Alex Skolnick, Matt Zebroski on drums, and Nathan Peck on bass. Previously, John Davis played bass for the group. The Trio is known for its inventive jazz take on hard rock and heavy metal "standards". Alex Skolnick himself is a member of thrash metal band Testament.
Lineup
Current members
Past members
Discography
Goodbye to Romance: Standards for a New Generation
Goodbye to Romance: Standards for a New Generation is the debut album by the Alex Skolnick Trio, released on September 14, 2002.
- Originally released on the Destroyer album.
- Originally released on the Aerosmith album.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Alex_Skolnick_Trio
Transformation (music)
In music, a transformation consists of any operation or process that may apply to a musical variable (usually a set or tone row in twelve tone music, or a melody or chord progression in tonal music) in composition, performance, or analysis. Transformations include multiplication, rotation, permutation (i.e. transposition, inversion, and retrograde), and combinations thereof.
Transformations may also be applied to simpler or more complex variables such as interval and spectrum or timbre.
See also
Sources
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Transformation_(music)
Podcasts:
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CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER)
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene transfer occurs when parents pass genes to their progeny. The three methods of horizontal gene transfer that bacteria employ are conjugation, transformation, and transduction, with conjugation being the most common. Transformation and transduction typically take place between bacteria of the same or closely-related species. Conjugation is encoded by plasmids or transposons. Plasmids are circular DNA sections that replicate independently of chromosomes. Transposons, also known as transposable elements, or jumping genes, are mobile sections of DNA that can move within or between genomes. Conjugation with plasmids is more common than conju...
published: 13 Jun 2021 -
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation (Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria)
Hey Friends, Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction are ways of bacteria to transfer genetic material horizontally. Transformation is the uptake of free genetic material. Conjugation is exchange of DNA via cell-cell contact and Transduction is gene transfer via a viral vector. In the lab, we use Heat-shock transformation to make bacteria competent to take up plasmid DNA or we use lentiviral transduction (Lentivirus) to integrate genes in the genome of eukaryotic cells. Cheers Henrik References: Bacterial Transformation: https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/molecular-cloning/transformation/bacterial-transformation-workflow.html https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5326489/#B4 Transduc...
published: 12 Apr 2021 -
Genetics - The Transforming Principle - Lesson 12 | Don't Memorise
The proof of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance and Morgan's experiment opened new doors for scientists all over. Now that people understood the concept of Heredity better, the entire focus was shifted to find out what the nature of the genetic material could be. Meanwhile, a British Bacteriologist named Frederick Griffith came up with his famous "Transformation Experiment" which made an amazing impact on the scientific world. Want to know what exactly the experiment was? Watch this video to find out! ✅To access all videos related to Genetics, enroll in our full course now: https://infinitylearn.com/microcourses?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=Soical&utm_campaign=DM&utm_content=0QjVnJ7H198&utm_term=%7Bkeyword%7D In this video, we will learn: 0:00 Introduction 00:34 chemical nature of genet...
published: 08 Apr 2019 -
Bacterial transformation
This video explains the principle behind the bacterial transformation
published: 31 Jul 2019 -
Vectors and Transformation - Genetic Engineering Pt2 - A Level Biology
published: 11 Nov 2021 -
Transformation, Conjugation, Transposition and Transduction
Bacterial genetics is the study of the genetic material and mechanisms that govern the inheritance, variation, and expression of traits in bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that possess a relatively simple yet highly efficient genetic system. Understanding bacterial genetics is essential not only for deciphering the fundamental principles of genetics but also for applications in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science. Here are some key concepts in bacterial genetics: 1. Chromosomes: Bacterial cells typically have a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. This chromosome carries the essential genetic information required for the bacterium's survival and growth. 2. Plasmids: Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA that ca...
published: 28 Feb 2018 -
Horizontal gene transfer | Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation - This lecture explains about the difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction. It explains the process of gene exchange between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer also known as lateral gene transfer. Conjugation - gene exchange between bacteria by physical contact through the formation of conjugation tube. Transformation - the transfer of DNA fragments through bacterial uptake Transduction - the transfer of genes through the bacteriophage particles. Transformation involves uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria. Transduction involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages. Conjugation involves transfer of DNA via sexual pilus and requires cell –to-cell co...
published: 16 May 2016 -
Transformation is a type of horizontal gene transfer
published: 12 Oct 2021
developed with YouTube
5:50
CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:50
- Uploaded Date: 13 Jun 2021
- views: 315014
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene tran...
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene transfer occurs when parents pass genes to their progeny. The three methods of horizontal gene transfer that bacteria employ are conjugation, transformation, and transduction, with conjugation being the most common. Transformation and transduction typically take place between bacteria of the same or closely-related species. Conjugation is encoded by plasmids or transposons. Plasmids are circular DNA sections that replicate independently of chromosomes. Transposons, also known as transposable elements, or jumping genes, are mobile sections of DNA that can move within or between genomes. Conjugation with plasmids is more common than conjugation with transposons. Conjugation requires direct cell-cell contact. A conjugative plasmid or conjugative transposon is self-transmissible – in other words, it has all the genes need to connect with another bacterium and transmit itself to another bacterium via conjugation. We still don’t know how the majority of gram-positive bacteria achieve the intimate association of cell surfaces required, however, in gram-negative bacteria, this typically involves a conjugation pilus, also known as an F pilus, or a sex pilus. The conjugation pilus binds the other bacterium, then retracts to pull the two cells together. Once a bridge is formed with an opening between the two bacteria, they are now called a “mating pair”. A nuclease breaks one strand of the plasmid DNA at the oriT, or origin of transfer site. The nicked strand enters the other bacterium while the other strand remains behind in the donor. They can now both produce a complementary copy of the plasmid so the DNA is double stranded again. Now each bacterium has a copy of the plasmid and both can make a conjugation pilus! Note that in a population of bacteria in which some have a conjugative plasmid and others do not, eventually all cells will acquire a conjugative plasmid. The enzyme transposase catalyzes cutting and resealing of DNA during transposition. Note that once mating pairs are formed by conjugative plasmids or transposons, this also allows nonconjugative transposons and plasmids to be transferred to another bacterium. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA and incorporate it into their genomes. Typically, this occurs when one bacteria lyses, or splits open, releasing its genetic contents, and then another bacteria comes by and acquires it. Bacteria able to bind large amounts of DNA are termed “competent”. Competency is a state of increased cell wall and cell membrane permeability that allows cells to uptake DNA. Many bacteria are naturally competent, and so actively bind environmental DNA. After transport into their cytoplasm, the bacterium can incorporate the new DNA into its genome through the process of “recombination”. Recombination is the rearrangement of donor and recipient genomes into new, hybrid genomes. This can result in new phenotypes – for example, the bacteria can acquire pathogenicity or antibiotic resistance. Some competent bacteria actually kill noncompetent bacteria to release DNA for transformation! Transduction occurs when DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a bacteriophage – a type of virus that infects bacteria. Viruses cannot replicate on their own – they are obligate parasites that rely on host machinery. Many bacteriophages can switch between a state of lysogeny and a lytic cycle. When the bacteriophage is in a state of lysogeny, the virus combines its genome with the bacterial chromosome. The viral genome hangs out there for many generations as the bacterium replicates. When induction occurs, the virus switches to the lytic cycle. The cell becomes a virus-producing factory until it gets so full of virus that it lyses, or bursts open, releasing virus particles into its surroundings. There are two kinds of transduction – generalized and specialized. During generalized transduction, the phage capsid accidentally assembles around a fragment of bacterial DNA or a plasmid. When the assembled viral particle infects a new bacterium, it injects its previous host’s DNA into its new host. Specialized transduction occurs during the lysogenic life cycle of the virus. Incorrect excision of DNA during induction results in a fragment of bacterial DNA being picked up instead of a part of the viral genome, which then stays in the bacterial nucleoid. Now, the bacterial DNA replicates as part of the bacteriophage genome, is packaged into phage capsids, and is injected into new bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer, along with mutations, allows bacteria to achieve genetic diversity. Mutation is a slow process, and most mutations are harmful or neutral, not beneficial to the bacterium. Meanwhile, horizontal gene transfer is a rapid way to acquire large chunks of DNA from another bacterium all at once.
https://wn.com/Conjugation,_Transformation,_Transduction_(Horizontal_Gene_Transfer)
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene transfer occurs when parents pass genes to their progeny. The three methods of horizontal gene transfer that bacteria employ are conjugation, transformation, and transduction, with conjugation being the most common. Transformation and transduction typically take place between bacteria of the same or closely-related species. Conjugation is encoded by plasmids or transposons. Plasmids are circular DNA sections that replicate independently of chromosomes. Transposons, also known as transposable elements, or jumping genes, are mobile sections of DNA that can move within or between genomes. Conjugation with plasmids is more common than conjugation with transposons. Conjugation requires direct cell-cell contact. A conjugative plasmid or conjugative transposon is self-transmissible – in other words, it has all the genes need to connect with another bacterium and transmit itself to another bacterium via conjugation. We still don’t know how the majority of gram-positive bacteria achieve the intimate association of cell surfaces required, however, in gram-negative bacteria, this typically involves a conjugation pilus, also known as an F pilus, or a sex pilus. The conjugation pilus binds the other bacterium, then retracts to pull the two cells together. Once a bridge is formed with an opening between the two bacteria, they are now called a “mating pair”. A nuclease breaks one strand of the plasmid DNA at the oriT, or origin of transfer site. The nicked strand enters the other bacterium while the other strand remains behind in the donor. They can now both produce a complementary copy of the plasmid so the DNA is double stranded again. Now each bacterium has a copy of the plasmid and both can make a conjugation pilus! Note that in a population of bacteria in which some have a conjugative plasmid and others do not, eventually all cells will acquire a conjugative plasmid. The enzyme transposase catalyzes cutting and resealing of DNA during transposition. Note that once mating pairs are formed by conjugative plasmids or transposons, this also allows nonconjugative transposons and plasmids to be transferred to another bacterium. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA and incorporate it into their genomes. Typically, this occurs when one bacteria lyses, or splits open, releasing its genetic contents, and then another bacteria comes by and acquires it. Bacteria able to bind large amounts of DNA are termed “competent”. Competency is a state of increased cell wall and cell membrane permeability that allows cells to uptake DNA. Many bacteria are naturally competent, and so actively bind environmental DNA. After transport into their cytoplasm, the bacterium can incorporate the new DNA into its genome through the process of “recombination”. Recombination is the rearrangement of donor and recipient genomes into new, hybrid genomes. This can result in new phenotypes – for example, the bacteria can acquire pathogenicity or antibiotic resistance. Some competent bacteria actually kill noncompetent bacteria to release DNA for transformation! Transduction occurs when DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a bacteriophage – a type of virus that infects bacteria. Viruses cannot replicate on their own – they are obligate parasites that rely on host machinery. Many bacteriophages can switch between a state of lysogeny and a lytic cycle. When the bacteriophage is in a state of lysogeny, the virus combines its genome with the bacterial chromosome. The viral genome hangs out there for many generations as the bacterium replicates. When induction occurs, the virus switches to the lytic cycle. The cell becomes a virus-producing factory until it gets so full of virus that it lyses, or bursts open, releasing virus particles into its surroundings. There are two kinds of transduction – generalized and specialized. During generalized transduction, the phage capsid accidentally assembles around a fragment of bacterial DNA or a plasmid. When the assembled viral particle infects a new bacterium, it injects its previous host’s DNA into its new host. Specialized transduction occurs during the lysogenic life cycle of the virus. Incorrect excision of DNA during induction results in a fragment of bacterial DNA being picked up instead of a part of the viral genome, which then stays in the bacterial nucleoid. Now, the bacterial DNA replicates as part of the bacteriophage genome, is packaged into phage capsids, and is injected into new bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer, along with mutations, allows bacteria to achieve genetic diversity. Mutation is a slow process, and most mutations are harmful or neutral, not beneficial to the bacterium. Meanwhile, horizontal gene transfer is a rapid way to acquire large chunks of DNA from another bacterium all at once.
5:33
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation (Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:33
- Uploaded Date: 12 Apr 2021
- views: 234657
Hey Friends,
Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction are ways of bacteria to transfer genetic material horizontally. Transformation is the uptake of free ...
Hey Friends,
Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction are ways of bacteria to transfer genetic material horizontally. Transformation is the uptake of free genetic material. Conjugation is exchange of DNA via cell-cell contact and Transduction is gene transfer via a viral vector. In the lab, we use Heat-shock transformation to make bacteria competent to take up plasmid DNA or we use lentiviral transduction (Lentivirus) to integrate genes in the genome of eukaryotic cells.
Cheers
Henrik
References:
Bacterial Transformation:
https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/molecular-cloning/transformation/bacterial-transformation-workflow.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5326489/#B4
Transduction:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC169409/
https://www.nature.com/articles/280080a0
Bacterial Conjugation:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21942/
Cool & Short Blog article:
https://blog.addgene.org/plasmids-101-transformation-transduction-bacterial-conjugation-and-transfection
Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
0:54 Transformation
2:43 Transduction
4:09 Conjugation
https://wn.com/Transformation,_Transduction_And_Conjugation_(Horizontal_Gene_Transfer_In_Bacteria)
Hey Friends,
Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction are ways of bacteria to transfer genetic material horizontally. Transformation is the uptake of free genetic material. Conjugation is exchange of DNA via cell-cell contact and Transduction is gene transfer via a viral vector. In the lab, we use Heat-shock transformation to make bacteria competent to take up plasmid DNA or we use lentiviral transduction (Lentivirus) to integrate genes in the genome of eukaryotic cells.
Cheers
Henrik
References:
Bacterial Transformation:
https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/molecular-cloning/transformation/bacterial-transformation-workflow.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5326489/#B4
Transduction:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC169409/
https://www.nature.com/articles/280080a0
Bacterial Conjugation:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21942/
Cool & Short Blog article:
https://blog.addgene.org/plasmids-101-transformation-transduction-bacterial-conjugation-and-transfection
Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
0:54 Transformation
2:43 Transduction
4:09 Conjugation
- published: 12 Apr 2021
- views: 234657
9:33
Genetics - The Transforming Principle - Lesson 12 | Don't Memorise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:33
- Uploaded Date: 08 Apr 2019
- views: 316749
The proof of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance and Morgan's experiment opened new doors for scientists all over. Now that people understood the concept of Hered...
The proof of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance and Morgan's experiment opened new doors for scientists all over. Now that people understood the concept of Heredity better, the entire focus was shifted to find out what the nature of the genetic material could be. Meanwhile, a British Bacteriologist named Frederick Griffith came up with his famous "Transformation Experiment" which made an amazing impact on the scientific world. Want to know what exactly the experiment was? Watch this video to find out!
✅To access all videos related to Genetics, enroll in our full course now: https://infinitylearn.com/microcourses?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=Soical&utm_campaign=DM&utm_content=0QjVnJ7H198&utm_term=%7Bkeyword%7D
In this video, we will learn:
0:00 Introduction
00:34 chemical nature of genetic material
00:56 Fredrick Griffith - Transformation experiment
04:35 genetic material
5:40 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty - DNA molecules
To watch more Genetics videos, click here: https://bit.ly/GeneticsBasics_DMYT
Don’t Memorise brings learning to life through its captivating educational videos. To Know More, visit https://infinitylearn.com/
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#Genetics #TransformingPrinciple #InfinityLearn
https://wn.com/Genetics_The_Transforming_Principle_Lesson_12_|_Don't_Memorise
The proof of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance and Morgan's experiment opened new doors for scientists all over. Now that people understood the concept of Heredity better, the entire focus was shifted to find out what the nature of the genetic material could be. Meanwhile, a British Bacteriologist named Frederick Griffith came up with his famous "Transformation Experiment" which made an amazing impact on the scientific world. Want to know what exactly the experiment was? Watch this video to find out!
✅To access all videos related to Genetics, enroll in our full course now: https://infinitylearn.com/microcourses?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=Soical&utm_campaign=DM&utm_content=0QjVnJ7H198&utm_term=%7Bkeyword%7D
In this video, we will learn:
0:00 Introduction
00:34 chemical nature of genetic material
00:56 Fredrick Griffith - Transformation experiment
04:35 genetic material
5:40 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty - DNA molecules
To watch more Genetics videos, click here: https://bit.ly/GeneticsBasics_DMYT
Don’t Memorise brings learning to life through its captivating educational videos. To Know More, visit https://infinitylearn.com/
New videos every week. To stay updated, subscribe to our YouTube channel : http://bit.ly/DontMemoriseYouTube
Register on our website to gain access to all videos and quizzes:
https://infinitylearn.com/microcourses?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=Soical&utm_campaign=DM&utm_content=0QjVnJ7H198&utm_term=%7Bkeyword%7D
✅Download the Infinity Learn APP Now➡️ https://vsbpz.app.link/dmil
✔Join us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/InfinityLearn.SriChaitanya
✔Follow us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/infinitylearn_by_srichaitanya/
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#Genetics #TransformingPrinciple #InfinityLearn
- published: 08 Apr 2019
- views: 316749
5:21
Bacterial transformation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Uploaded Date: 31 Jul 2019
- views: 152672
This video explains the principle behind the bacterial transformation
This video explains the principle behind the bacterial transformation
https://wn.com/Bacterial_Transformation
This video explains the principle behind the bacterial transformation
- published: 31 Jul 2019
- views: 152672
5:42
Vectors and Transformation - Genetic Engineering Pt2 - A Level Biology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Uploaded Date: 11 Nov 2021
- views: 4983
- published: 11 Nov 2021
- views: 4983
3:36
Transformation, Conjugation, Transposition and Transduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Uploaded Date: 28 Feb 2018
- views: 369686
Bacterial genetics is the study of the genetic material and mechanisms that govern the inheritance, variation, and expression of traits in bacteria. Bacteria ar...
Bacterial genetics is the study of the genetic material and mechanisms that govern the inheritance, variation, and expression of traits in bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that possess a relatively simple yet highly efficient genetic system. Understanding bacterial genetics is essential not only for deciphering the fundamental principles of genetics but also for applications in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science.
Here are some key concepts in bacterial genetics:
1. Chromosomes: Bacterial cells typically have a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. This chromosome carries the essential genetic information required for the bacterium's survival and growth.
2. Plasmids: Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA that can exist independently of the main bacterial chromosome. They often carry non-essential genes that can provide selective advantages to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance genes or genes involved in metabolic pathways.
3. Horizontal Gene Transfer: Bacteria have unique mechanisms for transferring genetic material between individual cells. Three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer are transformation (uptake of free DNA from the environment), transduction (transfer of DNA through bacteriophages), and conjugation (direct transfer of DNA between bacterial cells through a pilus).
4. Mutation: Bacteria can acquire genetic variation through mutations, which are changes in their DNA sequence. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or can be induced by external factors like radiation, chemicals, or certain drugs.
5. Gene Expression: Bacteria tightly regulate the expression of their genes to respond to environmental cues and ensure efficient resource utilization. This involves processes such as transcription (copying DNA into RNA) and translation (using RNA to synthesize proteins).
6. Regulatory Elements: Bacterial genomes contain regions known as promoters and operators, which control gene expression by interacting with regulatory proteins. The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a classic example of a bacterial regulatory system.
7. Antibiotic Resistance: Bacterial genetics plays a crucial role in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, allowing them to survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill susceptible bacteria.
8. Genetic Engineering: Bacterial genetics has revolutionized biotechnology by enabling the manipulation of bacterial genomes for various purposes. Recombinant DNA technology involves inserting specific genes into bacterial cells to produce valuable proteins, such as insulin or enzymes used in industrial processes.
9. Genome Sequencing: The advent of DNA sequencing technology has facilitated the complete sequencing of bacterial genomes. This has led to insights into bacterial evolution, taxonomy, and the identification of potential drug targets.
10. Evolution and Adaptation: Bacteria have incredibly short generation times and high mutation rates, which contribute to their rapid evolution and adaptation to changing environments. This evolutionary process has resulted in the diverse array of bacterial species we observe today.
Bacterial genetics continues to be a vibrant field of research, with ongoing discoveries shedding light on the intricate mechanisms that govern bacterial traits, interactions, and evolution.
https://wn.com/Transformation,_Conjugation,_Transposition_And_Transduction
Bacterial genetics is the study of the genetic material and mechanisms that govern the inheritance, variation, and expression of traits in bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that possess a relatively simple yet highly efficient genetic system. Understanding bacterial genetics is essential not only for deciphering the fundamental principles of genetics but also for applications in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science.
Here are some key concepts in bacterial genetics:
1. Chromosomes: Bacterial cells typically have a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. This chromosome carries the essential genetic information required for the bacterium's survival and growth.
2. Plasmids: Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA that can exist independently of the main bacterial chromosome. They often carry non-essential genes that can provide selective advantages to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance genes or genes involved in metabolic pathways.
3. Horizontal Gene Transfer: Bacteria have unique mechanisms for transferring genetic material between individual cells. Three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer are transformation (uptake of free DNA from the environment), transduction (transfer of DNA through bacteriophages), and conjugation (direct transfer of DNA between bacterial cells through a pilus).
4. Mutation: Bacteria can acquire genetic variation through mutations, which are changes in their DNA sequence. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or can be induced by external factors like radiation, chemicals, or certain drugs.
5. Gene Expression: Bacteria tightly regulate the expression of their genes to respond to environmental cues and ensure efficient resource utilization. This involves processes such as transcription (copying DNA into RNA) and translation (using RNA to synthesize proteins).
6. Regulatory Elements: Bacterial genomes contain regions known as promoters and operators, which control gene expression by interacting with regulatory proteins. The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a classic example of a bacterial regulatory system.
7. Antibiotic Resistance: Bacterial genetics plays a crucial role in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, allowing them to survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill susceptible bacteria.
8. Genetic Engineering: Bacterial genetics has revolutionized biotechnology by enabling the manipulation of bacterial genomes for various purposes. Recombinant DNA technology involves inserting specific genes into bacterial cells to produce valuable proteins, such as insulin or enzymes used in industrial processes.
9. Genome Sequencing: The advent of DNA sequencing technology has facilitated the complete sequencing of bacterial genomes. This has led to insights into bacterial evolution, taxonomy, and the identification of potential drug targets.
10. Evolution and Adaptation: Bacteria have incredibly short generation times and high mutation rates, which contribute to their rapid evolution and adaptation to changing environments. This evolutionary process has resulted in the diverse array of bacterial species we observe today.
Bacterial genetics continues to be a vibrant field of research, with ongoing discoveries shedding light on the intricate mechanisms that govern bacterial traits, interactions, and evolution.
- published: 28 Feb 2018
- views: 369686
11:38
Horizontal gene transfer | Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:38
- Uploaded Date: 16 May 2016
- views: 306888
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation - This lecture explains about the difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction. It explains the ...
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation - This lecture explains about the difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction. It explains the process of gene exchange between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer also known as lateral gene transfer.
Conjugation - gene exchange between bacteria by physical contact through the formation of conjugation tube.
Transformation - the transfer of DNA fragments through bacterial uptake
Transduction - the transfer of genes through the bacteriophage particles.
Transformation involves uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria. Transduction involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages. Conjugation involves transfer of DNA via sexual pilus and requires cell –to-cell contact. DNA fragments that contain resistance genes from resistant donors can then make previously susceptible bacteria express resistance as coded by these newly acquired resistance genes.
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https://wn.com/Horizontal_Gene_Transfer_|_Transformation,_Transduction_And_Conjugation
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation - This lecture explains about the difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction. It explains the process of gene exchange between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer also known as lateral gene transfer.
Conjugation - gene exchange between bacteria by physical contact through the formation of conjugation tube.
Transformation - the transfer of DNA fragments through bacterial uptake
Transduction - the transfer of genes through the bacteriophage particles.
Transformation involves uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria. Transduction involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages. Conjugation involves transfer of DNA via sexual pilus and requires cell –to-cell contact. DNA fragments that contain resistance genes from resistant donors can then make previously susceptible bacteria express resistance as coded by these newly acquired resistance genes.
For more information, log on to-
http://www.shomusbiology.com/
Get Shomu's Biology DVD set here-
http://www.shomusbiology.com/dvd-store/
Download the study materials here-
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Remember Shomu’s Biology is created to spread the knowledge of life science and biology by sharing all this free biology lectures video and animation presented by Suman Bhattacharjee in YouTube. All these tutorials are brought to you for free. Please subscribe to our channel so that we can grow together. You can check for any of the following services from Shomu’s Biology-
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- published: 16 May 2016
- views: 306888
1:00
Transformation is a type of horizontal gene transfer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Uploaded Date: 12 Oct 2021
- views: 2243
- published: 12 Oct 2021
- views: 2243
5:50
CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER)
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged...
published: 13 Jun 2021
CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER)
CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER)
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- published: 13 Jun 2021
- views: 315014
Bacteria engage in horizontal, or lateral, gene transfer, meaning that genes are exchanged between cells of the same generation. In contrast, vertical gene transfer occurs when parents pass genes to their progeny. The three methods of horizontal gene transfer that bacteria employ are conjugation, transformation, and transduction, with conjugation being the most common. Transformation and transduction typically take place between bacteria of the same or closely-related species. Conjugation is encoded by plasmids or transposons. Plasmids are circular DNA sections that replicate independently of chromosomes. Transposons, also known as transposable elements, or jumping genes, are mobile sections of DNA that can move within or between genomes. Conjugation with plasmids is more common than conjugation with transposons. Conjugation requires direct cell-cell contact. A conjugative plasmid or conjugative transposon is self-transmissible – in other words, it has all the genes need to connect with another bacterium and transmit itself to another bacterium via conjugation. We still don’t know how the majority of gram-positive bacteria achieve the intimate association of cell surfaces required, however, in gram-negative bacteria, this typically involves a conjugation pilus, also known as an F pilus, or a sex pilus. The conjugation pilus binds the other bacterium, then retracts to pull the two cells together. Once a bridge is formed with an opening between the two bacteria, they are now called a “mating pair”. A nuclease breaks one strand of the plasmid DNA at the oriT, or origin of transfer site. The nicked strand enters the other bacterium while the other strand remains behind in the donor. They can now both produce a complementary copy of the plasmid so the DNA is double stranded again. Now each bacterium has a copy of the plasmid and both can make a conjugation pilus! Note that in a population of bacteria in which some have a conjugative plasmid and others do not, eventually all cells will acquire a conjugative plasmid. The enzyme transposase catalyzes cutting and resealing of DNA during transposition. Note that once mating pairs are formed by conjugative plasmids or transposons, this also allows nonconjugative transposons and plasmids to be transferred to another bacterium. Transformation occurs when bacteria take up extracellular DNA and incorporate it into their genomes. Typically, this occurs when one bacteria lyses, or splits open, releasing its genetic contents, and then another bacteria comes by and acquires it. Bacteria able to bind large amounts of DNA are termed “competent”. Competency is a state of increased cell wall and cell membrane permeability that allows cells to uptake DNA. Many bacteria are naturally competent, and so actively bind environmental DNA. After transport into their cytoplasm, the bacterium can incorporate the new DNA into its genome through the process of “recombination”. Recombination is the rearrangement of donor and recipient genomes into new, hybrid genomes. This can result in new phenotypes – for example, the bacteria can acquire pathogenicity or antibiotic resistance. Some competent bacteria actually kill noncompetent bacteria to release DNA for transformation! Transduction occurs when DNA is transferred from one cell to another by a bacteriophage – a type of virus that infects bacteria. Viruses cannot replicate on their own – they are obligate parasites that rely on host machinery. Many bacteriophages can switch between a state of lysogeny and a lytic cycle. When the bacteriophage is in a state of lysogeny, the virus combines its genome with the bacterial chromosome. The viral genome hangs out there for many generations as the bacterium replicates. When induction occurs, the virus switches to the lytic cycle. The cell becomes a virus-producing factory until it gets so full of virus that it lyses, or bursts open, releasing virus particles into its surroundings. There are two kinds of transduction – generalized and specialized. During generalized transduction, the phage capsid accidentally assembles around a fragment of bacterial DNA or a plasmid. When the assembled viral particle infects a new bacterium, it injects its previous host’s DNA into its new host. Specialized transduction occurs during the lysogenic life cycle of the virus. Incorrect excision of DNA during induction results in a fragment of bacterial DNA being picked up instead of a part of the viral genome, which then stays in the bacterial nucleoid. Now, the bacterial DNA replicates as part of the bacteriophage genome, is packaged into phage capsids, and is injected into new bacteria. Horizontal gene transfer, along with mutations, allows bacteria to achieve genetic diversity. Mutation is a slow process, and most mutations are harmful or neutral, not beneficial to the bacterium. Meanwhile, horizontal gene transfer is a rapid way to acquire large chunks of DNA from another bacterium all at once.
5:33
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation (Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria)
Hey Friends,
Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction are ways of bacteria to transfe...
published: 12 Apr 2021
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation (Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria)
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation (Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria)
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- published: 12 Apr 2021
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Hey Friends,
Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction are ways of bacteria to transfer genetic material horizontally. Transformation is the uptake of free genetic material. Conjugation is exchange of DNA via cell-cell contact and Transduction is gene transfer via a viral vector. In the lab, we use Heat-shock transformation to make bacteria competent to take up plasmid DNA or we use lentiviral transduction (Lentivirus) to integrate genes in the genome of eukaryotic cells.
Cheers
Henrik
References:
Bacterial Transformation:
https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/molecular-cloning/transformation/bacterial-transformation-workflow.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5326489/#B4
Transduction:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC169409/
https://www.nature.com/articles/280080a0
Bacterial Conjugation:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21942/
Cool & Short Blog article:
https://blog.addgene.org/plasmids-101-transformation-transduction-bacterial-conjugation-and-transfection
Chapters:
0:00 Introduction
0:54 Transformation
2:43 Transduction
4:09 Conjugation
9:33
Genetics - The Transforming Principle - Lesson 12 | Don't Memorise
The proof of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance and Morgan's experiment opened new doors fo...
published: 08 Apr 2019
Genetics - The Transforming Principle - Lesson 12 | Don't Memorise
Genetics - The Transforming Principle - Lesson 12 | Don't Memorise
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- published: 08 Apr 2019
- views: 316749
The proof of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance and Morgan's experiment opened new doors for scientists all over. Now that people understood the concept of Heredity better, the entire focus was shifted to find out what the nature of the genetic material could be. Meanwhile, a British Bacteriologist named Frederick Griffith came up with his famous "Transformation Experiment" which made an amazing impact on the scientific world. Want to know what exactly the experiment was? Watch this video to find out!
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In this video, we will learn:
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00:34 chemical nature of genetic material
00:56 Fredrick Griffith - Transformation experiment
04:35 genetic material
5:40 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty - DNA molecules
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5:21
Bacterial transformation
This video explains the principle behind the bacterial transformation
published: 31 Jul 2019
Bacterial transformation
Bacterial transformation
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- published: 31 Jul 2019
- views: 152672
This video explains the principle behind the bacterial transformation
5:42
Vectors and Transformation - Genetic Engineering Pt2 - A Level Biology
published: 11 Nov 2021
Vectors and Transformation - Genetic Engineering Pt2 - A Level Biology
Vectors and Transformation - Genetic Engineering Pt2 - A Level Biology
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- published: 11 Nov 2021
- views: 4983
3:36
Transformation, Conjugation, Transposition and Transduction
Bacterial genetics is the study of the genetic material and mechanisms that govern the inh...
published: 28 Feb 2018
Transformation, Conjugation, Transposition and Transduction
Transformation, Conjugation, Transposition and Transduction
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- published: 28 Feb 2018
- views: 369686
Bacterial genetics is the study of the genetic material and mechanisms that govern the inheritance, variation, and expression of traits in bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that possess a relatively simple yet highly efficient genetic system. Understanding bacterial genetics is essential not only for deciphering the fundamental principles of genetics but also for applications in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science.
Here are some key concepts in bacterial genetics:
1. Chromosomes: Bacterial cells typically have a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region. This chromosome carries the essential genetic information required for the bacterium's survival and growth.
2. Plasmids: Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA that can exist independently of the main bacterial chromosome. They often carry non-essential genes that can provide selective advantages to the bacteria, such as antibiotic resistance genes or genes involved in metabolic pathways.
3. Horizontal Gene Transfer: Bacteria have unique mechanisms for transferring genetic material between individual cells. Three main mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer are transformation (uptake of free DNA from the environment), transduction (transfer of DNA through bacteriophages), and conjugation (direct transfer of DNA between bacterial cells through a pilus).
4. Mutation: Bacteria can acquire genetic variation through mutations, which are changes in their DNA sequence. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or can be induced by external factors like radiation, chemicals, or certain drugs.
5. Gene Expression: Bacteria tightly regulate the expression of their genes to respond to environmental cues and ensure efficient resource utilization. This involves processes such as transcription (copying DNA into RNA) and translation (using RNA to synthesize proteins).
6. Regulatory Elements: Bacterial genomes contain regions known as promoters and operators, which control gene expression by interacting with regulatory proteins. The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a classic example of a bacterial regulatory system.
7. Antibiotic Resistance: Bacterial genetics plays a crucial role in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, allowing them to survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill susceptible bacteria.
8. Genetic Engineering: Bacterial genetics has revolutionized biotechnology by enabling the manipulation of bacterial genomes for various purposes. Recombinant DNA technology involves inserting specific genes into bacterial cells to produce valuable proteins, such as insulin or enzymes used in industrial processes.
9. Genome Sequencing: The advent of DNA sequencing technology has facilitated the complete sequencing of bacterial genomes. This has led to insights into bacterial evolution, taxonomy, and the identification of potential drug targets.
10. Evolution and Adaptation: Bacteria have incredibly short generation times and high mutation rates, which contribute to their rapid evolution and adaptation to changing environments. This evolutionary process has resulted in the diverse array of bacterial species we observe today.
Bacterial genetics continues to be a vibrant field of research, with ongoing discoveries shedding light on the intricate mechanisms that govern bacterial traits, interactions, and evolution.
11:38
Horizontal gene transfer | Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation - This lecture explains about the difference ...
published: 16 May 2016
Horizontal gene transfer | Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
Horizontal gene transfer | Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation
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- published: 16 May 2016
- views: 306888
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation - This lecture explains about the difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction. It explains the process of gene exchange between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer also known as lateral gene transfer.
Conjugation - gene exchange between bacteria by physical contact through the formation of conjugation tube.
Transformation - the transfer of DNA fragments through bacterial uptake
Transduction - the transfer of genes through the bacteriophage particles.
Transformation involves uptake of short fragments of naked DNA by naturally transformable bacteria. Transduction involves transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages. Conjugation involves transfer of DNA via sexual pilus and requires cell –to-cell contact. DNA fragments that contain resistance genes from resistant donors can then make previously susceptible bacteria express resistance as coded by these newly acquired resistance genes.
For more information, log on to-
http://www.shomusbiology.com/
Get Shomu's Biology DVD set here-
http://www.shomusbiology.com/dvd-store/
Download the study materials here-
http://shomusbiology.com/bio-materials.html
Remember Shomu’s Biology is created to spread the knowledge of life science and biology by sharing all this free biology lectures video and animation presented by Suman Bhattacharjee in YouTube. All these tutorials are brought to you for free. Please subscribe to our channel so that we can grow together. You can check for any of the following services from Shomu’s Biology-
Buy Shomu’s Biology lecture DVD set- www.shomusbiology.com/dvd-store
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1:00
Transformation is a type of horizontal gene transfer
published: 12 Oct 2021
Transformation is a type of horizontal gene transfer
Transformation is a type of horizontal gene transfer
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- published: 12 Oct 2021
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Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can also be effected by artificial means in other cells. For transformation to happen, bacteria must be in a state of competence, which might occur as a time-limited response to environmental conditions such as starvation and cell density.
Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into a bacterial cell, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium).
"Transformation" may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, including animal and plant cells; however, because "transformation" has a special meaning in relation to animal cells, indicating progression to a cancerous state, the term should be avoided for animal cells when describing introduction of exogenous genetic material. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is often called "transfection".
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Transformation_(genetics)
CONJUGATION, TRANSFORMATION, TRANSDUCTION (HORIZON...
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation (Hori...
Genetics - The Transforming Principle - Lesson 12 ...
Bacterial transformation...
Vectors and Transformation - Genetic Engineering P...
Transformation, Conjugation, Transposition and Tra...
Horizontal gene transfer | Transformation, Transdu...
Transformation is a type of horizontal gene transf...
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