- published: 22 Jul 2014
- views: 2713589
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Synaptic potential
Synaptic potential refers to the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a postsynaptic neuron. In other words, it is the “incoming” signal of a neuron. Synaptic potential comes in two forms: excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the membrane and move it closer to the threshold for an action potential. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) hyperpolarize the membrane and move it farther away from the threshold. In order to depolarize a neuron enough to cause an action potential, there must be enough EPSPs to both counterbalance the IPSPs and also depolarize the membrane from its resting membrane potential to its threshold. As an example, consider a neuron with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV (millivolts) and a threshold of -50 mV. It will need to be raised 20 mV in order to pass the threshold and fire an action potential. The neuron will account for all the many incoming excitatory and inhibitory signals via neural integration, and if the result is an increase of 20 mV or more, an action potential will occur.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Synaptic_potential
Podcasts:
-
2-Minute Neuroscience: Synaptic Transmission
In my 2-Minute Neuroscience videos I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this video, I discuss synaptic transmission. I describe the synapse, synaptic cleft, release of neurotransmitter and its interaction with receptors, and the ways neurotransmitter is cleared from the synaptic cleft. For a more in-depth 10-minute video on synaptic transmission, watch this 10-Minute Neuroscience video: https://youtu.be/k5RafiYXieo For more neuroscience articles, videos, and a complete neuroscience glossary, check out my website at www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com ! TRANSCRIPT: Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I simplistically explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss synaptic transmission. Most communication between neurons occu...
published: 22 Jul 2014 -
Neuron Neuron Synapses (EPSP vs. IPSP)
Neuron Neuron Synapses Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Dr.UmarAzizov/ Help us make more videos (PayPal): [email protected] Special Thanks to Khofiz Shakhidi for supporting my videos
published: 11 Apr 2018 -
Synaptic Transmission | Neuron
In this video, Dr Mike explores how a neuron can send a signal across a synapse to either stimulate or inhibit another neuron or muscle or gland. He discusses action potentials, calcium channels, vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, and more!!
published: 02 Apr 2019 -
Neuroscience basics: Synaptic transmission - Chemical synapse, Animation
Types of chemical synapse, classes of neurotransmitters, actions of neurotransmitters, signal cessation mechanisms. Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked version of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com Check out our new Alila Academy - AlilaAcademy(dot)com - complete video courses with quizzes, PDFs, and downloadable images. ©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved. Voice by : Marty Henne All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Neurons communicate with each other mainly via chemical messages, or neurotransmitters. When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, an electrical impulse called an action potential is generated and travels down the axon to the n...
published: 05 Sep 2022 -
Neuron action potential - physiology
What is a neuron action potential? Neurons use ions and electrical charges to relay signals from one neuron to the next, called an action potential. Find our full video library only on Osmosis: http://osms.it/more. Join millions of current and future clinicians who learn by Osmosis, along with hundreds of universities around the world who partner with Osmosis from Elseiver to make medical and health education more engaging and efficient. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you for success in school, on your board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more. If you're interested in exploring an institutional partnership, visit osmosis.org/educators to request a personalized demo. Follow us on social: Facebook: http://osms.it/facebook ...
published: 26 Dec 2016 -
Neural Conduction, Action Potential, and Synaptic Transmission
We have probably heard that neurons are the cells that transmit information around the body. But how does this work? Is it actual electricity? Like from the wall socket? What is a synapse? What happens there, in between one neuron and the next? This is a really big and really important topic, so let's dive in. Watch the whole Biopsychology playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiopsych General Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveGenChem Organic Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveOrgChem Biochemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiochem Biology/Genetics Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBio Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveAnatPhys Microbiology/Infectious Diseases Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveMicrobio Pharmacology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDavePharm...
published: 28 Aug 2019 -
How a synapse works
Learn how a synapse works in the brain. From our free online course, “Fundamentals of Neuroscience”. — Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKJyv_uNh3LhYFKmwaB63bA?sub_confirmation=1 — Sign up for emails about new courses: https://harvardx.link/email — HarvardX courses on edX: https://www.edx.org/school/harvardx — Harvard University's online courses: https://online-learning.harvard.edu/ HarvardX empowers the faculty of Harvard University to create high-quality online courses in subjects ranging from computer science to history, education, and religion.
published: 19 Apr 2017 -
Excitatory and inhibitory synapses
Here you will find online education resources, curriculum-based, for Biology, for all classes. Sign up and get access to hundreds of high quality instructional videos. Each of the teaching units consists of several videos which give a lesson and are located in PLAYLISTS. This channel is dedicated to students of biology, medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and other branches where biology science is studied.
published: 23 Jun 2019 -
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP) | Easy Flowchart | Physiology
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of opening ligand-gated ion channels. These are the opposite of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which usually result from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the cell. EPSPs can also result from a decrease in outgoing positive charges, while IPSPs are sometimes caused by an increase in positive charge outflow. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC). EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect...
published: 16 Aug 2020 -
Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
published: 20 Dec 2018
developed with YouTube
1:51
2-Minute Neuroscience: Synaptic Transmission
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Uploaded Date: 22 Jul 2014
- views: 2713589
In my 2-Minute Neuroscience videos I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this video, I discuss synaptic transmission. I describe the synapse, s...
In my 2-Minute Neuroscience videos I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this video, I discuss synaptic transmission. I describe the synapse, synaptic cleft, release of neurotransmitter and its interaction with receptors, and the ways neurotransmitter is cleared from the synaptic cleft.
For a more in-depth 10-minute video on synaptic transmission, watch this 10-Minute Neuroscience video: https://youtu.be/k5RafiYXieo
For more neuroscience articles, videos, and a complete neuroscience glossary, check out my website at www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com !
TRANSCRIPT:
Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I simplistically explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss synaptic transmission.
Most communication between neurons occurs at a specialized structure called a synapse. A synapse is an area where two neurons come close enough to one another that they are able to pass chemical signals from one cell to another. The neurons are not actually connected, but are separated by a microscopically small space called the synaptic cleft. The cleft is less than 40 nanometers wide; by comparison a human hair is about 75,000 nanometers.
The neuron where the signal is initiated is called the presynaptic neuron, while the neuron that receives the signal is called the postsynaptic neuron. In the presynaptic neuron, there are chemical signals called neurotransmitters that are packaged into small sacs called vesicles. Each vesicle can contain thousands of neurotransmitter molecules. When the presynaptic neuron is excited by an electrical signal called an action potential it causes these vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.
Once they are in the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters interact with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. They bind to these receptors and can cause an action to occur in the postsynaptic cell as a result. This action may involve increasing the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell will become activated and itself fire an action potential, or decreasing it (inhibition).
Eventually, the neurotransmitter molecules must be cleared from the synaptic cleft. Some of them will simply drift away in a process called diffusion. In some cases, the neurotransmitter is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron in a process called reuptake. Once back inside the presynaptic neuron, the neurotransmitter can be recycled and reused. In other cases, enzymes break down the neurotransmitter within the synapse. Then the component parts can be sent back into the presynaptic neuron to make more neurotransmitter.
REFERENCE:
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, McNamara JO, White LE. Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates; 2008.
https://wn.com/2_Minute_Neuroscience_Synaptic_Transmission
In my 2-Minute Neuroscience videos I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this video, I discuss synaptic transmission. I describe the synapse, synaptic cleft, release of neurotransmitter and its interaction with receptors, and the ways neurotransmitter is cleared from the synaptic cleft.
For a more in-depth 10-minute video on synaptic transmission, watch this 10-Minute Neuroscience video: https://youtu.be/k5RafiYXieo
For more neuroscience articles, videos, and a complete neuroscience glossary, check out my website at www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com !
TRANSCRIPT:
Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I simplistically explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss synaptic transmission.
Most communication between neurons occurs at a specialized structure called a synapse. A synapse is an area where two neurons come close enough to one another that they are able to pass chemical signals from one cell to another. The neurons are not actually connected, but are separated by a microscopically small space called the synaptic cleft. The cleft is less than 40 nanometers wide; by comparison a human hair is about 75,000 nanometers.
The neuron where the signal is initiated is called the presynaptic neuron, while the neuron that receives the signal is called the postsynaptic neuron. In the presynaptic neuron, there are chemical signals called neurotransmitters that are packaged into small sacs called vesicles. Each vesicle can contain thousands of neurotransmitter molecules. When the presynaptic neuron is excited by an electrical signal called an action potential it causes these vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.
Once they are in the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters interact with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. They bind to these receptors and can cause an action to occur in the postsynaptic cell as a result. This action may involve increasing the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell will become activated and itself fire an action potential, or decreasing it (inhibition).
Eventually, the neurotransmitter molecules must be cleared from the synaptic cleft. Some of them will simply drift away in a process called diffusion. In some cases, the neurotransmitter is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron in a process called reuptake. Once back inside the presynaptic neuron, the neurotransmitter can be recycled and reused. In other cases, enzymes break down the neurotransmitter within the synapse. Then the component parts can be sent back into the presynaptic neuron to make more neurotransmitter.
REFERENCE:
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, McNamara JO, White LE. Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates; 2008.
11:47
Neuron Neuron Synapses (EPSP vs. IPSP)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:47
- Uploaded Date: 11 Apr 2018
- views: 202949
Neuron Neuron Synapses
Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Dr.UmarAzizov/
Help us make more videos (PayPal): [email protected]
Special Thanks to Kho...
Neuron Neuron Synapses
Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Dr.UmarAzizov/
Help us make more videos (PayPal): [email protected]
Special Thanks to Khofiz Shakhidi for supporting my videos
https://wn.com/Neuron_Neuron_Synapses_(Epsp_Vs._Ipsp)
Neuron Neuron Synapses
Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Dr.UmarAzizov/
Help us make more videos (PayPal): [email protected]
Special Thanks to Khofiz Shakhidi for supporting my videos
- published: 11 Apr 2018
- views: 202949
4:50
Synaptic Transmission | Neuron
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Uploaded Date: 02 Apr 2019
- views: 168842
In this video, Dr Mike explores how a neuron can send a signal across a synapse to either stimulate or inhibit another neuron or muscle or gland. He discusses a...
In this video, Dr Mike explores how a neuron can send a signal across a synapse to either stimulate or inhibit another neuron or muscle or gland. He discusses action potentials, calcium channels, vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, and more!!
https://wn.com/Synaptic_Transmission_|_Neuron
In this video, Dr Mike explores how a neuron can send a signal across a synapse to either stimulate or inhibit another neuron or muscle or gland. He discusses action potentials, calcium channels, vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, and more!!
- published: 02 Apr 2019
- views: 168842
5:05
Neuroscience basics: Synaptic transmission - Chemical synapse, Animation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Uploaded Date: 05 Sep 2022
- views: 128565
Types of chemical synapse, classes of neurotransmitters, actions of neurotransmitters, signal cessation mechanisms.
Purchase a license to download a non-water...
Types of chemical synapse, classes of neurotransmitters, actions of neurotransmitters, signal cessation mechanisms.
Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked version of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com
Check out our new Alila Academy - AlilaAcademy(dot)com - complete video courses with quizzes, PDFs, and downloadable images.
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Voice by : Marty Henne
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
Neurons communicate with each other mainly via chemical messages, or neurotransmitters. When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, an electrical impulse called an action potential is generated and travels down the axon to the nerve terminal. Here, it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft - a space between neurons. The neurotransmitter then binds to a receptor on a neighboring neuron, generating a signal in it, thereby transmitting the information to that neuron.
The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is the pre-synaptic neuron, while the one that receives the signal is the post-synaptic neuron.
The axon of the pre-synaptic neuron may form a synapse with either a dendrite, the cell body, or the axon of the post-synaptic neuron, giving rise to an axodendritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic synapse, respectively.
Chemical synapses exist not only between neurons, but also between a neuron and a target cell, such as muscle, or gland cell.
Over a hundred of neurotransmitters have been identified so far. Most of them can be grouped into classes according to their chemical structure. Major classes include:
- Amino acids, such as glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and GABA.
- Small peptides, called neuropeptides, such as beta-endorphin and substance P.
- Monoamines, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. Monoamines are basically amino acids with the acid group removed.
- And acetylcholine, an ester of choline, in its own class by itself.
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic neuron and stored in small sacs, called synaptic vesicles, at the axon terminal. Some of these vesicles are docked on plasma membrane, ready to release neurotransmitter on demand. When an action potential arrives at the nerve terminal, the resulting depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium to flow in. Calcium causes the vesicles to fuse with plasma membrane, releasing the neurotransmitter in a process known as exocytosis.
Upon binding to their receptors on the postsynaptic cell, some neurotransmitters open ligand-gated ion channels, causing direct changes to membrane potential of the receiving neuron, while others act through second-messenger systems to exert their effect.
Some neurotransmitters are excitatory, others are inhibitory; and for some, the effect can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor they bind to.
https://wn.com/Neuroscience_Basics_Synaptic_Transmission_Chemical_Synapse,_Animation
Types of chemical synapse, classes of neurotransmitters, actions of neurotransmitters, signal cessation mechanisms.
Purchase a license to download a non-watermarked version of this video on AlilaMedicalMedia(dot)com
Check out our new Alila Academy - AlilaAcademy(dot)com - complete video courses with quizzes, PDFs, and downloadable images.
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Voice by : Marty Henne
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
Neurons communicate with each other mainly via chemical messages, or neurotransmitters. When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, an electrical impulse called an action potential is generated and travels down the axon to the nerve terminal. Here, it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft - a space between neurons. The neurotransmitter then binds to a receptor on a neighboring neuron, generating a signal in it, thereby transmitting the information to that neuron.
The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is the pre-synaptic neuron, while the one that receives the signal is the post-synaptic neuron.
The axon of the pre-synaptic neuron may form a synapse with either a dendrite, the cell body, or the axon of the post-synaptic neuron, giving rise to an axodendritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic synapse, respectively.
Chemical synapses exist not only between neurons, but also between a neuron and a target cell, such as muscle, or gland cell.
Over a hundred of neurotransmitters have been identified so far. Most of them can be grouped into classes according to their chemical structure. Major classes include:
- Amino acids, such as glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and GABA.
- Small peptides, called neuropeptides, such as beta-endorphin and substance P.
- Monoamines, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. Monoamines are basically amino acids with the acid group removed.
- And acetylcholine, an ester of choline, in its own class by itself.
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic neuron and stored in small sacs, called synaptic vesicles, at the axon terminal. Some of these vesicles are docked on plasma membrane, ready to release neurotransmitter on demand. When an action potential arrives at the nerve terminal, the resulting depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium to flow in. Calcium causes the vesicles to fuse with plasma membrane, releasing the neurotransmitter in a process known as exocytosis.
Upon binding to their receptors on the postsynaptic cell, some neurotransmitters open ligand-gated ion channels, causing direct changes to membrane potential of the receiving neuron, while others act through second-messenger systems to exert their effect.
Some neurotransmitters are excitatory, others are inhibitory; and for some, the effect can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor they bind to.
- published: 05 Sep 2022
- views: 128565
10:25
Neuron action potential - physiology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:25
- Uploaded Date: 26 Dec 2016
- views: 975877
What is a neuron action potential? Neurons use ions and electrical charges to relay signals from one neuron to the next, called an action potential. Find our fu...
What is a neuron action potential? Neurons use ions and electrical charges to relay signals from one neuron to the next, called an action potential. Find our full video library only on Osmosis: http://osms.it/more.
Join millions of current and future clinicians who learn by Osmosis, along with hundreds of universities around the world who partner with Osmosis from Elseiver to make medical and health education more engaging and efficient. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you for success in school, on your board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more. If you're interested in exploring an institutional partnership, visit osmosis.org/educators to request a personalized demo.
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Medical disclaimer: Osmosis from Elsevier does not provide medical advice. Osmosis from Elsevier and the content available on the Osmosis from Elsevier properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare professional with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
© 2024 Elsevier. All rights reserved.
https://wn.com/Neuron_Action_Potential_Physiology
What is a neuron action potential? Neurons use ions and electrical charges to relay signals from one neuron to the next, called an action potential. Find our full video library only on Osmosis: http://osms.it/more.
Join millions of current and future clinicians who learn by Osmosis, along with hundreds of universities around the world who partner with Osmosis from Elseiver to make medical and health education more engaging and efficient. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you for success in school, on your board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more. If you're interested in exploring an institutional partnership, visit osmosis.org/educators to request a personalized demo.
Follow us on social:
Facebook: http://osms.it/facebook
Twitter: http://osms.it/twitter
Instagram for med: http://osms.it/instagram
Instagram for nursing: https://osms.it/ignursing
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Linkedin: https://osms.it/linkedin
Our Vision: Everyone who cares for someone will learn by Osmosis.
Our Mission: To empower the world’s clinicians and caregivers with the best learning experience possible. Learn more here: http://osms.it/mission
Medical disclaimer: Osmosis from Elsevier does not provide medical advice. Osmosis from Elsevier and the content available on the Osmosis from Elsevier properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare professional with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
© 2024 Elsevier. All rights reserved.
- published: 26 Dec 2016
- views: 975877
18:49
Neural Conduction, Action Potential, and Synaptic Transmission
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:49
- Uploaded Date: 28 Aug 2019
- views: 379142
We have probably heard that neurons are the cells that transmit information around the body. But how does this work? Is it actual electricity? Like from the wal...
We have probably heard that neurons are the cells that transmit information around the body. But how does this work? Is it actual electricity? Like from the wall socket? What is a synapse? What happens there, in between one neuron and the next? This is a really big and really important topic, so let's dive in.
Watch the whole Biopsychology playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiopsych
General Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveGenChem
Organic Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveOrgChem
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EMAIL► [email protected]
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Check out "Is This Wi-Fi Organic?", my book on disarming pseudoscience!
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https://wn.com/Neural_Conduction,_Action_Potential,_And_Synaptic_Transmission
We have probably heard that neurons are the cells that transmit information around the body. But how does this work? Is it actual electricity? Like from the wall socket? What is a synapse? What happens there, in between one neuron and the next? This is a really big and really important topic, so let's dive in.
Watch the whole Biopsychology playlist: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiopsych
General Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveGenChem
Organic Chemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveOrgChem
Biochemistry Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBiochem
Biology/Genetics Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveBio
Anatomy & Physiology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveAnatPhys
Microbiology/Infectious Diseases Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveMicrobio
Pharmacology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDavePharma
History of Drugs Videos: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveHistoryDrugs
Immunology Tutorials: http://bit.ly/ProfDaveImmuno
EMAIL► [email protected]
PATREON► http://patreon.com/ProfessorDaveExplains
Check out "Is This Wi-Fi Organic?", my book on disarming pseudoscience!
Amazon: https://amzn.to/2HtNpVH
Bookshop: https://bit.ly/39cKADM
Barnes and Noble: https://bit.ly/3pUjmrn
Book Depository: http://bit.ly/3aOVDlT
- published: 28 Aug 2019
- views: 379142
5:02
How a synapse works
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Uploaded Date: 19 Apr 2017
- views: 1442929
Learn how a synapse works in the brain.
From our free online course, “Fundamentals of Neuroscience”.
— Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/chann...
Learn how a synapse works in the brain.
From our free online course, “Fundamentals of Neuroscience”.
— Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKJyv_uNh3LhYFKmwaB63bA?sub_confirmation=1
— Sign up for emails about new courses: https://harvardx.link/email
— HarvardX courses on edX: https://www.edx.org/school/harvardx
— Harvard University's online courses: https://online-learning.harvard.edu/
HarvardX empowers the faculty of Harvard University to create high-quality online courses in subjects ranging from computer science to history, education, and religion.
https://wn.com/How_A_Synapse_Works
Learn how a synapse works in the brain.
From our free online course, “Fundamentals of Neuroscience”.
— Subscribe to our channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKJyv_uNh3LhYFKmwaB63bA?sub_confirmation=1
— Sign up for emails about new courses: https://harvardx.link/email
— HarvardX courses on edX: https://www.edx.org/school/harvardx
— Harvard University's online courses: https://online-learning.harvard.edu/
HarvardX empowers the faculty of Harvard University to create high-quality online courses in subjects ranging from computer science to history, education, and religion.
- published: 19 Apr 2017
- views: 1442929
1:05
Excitatory and inhibitory synapses
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Uploaded Date: 23 Jun 2019
- views: 53829
Here you will find online education resources, curriculum-based, for Biology, for all classes. Sign up and get access to hundreds of high quality instructional ...
Here you will find online education resources, curriculum-based, for Biology, for all classes. Sign up and get access to hundreds of high quality instructional videos. Each of the teaching units consists of several videos which give a lesson and are located in PLAYLISTS. This channel is dedicated to students of biology, medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and other branches where biology science is studied.
https://wn.com/Excitatory_And_Inhibitory_Synapses
Here you will find online education resources, curriculum-based, for Biology, for all classes. Sign up and get access to hundreds of high quality instructional videos. Each of the teaching units consists of several videos which give a lesson and are located in PLAYLISTS. This channel is dedicated to students of biology, medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and other branches where biology science is studied.
- published: 23 Jun 2019
- views: 53829
6:06
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP) | Easy Flowchart | Physiology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Uploaded Date: 16 Aug 2020
- views: 41726
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This tempora...
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of opening ligand-gated ion channels. These are the opposite of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which usually result from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the cell. EPSPs can also result from a decrease in outgoing positive charges, while IPSPs are sometimes caused by an increase in positive charge outflow. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC).
EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual EPSPs. Larger EPSPs result in greater membrane depolarization and thus increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential.
EPSPs in living cells are caused chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, some of them bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. Many of these receptors contain an ion channel capable of passing positively charged ions either into or out of the cell (such receptors are called ionotropic receptors). At excitatory synapses, the ion channel typically allows sodium into the cell, generating an excitatory postsynaptic current. This depolarizing current causes an increase in membrane potential, the EPSP.
https://wn.com/Excitatory_Post_Synaptic_Potential_(Epsp)_|_Easy_Flowchart_|_Physiology
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of opening ligand-gated ion channels. These are the opposite of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which usually result from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the cell. EPSPs can also result from a decrease in outgoing positive charges, while IPSPs are sometimes caused by an increase in positive charge outflow. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC).
EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual EPSPs. Larger EPSPs result in greater membrane depolarization and thus increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential.
EPSPs in living cells are caused chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, some of them bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. Many of these receptors contain an ion channel capable of passing positively charged ions either into or out of the cell (such receptors are called ionotropic receptors). At excitatory synapses, the ion channel typically allows sodium into the cell, generating an excitatory postsynaptic current. This depolarizing current causes an increase in membrane potential, the EPSP.
- published: 16 Aug 2020
- views: 41726
2:44
Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Uploaded Date: 20 Dec 2018
- views: 32805
- published: 20 Dec 2018
- views: 32805
1:51
2-Minute Neuroscience: Synaptic Transmission
In my 2-Minute Neuroscience videos I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In ...
published: 22 Jul 2014
2-Minute Neuroscience: Synaptic Transmission
2-Minute Neuroscience: Synaptic Transmission
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- published: 22 Jul 2014
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In my 2-Minute Neuroscience videos I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this video, I discuss synaptic transmission. I describe the synapse, synaptic cleft, release of neurotransmitter and its interaction with receptors, and the ways neurotransmitter is cleared from the synaptic cleft.
For a more in-depth 10-minute video on synaptic transmission, watch this 10-Minute Neuroscience video: https://youtu.be/k5RafiYXieo
For more neuroscience articles, videos, and a complete neuroscience glossary, check out my website at www.neuroscientificallychallenged.com !
TRANSCRIPT:
Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I simplistically explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss synaptic transmission.
Most communication between neurons occurs at a specialized structure called a synapse. A synapse is an area where two neurons come close enough to one another that they are able to pass chemical signals from one cell to another. The neurons are not actually connected, but are separated by a microscopically small space called the synaptic cleft. The cleft is less than 40 nanometers wide; by comparison a human hair is about 75,000 nanometers.
The neuron where the signal is initiated is called the presynaptic neuron, while the neuron that receives the signal is called the postsynaptic neuron. In the presynaptic neuron, there are chemical signals called neurotransmitters that are packaged into small sacs called vesicles. Each vesicle can contain thousands of neurotransmitter molecules. When the presynaptic neuron is excited by an electrical signal called an action potential it causes these vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.
Once they are in the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters interact with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. They bind to these receptors and can cause an action to occur in the postsynaptic cell as a result. This action may involve increasing the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell will become activated and itself fire an action potential, or decreasing it (inhibition).
Eventually, the neurotransmitter molecules must be cleared from the synaptic cleft. Some of them will simply drift away in a process called diffusion. In some cases, the neurotransmitter is taken back up into the presynaptic neuron in a process called reuptake. Once back inside the presynaptic neuron, the neurotransmitter can be recycled and reused. In other cases, enzymes break down the neurotransmitter within the synapse. Then the component parts can be sent back into the presynaptic neuron to make more neurotransmitter.
REFERENCE:
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, McNamara JO, White LE. Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sunderland, MA. Sinauer Associates; 2008.
11:47
Neuron Neuron Synapses (EPSP vs. IPSP)
Neuron Neuron Synapses
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published: 11 Apr 2018
Neuron Neuron Synapses (EPSP vs. IPSP)
Neuron Neuron Synapses (EPSP vs. IPSP)
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Neuron Neuron Synapses
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4:50
Synaptic Transmission | Neuron
In this video, Dr Mike explores how a neuron can send a signal across a synapse to either ...
published: 02 Apr 2019
Synaptic Transmission | Neuron
Synaptic Transmission | Neuron
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- published: 02 Apr 2019
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In this video, Dr Mike explores how a neuron can send a signal across a synapse to either stimulate or inhibit another neuron or muscle or gland. He discusses action potentials, calcium channels, vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, and more!!
5:05
Neuroscience basics: Synaptic transmission - Chemical synapse, Animation
Types of chemical synapse, classes of neurotransmitters, actions of neurotransmitters, sig...
published: 05 Sep 2022
Neuroscience basics: Synaptic transmission - Chemical synapse, Animation
Neuroscience basics: Synaptic transmission - Chemical synapse, Animation
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Types of chemical synapse, classes of neurotransmitters, actions of neurotransmitters, signal cessation mechanisms.
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Neurons communicate with each other mainly via chemical messages, or neurotransmitters. When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated, an electrical impulse called an action potential is generated and travels down the axon to the nerve terminal. Here, it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft - a space between neurons. The neurotransmitter then binds to a receptor on a neighboring neuron, generating a signal in it, thereby transmitting the information to that neuron.
The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is the pre-synaptic neuron, while the one that receives the signal is the post-synaptic neuron.
The axon of the pre-synaptic neuron may form a synapse with either a dendrite, the cell body, or the axon of the post-synaptic neuron, giving rise to an axodendritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic synapse, respectively.
Chemical synapses exist not only between neurons, but also between a neuron and a target cell, such as muscle, or gland cell.
Over a hundred of neurotransmitters have been identified so far. Most of them can be grouped into classes according to their chemical structure. Major classes include:
- Amino acids, such as glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and GABA.
- Small peptides, called neuropeptides, such as beta-endorphin and substance P.
- Monoamines, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine. Monoamines are basically amino acids with the acid group removed.
- And acetylcholine, an ester of choline, in its own class by itself.
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic neuron and stored in small sacs, called synaptic vesicles, at the axon terminal. Some of these vesicles are docked on plasma membrane, ready to release neurotransmitter on demand. When an action potential arrives at the nerve terminal, the resulting depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium to flow in. Calcium causes the vesicles to fuse with plasma membrane, releasing the neurotransmitter in a process known as exocytosis.
Upon binding to their receptors on the postsynaptic cell, some neurotransmitters open ligand-gated ion channels, causing direct changes to membrane potential of the receiving neuron, while others act through second-messenger systems to exert their effect.
Some neurotransmitters are excitatory, others are inhibitory; and for some, the effect can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor they bind to.
10:25
Neuron action potential - physiology
What is a neuron action potential? Neurons use ions and electrical charges to relay signal...
published: 26 Dec 2016
Neuron action potential - physiology
Neuron action potential - physiology
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- published: 26 Dec 2016
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What is a neuron action potential? Neurons use ions and electrical charges to relay signals from one neuron to the next, called an action potential. Find our full video library only on Osmosis: http://osms.it/more.
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18:49
Neural Conduction, Action Potential, and Synaptic Transmission
We have probably heard that neurons are the cells that transmit information around the bod...
published: 28 Aug 2019
Neural Conduction, Action Potential, and Synaptic Transmission
Neural Conduction, Action Potential, and Synaptic Transmission
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- published: 28 Aug 2019
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We have probably heard that neurons are the cells that transmit information around the body. But how does this work? Is it actual electricity? Like from the wall socket? What is a synapse? What happens there, in between one neuron and the next? This is a really big and really important topic, so let's dive in.
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5:02
How a synapse works
Learn how a synapse works in the brain.
From our free online course, “Fundamentals of Neu...
published: 19 Apr 2017
How a synapse works
How a synapse works
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- published: 19 Apr 2017
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Learn how a synapse works in the brain.
From our free online course, “Fundamentals of Neuroscience”.
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1:05
Excitatory and inhibitory synapses
Here you will find online education resources, curriculum-based, for Biology, for all clas...
published: 23 Jun 2019
Excitatory and inhibitory synapses
Excitatory and inhibitory synapses
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- published: 23 Jun 2019
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6:06
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP) | Easy Flowchart | Physiology
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the pos...
published: 16 Aug 2020
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP) | Easy Flowchart | Physiology
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP) | Easy Flowchart | Physiology
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- published: 16 Aug 2020
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an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential. This temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential, caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, is a result of opening ligand-gated ion channels. These are the opposite of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which usually result from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the cell. EPSPs can also result from a decrease in outgoing positive charges, while IPSPs are sometimes caused by an increase in positive charge outflow. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC).
EPSPs, like IPSPs, are graded (i.e. they have an additive effect). When multiple EPSPs occur on a single patch of postsynaptic membrane, their combined effect is the sum of the individual EPSPs. Larger EPSPs result in greater membrane depolarization and thus increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic cell reaches the threshold for firing an action potential.
EPSPs in living cells are caused chemically. When an active presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, some of them bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. Many of these receptors contain an ion channel capable of passing positively charged ions either into or out of the cell (such receptors are called ionotropic receptors). At excitatory synapses, the ion channel typically allows sodium into the cell, generating an excitatory postsynaptic current. This depolarizing current causes an increase in membrane potential, the EPSP.
2:44
Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
published: 20 Dec 2018
Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
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Synaptic potential
Synaptic potential refers to the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a postsynaptic neuron. In other words, it is the “incoming” signal of a neuron. Synaptic potential comes in two forms: excitatory and inhibitory. Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the membrane and move it closer to the threshold for an action potential. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) hyperpolarize the membrane and move it farther away from the threshold. In order to depolarize a neuron enough to cause an action potential, there must be enough EPSPs to both counterbalance the IPSPs and also depolarize the membrane from its resting membrane potential to its threshold. As an example, consider a neuron with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV (millivolts) and a threshold of -50 mV. It will need to be raised 20 mV in order to pass the threshold and fire an action potential. The neuron will account for all the many incoming excitatory and inhibitory signals via neural integration, and if the result is an increase of 20 mV or more, an action potential will occur.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Synaptic_potential
2-Minute Neuroscience: Synaptic Transmission...
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Excitatory and inhibitory synapses...
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