The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error-correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication, immune system specificity, enzyme-substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity. The proofreading mechanisms of Hopfield and Ninio are non-equilibrium active processes that consume ATP to enhance specificity of various biochemical reactions.
In bacteria, all three DNA polymerases (I, II and III) have the ability to proofread, using 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity. When an incorrect base pair is recognized, DNA polymerase reverses its direction by one base pair of DNA and excises the mismatched base. Following base excision, the polymerase can re-insert the correct base and replication can continue.
In eukaryotes only the polymerase that deal with the elongation (delta, and epsilon) have proofreading ability (3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity).
Proofreading also occurs in mRNA translation for protein synthesis. In this case, one mechanism is release of any incorrect aminoacyl-tRNA prior to peptide bond formation.
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent fields. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition.
Subdisciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions among biological molecules; botany studies the biology of plants; cellular biology examines the basic building-block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes that produced the diversity of life; and ecology examines how organisms interact in their environment.
This journal covers all topics related to biology. More detail about the journal and its scope is available in the first editorial. Research fields of interest include, but are not limited to:
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life is a college-level introductory biology textbook that covers basic biochemistry, anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, biotechnology and ecology. The book is designed to create in students a broad foundation of knowledge in biology and is frequently used in AP Biology classes in American high schools. Each book includes an interactive CD-ROM with links to additional instructional material. Like many textbooks new versions are printed every few years and reflect new gains in scientific knowledge. The book is published by Brooks/Cole and is currently in its twelfth edition. It was primarily compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart with pictures and illustrations by Lisa Starr.
Learn how proofreading polymerases recognize and correct mismatched bases. Learn more at https://www.neb.com/applications/dna-amplification-and-pcr/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr
published: 19 Nov 2014
DNA polymerase Proof Reading
DNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasionally occur, such as a DNA polymerase inserting a wrong base.
Uncorrected mistakes may sometimes lead to serious consequences, such as cancer.
Repair mechanisms correct the mistakes. In rare cases, mistakes are not corrected, leading to mutations; in other cases, repair enzymes are themselves mutated or defective.
published: 21 Apr 2022
DNA repair by proofreading
DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. During DNA replication (copying), most DNA polymerases can “check their work” with each base that they add. This process is called proofreading. If the polymerase detects that a wrong (incorrectly paired) nucleotide has been added, it will remove and replace the nucleotide right away, before continuing with DNA synthesis
published: 29 Mar 2018
DNA replication - 3D
This 3D animation shows you how DNA is copied in a cell. It shows how both strands of the DNA helix are unzipped and copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
To download the subtitles (.srt) for this video, please use the following link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1CbdfY31ykoZlhrcXUtcVIyNEU/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0--VxJZWBrWoXLJUPbQ8cttg
For more information, download the video, and explore related resources on our site: http://www.yourgenome.org/video/dna-replication
---
Animated by Polymime Animation Company Ltd.
http://www.polymime.com
http://www.instagram.com/polymimestudio
published: 26 Jun 2015
DNA Replication (Updated)
Explore the steps of DNA replication, the enzymes involved, and the difference between the leading and lagging strand! This video is an update from our old DNA replication video with nearly the same script but added detail and improved art! See table of contents by expanding details.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:11 Why do you need DNA replication?
0:27 Where and when?
1:12 Introducing key player enzymes
2:48 Initial steps of DNA Replication
4:04 Explaining 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
5:09 Showing leading and lagging strands in DNA replication
Video has a handout here: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts
Factual Reference:
OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].
***Further Reading Suggestions***
-More info about ...
published: 28 Jun 2019
How DNA Repairs Itself (Proofreading, Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, Mismatch, Excision Repair)
DNA Repair mechanisms (Proofreading, Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, Mismatch, Nucleotide, Base Excision Repair) | Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology 🧬.
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published: 17 Apr 2023
Cell Biology | DNA Replication 🧬
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published: 29 Mar 2021
Proofreading of DNA-polymerase
This video describes Proofreading of DNA polymerase.
Copyright of this video belong to Mcgraw hill education i don't own any of this content. This upload is for educational purposes only.
published: 06 Apr 2013
DNA polymerase proofreading
This DNA polymerase animation explains about DNA polymerase proofreading activity.
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published: 12 Feb 2015
DNA Replication | MIT 7.01SC Fundamentals of Biology
DNA Replication
Instructor: Eric Lander
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-01SCF11
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Learn how proofreading polymerases recognize and correct mismatched bases. Learn more at https://www.neb.com/applications/dna-amplification-and-pcr/polymerase-c...
Learn how proofreading polymerases recognize and correct mismatched bases. Learn more at https://www.neb.com/applications/dna-amplification-and-pcr/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr
Learn how proofreading polymerases recognize and correct mismatched bases. Learn more at https://www.neb.com/applications/dna-amplification-and-pcr/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr
DNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasionally occur, such as a DNA polymerase inserting a wrong base.
Uncorrected mistakes may s...
DNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasionally occur, such as a DNA polymerase inserting a wrong base.
Uncorrected mistakes may sometimes lead to serious consequences, such as cancer.
Repair mechanisms correct the mistakes. In rare cases, mistakes are not corrected, leading to mutations; in other cases, repair enzymes are themselves mutated or defective.
DNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasionally occur, such as a DNA polymerase inserting a wrong base.
Uncorrected mistakes may sometimes lead to serious consequences, such as cancer.
Repair mechanisms correct the mistakes. In rare cases, mistakes are not corrected, leading to mutations; in other cases, repair enzymes are themselves mutated or defective.
DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. During DNA replication (copying), most DNA polymerases can “check their work” with each base that they ...
DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. During DNA replication (copying), most DNA polymerases can “check their work” with each base that they add. This process is called proofreading. If the polymerase detects that a wrong (incorrectly paired) nucleotide has been added, it will remove and replace the nucleotide right away, before continuing with DNA synthesis
DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. During DNA replication (copying), most DNA polymerases can “check their work” with each base that they add. This process is called proofreading. If the polymerase detects that a wrong (incorrectly paired) nucleotide has been added, it will remove and replace the nucleotide right away, before continuing with DNA synthesis
This 3D animation shows you how DNA is copied in a cell. It shows how both strands of the DNA helix are unzipped and copied to produce two identical DNA molecul...
This 3D animation shows you how DNA is copied in a cell. It shows how both strands of the DNA helix are unzipped and copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
To download the subtitles (.srt) for this video, please use the following link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1CbdfY31ykoZlhrcXUtcVIyNEU/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0--VxJZWBrWoXLJUPbQ8cttg
For more information, download the video, and explore related resources on our site: http://www.yourgenome.org/video/dna-replication
---
Animated by Polymime Animation Company Ltd.
http://www.polymime.com
http://www.instagram.com/polymimestudio
This 3D animation shows you how DNA is copied in a cell. It shows how both strands of the DNA helix are unzipped and copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
To download the subtitles (.srt) for this video, please use the following link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1CbdfY31ykoZlhrcXUtcVIyNEU/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0--VxJZWBrWoXLJUPbQ8cttg
For more information, download the video, and explore related resources on our site: http://www.yourgenome.org/video/dna-replication
---
Animated by Polymime Animation Company Ltd.
http://www.polymime.com
http://www.instagram.com/polymimestudio
Explore the steps of DNA replication, the enzymes involved, and the difference between the leading and lagging strand! This video is an update from our old DNA ...
Explore the steps of DNA replication, the enzymes involved, and the difference between the leading and lagging strand! This video is an update from our old DNA replication video with nearly the same script but added detail and improved art! See table of contents by expanding details.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:11 Why do you need DNA replication?
0:27 Where and when?
1:12 Introducing key player enzymes
2:48 Initial steps of DNA Replication
4:04 Explaining 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
5:09 Showing leading and lagging strands in DNA replication
Video has a handout here: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts
Factual Reference:
OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].
***Further Reading Suggestions***
-More info about prokaryote vs. eukaryote DNA Replication? (Which video doesn't go into) Check out the bottom of this page of the peer-reviewed, FREE OpenStax testbook: https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:2l3nsfJK@5/DNA-Replication-in-Eukaryotes
-More detail about DNA replication, including the different types of polymerase? Check out this page of the peer-reviewed, FREE OpenStax textbook: https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:NEk9ll-3@8/DNA-Replication-in-Prokaryotes
-Check out this science paper that details how cancer drugs can work to stop DNA replication in cancer cells. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797825/
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos
⭐We have a menu of our resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing
Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
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MUSIC:
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End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?feature=blog
COMMUNITY:
We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See YouTube's community guidelines and how YouTube handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using YouTube's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by YouTube, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
We have videos dubbed in Spanish and Portuguese using an artificial voice via https://aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. See our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1Njo3LBy53cOPngz6ArV8Q and Amoeba Sisters em Português https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYTQPX2X_mXe0ZMPi0fXxbg
Explore the steps of DNA replication, the enzymes involved, and the difference between the leading and lagging strand! This video is an update from our old DNA replication video with nearly the same script but added detail and improved art! See table of contents by expanding details.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:11 Why do you need DNA replication?
0:27 Where and when?
1:12 Introducing key player enzymes
2:48 Initial steps of DNA Replication
4:04 Explaining 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
5:09 Showing leading and lagging strands in DNA replication
Video has a handout here: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts
Factual Reference:
OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].
***Further Reading Suggestions***
-More info about prokaryote vs. eukaryote DNA Replication? (Which video doesn't go into) Check out the bottom of this page of the peer-reviewed, FREE OpenStax testbook: https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:2l3nsfJK@5/DNA-Replication-in-Eukaryotes
-More detail about DNA replication, including the different types of polymerase? Check out this page of the peer-reviewed, FREE OpenStax textbook: https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:NEk9ll-3@8/DNA-Replication-in-Prokaryotes
-Check out this science paper that details how cancer drugs can work to stop DNA replication in cancer cells. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797825/
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos
⭐We have a menu of our resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing
Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
Our Resources:
Biology Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz
GIFs: https://www.amoebasisters.com/gifs.html
Handouts: https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts.html
Comics: https://www.amoebasisters.com/parameciumparlorcomics
Unlectured Series: https://www.amoebasisters.com/unlectured
Connect with us!
Website: http://www.AmoebaSisters.com
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Visit our Redbubble store at https://www.amoebasisters.com/store
TIPS FOR VIEWING EDU YOUTUBE VIDEOS:
Want to learn tips for viewing edu YouTube videos including changing the speed, language, viewing the transcript, etc? https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/10-youtube-tips-from-an-edu-youtuber-duo
MUSIC:
Our intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire.
End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/music?feature=blog
COMMUNITY:
We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See YouTube's community guidelines and how YouTube handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using YouTube's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by YouTube, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
We have videos dubbed in Spanish and Portuguese using an artificial voice via https://aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. See our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1Njo3LBy53cOPngz6ArV8Q and Amoeba Sisters em Português https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYTQPX2X_mXe0ZMPi0fXxbg
DNA Repair mechanisms (Proofreading, Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, Mismatch, Nucleotide, Base Excision Repair) | Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biol...
DNA Repair mechanisms (Proofreading, Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, Mismatch, Nucleotide, Base Excision Repair) | Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology 🧬.
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DNA Repair mechanisms (Proofreading, Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, Mismatch, Nucleotide, Base Excision Repair) | Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology 🧬.
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Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be teaching you about DNA Replication. We hope you e...
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This video describes Proofreading of DNA polymerase.
Copyright of this video belong to Mcgraw hill education i don't own any of this content. This upload is fo...
This video describes Proofreading of DNA polymerase.
Copyright of this video belong to Mcgraw hill education i don't own any of this content. This upload is for educational purposes only.
This video describes Proofreading of DNA polymerase.
Copyright of this video belong to Mcgraw hill education i don't own any of this content. This upload is for educational purposes only.
This DNA polymerase animation explains about DNA polymerase proofreading activity.
For more information, log on to-
http://www.shomusbiology.com/
Get Shomu's Bi...
This DNA polymerase animation explains about DNA polymerase proofreading activity.
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This DNA polymerase animation explains about DNA polymerase proofreading activity.
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DNA Replication
Instructor: Eric Lander
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-01SCF11
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://oc...
DNA Replication
Instructor: Eric Lander
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-01SCF11
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
DNA Replication
Instructor: Eric Lander
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-01SCF11
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Learn how proofreading polymerases recognize and correct mismatched bases. Learn more at https://www.neb.com/applications/dna-amplification-and-pcr/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr
DNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasionally occur, such as a DNA polymerase inserting a wrong base.
Uncorrected mistakes may sometimes lead to serious consequences, such as cancer.
Repair mechanisms correct the mistakes. In rare cases, mistakes are not corrected, leading to mutations; in other cases, repair enzymes are themselves mutated or defective.
DNA polymerases are the enzymes that build DNA in cells. During DNA replication (copying), most DNA polymerases can “check their work” with each base that they add. This process is called proofreading. If the polymerase detects that a wrong (incorrectly paired) nucleotide has been added, it will remove and replace the nucleotide right away, before continuing with DNA synthesis
This 3D animation shows you how DNA is copied in a cell. It shows how both strands of the DNA helix are unzipped and copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
To download the subtitles (.srt) for this video, please use the following link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1CbdfY31ykoZlhrcXUtcVIyNEU/view?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0--VxJZWBrWoXLJUPbQ8cttg
For more information, download the video, and explore related resources on our site: http://www.yourgenome.org/video/dna-replication
---
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Explore the steps of DNA replication, the enzymes involved, and the difference between the leading and lagging strand! This video is an update from our old DNA replication video with nearly the same script but added detail and improved art! See table of contents by expanding details.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:11 Why do you need DNA replication?
0:27 Where and when?
1:12 Introducing key player enzymes
2:48 Initial steps of DNA Replication
4:04 Explaining 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
5:09 Showing leading and lagging strands in DNA replication
Video has a handout here: http://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts
Factual Reference:
OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected].
***Further Reading Suggestions***
-More info about prokaryote vs. eukaryote DNA Replication? (Which video doesn't go into) Check out the bottom of this page of the peer-reviewed, FREE OpenStax testbook: https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:2l3nsfJK@5/DNA-Replication-in-Eukaryotes
-More detail about DNA replication, including the different types of polymerase? Check out this page of the peer-reviewed, FREE OpenStax textbook: https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:NEk9ll-3@8/DNA-Replication-in-Prokaryotes
-Check out this science paper that details how cancer drugs can work to stop DNA replication in cancer cells. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5797825/
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DNA Repair mechanisms (Proofreading, Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, Mismatch, Nucleotide, Base Excision Repair) | Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology 🧬.
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This video describes Proofreading of DNA polymerase.
Copyright of this video belong to Mcgraw hill education i don't own any of this content. This upload is for educational purposes only.
This DNA polymerase animation explains about DNA polymerase proofreading activity.
For more information, log on to-
http://www.shomusbiology.com/
Get Shomu's Biology DVD set here-
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Download the study materials here-
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DNA Replication
Instructor: Eric Lander
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-01SCF11
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error-correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication, immune system specificity, enzyme-substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity. The proofreading mechanisms of Hopfield and Ninio are non-equilibrium active processes that consume ATP to enhance specificity of various biochemical reactions.
In bacteria, all three DNA polymerases (I, II and III) have the ability to proofread, using 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity. When an incorrect base pair is recognized, DNA polymerase reverses its direction by one base pair of DNA and excises the mismatched base. Following base excision, the polymerase can re-insert the correct base and replication can continue.
In eukaryotes only the polymerase that deal with the elongation (delta, and epsilon) have proofreading ability (3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity).
Proofreading also occurs in mRNA translation for protein synthesis. In this case, one mechanism is release of any incorrect aminoacyl-tRNA prior to peptide bond formation.