-
Immunology | Inflammation: Toll Like Receptors and Interferons: Part 4
Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org
Ninja Nerds!
Join Professor Zach Murphy for our final discussion on the physiology of inflammation. During part 4 of this lecture series, we discuss toll like receptors and interferons along with their signaling pathways. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
Inflammatory Response Video Series:
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LArxUakFsFs&t=25s
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIZpzoaIT0&t=25s
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80Q-OPDjoE8&t=25s
Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKSWHMRPOoI&t=25s
References:
● Asa Cusack. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Interferon functions [Digital image] LSE
● Ji-Yoon Noh, Suk Ran Yoon, Tae-Don Kim, Inpyo Choi, Haiyoung Jung, "T...
published: 31 Mar 2017
-
Immune Response, Toll Like Receptors (TLR) Pathway - IMGENEX
Watch The second Video in the TLR Series!!!! - Don't for get to Like and Follow!
http://youtu.be/d0fgMaQfAQw
http://www.imgenex.com
Toll Like Receptors: The GateKeepers of Innate Immunity
Innate immunity as the first line of defense
The innate immune system is an ancient host defense mechanism found in almost every multicellular organism from plants to humans. In invertebrates it is the sole mechanism of defense against pathogens but in higher vertebrates constitutes the first line of defense. The role of the innate immune system is not an insignificant one; not only must it discriminate between self and non-self as well as distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, it also plays an important role in triggering and optimizing the adaptive immune response. This remarka...
published: 02 May 2011
-
Immunology - Innate Immunity (Toll-Like Receptors)
http://armandoh.org/
📌MAKE THIS LECTURE STICK: FREE PRACTICE QUESTIONS HERE! 🎓
https://youmakr.ai/test-playground/questionnaire/673d584e859b9c170836f40c
👆No cap, these practice questions will make you a pro!
Describes the different types of toll receptors and how they work as a Pathogen Recognition Receptor.
http://www.facebook.com/ArmandoHasudungan
Image: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B8Ss3-wJfHrpcHhuS2hDTXZYT1U
http://www.imgenex.com
Ref: Janeway's Immuno Biology ed. 8
published: 19 Feb 2012
-
Toll like receptors, PAMPs and PRRs (FL-Immuno/09)
The topics covered in this video lecture are:
Concept of “self” and “non- self” in immunology
How innate immune system distinguishes between self and non-self?
PAMPs
How the immune system recognize PAMPs?
PRRs
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs)
RIG – like Receptors
NOD – like Receptors (NLRs)
published: 14 Mar 2017
-
Pattern Recognition Receptors
We've already introduced pattern-recognition receptors, which recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, but now let's go over the specific types, and how they work. How many Toll-like receptors are there and what do they recognize? What are the adaptor proteins that kick off their signal transduction pathways? What about NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like helicases? So much to discuss!
Script by Stephanie Melchor
Select images provided by BioRender.com
Watch the whole Immunology playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveImmuno
General Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveGenChem
Organic Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveOrgChem
Biochemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiochem
Biology/Genetics Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBio
Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveAnatPhys
...
published: 08 Oct 2021
-
Toll-like receptor 4 signalling
This movie details how lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria binds to Toll-like receptor 4 to initiate cell signaling.
published: 30 Jan 2015
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Toll Like Receptors | Structure and Types
Toll-like receptors TLR are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Humans lack genes for TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13[1] and mice lack a functional gene for TLR10.[2] TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in intracellular vesicl...
published: 14 Feb 2022
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Pathogen Recognition Receptors & Innate immune Response || Toll-like Receptors
#immunology #tolllikereceptor #virus
In the early phases of an immune response, the innate immune system detects pathogens and acts as the first line of defence.
Dendritic cells, which circulate throughout tissues, can detect the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs.
PAMPS are pathogen traits that are conserved, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the cell membranes of all gram-negative bacteria.
Dendritic cells can recognise PAMPs by expressing a family of Toll-like receptors, also known as TLRs.
In the case of LPS, it is identified by TLR-4, a member of the TLR family expressed on the surface of dendritic cells.
LPS is carried to the dendritic cell surface by the soluble LPS-binding protein, LBP, and deposited on the cell surface protein CD...
published: 19 Nov 2022
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TLR Signalling Pathway
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing molecules from pathogens like we have LPS from Gram negative Bacteria.
TLR signaling pathways arise from intracytoplasmic TIR domains, which are conserved among all TLRs and these TIR Domains are stimulated and activated by binding of Ligands towards the TLR proteins.
In this pathway we need the following Proteins :
1.Lipolysaccharide Binding Proteins.
2.CD-14
3.MD-2
4.TLR
5.MY D88
6.TIRAM
7.TRAM
8.TRAF
9.IRF.
10.NFKB
11.AP-1
12.IKK
and many other molecules .
From this pathway we get the transcription of Cytokines , Chemokines , Interferons .
published: 28 Feb 2022
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Ruslan Medzhitov (Yale / HHMI): The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in the Control of Adaptive Immunity
https://www.ibiology.org/immunology/toll-like-receptors/
In this discovery talk, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov provides a historical perspective that frames his involvement in the discovery of Toll-Like Receptors.
Talk Overview:
When he was a graduate student, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov read a theory written by Dr. Charles Janeway that foresaw the existence of a set of receptors that would directly detect pathogens and signal to T- and B-cells to generate an immune response (adaptive immunity). Medzhitov was determined to find such receptors! In this discovery talk, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov provides a historical perspective that frames his involvement in the discovery of Toll-Like Receptors. By following the clue that NF-kB was involved in the immune response, he searched for receptors, like Toll, that had...
published: 13 Feb 2018
25:22
Immunology | Inflammation: Toll Like Receptors and Interferons: Part 4
Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org
Ninja Nerds!
Join Professor Zach Murphy for our final discussion on the physiology of inflammation. During p...
Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org
Ninja Nerds!
Join Professor Zach Murphy for our final discussion on the physiology of inflammation. During part 4 of this lecture series, we discuss toll like receptors and interferons along with their signaling pathways. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
Inflammatory Response Video Series:
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LArxUakFsFs&t=25s
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIZpzoaIT0&t=25s
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80Q-OPDjoE8&t=25s
Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKSWHMRPOoI&t=25s
References:
● Asa Cusack. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Interferon functions [Digital image] LSE
● Ji-Yoon Noh, Suk Ran Yoon, Tae-Don Kim, Inpyo Choi, Haiyoung Jung, "Toll-Like Receptors in Natural Killer Cells and Their Application for Immunotherapy", Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2020, Article ID 2045860, 9 pages, 2020. [Digital image] https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2020/2045860/
● Le T, Bhushan V, Sochat M, Chavda Y, Zureick A. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2018. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2017
● Marieb EN, Hoehn K. Anatomy & Physiology. Hoboken, NJ: Pearson; 2020.
● Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology.; 2017.
● Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Orr RB, Campbell NA. Campbell Biology. New York, NY: Pearson; 2020.
● Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York etc.: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
● lberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York, NY: Garland Science; 2002
● Murphy K, Weaver C. Janeway's Immunobiology. Garland Science; 2016
● Doan T, Melvold R, Viselli S, Waltenbaugh C. Immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012
● Levinson W. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. Lange; 2012
Join this channel to get access to perks:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6QYFutt9cluQ3uSM963_KQ/join
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#ninjanerd #Inflammation #Immunology
https://wn.com/Immunology_|_Inflammation_Toll_Like_Receptors_And_Interferons_Part_4
Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org
Ninja Nerds!
Join Professor Zach Murphy for our final discussion on the physiology of inflammation. During part 4 of this lecture series, we discuss toll like receptors and interferons along with their signaling pathways. We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below!
Inflammatory Response Video Series:
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LArxUakFsFs&t=25s
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIZpzoaIT0&t=25s
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80Q-OPDjoE8&t=25s
Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKSWHMRPOoI&t=25s
References:
● Asa Cusack. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Interferon functions [Digital image] LSE
● Ji-Yoon Noh, Suk Ran Yoon, Tae-Don Kim, Inpyo Choi, Haiyoung Jung, "Toll-Like Receptors in Natural Killer Cells and Their Application for Immunotherapy", Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2020, Article ID 2045860, 9 pages, 2020. [Digital image] https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2020/2045860/
● Le T, Bhushan V, Sochat M, Chavda Y, Zureick A. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2018. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2017
● Marieb EN, Hoehn K. Anatomy & Physiology. Hoboken, NJ: Pearson; 2020.
● Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology.; 2017.
● Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Orr RB, Campbell NA. Campbell Biology. New York, NY: Pearson; 2020.
● Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York etc.: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.
● lberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York, NY: Garland Science; 2002
● Murphy K, Weaver C. Janeway's Immunobiology. Garland Science; 2016
● Doan T, Melvold R, Viselli S, Waltenbaugh C. Immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012
● Levinson W. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. Lange; 2012
Join this channel to get access to perks:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6QYFutt9cluQ3uSM963_KQ/join
APPAREL |
https://www.amazon.com/s?k=ninja+nerd&ref=nb_sb_noss_2
DONATE
PATREON | https://www.patreon.com/NinjaNerdScience
PAYPAL | https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/ninjanerdscience
SOCIAL MEDIA
FACEBOOK | https://www.facebook.com/NinjaNerdlectures
INSTAGRAM | https://www.instagram.com/ninjanerdlectures
TWITTER | https://twitter.com/ninjanerdsci
@NinjaNerdSci
DISCORD | https://discord.gg/3srTG4dngW
#ninjanerd #Inflammation #Immunology
- published: 31 Mar 2017
- views: 410790
5:30
Immune Response, Toll Like Receptors (TLR) Pathway - IMGENEX
Watch The second Video in the TLR Series!!!! - Don't for get to Like and Follow!
http://youtu.be/d0fgMaQfAQw
http://www.imgenex.com
Toll Like Receptors: The G...
Watch The second Video in the TLR Series!!!! - Don't for get to Like and Follow!
http://youtu.be/d0fgMaQfAQw
http://www.imgenex.com
Toll Like Receptors: The GateKeepers of Innate Immunity
Innate immunity as the first line of defense
The innate immune system is an ancient host defense mechanism found in almost every multicellular organism from plants to humans. In invertebrates it is the sole mechanism of defense against pathogens but in higher vertebrates constitutes the first line of defense. The role of the innate immune system is not an insignificant one; not only must it discriminate between self and non-self as well as distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, it also plays an important role in triggering and optimizing the adaptive immune response. This remarkable system allows an immediate non-specific response against microorganisms whereas the adaptive immunity mounts a specific response against the invading pathogen during the late phase of the infection.
https://wn.com/Immune_Response,_Toll_Like_Receptors_(Tlr)_Pathway_Imgenex
Watch The second Video in the TLR Series!!!! - Don't for get to Like and Follow!
http://youtu.be/d0fgMaQfAQw
http://www.imgenex.com
Toll Like Receptors: The GateKeepers of Innate Immunity
Innate immunity as the first line of defense
The innate immune system is an ancient host defense mechanism found in almost every multicellular organism from plants to humans. In invertebrates it is the sole mechanism of defense against pathogens but in higher vertebrates constitutes the first line of defense. The role of the innate immune system is not an insignificant one; not only must it discriminate between self and non-self as well as distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, it also plays an important role in triggering and optimizing the adaptive immune response. This remarkable system allows an immediate non-specific response against microorganisms whereas the adaptive immunity mounts a specific response against the invading pathogen during the late phase of the infection.
- published: 02 May 2011
- views: 1389373
9:57
Immunology - Innate Immunity (Toll-Like Receptors)
http://armandoh.org/
📌MAKE THIS LECTURE STICK: FREE PRACTICE QUESTIONS HERE! 🎓
https://youmakr.ai/test-playground/questionnaire/673d584e859b9c170836f40c
👆No ca...
http://armandoh.org/
📌MAKE THIS LECTURE STICK: FREE PRACTICE QUESTIONS HERE! 🎓
https://youmakr.ai/test-playground/questionnaire/673d584e859b9c170836f40c
👆No cap, these practice questions will make you a pro!
Describes the different types of toll receptors and how they work as a Pathogen Recognition Receptor.
http://www.facebook.com/ArmandoHasudungan
Image: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B8Ss3-wJfHrpcHhuS2hDTXZYT1U
http://www.imgenex.com
Ref: Janeway's Immuno Biology ed. 8
https://wn.com/Immunology_Innate_Immunity_(Toll_Like_Receptors)
http://armandoh.org/
📌MAKE THIS LECTURE STICK: FREE PRACTICE QUESTIONS HERE! 🎓
https://youmakr.ai/test-playground/questionnaire/673d584e859b9c170836f40c
👆No cap, these practice questions will make you a pro!
Describes the different types of toll receptors and how they work as a Pathogen Recognition Receptor.
http://www.facebook.com/ArmandoHasudungan
Image: https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B8Ss3-wJfHrpcHhuS2hDTXZYT1U
http://www.imgenex.com
Ref: Janeway's Immuno Biology ed. 8
- published: 19 Feb 2012
- views: 200587
10:49
Toll like receptors, PAMPs and PRRs (FL-Immuno/09)
The topics covered in this video lecture are:
Concept of “self” and “non- self” in immunology
How innate immune system distinguishes between self and non-self?
...
The topics covered in this video lecture are:
Concept of “self” and “non- self” in immunology
How innate immune system distinguishes between self and non-self?
PAMPs
How the immune system recognize PAMPs?
PRRs
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs)
RIG – like Receptors
NOD – like Receptors (NLRs)
https://wn.com/Toll_Like_Receptors,_Pamps_And_Prrs_(Fl_Immuno_09)
The topics covered in this video lecture are:
Concept of “self” and “non- self” in immunology
How innate immune system distinguishes between self and non-self?
PAMPs
How the immune system recognize PAMPs?
PRRs
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs)
RIG – like Receptors
NOD – like Receptors (NLRs)
- published: 14 Mar 2017
- views: 143018
14:57
Pattern Recognition Receptors
We've already introduced pattern-recognition receptors, which recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, but now let's go over the specific types, and how they work. How many T...
We've already introduced pattern-recognition receptors, which recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, but now let's go over the specific types, and how they work. How many Toll-like receptors are there and what do they recognize? What are the adaptor proteins that kick off their signal transduction pathways? What about NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like helicases? So much to discuss!
Script by Stephanie Melchor
Select images provided by BioRender.com
Watch the whole Immunology playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveImmuno
General Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveGenChem
Organic Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveOrgChem
Biochemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiochem
Biology/Genetics Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBio
Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveAnatPhys
Biopsychology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiopsych
Microbiology/Infectious Diseases Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveMicrobio
History of Drugs Videos: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveHistoryDrugs
EMAIL►
[email protected]
PATREON► http://patreon.com/ProfessorDaveExplains
Check out "Is This Wi-Fi Organic?", my book on disarming pseudoscience!
Amazon: https://amzn.to/2HtNpVH
Bookshop: https://bit.ly/39cKADM
Barnes and Noble: https://bit.ly/3pUjmrn
Book Depository: http://bit.ly/3aOVDlT
https://wn.com/Pattern_Recognition_Receptors
We've already introduced pattern-recognition receptors, which recognize PAMPs and DAMPs, but now let's go over the specific types, and how they work. How many Toll-like receptors are there and what do they recognize? What are the adaptor proteins that kick off their signal transduction pathways? What about NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like helicases? So much to discuss!
Script by Stephanie Melchor
Select images provided by BioRender.com
Watch the whole Immunology playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveImmuno
General Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveGenChem
Organic Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveOrgChem
Biochemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiochem
Biology/Genetics Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBio
Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveAnatPhys
Biopsychology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiopsych
Microbiology/Infectious Diseases Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveMicrobio
History of Drugs Videos: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveHistoryDrugs
EMAIL►
[email protected]
PATREON► http://patreon.com/ProfessorDaveExplains
Check out "Is This Wi-Fi Organic?", my book on disarming pseudoscience!
Amazon: https://amzn.to/2HtNpVH
Bookshop: https://bit.ly/39cKADM
Barnes and Noble: https://bit.ly/3pUjmrn
Book Depository: http://bit.ly/3aOVDlT
- published: 08 Oct 2021
- views: 79355
5:05
Toll-like receptor 4 signalling
This movie details how lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria binds to Toll-like receptor 4 to initiate cell signaling.
This movie details how lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria binds to Toll-like receptor 4 to initiate cell signaling.
https://wn.com/Toll_Like_Receptor_4_Signalling
This movie details how lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria binds to Toll-like receptor 4 to initiate cell signaling.
- published: 30 Jan 2015
- views: 115497
6:04
Toll Like Receptors | Structure and Types
Toll-like receptors TLR are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expre...
Toll-like receptors TLR are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Humans lack genes for TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13[1] and mice lack a functional gene for TLR10.[2] TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in intracellular vesicles.
The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on the membranes of leukocytes including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural K cells, cells of the adaptive immunity T cells, and B cells, and non-immune cells (epithelial and endothelial cells, and fibroblasts).
t has been estimated that most mammalian species have between ten and fifteen types of toll-like receptors. Thirteen TLRs (named simply TLR1 to TLR13) have been identified in humans and mice together, and equivalent forms of many of these have been found in other mammalian species.[10][11][12] However, equivalents of certain TLR found in humans are not present in all mammals. For example, a gene coding for a protein analogous to TLR10 in humans is present in mice, but appears to have been damaged at some point in the past by a retrovirus. On the other hand, mice express TLRs 11, 12, and 13, none of which is represented in humans.
https://wn.com/Toll_Like_Receptors_|_Structure_And_Types
Toll-like receptors TLR are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Humans lack genes for TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13[1] and mice lack a functional gene for TLR10.[2] TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in intracellular vesicles.
The ability of the immune system to recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens is, in part, due to the presence of immune receptors called toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on the membranes of leukocytes including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural K cells, cells of the adaptive immunity T cells, and B cells, and non-immune cells (epithelial and endothelial cells, and fibroblasts).
t has been estimated that most mammalian species have between ten and fifteen types of toll-like receptors. Thirteen TLRs (named simply TLR1 to TLR13) have been identified in humans and mice together, and equivalent forms of many of these have been found in other mammalian species.[10][11][12] However, equivalents of certain TLR found in humans are not present in all mammals. For example, a gene coding for a protein analogous to TLR10 in humans is present in mice, but appears to have been damaged at some point in the past by a retrovirus. On the other hand, mice express TLRs 11, 12, and 13, none of which is represented in humans.
- published: 14 Feb 2022
- views: 20509
5:58
Pathogen Recognition Receptors & Innate immune Response || Toll-like Receptors
#immunology #tolllikereceptor #virus
In the early phases of an immune response, the innate immune system detects pathogens and acts as the first line of defenc...
#immunology #tolllikereceptor #virus
In the early phases of an immune response, the innate immune system detects pathogens and acts as the first line of defence.
Dendritic cells, which circulate throughout tissues, can detect the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs.
PAMPS are pathogen traits that are conserved, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the cell membranes of all gram-negative bacteria.
Dendritic cells can recognise PAMPs by expressing a family of Toll-like receptors, also known as TLRs.
In the case of LPS, it is identified by TLR-4, a member of the TLR family expressed on the surface of dendritic cells.
LPS is carried to the dendritic cell surface by the soluble LPS-binding protein, LBP, and deposited on the cell surface protein CD14.
TLR-4 detects the presence of LPS by interacting with and recognising LPS bound to CD14.
The signal produced by the TLR stimulates dendritic cell maturation.
At this point, the dendritic cell can move to regional lymph nodes and activate the acquired immune response.
Immune system cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, serve as the first line of defence in identifying pathogens of various types.
These cells have evolved a variety of receptors for identifying various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
These proteins are divided into groups that identify various types of PAMPs.
Toll-like receptors, or TLRs, are made up of numerous leucine-rich repeats that help TLRs recognise different PAMPs.
TLRs are membrane-associated proteins.
Some are on the cell's surface, while others are on endocytic vesicles, where they check the degraded contents of pathogens picked up by endocytosis.
Different types of PAMPs are recognised by each member of the TLR family.
TLR-5, for example, identifies flagellin, a highly conserved component of the bacterial flagellum.
Bacterial genomes include methylated CpG oligonucleotide patterns that TLR-9 recognises after the genome is destroyed in the lysosome.
TLR-6 and TLR-2 form a dimer that detects diacyl lipopeptides; TLR-1 and TLR-2 form a dimer that recognises triacyl lipopeptides; and TLR-4 recognises lipopolysaccharide, or LPS, a gram-negative bacterium component.
TLR-3 and TLR-7, like TLR-9, are found on endocytic vesicles and identify double-stranded and single-stranded RNA, respectively.
When any TLR is triggered, transcription factors are activated, which sends a signal to the nucleus.
However, not all infections live in the extracellular space or are phagocytosed.
Viruses and other pathogens live and proliferate in the cytosol.
There are at least two types of receptors that can detect infections in the cytosol and alert the immune system to their presence.
Members of the Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain family, or NOD proteins, are one type of such receptor.
The cytosolic NOD2 protein, for example, may detect bacterial proteoglycans of intracellular bacteria.
When the NOD2 protein identifies its ligand, muramyl dipeptide, it sends a signal to the nucleus, causing transcription to begin.
Finally, an RNA helicase domain and two caspase recruitment domains, or CARD domains, are found in a class of intracellular receptor proteins.
RIG-I, a member of this family, identifies double-stranded RNAs, which are involved in the life cycle of many RNA viruses.
This protein class, like TLRs and NODs, delivers a signal to the nucleus, but unlike TLRs and NODs, it triggers the synthesis of Type-1 interpherons.
Toll-like receptors, NOD proteins, and the RNA helicase CARD domain family all enable the innate immune system to recognise external and intracellular pathogens and mount an immune response against them.
https://wn.com/Pathogen_Recognition_Receptors_Innate_Immune_Response_||_Toll_Like_Receptors
#immunology #tolllikereceptor #virus
In the early phases of an immune response, the innate immune system detects pathogens and acts as the first line of defence.
Dendritic cells, which circulate throughout tissues, can detect the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs.
PAMPS are pathogen traits that are conserved, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the cell membranes of all gram-negative bacteria.
Dendritic cells can recognise PAMPs by expressing a family of Toll-like receptors, also known as TLRs.
In the case of LPS, it is identified by TLR-4, a member of the TLR family expressed on the surface of dendritic cells.
LPS is carried to the dendritic cell surface by the soluble LPS-binding protein, LBP, and deposited on the cell surface protein CD14.
TLR-4 detects the presence of LPS by interacting with and recognising LPS bound to CD14.
The signal produced by the TLR stimulates dendritic cell maturation.
At this point, the dendritic cell can move to regional lymph nodes and activate the acquired immune response.
Immune system cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, serve as the first line of defence in identifying pathogens of various types.
These cells have evolved a variety of receptors for identifying various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
These proteins are divided into groups that identify various types of PAMPs.
Toll-like receptors, or TLRs, are made up of numerous leucine-rich repeats that help TLRs recognise different PAMPs.
TLRs are membrane-associated proteins.
Some are on the cell's surface, while others are on endocytic vesicles, where they check the degraded contents of pathogens picked up by endocytosis.
Different types of PAMPs are recognised by each member of the TLR family.
TLR-5, for example, identifies flagellin, a highly conserved component of the bacterial flagellum.
Bacterial genomes include methylated CpG oligonucleotide patterns that TLR-9 recognises after the genome is destroyed in the lysosome.
TLR-6 and TLR-2 form a dimer that detects diacyl lipopeptides; TLR-1 and TLR-2 form a dimer that recognises triacyl lipopeptides; and TLR-4 recognises lipopolysaccharide, or LPS, a gram-negative bacterium component.
TLR-3 and TLR-7, like TLR-9, are found on endocytic vesicles and identify double-stranded and single-stranded RNA, respectively.
When any TLR is triggered, transcription factors are activated, which sends a signal to the nucleus.
However, not all infections live in the extracellular space or are phagocytosed.
Viruses and other pathogens live and proliferate in the cytosol.
There are at least two types of receptors that can detect infections in the cytosol and alert the immune system to their presence.
Members of the Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain family, or NOD proteins, are one type of such receptor.
The cytosolic NOD2 protein, for example, may detect bacterial proteoglycans of intracellular bacteria.
When the NOD2 protein identifies its ligand, muramyl dipeptide, it sends a signal to the nucleus, causing transcription to begin.
Finally, an RNA helicase domain and two caspase recruitment domains, or CARD domains, are found in a class of intracellular receptor proteins.
RIG-I, a member of this family, identifies double-stranded RNAs, which are involved in the life cycle of many RNA viruses.
This protein class, like TLRs and NODs, delivers a signal to the nucleus, but unlike TLRs and NODs, it triggers the synthesis of Type-1 interpherons.
Toll-like receptors, NOD proteins, and the RNA helicase CARD domain family all enable the innate immune system to recognise external and intracellular pathogens and mount an immune response against them.
- published: 19 Nov 2022
- views: 12603
6:11
TLR Signalling Pathway
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing molecules from pathogens like we have LPS from Gram negati...
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing molecules from pathogens like we have LPS from Gram negative Bacteria.
TLR signaling pathways arise from intracytoplasmic TIR domains, which are conserved among all TLRs and these TIR Domains are stimulated and activated by binding of Ligands towards the TLR proteins.
In this pathway we need the following Proteins :
1.Lipolysaccharide Binding Proteins.
2.CD-14
3.MD-2
4.TLR
5.MY D88
6.TIRAM
7.TRAM
8.TRAF
9.IRF.
10.NFKB
11.AP-1
12.IKK
and many other molecules .
From this pathway we get the transcription of Cytokines , Chemokines , Interferons .
https://wn.com/Tlr_Signalling_Pathway
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing molecules from pathogens like we have LPS from Gram negative Bacteria.
TLR signaling pathways arise from intracytoplasmic TIR domains, which are conserved among all TLRs and these TIR Domains are stimulated and activated by binding of Ligands towards the TLR proteins.
In this pathway we need the following Proteins :
1.Lipolysaccharide Binding Proteins.
2.CD-14
3.MD-2
4.TLR
5.MY D88
6.TIRAM
7.TRAM
8.TRAF
9.IRF.
10.NFKB
11.AP-1
12.IKK
and many other molecules .
From this pathway we get the transcription of Cytokines , Chemokines , Interferons .
- published: 28 Feb 2022
- views: 43043
20:58
Ruslan Medzhitov (Yale / HHMI): The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in the Control of Adaptive Immunity
https://www.ibiology.org/immunology/toll-like-receptors/
In this discovery talk, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov provides a historical perspective that frames his involve...
https://www.ibiology.org/immunology/toll-like-receptors/
In this discovery talk, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov provides a historical perspective that frames his involvement in the discovery of Toll-Like Receptors.
Talk Overview:
When he was a graduate student, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov read a theory written by Dr. Charles Janeway that foresaw the existence of a set of receptors that would directly detect pathogens and signal to T- and B-cells to generate an immune response (adaptive immunity). Medzhitov was determined to find such receptors! In this discovery talk, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov provides a historical perspective that frames his involvement in the discovery of Toll-Like Receptors. By following the clue that NF-kB was involved in the immune response, he searched for receptors, like Toll, that had the capacity to activate NF-kB.
Speaker Biography:
Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov is a Sterling Professor of immunology at Yale School of Medicine and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. His laboratory studies the signals that initiate and control the process of inflammation, allergic reaction, and immune response. His laboratory also studies tissue biology, and the communication circuits that help to establish stable cellular communities within tissues.
Medzhitov earned his bachelor's in Biology from Tashkent State University, and pursued a doctorate degree in biochemistry at the Moscow State University (1993). Medzhitov was a graduate student during the profound economic crisis that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union, which prevented him from performing any experimental work during his graduate studies. Being unable to do any experimental work didn’t stop Medzhitov, who continued his studies by reading the scientific literature at the Library for Natural Sciences in Moscow, and attending lectures. There, he encountered his passion towards studying immunology after reading a paper by Dr. Charles Janeway, where he described his theories on how the immune system works. Medzhitov, fascinated by these theories, contacted Janeway and started a collaboration that shaped the rest of his career. In 1993, Medzhitov received a 3-month Unesco fellowship to study bioinformatics with Russell Doolittle at the University of California, San Diego. In 1994, he continued his postdoctoral training at Janeway’s lab.
For his scientific contributions, Medzhitov was elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (2010), and received the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine (2011). Learn more about Medzhitov’s research at his lab website:
http://immunobiology.yale.edu/people/ruslan_medzhitov.profile
https://wn.com/Ruslan_Medzhitov_(Yale_Hhmi)_The_Role_Of_Toll_Like_Receptors_In_The_Control_Of_Adaptive_Immunity
https://www.ibiology.org/immunology/toll-like-receptors/
In this discovery talk, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov provides a historical perspective that frames his involvement in the discovery of Toll-Like Receptors.
Talk Overview:
When he was a graduate student, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov read a theory written by Dr. Charles Janeway that foresaw the existence of a set of receptors that would directly detect pathogens and signal to T- and B-cells to generate an immune response (adaptive immunity). Medzhitov was determined to find such receptors! In this discovery talk, Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov provides a historical perspective that frames his involvement in the discovery of Toll-Like Receptors. By following the clue that NF-kB was involved in the immune response, he searched for receptors, like Toll, that had the capacity to activate NF-kB.
Speaker Biography:
Dr. Ruslan Medzhitov is a Sterling Professor of immunology at Yale School of Medicine and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. His laboratory studies the signals that initiate and control the process of inflammation, allergic reaction, and immune response. His laboratory also studies tissue biology, and the communication circuits that help to establish stable cellular communities within tissues.
Medzhitov earned his bachelor's in Biology from Tashkent State University, and pursued a doctorate degree in biochemistry at the Moscow State University (1993). Medzhitov was a graduate student during the profound economic crisis that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union, which prevented him from performing any experimental work during his graduate studies. Being unable to do any experimental work didn’t stop Medzhitov, who continued his studies by reading the scientific literature at the Library for Natural Sciences in Moscow, and attending lectures. There, he encountered his passion towards studying immunology after reading a paper by Dr. Charles Janeway, where he described his theories on how the immune system works. Medzhitov, fascinated by these theories, contacted Janeway and started a collaboration that shaped the rest of his career. In 1993, Medzhitov received a 3-month Unesco fellowship to study bioinformatics with Russell Doolittle at the University of California, San Diego. In 1994, he continued his postdoctoral training at Janeway’s lab.
For his scientific contributions, Medzhitov was elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (2010), and received the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine (2011). Learn more about Medzhitov’s research at his lab website:
http://immunobiology.yale.edu/people/ruslan_medzhitov.profile
- published: 13 Feb 2018
- views: 26626