The Sultanate of Hobyo (Somali:Saldanadda Hobyo, Arabic:سلطنة هوبيو), also known as the Sultanate of Obbia, was a 19th-century Somali kingdom in present-day northeastern and central Somalia and eastern Ethiopia. It was carved out of the former Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) by Yusuf Ali Kenadid, cousin of the Majeerteen Sultanate's ruler, BoqorOsman Mahamuud.
Administration
As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army. Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.
History
Rise of the Sultanate
Initially, Ali Yusuf Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamud. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavor, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhramimusketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local Hawiye clans and establish the kingdom of Hobyo in 1878.
Hobyo (Somali:Hobyaa, Arabic:هبيا), also known as Obbia, is an ancient port city in the north-central Mudug region of Somalia.
History
Along with Mareeg, Hobyo developed as a coastal outpost of various Sultanates established by Somali pastoralists between the 15th and 19th centuries.
From the 13th to 17th century Hobyo was ruled by the Ajuran Sultanate. However, in the late 17th century the Hiraab successfully revolted against the Ajuran Sultanate and established an independent Hiraab Imamate, which included Hobyo. According to Dr. Bernhard Helander of Uppsala University, "the Imam of Hiraab is a hereditary position that traditionally is held by a person of the
first-born branch."
Lee Cassanelli in his book, "The Shaping of Somali society," provides a historical picture of the Hiraab Immate. He writes:
"According to local oral tradition, the Hiraab imamate was a powerful alliance of closely related groups who shared a common lineage under the Gorgaarte clan divisions. It successfully revolted against the Ajuran Sultanate and established an independent rule for at least two centuries from the seventeen hundreds and onwards.
A recording of an interview conducted by Ahmed Farah Ali (also known as Idaajaa) in 1980 with an old Somali soldier. The soldier voluntarily joined the Italian colonial army and fought on their behalf during their military campaigns against the Obbia and Migiurtinia Sultanates. The first part of the interview touches on a number of topics including the establishment of the Obbia Sultanate, important figures in its foundation, its territorial limits, conflicts with neighboring states, and finally the Italian military campaign against the sultanate.
The interview provides important and much needed insight into the mindset of the Somali colonial troops. This alternative narrative allows us to contextualise Somalia’s pre-colonial history and the events that led to the subjugation, occupatio...
published: 01 Aug 2017
History of Hobyo Sultanate
- 0:00 Intro
- 0:07 Hobyo Sultanate
- 0:15 Italian Protectorate
- 0:45 Italian Somalinland
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Duullaankii Muuse Igarre Ee Hobyo Iyo
published: 16 May 2020
Somalia 19th Century Original.wmv
The late 19th century had a huge impact on developments occurring in the Horn of Africa. The European powers (Italy, Great Britain and France) first gained a foothold in Somalia through the signing of various pacts and agreements with the Somali Sultans that then controlled the region, such as Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Boqor Osman Mahamuud and Mohamoud Ali Shire. Italian Somaliland then came under British administration until 1949, when it became a United Nations trusteeship, the Trust Territory of Somalia, under Italian administration. This administration lasted ten years, from 1950 to 1960, with legislative elections held in 1956 and 1959.
In 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) became independent, following in the footsteps of the briefly extant State of Somali...
A recording of an interview conducted by Ahmed Farah Ali (also known as Idaajaa) in 1980 with an old Somali soldier. The soldier voluntarily joined the Italian ...
A recording of an interview conducted by Ahmed Farah Ali (also known as Idaajaa) in 1980 with an old Somali soldier. The soldier voluntarily joined the Italian colonial army and fought on their behalf during their military campaigns against the Obbia and Migiurtinia Sultanates. The first part of the interview touches on a number of topics including the establishment of the Obbia Sultanate, important figures in its foundation, its territorial limits, conflicts with neighboring states, and finally the Italian military campaign against the sultanate.
The interview provides important and much needed insight into the mindset of the Somali colonial troops. This alternative narrative allows us to contextualise Somalia’s pre-colonial history and the events that led to the subjugation, occupation and colonisation of the two sultanates.
Visit: https://www.puntite.com for more
A recording of an interview conducted by Ahmed Farah Ali (also known as Idaajaa) in 1980 with an old Somali soldier. The soldier voluntarily joined the Italian colonial army and fought on their behalf during their military campaigns against the Obbia and Migiurtinia Sultanates. The first part of the interview touches on a number of topics including the establishment of the Obbia Sultanate, important figures in its foundation, its territorial limits, conflicts with neighboring states, and finally the Italian military campaign against the sultanate.
The interview provides important and much needed insight into the mindset of the Somali colonial troops. This alternative narrative allows us to contextualise Somalia’s pre-colonial history and the events that led to the subjugation, occupation and colonisation of the two sultanates.
Visit: https://www.puntite.com for more
The late 19th century had a huge impact on developments occurring in the Horn of Africa. The European powers (Italy, Great Britain and France) first gained a fo...
The late 19th century had a huge impact on developments occurring in the Horn of Africa. The European powers (Italy, Great Britain and France) first gained a foothold in Somalia through the signing of various pacts and agreements with the Somali Sultans that then controlled the region, such as Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Boqor Osman Mahamuud and Mohamoud Ali Shire. Italian Somaliland then came under British administration until 1949, when it became a United Nations trusteeship, the Trust Territory of Somalia, under Italian administration. This administration lasted ten years, from 1950 to 1960, with legislative elections held in 1956 and 1959.
In 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) became independent, following in the footsteps of the briefly extant State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) which had gained independence five days earlier on June 26, 1960.[3] On July 1, 1960, the two territories united as planned to form the Somali Republic.[23][24] A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister, later to become President (from 1967--1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960
Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid, founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo.
In late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian protectorate. His rival Boqor Osman was to sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Majeerteen Sultanate the following year. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his dispute with the Sultan of Zanzibar over an area bordering Warsheekh, in addition to his ongoing power struggle over the Majeerteen Sultanate with Boqor Osman. Both Sultan Kenadid and his rival Boqor Osman also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.[4]
The Italians, for their part, were interested in this largely arid country mainly because of its ports, the latter of which could grant them access to the strategically important Suez Canal and the Gulf of Aden.[5] The last piece of land acquired by Italy in Somalia in order to form Italian Somaliland was the Kismayo region (Jubaland), which was earlier controlled by Britain before World War I.[5]
However, the relationship between Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against the Somali religious and nationalist leader Muhammad Abdullah Hassan's Dervish forces.[4] Viewed as too much of a threat, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.[6]
At the end of the 19th century, a growing social-political movement developed within Italy to start expanding its influence, since many other European countries had already been doing so, which was effectively leaving Italy behind. There was also a huge shortage of capital and serious economic problems in Italy.[7] It is also argued by some historians that Italy had a minor interest in the mutton and livestock that were then plentiful in Somalia, though whatever designs Italy may have had on the resource-challenged Somali landscape were undoubtedly subordinate to its interest in the region's ports and the waters and lands they gave access to.[8]
Cesare Correnti organized an expedition under the "Società Geografica Italiana" in 1876. The next year "L'Esploratore" was established by Manfredo Camperio - a travel journal. In 1879 "Società di Esplorazioni Commerciali in Africa" was created, with the Italian Industrial Establishment involved as well. The "Club Africano", which three years later became the "Società Africana D'Italia", was established in Somalia in 1879.
The late 19th century had a huge impact on developments occurring in the Horn of Africa. The European powers (Italy, Great Britain and France) first gained a foothold in Somalia through the signing of various pacts and agreements with the Somali Sultans that then controlled the region, such as Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Boqor Osman Mahamuud and Mohamoud Ali Shire. Italian Somaliland then came under British administration until 1949, when it became a United Nations trusteeship, the Trust Territory of Somalia, under Italian administration. This administration lasted ten years, from 1950 to 1960, with legislative elections held in 1956 and 1959.
In 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) became independent, following in the footsteps of the briefly extant State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) which had gained independence five days earlier on June 26, 1960.[3] On July 1, 1960, the two territories united as planned to form the Somali Republic.[23][24] A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister, later to become President (from 1967--1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960
Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid, founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo.
In late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian protectorate. His rival Boqor Osman was to sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Majeerteen Sultanate the following year. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his dispute with the Sultan of Zanzibar over an area bordering Warsheekh, in addition to his ongoing power struggle over the Majeerteen Sultanate with Boqor Osman. Both Sultan Kenadid and his rival Boqor Osman also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.[4]
The Italians, for their part, were interested in this largely arid country mainly because of its ports, the latter of which could grant them access to the strategically important Suez Canal and the Gulf of Aden.[5] The last piece of land acquired by Italy in Somalia in order to form Italian Somaliland was the Kismayo region (Jubaland), which was earlier controlled by Britain before World War I.[5]
However, the relationship between Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against the Somali religious and nationalist leader Muhammad Abdullah Hassan's Dervish forces.[4] Viewed as too much of a threat, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.[6]
At the end of the 19th century, a growing social-political movement developed within Italy to start expanding its influence, since many other European countries had already been doing so, which was effectively leaving Italy behind. There was also a huge shortage of capital and serious economic problems in Italy.[7] It is also argued by some historians that Italy had a minor interest in the mutton and livestock that were then plentiful in Somalia, though whatever designs Italy may have had on the resource-challenged Somali landscape were undoubtedly subordinate to its interest in the region's ports and the waters and lands they gave access to.[8]
Cesare Correnti organized an expedition under the "Società Geografica Italiana" in 1876. The next year "L'Esploratore" was established by Manfredo Camperio - a travel journal. In 1879 "Società di Esplorazioni Commerciali in Africa" was created, with the Italian Industrial Establishment involved as well. The "Club Africano", which three years later became the "Società Africana D'Italia", was established in Somalia in 1879.
A recording of an interview conducted by Ahmed Farah Ali (also known as Idaajaa) in 1980 with an old Somali soldier. The soldier voluntarily joined the Italian colonial army and fought on their behalf during their military campaigns against the Obbia and Migiurtinia Sultanates. The first part of the interview touches on a number of topics including the establishment of the Obbia Sultanate, important figures in its foundation, its territorial limits, conflicts with neighboring states, and finally the Italian military campaign against the sultanate.
The interview provides important and much needed insight into the mindset of the Somali colonial troops. This alternative narrative allows us to contextualise Somalia’s pre-colonial history and the events that led to the subjugation, occupation and colonisation of the two sultanates.
Visit: https://www.puntite.com for more
The late 19th century had a huge impact on developments occurring in the Horn of Africa. The European powers (Italy, Great Britain and France) first gained a foothold in Somalia through the signing of various pacts and agreements with the Somali Sultans that then controlled the region, such as Yusuf Ali Kenadid, Boqor Osman Mahamuud and Mohamoud Ali Shire. Italian Somaliland then came under British administration until 1949, when it became a United Nations trusteeship, the Trust Territory of Somalia, under Italian administration. This administration lasted ten years, from 1950 to 1960, with legislative elections held in 1956 and 1959.
In 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) became independent, following in the footsteps of the briefly extant State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) which had gained independence five days earlier on June 26, 1960.[3] On July 1, 1960, the two territories united as planned to form the Somali Republic.[23][24] A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister, later to become President (from 1967--1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960
Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid, founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo.
In late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian protectorate. His rival Boqor Osman was to sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Majeerteen Sultanate the following year. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his dispute with the Sultan of Zanzibar over an area bordering Warsheekh, in addition to his ongoing power struggle over the Majeerteen Sultanate with Boqor Osman. Both Sultan Kenadid and his rival Boqor Osman also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.[4]
The Italians, for their part, were interested in this largely arid country mainly because of its ports, the latter of which could grant them access to the strategically important Suez Canal and the Gulf of Aden.[5] The last piece of land acquired by Italy in Somalia in order to form Italian Somaliland was the Kismayo region (Jubaland), which was earlier controlled by Britain before World War I.[5]
However, the relationship between Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against the Somali religious and nationalist leader Muhammad Abdullah Hassan's Dervish forces.[4] Viewed as too much of a threat, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.[6]
At the end of the 19th century, a growing social-political movement developed within Italy to start expanding its influence, since many other European countries had already been doing so, which was effectively leaving Italy behind. There was also a huge shortage of capital and serious economic problems in Italy.[7] It is also argued by some historians that Italy had a minor interest in the mutton and livestock that were then plentiful in Somalia, though whatever designs Italy may have had on the resource-challenged Somali landscape were undoubtedly subordinate to its interest in the region's ports and the waters and lands they gave access to.[8]
Cesare Correnti organized an expedition under the "Società Geografica Italiana" in 1876. The next year "L'Esploratore" was established by Manfredo Camperio - a travel journal. In 1879 "Società di Esplorazioni Commerciali in Africa" was created, with the Italian Industrial Establishment involved as well. The "Club Africano", which three years later became the "Società Africana D'Italia", was established in Somalia in 1879.
The Sultanate of Hobyo (Somali:Saldanadda Hobyo, Arabic:سلطنة هوبيو), also known as the Sultanate of Obbia, was a 19th-century Somali kingdom in present-day northeastern and central Somalia and eastern Ethiopia. It was carved out of the former Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) by Yusuf Ali Kenadid, cousin of the Majeerteen Sultanate's ruler, BoqorOsman Mahamuud.
Administration
As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army. Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.
History
Rise of the Sultanate
Initially, Ali Yusuf Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamud. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavor, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhramimusketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local Hawiye clans and establish the kingdom of Hobyo in 1878.
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