The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613), meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic computers became commercially available.
"The human computer is supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail." (Turing, 1950)
Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was divided so that this could be done in parallel.
The first time the term "Computer" appeared in The New York Times was February 3, 1853; an obituary stated:
Since the end of the 20th century, the term "human computer" has also been applied to individuals with prodigious powers of mental arithmetic, also known as mental calculators.
Origins in astronomy
The approach was taken for astronomical and other complex calculations. Perhaps the first example of organized human computing was by the Frenchman Alexis Claude Clairaut (1713–1765), when he divided the computation to determine timing of the return of Halley's Comet with two colleagues, Joseph Lalande and Nicole-Reine Lepaute.
Computer is an IEEEComputer Society practitioner-oriented magazine issued to all members of the society. It contains peer-reviewed articles, regular columns and interviews on current computing-related issues. The magazine can be categorized somewhere between a trade magazine and a research journal, drawing on elements of both. Computer provides information regarding current research developments, trends, best practices, and changes in the computing profession. Subscriptions of the magazine are provided free of cost to IEEE Computer Society members.
Computer covers all aspects of computer science. Since 2009, it has a digital edition too. The current editor is Sumi Helal of the University of Florida. Impact factor for 2013 was 1.438/
Computer 2000 was Europe's leading provider of IT products to resellers between 1983 and its merger with Tech Data in 1998.
History
The company was founded in 1983 by German entrepreneur Axel Schultze. The company had $2.5 Million in sales in 1984, and expanded from Germany into other European countries by creating subsidiaries and acquiring local distributors. In the early 1990s, Computer 2000 expanded into Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. Within 15 years, the company grew to 2,500 employees and roughly $5 Billion in sales before merging with US-based Tech Data in July 1998. The companies had similar philosophies and products, but acted in different geographic regions.
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewedacademic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals. It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is 570,400 people.
The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but Science also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, Science and its rival Nature cover the full range of scientific disciplines. According to the Journal Citation Reports, Science's 2014 impact factor was 33.611.
Although it is the journal of the AAAS, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in Science. Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in Science is very intense, as an article published in such a highly cited journal can lead to attention and career advancement for the authors. Fewer than 10% of articles submitted are accepted for publication.
This is a list of the housemates of sixth series of the UK version of Big Brother, where they were observed by television viewers 24 hours a day, and each week one or more housemates were voted to be evicted by the general public until the winner, Anthony Hutton, was left.
There were sixteen housemates in total; thirteen housemates entered on day one and they were joined by three more on Day 29. They entered the Secret Garden which was decorated like a jungle, and the three secret housemates were initially only supplied with fig leaves to cover only the main essentials of their bodies. This created the idea of an Adam and Eve style jungle. With Makosi's help, they had to steal clothes and food from the main Big Brother House when the other housemates were asleep, and to make sure that the other housemates did not find out about them. At the end of their stay, Makosi had to choose two of the three secret housemates to enter the main house. She chose Orlaith and Eugene, although Kinga re-entered the house after Orlaith walked out on Day 65.
Science 2.0 is a suggested new approach to science that uses information-sharing and collaboration made possible by network technologies. It is similar to the open research and open science movements and is inspired by Web 2.0 technologies. Science 2.0 stresses the benefits of increased collaboration between scientists. Science 2.0 uses collaborative tools like wikis, blogs and video journals to share findings, raw data and "nascent theories" online. Science 2.0 benefits from openness and sharing, regarding papers and research ideas and partial solutions.
A general view is that Science 2.0 is gaining traction with websites beginning to proliferate, yet at the same time there is considerable resistance within the scientific community about aspects of the transition as well as discussion about what, exactly, the term means. There are several views that there is a "sea change" happening in the status quo of scientific publishing, and substantive change regarding how scientists share research data. There is considerable discussion in the scientific community about whether scientists should embrace the model and exactly how Science 2.0 might work, as well as several reports that many scientists are slow to embrace collaborative methods and are somewhat "inhibited and slow to adopt a lot of online tools."
Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger launched Wikipedia on January 15, 2001. Sanger coined its name, a portmanteau of wiki and encyclopedia. Initially only in English, Wikipedia quickly became multilingual as it developed similar versions in other languages, which differ in content and in editing practices. The English Wikipedia is now one of 291 Wikipedia editions and is the largest with 5,081,662 articles (having reached 5,000,000 articles in November 2015). There is a grand total, including all Wikipedias, of over 38 million articles in over 250 different languages. As of February 2014, it had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors each month.
Learn the fundamentals of Computer Science with a quick breakdown of jargon that every software engineer should know. Over 100 technical concepts from the CS curriculum are explained to provide a foundation for programmers.
#compsci #programming #tech
🔗 Resources
- Computer Science https://undergrad.cs.umd.edu/what-computer-science
- CS101 Stanford https://online.stanford.edu/courses/soe-ycscs101-sp-computer-science-101
- Controversial Developer Opinions https://youtu.be/goy4lZfDtCE
- Design Patterns https://youtu.be/tv-_1er1mWI
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published: 04 May 2022
Operation Downfall | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio article...
Learn the fundamentals of Computer Science with a quick breakdown of jargon that every software engineer should know. Over 100 technical concepts from the CS cu...
Learn the fundamentals of Computer Science with a quick breakdown of jargon that every software engineer should know. Over 100 technical concepts from the CS curriculum are explained to provide a foundation for programmers.
#compsci #programming #tech
🔗 Resources
- Computer Science https://undergrad.cs.umd.edu/what-computer-science
- CS101 Stanford https://online.stanford.edu/courses/soe-ycscs101-sp-computer-science-101
- Controversial Developer Opinions https://youtu.be/goy4lZfDtCE
- Design Patterns https://youtu.be/tv-_1er1mWI
🔥 Get More Content - Upgrade to PRO
Upgrade to Fireship PRO at https://fireship.io/pro
Use code lORhwXd2 for 25% off your first payment.
🎨 My Editor Settings
- Atom One Dark
- vscode-icons
- Fira Code Font
🔖 Topics Covered
Turning Machine
CPU
Transistor
Bit
Byte
Character Encoding ASCII
Binary
Hexadecimal
Nibble
Machine Code
RAM
Memory Address
I/O
Kernel (Drivers)
Shell
Command Line Interface
SSH
Mainframe
Programming Language
Abstraction
Interpreted
Compiled
Executable
Data Types
Variable
Dynamic Typing
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Pointer
Garbage Collector
int
signed / unsigned
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Array
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Stack
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Nodes and Edges
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Return
Arguments
Operators
Boolean
Expression
Statement
Conditional Logic
While Loop
For Loop
Iterable
Void
Recursion
Call Stack
Stack Overflow
Base Condition
Big-O
Time Complexity
Space Complexity
Brute Force
Divide and conquer
Dynamic Programming
Memoization
Greedy
Dijkstra's Shortest Path
Backtracking
Declarative
Functional Language
Imperative
Procedural Language
Multiparadigm
OOP
Class
Properties
Methods
Inheritance
Design Patterns
Instantiate
Heap Memory
Reference
Threads
Parallelism
Concurrency
Bare Metal
Virtual Machine
IP Address
URL
DNS
TCP
Packets.
SSL
HTTP
API
Printers
Learn the fundamentals of Computer Science with a quick breakdown of jargon that every software engineer should know. Over 100 technical concepts from the CS curriculum are explained to provide a foundation for programmers.
#compsci #programming #tech
🔗 Resources
- Computer Science https://undergrad.cs.umd.edu/what-computer-science
- CS101 Stanford https://online.stanford.edu/courses/soe-ycscs101-sp-computer-science-101
- Controversial Developer Opinions https://youtu.be/goy4lZfDtCE
- Design Patterns https://youtu.be/tv-_1er1mWI
🔥 Get More Content - Upgrade to PRO
Upgrade to Fireship PRO at https://fireship.io/pro
Use code lORhwXd2 for 25% off your first payment.
🎨 My Editor Settings
- Atom One Dark
- vscode-icons
- Fira Code Font
🔖 Topics Covered
Turning Machine
CPU
Transistor
Bit
Byte
Character Encoding ASCII
Binary
Hexadecimal
Nibble
Machine Code
RAM
Memory Address
I/O
Kernel (Drivers)
Shell
Command Line Interface
SSH
Mainframe
Programming Language
Abstraction
Interpreted
Compiled
Executable
Data Types
Variable
Dynamic Typing
Static Typing
Pointer
Garbage Collector
int
signed / unsigned
float
Double
Char
string
Big endian
Little endian
Array
Linked List
Set
Stack
Queue
Hash
Tree
Graph
Nodes and Edges
Algorithms
Functions
Return
Arguments
Operators
Boolean
Expression
Statement
Conditional Logic
While Loop
For Loop
Iterable
Void
Recursion
Call Stack
Stack Overflow
Base Condition
Big-O
Time Complexity
Space Complexity
Brute Force
Divide and conquer
Dynamic Programming
Memoization
Greedy
Dijkstra's Shortest Path
Backtracking
Declarative
Functional Language
Imperative
Procedural Language
Multiparadigm
OOP
Class
Properties
Methods
Inheritance
Design Patterns
Instantiate
Heap Memory
Reference
Threads
Parallelism
Concurrency
Bare Metal
Virtual Machine
IP Address
URL
DNS
TCP
Packets.
SSL
HTTP
API
Printers
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written languag...
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Operation Downfall was the proposed Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. The planned operation was cancelled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The operation had two parts: Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet. Set to begin in November 1945, Operation Olympic was intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kyūshū, with the recently captured island of Okinawa to be used as a staging area. Later, in the spring of 1946, Operation Coronet was the planned invasion of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo, on the Japanese island of Honshu. Airbases on Kyūshū captured in Operation Olympic would allow land-based air support for Operation Coronet. If Downfall had taken place, it would have been the largest amphibious operation in history.Japan's geography made this invasion plan quite obvious to the Japanese as well; they were able to accurately predict the Allied invasion plans and thus adjust their defensive plan, Operation Ketsugō, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. Depending on the degree to which Japanese civilians would have resisted the invasion, estimates ran up into the millions for Allied casualties.
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Operation Downfall was the proposed Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. The planned operation was cancelled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The operation had two parts: Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet. Set to begin in November 1945, Operation Olympic was intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kyūshū, with the recently captured island of Okinawa to be used as a staging area. Later, in the spring of 1946, Operation Coronet was the planned invasion of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo, on the Japanese island of Honshu. Airbases on Kyūshū captured in Operation Olympic would allow land-based air support for Operation Coronet. If Downfall had taken place, it would have been the largest amphibious operation in history.Japan's geography made this invasion plan quite obvious to the Japanese as well; they were able to accurately predict the Allied invasion plans and thus adjust their defensive plan, Operation Ketsugō, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. Depending on the degree to which Japanese civilians would have resisted the invasion, estimates ran up into the millions for Allied casualties.
Learn the fundamentals of Computer Science with a quick breakdown of jargon that every software engineer should know. Over 100 technical concepts from the CS curriculum are explained to provide a foundation for programmers.
#compsci #programming #tech
🔗 Resources
- Computer Science https://undergrad.cs.umd.edu/what-computer-science
- CS101 Stanford https://online.stanford.edu/courses/soe-ycscs101-sp-computer-science-101
- Controversial Developer Opinions https://youtu.be/goy4lZfDtCE
- Design Patterns https://youtu.be/tv-_1er1mWI
🔥 Get More Content - Upgrade to PRO
Upgrade to Fireship PRO at https://fireship.io/pro
Use code lORhwXd2 for 25% off your first payment.
🎨 My Editor Settings
- Atom One Dark
- vscode-icons
- Fira Code Font
🔖 Topics Covered
Turning Machine
CPU
Transistor
Bit
Byte
Character Encoding ASCII
Binary
Hexadecimal
Nibble
Machine Code
RAM
Memory Address
I/O
Kernel (Drivers)
Shell
Command Line Interface
SSH
Mainframe
Programming Language
Abstraction
Interpreted
Compiled
Executable
Data Types
Variable
Dynamic Typing
Static Typing
Pointer
Garbage Collector
int
signed / unsigned
float
Double
Char
string
Big endian
Little endian
Array
Linked List
Set
Stack
Queue
Hash
Tree
Graph
Nodes and Edges
Algorithms
Functions
Return
Arguments
Operators
Boolean
Expression
Statement
Conditional Logic
While Loop
For Loop
Iterable
Void
Recursion
Call Stack
Stack Overflow
Base Condition
Big-O
Time Complexity
Space Complexity
Brute Force
Divide and conquer
Dynamic Programming
Memoization
Greedy
Dijkstra's Shortest Path
Backtracking
Declarative
Functional Language
Imperative
Procedural Language
Multiparadigm
OOP
Class
Properties
Methods
Inheritance
Design Patterns
Instantiate
Heap Memory
Reference
Threads
Parallelism
Concurrency
Bare Metal
Virtual Machine
IP Address
URL
DNS
TCP
Packets.
SSL
HTTP
API
Printers
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Operation Downfall
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuKfABj2eGyjH3ntPxp4YeQ
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts
"The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Operation Downfall was the proposed Allied plan for the invasion of Japan near the end of World War II. The planned operation was cancelled when Japan surrendered following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Soviet declaration of war, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. The operation had two parts: Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet. Set to begin in November 1945, Operation Olympic was intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island, Kyūshū, with the recently captured island of Okinawa to be used as a staging area. Later, in the spring of 1946, Operation Coronet was the planned invasion of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo, on the Japanese island of Honshu. Airbases on Kyūshū captured in Operation Olympic would allow land-based air support for Operation Coronet. If Downfall had taken place, it would have been the largest amphibious operation in history.Japan's geography made this invasion plan quite obvious to the Japanese as well; they were able to accurately predict the Allied invasion plans and thus adjust their defensive plan, Operation Ketsugō, accordingly. The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū, with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations. Casualty predictions varied widely, but were extremely high. Depending on the degree to which Japanese civilians would have resisted the invasion, estimates ran up into the millions for Allied casualties.
The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613), meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic computers became commercially available.
"The human computer is supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail." (Turing, 1950)
Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was divided so that this could be done in parallel.
The first time the term "Computer" appeared in The New York Times was February 3, 1853; an obituary stated:
Since the end of the 20th century, the term "human computer" has also been applied to individuals with prodigious powers of mental arithmetic, also known as mental calculators.
Origins in astronomy
The approach was taken for astronomical and other complex calculations. Perhaps the first example of organized human computing was by the Frenchman Alexis Claude Clairaut (1713–1765), when he divided the computation to determine timing of the return of Halley's Comet with two colleagues, Joseph Lalande and Nicole-Reine Lepaute.