Primary and secondary brain injury are ways to classify the injury processes that occur in brain injury. In traumatic brain injury (TBI), primary injury occurs during the initial insult, and results from displacement of the physical structures of the brain. On the other hand, secondary injury occurs gradually and may involve an array of cellular processes. Secondary injury, which is not caused by mechanical damage, can result from the primary injury or be independent of it. The fact that people sometimes deteriorate after brain injury was originally taken to mean that secondary injury was occurring. It is not well understood how much of a contribution primary and secondary injuries respectively have to the clinical manifestations of TBI.
Primary and secondary injuries occur in insults other than TBI as well, such as spinal cord injury and stroke.
Primary
In TBI, primary injuries result immediately from the initial trauma. Primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and includes contusion, damage to blood vessels, and axonal shearing, in which the axons of neurons are stretched and torn. The blood brain barrier and meninges may be damaged in the primary injury, and neurons may die. Cells are killed in a nonspecific manner in primary injury. Tissues have a deformation threshold: if they are deformed past this threshold they are injured. Different regions in the brain may be more sensitive to mechanical loading due to differences in their properties that result from differences in their makeup; for example, myelinated tissues may have different properties than other tissues. Thus some tissues may experience more force and be more injured in the primary injury. The primary injury leads to the secondary injury.
Primary and secondary (and occasionally tertiary) are words used by some polyamorists to distinguish between different degrees of relationship and to describe participants in those relationships (e.g. "John is my primary").
These terms indicate degrees of entanglement and involvement: 'primary' generally indicates a closer degree of involvement than 'secondary', and 'secondary' closer than 'tertiary'. Usage varies between describing a type or "class" of relationship (which could for example involve situations with multiple primaries, or with secondaries but no primaries), or a 1-2-3 ranking of importance (in which case the most important single relationship, even if casual, would be "primary"; and lesser involvements would be secondary or tertiary in order).
The type of entanglement/involvement described varies according to the speaker. The terms generally refer to one or more of the following:
Emotional involvement: the intensity or depth of participants' feelings for one another.
A brain injury is any injury occurring in the brain of a living organism. Brain injuries can be classified along several dimensions. Primary and secondary brain injury are ways to classify the injury processes that occur in brain injury, while focal and diffuse brain injury are ways to classify the extent or location of injury in the brain. Specific forms of brain injury include:
Brain damage, the destruction or degeneration of brain cells.
Traumatic brain injury, damage that occurs when an outside force traumatically injures the brain.
Stroke, a vascular event causing damage in the brain.
Acquired brain injury, damage to the brain that occurs after birth, regardless of whether it is traumatic or nontraumatic, or whether due to an outside or internal cause.
This journal was published quarterly, beginning in July, 1987 to 1995. From 1996 to at least 2003 it was published monthly. The current frequency of publication is 14 times per year.
Aims and scope
This journal covers all topics of research and clinical practice, pertaining to brain damage in adult and pediatric populations. More specifically, the range of coverage includes fundamental research, clinical studies, brain injury translational medicine, as well as emergency room practices, acute medical delivery, rehabilitation through various phases, family issues, vocational concerns, and long term support. Disorders that are psychological, functional, communicative, or neurological are covered from the perspective of assessment and intervention.
When it's immediate, it's usually due to a primary brain injury or significant of blood loss; when it's later, it's often due to a secondary brain injury or the body not being able to recover from the injuries.
These technologies will be studied not only in patients with genetic-based primary mitochondrial diseases but also in individuals with secondary mitochondrial dysfunction from traumatic brain injury or while acutely ill in the intensive care unit.
The officials said that most people hospitalized had traumatic brain injuries and other injuries caused by primary and secondary blast fragmentation. Medics sent one person with severe burn injuries to a specialized hospital.
Courier Express
27 Sep 2023
Courier Express
27 Sep 2023